CO2 Emissions

Climate Change Rating of Countries, 2024

This work proposes a system of Climate Change Rating of countries (CCR). The parameters included in the rating are CO2 emissions per capita and per GDP, cumulative CO2 emissions in the last 30 years, and changes in CO2 intensity in the last 10 years. The parameters are compared to the world averages. The CCR for 2020 includes 208 countries, 99.99% of the global CO2 emissions and population, and 99.83% of the global GDP. The A-G rating groups are according to the rating limits. The best rating (A) is for the lowest CCR. The world average CCR value in 2020 is 100, equivalent to group E.

Climate Change Rating of Countries 2021, 2024

This work applies a system of Climate Change Rating of countries (CCR). The parameters included in the rating are CO2 emissions per capita and per GDP, cumulative CO2 emissions in the last 30 years, and change of emissions in the last 10 years. The parameters are compared to the world averages conservatively determined for every year. The CCR for 2021 includes 208 countries, 99.99% of the global CO2 emissions and population, and 99.82% of the global GDP. The A-G labels for rating groups are according to the CCR limits. The best rating (A) is for the lowest CCR. The average 2021 rating of Group A is 50 (50% below the world average) and of Group G-212 (112% above the world average). The world average CCR value for 2021 is 101.4, equivalent to Group F.

2014

Environ Sci Policy, 1999

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto protocol made under the Convention, aim at controlling the greenhouse gas emissions and their concentrations in the atmosphere. The contributions of fossil fuel use in industrial and developing countries to the atmospheric CO2 concentration are calculated using estimates for emission developments and a simple carbon cycle model. The contribution of the industrial countries to the CO2 concentration increase, above the preindustrial level, is estimated to be about 50 ppm in 1990 if only the emissions from fossil fuels are considered. The contribution from developing countries is about 15 ppm. The contribution from industrial countries would increase by about 20 ppm between 1990 and 2010 if no emission reductions were assumed and by about 15 ppm in the considered rather strict reduction scenario. According to the Kyoto protocol the emissions from industrial countries should be reduced by 5.2% from the 1990 level in about 20 years. This development of the emissions would cause a concentration increase of 18 ppm. The concentration increase due to developing countries between 1990 and 2010 would be about 15 ppm. In order that the present global increase rate of CO2 concentration 1.5 ppm/a would not be exceeded, steeper reductions than those made in Kyoto should be agreed. Increasing global emissions and slow removal of CO2 from the atmosphere makes it difficult to reach the ultimate objective of the Climate Convention, the stabilisation of the atmospheric concentration.

Environmental Science & Policy, 2021

This paper examined the factors that determine the carbon dioxide emission in USA, Japan, China and India during the period 1970 to 2008. The statistical results show that increased CO2 emission is a factor of increased fuel consumption across countries, and does not happen simply due to the passage of time. The results of the panel, indicate a direct relation with fossil fuel consumption but not as much with the population increase. There is minor variation in the results of fossil fuel consumption variables across countries, in case of coefficients being statistically significant. However, the significance level is very low in case of population variable in some of these countries. The panel data analysis suggests that the carbon dioxide emission is mainly a factor of heavy fossil fuel consumption, and not merely due to increase in population.

Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017: From World Development Indicators, 2017

Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 2024

The development of sustainability indicators at the national level emerged due to the limitations of using GDP as a measure of well-being, sustainability, and resilience. Over time, various indicators and rankings have been formulated, with a shift in focus from solely economic growth to a more encompassing perspective. The objective of this study was to create a new ranking, based on the integration of two methodologies, namely UN Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI), and the Global Footprint Network's Ecological Footprint (EF), in order to identify meaningful clusters of countries based on both measures. Hierarchical clustering was utilized to group countries, while the Nearest Neighbour method was employed to filter out outliers, and the Ward method determined the final clusters. Additionally, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between the 17 SDGIs and the EF. The clustering outcomes revealed that a three-cluster solution can be considered satisfactory. The results obtained with the new method demonstrate that the environmental dimension of SDGI is a sufficient metric for environmental sustainability in terms of ranking countries.