Centre of Professional Learning & Education Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Dr Red Ruby Scarlet (Miriam Giugni) Acknowledgements Communities‍Work provides a broad suite of quality community programs of social value and practical beneit. Our vision is for a resilient and socially inclusive community that cares for the well-being of all. Communities@Work’s Centre of Professional Learning and Education provides quality professional learning and support for the education and care sector. Community Child Care Co-operative is a non-proit organisation working in the education and care services sector. Our aim is to inform and inspire early education and care services, and inluence government policy, practices and programs so that children in Australia have access to high quality education and care services that meet the needs of their communities. Those who appear in the videos: Kerry Robinson, Veronica Johns, Alma Fleet, Marianne Fenech, Affrica Taylor, Linda Knight, Sue Grieshaber, Felicity McArdle, Melinda Miller, Donna Berthelsen, Sally Barnes, Jane Hargreaves, Keryn Jones, Lyn Fasoli, Alison Wunungmurra, Sue Atkinson, Annette Sax, Pricilla Reid-Loynes, Heather Lawrence, Marg Sellers, Denise Proud, Cynthia à Beckett, Anthony Semann, Cathie Harrison, Linda Harrison, Margaret Sims, Jennifer Sumsion, Chris Woodrow, Criss Jones Díaz, Leonie Arthur Mindy Blaise, Ann Merete Otterstad, Philomena Donnelly, Michael O’Loughlin, Veronica Pacini-Ketchbaw, Beth Blue Swadner, Mathias Urban, Jenny Ritchie, Cheryl Rau, Alex Gunn. Artists Tracey L. Bostock and Joel Debien. Reference Group This project entailed a vast amount of generosity and collaboration from all of the people involved in ilming, production and the management of the process. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 2 Contents Introduction 4 Using The Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies Videos 6 Beginning at the Beginning: Acknowledgement of Country 6 Beginning with the Overarching Questions from the EYLF 7 Beginning with Some Broad Guiding Questions Documenting Your Engagements, Encounters, and Explorations of Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies 10 11 Further Reading and Key Ideas 12 Curriculum 16 Anti-Bias Practices and Curriculum 16 Perspectives on Play 17 Honouring Children’s Rights and Dignity 17 Contexts for Communication and Learning 17 Pedagogies and Curriculum Decision -Making 18 Viewing Children and Learning 18 Children, Families, Learning and Curriculum 19 Phenomenological Perspectives 19 Spiritualities 20 Using Theories 12 Perspectives on Leadership 20 Developmental Perspectives 12 Sociocultural Perspectives 13 Operating within Policy Frameworks 21 Critical Perspectives 13 Poststructuralist Perspectives 14 1. Nurturing the Gundoo Indigenous Perspectives 14 Diversities and Differences 15 2. The knowledge dreaming model - A model for intercultural pedagogy and curriculum practice 25 Inclusion and Belonging in Curriculum 15 Appendices References Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services 22 22 26 Page 3 Introduction Early childhood educators working in children’s services across Australia draw upon a range of worldviews, theories and philosophies in their everyday work. In the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) (Commonwealth of Australia 2009), early childhood educators are explicitly invited to think through the worldviews, theories and philosophies they draw upon. Research in practice undertaken by early childhood educators illustrates the importance of learning about and engaging with a range of worldviews, theories and philosophies (MacNaughton 2003; Skattebol 2003; Skattebol 2005; Fleet, Patterson et al. 2006; Giugni 2006; Smith 2007; Giugni and Mundine 2010). In addition, research in practice in children’s services has demonstrated that change is more likely when there is an explicit engagement with worldviews, theories and philosophies. This view is echoed in the EYLF and subsequent engagements with the concepts belonging, being and becoming (Commonwealth of Australia 2009; Giugni, Freeburn et al. 2010; Giugni 2011; Sumsion and Wong 2011). With the current and necessary move toward higher expectations for children’s services in terms of quality practices and in light of what research in practice shows, access to a range of worldviews, theories and philosophies is an imperative. What is this resource? This audio-visual resource is a collection of conversations with academics, educators, policy makers and activists offering an insight into the wide range of worldviews, theories and philosophies that have helped to inform and deine their everyday practice. It is hoped the resource will assist educators, both as individuals and with colleagues to engage with different ideas and concepts as they work in partnership with children and families. The framework for this resource draws directly from the EYLF (Commonwealth of Australia 2009, p. 11) that states: Different theories about early childhood inform approaches to children’s learning and development. Early childhood educators draw upon a range of perspectives in their work which may include: – – developmental theories that focus on describing and understanding the processes of change in children’s learning and development over time socio-cultural theories that emphasise the central role that families and cultural groups play in children’s learning and the importance of Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services respectful relationships and provide insight into social and cultural contexts of learning and development – socio-behaviourist theories that focus on the role of experiences in shaping children’s behaviour – critical theories that invite early childhood educators to challenge assumptions about curriculum, and consider how their decisions may affect children differently – post-structuralist theories that offer insights into issues of power, equity and social justice in early childhood settings. Drawing on a range of perspectives and theories can challenge traditional ways of seeing children, teaching and learning, and encourage educators, as individuals and with colleagues, to: – investigate why they act in the ways that they do – discuss and debate theories to identify strengths and limitations – recognise how the theories and beliefs that they use to make sense of their work enable but also limit their actions and thoughts – consider the consequences of their actions for children’s experiences – ind new ways of working fairly and justly. Page 4 The video series includes the following titles: Using Theories in Early Childhood Poststructuralist Perspectives Curriculum Contexts For Communication & Learning Phenomenological Perspectives Developmental Perspectives Indigenous Perspectives Anti-Bias Practices & Curriculum Pedagogies & Curriculum Decision Making Spiritualities Sociocultural Perspectives Diversities & Differences Perspectives On Play Viewing Children & Learning Perspectives On Leadership Critical Perspectives Inclusion & Belonging In Curriculum Honouring Children’s Rights & Dignity Children, Families, Learning & Curriculum Operating Within Policy Frameworks A link video series can be found here: cple.commsatwork.org/free-online-resources Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services It is hoped that the video series will be used creatively and in a variety of ways. The primary target audience is for early childhood educators working with children. Nonetheless the potential use of these videos might also include: • Groups of educators getting together to watch the videos and discuss them. • Shaping thinking when reviewing or developing personal professional or service philosophies. • Encouraging discussion and dialogue at team meetings to examine practice. • Prompting discussion with families to help share knowledges about what informs pedagogy, curriculum and children’s learning. • Shaping professional learning and development. • Practitioner inquiry or action research into the content and or use of them (this could be done collaboratively with a ‘research mentor’ or with a group of children’s services). • Study groups. • Resources for TAFE and University courses. • And any other place or way that they might be useful! In the next part of this booklet, some potential ways of using the videos are outlined. Page 5 Using the Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies Videos Beginning at the Beginning: Acknowledgement of Country There are any number of ways in which this video series could be used. This booklet is by no means an instruction manual but rather a ‘prompt for possibility’. What follows are some suggested ways that might prompt beginning engagements with the Worldviews, theories and philosophies in children’s services videos. Beginning with the Introduction Video might be the best place to start. The Introduction video offers a rationale for the Worldviews, theories and philosophies video series and situates it within the Australian context. Aunty Tracey begins with an Acknowledgement of Country before she explains what the intention of the video series is and what you might expect. This Acknowledgment is a practice that helps situate the EYLF as a uniquely Australian national document. Discussion of, and engagement with a range of Indigenous Worldviews feature throughout the videos. This opens up opportunities for discussion about the many different kinds of Indigenous knowledges there are across Australia. In addition, it might prompt you to ind out more about your local Indigenous communities, the Country or land on which the children’s setting is situated, and some of the particular cultural practices that are speciic to the area in which you work. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 6 Beginning with the Overarching Questions from the EYLF Another way to begin engaging with the Worldviews, theories and philosophies video series is by making a direct link between pages 11 and 13 of the EYLF. Page 11 of the EYLF asks early childhood educators to engage in a range of diverse perspectives and then lists some suggested theoretical perspectives. There are videos in the Worldviews, theories and philosophies video series that offer insights into these particular theoretical perspectives. There are also videos that illustrate how people have used these theoretical perspectives in their everyday work. questions with the videos, you might begin to work through and igure out the worldviews, theories and philosophies that inluence your work. In addition these questions might help you work out why you choose particular perspectives over others or why you might choose not to use a particular perspectives. – What are my understandings of each child? So you might choose one of these questions and link it to the suggested theories on page 11. Then watch the videos one at a time and begin grappling with the worldviews that are presented in them. If you put the questions together it might help to structure your thinking processes like this: – What theories, philosophies and understandings shape and assist my work? • What are my understandings of each child? – Who is advantaged when I work in this way? Who is disadvantaged? • From a developmental perspective? – What questions do I have about my work? What am I challenged by? What am I curious about? What am I confronted by? • From a sociocultural perspective? – What aspects of my work are not helped by the theories and guidance that I usually draw on to make sense of what I do? • From a critical perspective? • From a poststructuralist perspective? Are there other theories or knowledge that could help me to understand better what I have observed or experienced? What are they? How might those theories and that knowledge affect my practice? If you work through these questions together with the videos, you and your colleagues might expand the different kinds of understandings you have of each child. You might recognise that you use different parts of each of these theories at different times of the day for different reasons. You might ind that by working through these questions in tandem with the videos that you learn about some new perspectives about how you can Page 13 of the EYLF offers an outline of the Principles that underpin the framework. While the Principles are explicitly interconnected, Principle 5 – Ongoing learning and relective practice offers some overarching questions that can help support an engagement with the theoretical perspectives outlined on page 11. The questions on page 13 are: – By using these relective questions as a beginning point you might be able to open up discussions about the kinds of worldviews, theories and philosophies that you draw on to shape your everyday work. These questions demonstrate that we are always using worldviews, theories and philosophies, but sometimes we might not know what they are or how they it together. By using these questions with the videos, you might begin to work through and igure out the worldviews, theories and philosophies that inluence your work. By using these Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 7 noting that all theories and philosophies have beneits and limitations. In the Using Theories video some of these beneits and limitations are outlined. Watching this video and then asking the following questions might help highlight some of the similarities and differences between the beneits and limitations of the worldviews, theories and philosophies you have identiied that you and your colleagues draw from. understand each child and therefore expand your curriculum decision-making and intentional teaching. What theories, philosophies and understandings shape and assist my work? Sometimes we rely on ‘our own’ experiences as the primary source of knowledge about what inluences everyday practice. This question might help you investigate other worldviews, theories, philosophies and understandings that might not seem as obvious as your own experiences, but still inluence your everyday work. For example, think about how you structure daily routines – the decisions you make about how the daily routines are structured are shaped and inluenced by particular theoretical perspectives including the ‘understandings you have of each child’. Here’s where the questions and videos begin to link up to help you igure out which perspectives are shaping your work. Who is advantaged when I work in this way? Who is disadvantaged? Once you have begun recognising and working through the different worldviews, theories and philosophies that inluence and shape your everyday work, you can begin to critically investigate the beneits and limitations of these perspectives. It’s worth Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services • What questions do I have about my work? What am I challenged by? What am I curious about? What am I confronted by? • What aspects of my work are not helped by the theories and guidance that I usually draw on to make sense of what I do? These questions show that it’s ok not to know everything and it’s probably not possible to know everything! They indicate that learning about worldviews, theories and philosophies that inluence and shape your everyday work is a process that takes time. These questions also indicate that different worldviews, theories and philosophies can reshape your work and perhaps take it in another direction, open up new possibilities and generate new learning about yourself, your colleagues, the children and families with whom you work, and the communities in which you work. Page 8 Are there other theories or knowledge that could help me to understand better what I have observed or experienced? What are they? How might those theories and that knowledge affect my practice? This next question is also very important. This question reiterates that no theory is perfect, but it also indicates that there might be other worldviews, theories and philosophies that are not listed in the EYLF that can be helpful to everyday practice. For example, as the Introduction video highlights, Indigenous knowledges are important for all people living in Australia. So, you might engage with the Indigenous Perspectives (1) video. Other perspectives that are not explicitly named in the EYLF, but underpin the principles and practices include Anti-Bias Practices and Curriculum (2), Diversities and Differences (3), or Phenomenological Perspectives (4). So, this question enables us to open up our repertoire of worldviews, theories and philosophies to a whole host of potential new possibilities. 1 2 3 4 Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 9 Beginning with Some Broad Guiding Questions Another way in which you and your colleagues might engage with the Worldviews, theories and philosophies in children’s services video series might be to choose a video and engage with the following questions: – What points of view were conveyed in this video? – Which parts did we recognise? – Which parts were unfamiliar? (You might also ask why?) – Were there any obvious links between our everyday practices? What were they? – Were there any new ideas that we thought we could learn more about or try in practice? – How might we document this? – Are there any other resources we can use to help us understand more about this perspective? You may use these questions; you might change them or make up your own. Whatever the case, when you engage in a questioning process that as the EYLF suggests, it could become ‘a lively culture of professional inquiry’ (Commonwealth of Australia 2009, p. 13). This lively culture of professional inquiry is not about knowing everything! Indeed, early childhood educators will be starting from all different places. For some the ideas in these videos will be new, for others, the worldviews, theories and philosophies will be those they have been working with for a number of years. Still for others, there might be some ideas that are familiar and some that are new. So, working together is probably the most important element of engaging with these videos and framing up some questions to help consider the content presented. This way there can be a practice of intergenerational sharing of ideas and experiences that will generate a rich mix of worldviews, theories and philosophies that will inluence and shape your everyday practice. What matters most, is the process of engaging with the ideas together. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 10 Documenting Your Engagements, Encounters, and Explorations of Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies It’s always helpful to document the discussions you generate when engaging with the ideas presented in the Worldviews, theories and philosophies in children’s services video. By documenting these discussions, questions and so on, you have a record of the ongoing learning and relective practice (Commonwealth of Australia 2009, p. 13) you are undertaking in your setting. This is helpful to look back on, to keep as a repository of ideas that might help generate new ways of seeing your work, the children with whom you work, the families and yourself. Often we spend most of our time documenting children’s learning and writing accounts of the day for families. Sometimes we might document our part in children’s learning processes. We might spend time ‘evaluating’ the programme and ‘planning’ for learning. We may spend time considering how we might engage in intentional teaching, through setting up spaces and places with and for children, or venturing out into the community. All of this documentation can be undertaken in a variety of ways and will serve a purpose for you and your colleagues depending on how you have designed and undertaken these processes. Yet, taking the time to document the learning processes of you and your colleagues seems to have had less attention and time. Finding creative ways to document your own thought processes, relections, critical engagements, new learning, different learning on existing knowledges, new knowledges, investigating your practices for the various theoretical perspectives you notice and identify in them or how ever you work seems necessary in the new system. The focus on early childhood educators illustrating their ongoing learning and relective practice appears to be linked with how quality may be understood. Pathways of possibilities to engaging with the Early Years Learning Framework Written by Miriam Giugni Produced by Miriam Giugni, Tracey Freeburn, Savithri Madakasira, Su Sher and Sophie Martin It’s worth taking the time to think through different methods of documenting your and your colleagues learning whether you use a password protected blog or website, journals, diaries, ilm, audio, arts informed approaches for inquiry, pedagogical documentation, or other ways that you might develop. An example can be found at: www.cscentral.org.au/Resources/Publications/pathways-of-possibilities.pdf Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 11 Further Reading and Key Ideas This list of further reading has been compiled from all of the contributors to this project. The references in this list can cross over between perspectives but were given by the presenters in these particular categories for this particular purpose. This list is by no means exhaustive – it’s a beginning. For more information you can Google the names of each presenter, which will, in most cases, draw a direct link to their writings. Using Theories Robinson, K. and C. Jones Díaz (1999). "Doing theory with early childhood educators: Understanding difference and diversity in personal and professional context." Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 24(4) pp. 33-38. Developmental Perspectives Key Ideas – Enables educators to explore why they do what they do and which theoretical frames they are enacting. – Encourages educators to explore views that may not sit neatly with their own. Key Ideas – Brings necessary deeper learning to everyday practice. – Draw from developmental psychology as a theoretical underpinning. Further Readings Hill, D. (2011). Theory as story: An invitation to engage with the ideas that nourish practice. The First Years -Ngā Tau Tuatahi: New Zealand Journal of Infant and Toddler Education, 13(1) pp. 7-11. Giugni, M, (under review). Worldviews, theories and philosophies in early childhood. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood. MacNaughton, G. (2003). Shaping early childhood: Learners, curriculum and contexts. England: Open University Press. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services – Focus on the development of the individual child. – Claim that if children have a safe secure childhood that they will be prepared for life. Further Readings Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base. Cinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Page 12 Gerber, M. (2002). Dear parent: Caring for infants with respect 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Resources for Infant Educarers. – Promote interaction between people and their environments as central to learning and developing. Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row. – Montessori, M. (1963) The Secret of Childhood. Orient Longmans. Place of Bombay. Claim that through interaction that children can achieve beyond their biological makeup. Further Readings Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International. Bruner, J, (1996). The Culture of Education. Harvard University Press: Cambridge Massachusetts. Vygotsky, L. (1962). Thought and knowledge (E. V. Hanfmann, G, Trans.). Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. Malaguzzi, L. (1993). For an education based on relationships. Young Children, 49(1) pp. 9-12. Sociocultural Perspectives Key Ideas Sociocultural perspectives (sometimes known called cultural historical perspectives) Critical Perspectives Key Ideas – Focus on structural issues of inequality such as race, gender and class. Malaguzzi, L. (1993a). History, ideas and basic philosophy. In The hundred languages of children: The Reggio Emilia approach to education. C. Edwards, L. Gandini and G. Forman. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp. 41-89. – Are concerned with transformation of society. Rogoff, B. (2003) The Cultural Nature of Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press. Further Readings Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes. Library of Congress: United States of America. – Focus on cultural speciicity of when, where and how children live their lives in context (nature and culture). Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services – Argue that children can negotiate agency and are active contributing ‘citizens’. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory practice. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Freire, P. (1972). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. Freire, P. (2004). Pedagogy of hope: Reliving ‘Pedagogy of the oppressed’. London: Continuum. May, S and Sleeter, C. (Eds.) (2010) Critical multiculturalism: Theory and praxis. New York: Routledge. Page 13 Poststructuralist Perspectives Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social. Oxford: Oxford University press. Lyotard, J. (1979). The postmodern condition. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Walkerdine, V. (1981). Sex, power and pedagogy. Screen Education, 38 pp. 14-24. Indigenous Perspectives Key Ideas – Questions taken for granted ‘truth claims’ (e.g. that children learn in ages and stages) so all knowledge is contested and contestable. Key Ideas – Further Readings Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. New York, Routledge. Foucault, M. (1994). Power. Essential works of Foucault 1954-1984 volume 3. London: Penguin Books. Haraway, D. (2008). When species meet. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Atkinson, S. (2008). Victorian Indigenous Elders as Teachers. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 6(1) pp. 26-41. Freeburn, T. (2010). ‘Boys Can’t Look After Babies’: Gender Equity in an Aboriginal Preschool. In M. Giugni and K. Mundine (Eds) Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill, Pademelon Press. Martin, K. (2005). Childhood, life and relatedness: Aboriginal ways of being, knowing and doing. Introductory indigenous studies in education: The importance of knowing. J. Phillips and J. Lampert. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Education pp. 27-40. – Tend to be used in early childhood to address issues of equity and social justice. – Focus on how through power, knowledge and discourses the world is produced, rather than claims that the world is naturally evolving. Further Readings Offer knowledges that are built on ancient worldviews that precede colonisation as well as worldviews of how life is lived post colonisation. – Establish Aboriginal peoples in Australia irst nations people. – Prompt non-Aboriginal peoples to consider how to live ethically in a place that has been colonised. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Mundine, K. (2010). Flower girl. In M. Giugni and K. Mundine (Eds) Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill: Pademelon Press. Townsend-Cross, M. (2004). "Indigenous Australian perspectives in early childhood education." International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 2(2) pp. 2-11. Page 14 Diversities and Differences Genishi, C. and A. L. Goodwin (2008). Diversities in early childhood education: Rethinking and doing. New York: Routledge. Giugni, M. and K. Mundine, Eds. (2010). Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill: Pademelon Press. Key Ideas Inclusion and Belonging in Curriculum – Some diversities and differences have been constructed as more or less valued than others. – Diversities and differences include all cultures including genders, sexualities, languages, ethnicities, ‘race’, geographical region, class, SES and so on. – Diversities and differences are negotiated in power/knowledge relationships, they are not ixed or static. Key Ideas – Inclusion is a practice of exploring how diversities and differences can be negotiated, rather than ixing up individuals to ‘it in’. – Belonging is a practice of negotiating where you are, who you are with, the politics of how you live with others and the ethics of living well together. – Inclusion and belonging stems beyond human interests to places, things, animals, environments, histories, geographies and so on. Further Readings Robinson, K. (2005). 'Queerying' gender: Heteronormativity in early childhood education. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 30(2) pp. 19-28. Robinson, K. and C. Jones Díaz (2006). Diversity and difference in early childhood education: Issues for theory and practice. Berkshire: Open University Press. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Further Readings Giugni, M. (2011). Becoming worldly 'with': An encounter with the Early Years Learning Framework. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 12(1) pp. 11-27. Skattebol, J. (2005). Insider/outsider belongings: Traversing the borders of whiteness in early childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 6(2) pp. 189-203. Sumsion, J. and S. Wong (2011). Interrogating ‘Belonging’ in Belonging, Being and Becoming: the Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 12(1) pp. 28-45. Taylor, A. (2007). Playing with difference: The cultural politics of childhood belonging. The International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations, 7(3) pp. 143-149. Page 15 Curriculum Carr, M. (2001). Assessment in early childhood settings: Learning stories. London: Paul Chapman. Fleet, A., Patterson, C., and Robertson, J. (eds.) (in press) Conversations: Behind early childhood pedagogical documentation. Sydney: Pademelon Press. Key Ideas – Curriculum is a process, a practice, it is always in lux. – Curriculum can be negotiated with all who contribute to constructing it (children, families, educators, authorities, community people and so on). – Curriculum can become a context for negotiating diversities and differences and learning is not limited to the children. Giroux, H.A. (Ed.) (1997). Pedagogy and the politics of hope: Theory, culture, and schooling; A critical reader. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Jones, E. & Nimmo, J. (1994). Emergent curriculum. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Anti-Bias Practices and Curriculum Blaise, M. & Nuttall, J. (2011). Learning to teach in the early years classroom. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. – To become advocates and activists in everyday practice (children and adults). Further Readings Dau, E. (Ed) (2001). The anti-bias approach in early childhood. Sydney: Addison Wesley Longman. Derman-Sparks, L. (1989). The antibias curriculum: Tools for empowering young children. Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Derman-Sparks, L. and J. Olsen Edwards (2009). Anti-bias education for young children and ourselves. Washington DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Giugni, M. and K. Mundine, Eds. (2010). Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill: Pademelon Press. Further Readings Arthur, L., Beecher, B., Death, E., Dockett, S. & Farmer, S. (2008/2011, in press). Programming and planning in early childhood settings, Melbourne: Cengage. – Standing up to others in the face of discrimination (children and adults). Key Ideas – Dealing with discrimination in everyday practice (children and adults). Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 16 Perspectives on Play Importance of Fantasy Play. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Wood, E. (2007). New directions in play: Consensus or collision. Education, 3-13, 35, (4) pp. 309-320. Honouring Children’s Rights and Dignity – Play is political. – Play is a valuable context for learning. – Play is a context where inclusions and exclusions are negotiated and can have a signiicant effect on learning. Contexts for Communication and Learning Further Readings Key Ideas Beecher, B. and Arthur, L. (2001). Play and literacy in children’s social worlds. Newtown: Primary English Teaching Association. – Children are active ‘citizens’. – Children’s rights should be central to children’s services, educator philosophy and practice. – Children make a signiicant contribution to the world. Grieshaber, S. and McArdle, F. (2010). The trouble with play. Open University Press; McGraw Hill. Paley, V. G. (1992) You Can’t Say You Can’t Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Paley, V. G. (2004) A Child’s Work: The Paley, V. G. (1990) The Boy Who Would Be a Helicopter: The Uses of Storytelling in the Classroom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Swadner, B. B., and Lubek, S. (Eds.) (1995). Children and families at “promise”: Deconstructing the discourse of risk. State University of New York Press: Albany. Key Ideas Edmiston, B. (2007). Forming ethical identities in early childhood play. Routledge: London. knowing and doing. Introductory indigenous studies in education: The importance of knowing. J. Phillips and J. Lampert. Frenchs Forest, Pearson Education, pp. 27-40. Further Readings MacNaughton, G, Hughes, P., & Smith, K. (Eds.) (2008). Young children as active citizens: principles, policies and pedagogies. Cambridge Scholars Publishing: London. Martin, K. (2005). Childhood, life and relatedness: Aboriginal ways of being, Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Key Ideas – Communication and learning is contextual to children, families and communities. – Communication and learning is connected to identities, places, and practices of everyday life. Page 17 – Communication and learning materializes through all kinds of practices including digital media, arts practices, dancing, music, ceremony, storytelling, writing, play, investigation and so on. Martin. K. (2007). Ma(r)king Tracks and reconceptualising Aboriginal early childhood education: An Aboriginal perspective. Childrenz Issues, 11(1) pp. 15-20. Further Readings Pedagogies and Curriculum Decision-Making Beecher, B. and Arthur, L. (2001). Play and literacy in children’s worlds. Newtown: Primary English Teaching Association. education." Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 24(4) pp. 21-26. Ceppi, G. and M. Zini, Eds. (1998). Children, spaces, relations: Metaproject for an environment for young children. Commune di Reggio Emilia: Reggio Children. Fleet, A., Patterson, C., and Robertson, J. (eds.) (in press) Conversations: Behind early childhood pedagogical documentation. Sydney: Pademelon Press. Arthur, L., McArdle, F., and Papic, M. (2010). Shards are made of glass: Children as capable and creative communicators. Research in Practice Series. Early Childhood Australia: ACT. Giugni, M. and K. Mundine, Eds. (2010). Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill, Pademelon Press. Harrison, C., & Morandini, C. (2010). Children Creatively Engaging Each Other - Multiliteracies Practices in an Inclusive Program for Children with Diverse Abilities. In P. Fitzsimmons & B. McKenzie (Eds.), Creative Engagements - Thinking with children. Oxford, United Kingdom: Interdisciplinary Press. Viewing Children and Learning Jones Díaz, C. & Harvey, N. (2007) Other words, other worlds: Bilingual identities and literacy in L. Makin, C Jones Díaz, & C. McLaughlan, (eds) Literacies in childhood: Changing views, challenging practice (2nd ed) Elsevier: Sydney. Knight, L. (2009). Drawing together as inclusive practice in early years learning. Arts Education Australia: Early Childhood Special Edition, 33(2) pp. 62 – 73. Key Ideas – Curriculum decision making can happen ‘in the moment’ as well as planned. – The pedagogies we engage shape our curriculum decision making practices. – Inclusion, equity and social justice are signiicant to the pedagogical and curriculum choices we make. Further Readings Arthur, L. (2001). Popular culture and early literacy learning, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 2 (3) pp. 295-308. Campbell, S. (1999). "Making the political pedagogical in early childhood Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Key Ideas – Children learn in a range of different ways that stem from the places in which they live and learn, the context, the people around them and broader cultures such as popular culture. Page 18 – Children learn from all kinds of ‘ways of being’, ‘ways of doing’ and ‘ways of knowing’ (discourses) – identity is central to learning and becoming. Children, Families, Learning and Curriculum MacNaughton, G. & Hughes, P. (2011) Parents and professionals in early childhood settings Routledge: London. Phenomenological Perspectives – Inclusion, equity and social justice are all central to how and what children learn. Further Readings Edwards, C., Gandini, L. & Foreman, G. (1998). The hundred languages of children. the Reggio Emilia approach - advance relections second edition. Greenwich, Connecticut, London, England, Ablex Publishing Corporation. Key Ideas – Harrison, L. (2003). Attachment. Building secure relationships in early childhood. ECA Research in Practice Series, 10 (2). Families are integral to children’s lives and learning. – Malaguzzi, L (1994). Your image of the child: Where teaching begins. Child care information exchange, 96 pp 52-61. Finding ways to negotiate meaningful partnerships is crucial to equitable early childhood education. – Rinaldi, C. (2006). In dialogue with Reggio Emilia: Listening researching and learning. London: Routledge. Robinson, K. H. (forthcoming 2012). Innocence, Knowledge and the Construction of Childhood: The contradictory relationship between sexuality and censorship in children’s contemporary lives. London: Routledge. Woodrow, C. (1999). Revisiting images of the child in early childhood education: Relections and considerations. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 24(4) pp. 7-12. Families come in all shapes and sizes and stem beyond ‘parents’. Further Readings Atkinson, S. (2008). Victorian Indigenous Elders as Teachers. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 6(1) pp. 26-41. Harrison, C. (2009). Opening the dialogue- Children- Families and Educators – An exploration of learning stories as a tool for documenting play and learning. In W. Turgeon (Ed). Creative Engagements - Thinking with Children, Oxford UK: Interdisciplinary Press. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Key Ideas – Being present in the moment is crucial to the formation of relations. – Focusing on the experience of being together enables becoming. – Inclusion can be practices when educators stay in the moment with children and their families. Further Readings à Beckett, C. (2010). Imaginative education explored through the concept of Playing in the In-between, in Imagination in Educational Theory and Practice, a Many-sided Vision. Nielsen, T., Fitzgerald, R. & Fettes, M. (Eds). Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Page 19 Parnell, W. (2011). Becoming, Being and Unbecoming an Educator in Early Childhood Education. In Watson, L. W. and Woods, C. S. (Eds). Go where you belong: Male teachers and cultural workers in the lives of children, families, and communities. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Sense Publishers B.V. Sartre, J. P. (1956). Being and nothingness; An essay in phenomenological ontology (Hazel Barnes, Trans.). New York: Philosophical Library. Ritchie, J. (2010). Mā wai he kapu tī?: Being, knowing, and doing otherwise in early childhood education in Aotearoa. In M. O'Loughlin & R. T. Johnson (Eds.), Imagining children otherwise. Theoretical and critical perspectives on childhood subjectivity (pp. 29-47). New York: Peter Lang. Steiner. RS. 1995, The Philosophy of Freedom: Intuitive Thinking as a Spiritual Path. Anthroposhic Press. Van Manen, M. (1990). Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Spiritualities Perspectives on Leadership Key Ideas Key Ideas – Spiritualities are part of everyday life. – Spiritualities can relate to inclusion, belonging and identity. – Spiritualities are not necessarily the same as religion. Further Readings Bone, J. (2010). Play and metamorphosis: spirituality in early childhood settings. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(4) pp. 404-414. Hooks, b. (2000). All about love. New York: Harper Collins. Paley, V. (1999). The kindness of children. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Pere, R. T. (1991). Te wheke: A celebration of ininite wisdom. Gisborne, NZ: Ako Ako Global Learning. – Leadership can be understood from many different perspectives. – Leadership is not always about being ‘out in front’. – Leadership is contextual to groups of people working together in a range of different ways for a range of different reasons. Further Readings Blackmore, J. (1999). Troubling women: feminism, leadership, and educational change. Buckingham: Open University Press. Heifetz. R.A, (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Sachs, J. (2000). The activist professional. Journal of Educational Change 1(1) pp. 77-94. Sinclair, A. (2007). Leadership for the disillusions: Moving beyond myths and Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 20 heroes to leading that liberates. Crows Nest. Allen & Unwin. Further Readings Woodrow, C. (2008). Discourses of professional identity in early childhood: movements in Australia. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16 (2) pp. 269-280. Bown, K. and J. Sumsion (2007). "Voices from the other side of the fence: Early childhood teachers' experiences with mandatory regulatory requirements." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 8(1) pp. 30-49. Operating within Policy Frameworks Dalli, C. & Urban, M. (2010) Professionalism in Early Childhood Education and Care. International perspectives. London and New York: Routledge Fenech, M. (2006). The impact of regulatory environments on early childhood professional practice and job satisfaction: A review of conlicting discourses. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 31(2) pp. 49-57. Key Ideas Gibbs, L. (2008) Policy Development in Early Childhood Settings: From idea to evaluation. Pademelon Press. – Policies are processes not simply ‘truths’. – Policies (such as quality frameworks) can be thought about in a number of different ways depending on the theoretical perspectives you bring to them. – Children’s services professional identities can be shaped by policies, but also shape policy in a myriad of ways. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 21 Appendices The two appendices are here to offer an insight into worldviews that are not solely created in written language. These two examples help us to consider that worldviews, theories and philosophies are generated in many sophisticated ways. Denise Proud is an early childhood educators who created her worldviews theories and philosophies through painting and story. These forms of creating worldviews, theories and philosophies are as valid as any written ones. You can watch Denise talking about what knowledges she draws on and how she developed her worldviews theories and philosophies in the Indigenous Perspectives video. 1. Nurturing the Gundoo Paintings and Story by Denise Proud • The sitting down shape in the middle represents the child (gundoo). • The shapes around represents parents, elders and community. • Uncles and aunts roles are just important as the parents. • Discipline, knowledge, wisdom and spirituality come from the extended family. • Represents our indigenous way of nurturing the gundoo. • Early childhood education has always been embedded within indigenous culture. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 22 Isolation • The black (half-moon) igure in the middle represents the gundoo (child). • The straight white lines represent non-indigenous tracks to early childhood setting. • This painting depicts how our gundoo feels. • How inclusive are we? Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 23 Establishing Connections • The sitting down shape in the middle represents the child (gundoo) sitting within the early childhood setting. • The black (half-moon) shapes represents the community. • Knowledge is passed down through generations and it must be respected • Notice the (lines) pathways leading into the early childhood centre have twists and turns representing the lexibility of options available to the child for their personal growth within the community. • The white igures represent the nonindigenous society. • The straight lines represent the rigid regimented pathways of mainstream Australian education as seen through the eyes of the gundoo. • The three white igures surrounding the gundoo represent the early childhood educators with the centre. The three black igures surrounding the gundoo represent the gundoo’s extended family. • Educators, families and community must work together to be more inclusive, to be lexible and accept differences so the gundoo is our focus at all times. • The child has a rich interconnectedness with clans, kinship groups, and tribal and language groups. • Child is still in the centre of this enriching complex environment. • Respect and protocols must always be observed. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 24 2. The knowledge dreaming model - A model for intercultural pedagogy and curriculum practice (p.157) À Beckett, C. & Proud, D. (2004). Fall from grace? Relecting on early childhood education while decolonizing intercultural friendships from kindergarten to university and prison. In Mutua, K & Swadner, B. (Eds) Decolonizing research in cross-cultural contexts: Critical personal narratives. University of New York Press, Albany, pp 147-158. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 25 References Commonwealth of Australia (2009). Belonging, being & becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia. Canberra, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Fleet, A., C. Patterson., Robertson, J., Eds. (2006). Insights: Behind early childhood pedagogical documentation. Castle Hill, Pademelon Press. Giugni, M. (2006). Conceptualising goodies and baddies through narratives of Jesus and Superman. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 7(2) pp. 97-108. Giugni, M. (2011). Becoming worldly 'with': An encounter with the Early Years Learning Framework. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 12(1) pp. 11-27. Giugni, M. (2010). Pathways of possibility to engaging with the EYLF, http://www. cscentral.org.au/Resources/Publications/ pathways-of-possibilities.pdf. Giugni, M. and K. Mundine, Eds. (2010). Talkin' up and speakin' out: Aboriginal and multicultural voices in early childhood. Castle Hill, Pademelon Press. MacNaughton, G. (2005). Doing Foucault in early childhood studies. Applying poststructuralist ideas. London, Routledge. Skattebol, J. (2003). Dark, dark and darker: Negotiations of identity in an early childhood setting. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 4(2)pp. 149-166. Skattebol, J. (2005). Insider/outsider belongings: Traversing the borders of whiteness in early childhood. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 6(2) pp. 189-203. Smith, K. (2007). Fairytales and fantasies: The early childhood curriculum truths and their effects for seeing and assessing children. International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood 5(1) pp. 58-68. Sumsion, J. and S. Wong (2011). Interrogating ‘Belonging’ in Belonging, Being and Becoming: the Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 12(1) pp. 28-45. MacNaughton, G. (2003). Shaping early childhood: Learners, curriculum and contexts. England, Open University Press. Worldviews, Theories and Philosophies in Children’s Services Page 26 Phone: 02 6293 6500 Email: cple@commsatwork.org Postal Address: PO Box 1066, Tuggeranong ACT 2901 www.commsatwork.org