Human falls are injurious for paralysed and those who recently undergone surgery. This causes serious issues if left unnoticed. The Ultimate aim of the project is to overcome this issue by alerting the caretakers of the patients. When the patient gets a fall an alert message is sent to the caretaker through Smartphone SMS service with the help of GSM Modem. The exact location of the patient can be determined based on Latitude and Longitude positioning through GPS. This system paves way for remote health care. This technique is used in real time applications for doctors to treat the patient in critical situations.
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IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 01, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 203 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Based Human Fall Detection V. Ramesh Kumar 1 R. Anandhababu 2 V. Kavitha 3 B.S. Rajasekar 4 J. Usha Rani 5 1 Assistant Professor 2,3,4,5 Students 1,2,3,4,5 Department of Biomedical Engineering 1,2,3,4,5 Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, India Abstract— Human falls are injurious for paralysed and those who recently undergone surgery. This causes serious issues if left unnoticed. The Ultimate aim of the project is to overcome this issue by alerting the caretakers of the patients. When the patient gets a fall an alert message is sent to the caretaker through Smartphone SMS service with the help of GSM Modem. The exact location of the patient can be determined based on Latitude and Longitude positioning through GPS. This system paves way for remote health care. This technique is used in real time applications for doctors to treat the patient in critical situations. Key words: Accelerometer, GPS (Global Positioning System), Modem, Network Interface Cards, Sensor I. INTRODUCTION The consequences resulting from Human Fall may lead to serious conditions if proper treatment is not provided. The majority of serious consequences may be due to delay in assistance and treatment. Such consequences can be minimized if their care taker is alerted in time [1]. The possible fall from height during building construction, painting, mountain climbing, etc.., can be alerted immediately using the proposed system. The Human fall detection using ADXL345 MEMS 3-Dimensional Accelerometer with sensing of fall as output was proposed [2]. To detect the fall of Elderly Patient by capturing of images at different angle of inclination through Map-Cam (Omni-Cam) emerged [3]. Tri-Axial acceleration of human body is used to detect whether the person is healthy or unhealthy based on principle of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) [4]. An address-event vision system detects the Accidental fall of paralysed, Elderly patient and those who recently undergone surgery as Home Care Applications [5]. An automated monitoring using Web Camera system which determine the human fall by detection of face and extraction features was proposed [6]. The Block Diagram and Methodology are explained in next chapter followed by Experimental Results and Conclusion in the Preceding chapters. II. METHODOLOGY The unexpected human fall is detected by the 3-Axis MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) Accelerometer. The output of the accelerometer is digitized using ADC. The Digital output of ADC is continuously displayed on LCD. The output is sent to the Mobile Phones of Caretaker/Doctors/relatives of the Fallen Person using GSM (Global System of Mobile Communication). The correct Location of Human Fall (Latitude and Longitude) is positioned using GPS (Global Positioning System). A block diagram is shown for this system. Fig. 1: Block Diagram of Human Fall Detection A. MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) Accelerometer Sensor: Fig. 2: Accelerometer sensor This sensor measures Acceleration with a Minimum Fall- scale range of (-3g to +3g). It can also measure the Static Acceleration of Gravity in Tilt sensing applications as well as Dynamic Acceleration resulting from Motion, shock or vibration. Accident that occurs around 100m surrounding can be easily identified by using this sensor where the vibration is gradually increased over the threshold value of the sensing range. The above Figure shows 3-Dimemsional Sensing of Accelerometer sensor. The output voltage sensed
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Based Human Fall Detection (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 01/2015/054) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 204 increases when the sensor is accelerated along the sensitive Axis. The changes in Motion and Position of an individual are also sensed. The Analog output of the sensor is directly proportional to the changes in Differential Capacitance values present in Accelerometer. This output is drawn through Capacitors and is given to ADC. B. Analog to Digital Converter: This conversion from Analog data into a Digital one is achieved using ADC 0804, which is a single channel ADC with 8-bit resolution. It incorporates successive approximation without for conversion of Analog data into its Digital form. C. GPS (Global Positioning System): The GPS NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) messages are identified with online decoder for GPS NMEA Message sentence and processed .The first six bytes of data received are compared with the pre-stored string and if matched then only the data is further accounted. If not the process is repeated again. From the comma delimited GPRMC sentence, Latitude, Longitude, Date, Time, Speed values extracted by finding the respective, positions. The processing unit receives these data through MAX232 serial I/O module and displays on LCD or transmits required data to mobile phone through GSM. D. Microcontroller (PIC16F877A): The Microcontroller used in the current work is PIC16F877A. It is the Heart of the developed system which receives the data from the MEMS Sensor and GPS receiver. The sensor gives the Output corresponding to changes in Position of an Individual wearing it. The GPS gives the Position of Individual in terms of Latitudinal and Longitudinal values. The purpose of the Microcontroller is to process these data comparing with stored Threshold values for Normal Condition. If the Tilt of the person due to fall is more than Pre-set values, then the location of the fallen individual is displayed on LCD. The Message of the position should also be sent to Mobile Phones of caretaker, Doctors. E. Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM): The Latitudinal and Longitudinal position of the Fallen person can send to the Mobile phones of his/her Caretaker/relative through GSM module for immediate assistance. GSM is standard for Digital Cellular Communication. It transfers signals between Mobile phones and Network for Mobile or normal Telephony by means of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. F. Flowchart: The working methodology of this system is explained with the help of a flowchart explaining the process in a sequence. Fig. 3: Flowchart of Fall Detection System III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This system efficiently detects and transfers Human fall information so that the care takers can easily identify exact location of patient. Fig. 4: Output of Human Fall Detection
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 01, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Based Human Fall Detection
V. Ramesh Kumar1 R. Anandhababu2 V. Kavitha3 B.S. Rajasekar4 J. Usha Rani5
1
Assistant Professor 2,3,4,5Students
1,2,3,4,5
Department of Biomedical Engineering
1,2,3,4,5
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, India
Abstract— Human falls are injurious for paralysed and those
who recently undergone surgery. This causes serious issues
if left unnoticed. The Ultimate aim of the project is to
overcome this issue by alerting the caretakers of the
patients. When the patient gets a fall an alert message is sent
to the caretaker through Smartphone SMS service with the
help of GSM Modem. The exact location of the patient can
be determined based on Latitude and Longitude positioning
through GPS. This system paves way for remote health care.
This technique is used in real time applications for doctors
to treat the patient in critical situations.
Key words: Accelerometer, GPS (Global Positioning
System), Modem, Network Interface Cards, Sensor
I. INTRODUCTION
The consequences resulting from Human Fall may lead to
serious conditions if proper treatment is not provided. The
majority of serious consequences may be due to delay in
assistance and treatment. Such consequences can be
minimized if their care taker is alerted in time [1].
The possible fall from height during building
construction, painting, mountain climbing, etc.., can be
alerted immediately using the proposed system. The Human
fall detection using ADXL345 MEMS 3-Dimensional
Accelerometer with sensing of fall as output was proposed
[2]. To detect the fall of Elderly Patient by capturing of
images at different angle of inclination through Map-Cam
(Omni-Cam) emerged [3]. Tri-Axial acceleration of human
body is used to detect whether the person is healthy or
unhealthy based on principle of Hidden Markov Model
(HMM) [4]. An address-event vision system detects the
Accidental fall of paralysed, Elderly patient and those who
recently undergone surgery as Home Care Applications [5].
An automated monitoring using Web Camera system which
determine the human fall by detection of face and extraction
features was proposed [6]. The Block Diagram and
Methodology are explained in next chapter followed by
Experimental Results and Conclusion in the Preceding
chapters.
Fig. 1: Block Diagram of Human Fall Detection
A. MEMS
(Micro
Accelerometer Sensor:
Electro
Mechanical
System)
II. METHODOLOGY
The unexpected human fall is detected by the 3-Axis MEMS
(Micro Electro Mechanical System) Accelerometer. The
output of the accelerometer is digitized using ADC. The
Digital output of ADC is continuously displayed on LCD.
The output is sent to the Mobile Phones of
Caretaker/Doctors/relatives of the Fallen Person using GSM
(Global System of Mobile Communication). The correct
Location of Human Fall (Latitude and Longitude) is
positioned using GPS (Global Positioning System). A block
diagram is shown for this system.
Fig. 2: Accelerometer sensor
This sensor measures Acceleration with a Minimum Fallscale range of (-3g to +3g). It can also measure the Static
Acceleration of Gravity in Tilt sensing applications as well
as Dynamic Acceleration resulting from Motion, shock or
vibration. Accident that occurs around 100m surrounding
can be easily identified by using this sensor where the
vibration is gradually increased over the threshold value of
the sensing range. The above Figure shows 3-Dimemsional
Sensing of Accelerometer sensor. The output voltage sensed
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
203
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Based Human Fall Detection
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 01/2015/054)
increases when the sensor is accelerated along the sensitive
Axis. The changes in Motion and Position of an individual
are also sensed. The Analog output of the sensor is directly
proportional to the changes in Differential Capacitance
values present in Accelerometer. This output is drawn
through Capacitors and is given to ADC.
B. Analog to Digital Converter:
This conversion from Analog data into a Digital one is
achieved using ADC 0804, which is a single channel ADC
with 8-bit resolution. It incorporates successive
approximation without for conversion of Analog data into
its Digital form.
C. GPS (Global Positioning System):
The GPS NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association)
messages are identified with online decoder for GPS NMEA
Message sentence and processed .The first six bytes of data
received are compared with the pre-stored string and if
matched then only the data is further accounted. If not the
process is repeated again. From the comma delimited
GPRMC sentence, Latitude, Longitude, Date, Time, Speed
values extracted by finding the respective, positions. The
processing unit receives these data through MAX232 serial
I/O module and displays on LCD or transmits required data
to mobile phone through GSM.
D. Microcontroller (PIC16F877A):
The Microcontroller used in the current work is
PIC16F877A. It is the Heart of the developed system which
receives the data from the MEMS Sensor and GPS receiver.
The sensor gives the Output corresponding to changes in
Position of an Individual wearing it. The GPS gives the
Position of Individual in terms of Latitudinal and
Longitudinal values. The purpose of the Microcontroller is
to process these data comparing with stored Threshold
values for Normal Condition. If the Tilt of the person due to
fall is more than Pre-set values, then the location of the
fallen individual is displayed on LCD. The Message of the
position should also be sent to Mobile Phones of caretaker,
Doctors.
Fig. 3: Flowchart of Fall Detection System
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This system efficiently detects and transfers Human fall
information so that the care takers can easily identify exact
location of patient.
E. Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM):
The Latitudinal and Longitudinal position of the Fallen
person can send to the Mobile phones of his/her
Caretaker/relative through GSM module for immediate
assistance. GSM is standard for Digital Cellular
Communication. It transfers signals between Mobile phones
and Network for Mobile or normal Telephony by means of
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields.
F. Flowchart:
The working methodology of this system is explained with
the help of a flowchart explaining the process in a
sequence.
Fig. 4: Output of Human Fall Detection
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
204
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Based Human Fall Detection
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 01/2015/054)
IV. CONCLUSION
The exact location of patient can be easily positioned by this
system. The problems regarding false fall detection is
resolved with 30 seconds delay. This system can be widely
used for paralysed patients since handling this system is
simple.
REFERENCE
[1] Shubha V. Patel, Deepa, Ashalatha M.E. “Human
Fall Detection using MEMS Accelerometer” ,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and
Advanced Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 5,May
2014.
[2] [Ning Jia. July 2009 , “Detecting Human Falls with
a 3-Axis Digital Accelerometer”, Vol.43, Analog
Dialogue
[3] [Shaou-Gang Miaou, Pei-Hsu Sung, and ChiaYuan Huang. 2006, ”A Customized Human Fall
Detection System Using Omni- Camera Images
and Personal Information” IEEE Conference on
Distributed Diagnosis and Home Health Care, pp
39-42.
[4] Lina Tong, Quanjun Song, Yunjian Ge, and Ming
Liu. May 2013.”HMM-Based Human Fall
Detection and Prediction Method Using Tri-Axial
Accelerometer”, IEEE Sensor Journal.
[5] Zhengming
Fu,
Tobi
Delbruck,
Patrick
Lichtsteiner, and Eugenio Culurciello.June 2008.
“An Address-Event Fall Detector for Assisted
Living Applications”.IEEE Transactions on
Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol.2, No.2. pp
88-96.
[6] Shadi Khawandi, Bassam Daya, and Pierre
Chauvet. “Automated Monitoring System for Fall
Detection in the Elderly”. International Journal of
Image Processing (IJIP), Vol.4, Issue 5, pp 476483.
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com
205
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'4ο Πανελλήνιο Συνέδριο 'Το εκπαιδευτικό παιχνίδι και η τέχνη στην εκπαίδευση και στον πολιτισμό'', Πρακτικά Συνεδρίου, Αθήνα, Τόμος Β', σσ. 535-546/Actes. 4ème Congrès 'Le jeu éducatif et l' art à l' éducation et à la civilisation', Athènes, Tome B, pp. 535-546, ISBN: 978-618-5458-69-0 (Τόμος B΄), ISBN SET: 978-618-5458-71-3., 2024
This chapter by Filip Biały delves into the intricate relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and democracy, particularly in the context of algorithmic governance. It explores the concept of "predictive democracy," where decision-making is entrusted to AI based on data-driven predictions of citizens' preferences, bypassing traditional democratic processes like elections and parliamentary debates. The author employs a methodological approach combining intuition pumps—thought experiments that illuminate the implications of predictive democracy—and teleological reasoning to analyze the political and conceptual shifts brought about by integrating narrow AI into politics. The analysis highlights the challenges posed by predictive democracy to foundational political concepts such as representation, participation, and decision-making. Biały argues that while AI can enhance decision-making efficiency, it also risks oversimplifying complex moral and political issues and undermining the participatory and deliberative aspects of democracy. The chapter concludes with a critique of proposals for AI-driven governance, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of politics that accommodates technological advancements without compromising democratic values and processes.
Salah satu alasan utama lahirnya beragam teori atau aliran pemikiran hukum adalah upaya untuk mencari jawaban dari pertanyaan apa hakikat dari hukum itu sendiri. berikut ini adalah beberapa aliran hukum yang sering dijadikan sebagai rujukan dalam memahami hukum
Der vorliegende Band Genesis, herausgegeben von Stefan Schorch unter Mitwirkung von Evelyn Burkhardt, Ulrike Hirschfelder, Irina Wandrey und József Zsengellér, ist der erste der fünfbändigen kritischen Ausgabe des Samaritanischen Pentateuchs (SP). Dieses neue Standardwerk schließt eine Lücke der dringendsten Desiderata der Pentateuchforschung. Denn mit Ausnahme von Galls veralteter und unvollständiger Ausgabe, gab es bis dato keine kritische Ausgabe des SP. Der Band Genesis folgte zeitlich drei Jahre nach Erscheinen des dritten Bandes, Leviticus im Jahre 2018. Die Textvariante, die die Samaritaner als autoritativen Referenztext der Torah wählten, ist bis auf einige typisch samaritanische Varianten keine samaritanische Neuerfindung, sondern Zeugnis einer populäreren Textfassung der Torah als der masoretische Text (MT). Dem SP liegt zuallererst eine populärere, prä-samaritanische Version zugrunde, dessen Varianten teils in anderen Übersetzungen der hebräischen Bibel belegt sind, wie z.B. aus der griechischen Übersetzung, der sogenannten Septuaginta (LXX), den Pentateuchtexten aus den Höhlen von Qumran und den aramäischen Targumim. Der SP unterscheidet sich nicht nur vom masoretischen textus receptus durch Varianten aus den Bereichen der Paläographie, Orthografie, Text und Textauslegung, sondern auch durch Variationen innerhalb der samaritanischen Tradition selbst, da es keinen absoluten samaritanischen textus receptus gibt. Im dreisprachigen Vorwort Deutsch, Englisch (ix-xvi) und Hebräisch weist Schorch auf die Problematik und Schwierigkeiten dieser, seit 2007 vom DFG geförderten, Neuedition hin. Es folgen die Dankworte unter namentlicher Erwähnung seiner wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter und des gesamten beratenden und helfenden Teams. Das Vorwort schließt mit einer Hymne des samaritanischen Poeten Marqe aus dem 4. Jh. über die ursprüngliche Schöpfung, wo aus dem Reich der Güte still die Saat der Worte und Neuschöpfungen aufging. In der ebenfalls dreisprachigen Einführung (Kap. 1), bietet Schorch einen Überblick über die Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des SP und bisherigen Ausgaben des SP (xvii). Die Samaritanerforschung begann im 17. Jh., als Pietro della Valle in Damaskus eine samaritanische Handschrift erwarb, die er nach Paris vermittelte. Dieses Manuskript wurde in den Polyglotten von Paris (1632) und London (1655-1657) abgedruckt und somit erstmals einem breiteren Publikum zugänglich gemacht. Ca. 250 Jahre später erstellte August Freiherr von Gall eine leider mangelhafte Ausgabe des SP (Der hebräische Pentateuch der Samaritaner, Gießen 1914-1918). Es folgten diverse Ausgaben des SP, wie jene von Abraham Tal und Synopsen von Abraham Tal und Moshe Florentin, sowie die jüdisch-masoretische und samaritanische Synopse von Abraham und Ratzon Sadaqa. In Kap. 2 wird die vorliegende editio maior in mehreren Unterkapiteln beschrieben. Die Ausgabe basiert auf den ältesten erhaltenen samaritanischen Pentateuchhandschriften mit Berücksichtigung sämtlicher Varianten und Variationen. Der laufende Bibeltext wird in hebräischer Quadratschrift, die Kapitelbezeichnung und Kolumnentitel, sowie die Schreibernotiz am Endes des Buches in samaritanischer Schrift wiedergegeben. Nicht-samaritanisch ist auch die in masoretischen Texten übliche Kapitel-und Verszählung. Zusätzliche Verse gegenüber dem TM werden mit der Zahl des vorangehenden Verses und nachgestellten Kleinbuchstaben angegeben. Kapitel 2.1. widmet sich dem Haupttext der Edition. Der Referenztext der vorliegenden Edition basiert auf der Handschrift Ms. Dublin, Chester Beatty Library, 751, die im Jahre 1225 vom Schreiber Abi Barakata angefertigt wurde. Sie wird mit dem Siglum D 1 bezeichnet. In Kap. 2.2. bis 2.3.5. werden die fünf Apparate beschrieben, welche die Variantenlesungen und Querverweise von 23 weiteren Handschriften berücksichtigen. Sie umfassen 1. den zur Grundschrift abweichenden Konsonantentext; 2. Belege aus dem samaritanischen Targum und den samaritanisch-arabischen Übersetzungen; 3. Textkritische Zeichen und Vokalzeichen; 4. Textparallelen aus den Qumranhandschriften, der LXX, Peschitta Vulgata und den jüdischen Targumim; 5. Interpunktionszeichen wie z.B. das qitza-Zeichen (-:) am Ende von Textabschnitten. Die Apparate und ihre Sigla erscheinen auf den ersten Blick ziemlich kompliziert, sind aber gut erklärt und durch Beispiele verständlich gemacht. Zuletzt (2.3.6.) werden die Marginalnoten zur samaritanischen Vokalisierung erklärt. Die Lesetradition basiert auf der jahrhundertealten mündlichen Tradition, die manchmal mehrdeutig und nur durch das samaritanische Textverständnis und die Übersetzung ersichtlich ist. Hierfür hilfreich ist die englische Übersetzung des SP von Benyamim Tsedaka (Hg. und Übersetzer) und Sharon Sullivan (Hg.), The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English Translation, Grand Rapids 2013. Was vielleicht stärker betont werden sollte ist, dass die Lesetradition der Samaritaner völlig anders ist als die jüdisch-masoretische. Auch gibt es kein konstant appliziertes Vokalisierungssystem vergleichbar dem masoretisch tiberiensischen oder babylonischen System. Die Einführung wird durch ein Abkürzungsverzeichnis, eine Zeichenerklärung, dem samaritanischen Alphabet und einer Bibliografie abgerundet. Abschließend sei dankend bemerkt, dass Schorch und sein Mitarbeiterteam mit dieser editio maior ein unumgängliches Werk geschaffen haben für jeden Pentateuchforscher und Bibelwissenschaftler, der die biblische Textgeschichte in seiner Vielfalt ergründen will. Die schon vorliegenden Bände Genesis und Leviticus vermitteln einen hervorragenden Einblick in den SP und lassen auf die folgenden Bände dieses neuen Standardwerkes hoffen, die weit über die Besonderheit des samaritanischen Pentateuchs hinaus wertzuschätzen sind und dem SP die gebührende Aufmerksamkeit zusichert. Denn der samaritanische Texttypus ist nicht nur philologisch von großer Bedeutung, sondern auch exegetisch höchst interessant und ein privilegierter Textzeuge der pluralen Gestalt des Bibeltextes der hellenistischen und römischen Epoche und ein Brückenschlag zu den aus Qumran, der LXX, den Targumim und anderen alten Texttraditionen.
When Donald Trump joined the international media circus of politics, first as the Republican candidate and then as the President of the US, his original hair style stirred a widespread curiosity. Then Trump appeared side by side with the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, also the bearer of a very different yet equally unconventional hairdo. The pair formed such a suggestive diptych that I thought the powers of semiotic analysis should be summoned to inquire on that rare and relevant juxtaposition. The present article summarises the outcomes of that analysis. The conclusion suggests that Trump's hair represents a kind of 'autism in self-presentation', while in Kim's case the separation extends to his culture as a whole. In conclusion, the combined consequences of these characteristics of the two personalities lead to the hypothesis that the dialogue they have undertaken may remain less a true substantial confrontation than a mere display of contact.
