ARCHAEOLOGIA MARITIMA MEDITERRANEA An International Journal on Underwater Archaeology Direttore Roberto Petriaggi Comitato scientifico Francisco J. S. Alves (Portogallo), David Blackman (Gran Bretagna), Katerina Delaporta (Grecia), Maria Antonietta Fugazzola Delpino (Italia), Ehud Galili (Israele), Piero Alfredo Gianfrotta (Italia) Smiljan Gluš©ević (Croatia), Xavier Nieto Prieto (Spagna), Francisca Pallarés (Italia), Patrice Pomey (Francia), Gianfranco Purpura (Italia), Eric Rieth (Francia), Edoardo Tortorici (Italia) Segreteria di redazione Barbara Davidde Petriaggi * «Archaeologia Maritima Mediterranea» is an International Peer-Reviewed Journal. The eContent is Archived with Clockss and Portico; it is Indexed in Scopus. ARCHAEOLOGIA MARITIMA MEDITERRANEA An International Journal on Underwater Archaeology 13 · 2016 PISA · ROMA FA B R I Z I O S E R R A E D I TO R E MMXVI Amministrazione e abbonamenti Fabrizio Serra editore Casella postale n. 1, Succursale n. 8, i 56123 Pisa, tel. +39 050 542332, fax +39 050 574888, fse@libraweb.net I prezzi ufficiali di abbonamento cartaceo e Online sono consultabili presso il sito Internet della casa editrice www.libraweb.net. Print and Online official subscription rates are available at Publisher’s web-site www.libraweb.net. I pagamenti possono essere effettuati tramite versamento su c.c.p. n. 17154550 o tramite carta di credito (American Express, Eurocard, Mastercard, Visa) * Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Pisa n. 21 del 15 settembre 2004 Direttore responsabile: Fabrizio Serra A norma del codice civile italiano, è vietata la riproduzione, totale o parziale (compresi estratti, ecc.), di questa pubblicazione in qualsiasi forma e versione (comprese bozze, ecc.), originale o derivata, e con qualsiasi mezzo a stampa o internet (compresi siti web personali e istituzionali, academia.edu, ecc.), elettronico, digitale, meccanico, per mezzo di fotocopie, pdf, microfilm, film, scanner o altro, senza il permesso scritto della casa editrice. Under Italian civil law this publication cannot be reproduced, wholly or in part (included offprints, etc.), in any form (included proofs, etc.), original or derived, or by any means: print, internet (included personal and institutional web sites, academia.edu, etc.), electronic, digital, mechanical, including photocopy, pdf, microfilm, film, scanner or any other medium, without permission in writing from the publisher. * Si invitano gli autori ad attenersi, nel predisporre i materiali da consegnare alla redazione e alla casa editrice, alle norme specificate nel volume Fabrizio Serra, Regole editoriali, tipografiche & redazionali, Pisa-Roma, Serra, 20092 (Euro 34,00, ordini a: fse@libraweb.net). Il capitolo Norme redazionali, estratto dalle Regole, cit., è consultabile Online alla pagina «Pubblicare con noi» di www.libraweb.net. Proprietà riservata · All rights reserved © Copyright 2016 by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Fabrizio Serra editore incorporates the Imprints Accademia editoriale, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, Fabrizio Serra editore, Giardini editori e stampatori in Pisa, Gruppo editoriale internazionale and Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali. www.libraweb.net Stampato in Italia · Printed in Italy issn 1724-6091 issn elettronico 1825-3881 SOMMARIO Roberto Petriaggi, Editoriale 9 saggi Piero Dell’Amico, I ‘pasos de barca’ sui torrenti aragonesi e catalani (iii ) Roberto Petriaggi, Management strategies for conservation restoration and fruition of Underwater Archaeological Parks Piero Dell’Amico, La construcción de llaguts y pontones Francesco Tiboni, The ¢Ô˘Ú¿ÙÂÔ˜ ≠IÔ˜ from allegory to Archaeology. A Phoenician Ship to break the Wall Gregory F. Votruba, Hayat Erkanal, Anchor Finds from the Harbour Basin of ancient Klazomenai and Chyton, Turkey Hakan Öniz, Michele Stefanile, Three funerary steles from the Sea of Side, Turkey Justin Leidwanger, Sebastiano Tusa, Marzamemi II ‘Church wreck’ excavation: 2015 field season Philippe Tisseyre, Nouvelles épaves et chargements metalliferes en Sicile: études preliminaires et études complementaires 13 55 73 91 105 117 129 145 acta diurna La Mostra itinerante Navalia. Potenza e Tecnologia della Flotta di Roma Parchi archeologici subacquei nel Mar Nero: la sfida russa al xx soma Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (San Pietroburgo, 12-14 maggio 2016) Un parco archeologico per l’Antico Porto di Classe Dispositivi ad alta tecnologia per la fruizione del patrimonio subacqueo siciliano Riforma MiBACT, quale futuro per l’archeologia subacquea? 157 161 163 165 167 Recapito dei collaboratori del presente fascicolo 169 THE ¢ O Y P A T E O ™ I ¶ ¶ O ™ FROM ALLEGORY TO ARCHAEOLOGY. A PHOENICIAN SHIP TO BREAK THE WALL Francesco Tiboni* O dysseus ’ trap of the Wooden Horse of Troy is one of the most diffused nonreligious episode of the whole history, usually considered a bright demonstration of human ingenious and wit. But, while on the one hand Odysseus’s cunning is commonly celebrated as a proper quality for many successful men of the history, on the contrary Trojan guilelessly is usually reported as a distinctive feature of pitiable and predestined to defeat people. As recently pointed out by some scholars,1 despite its cultural importance, archaeological evidences of this episode, both textual and iconographic, appear to be extremely poor in ancient Greece, increasing only during roman times and modern era, possibly because of the role played by Vergil’s Aeneid.2 Different evidence seem to confirm that the episode of the Wooden Horse of Troy has entered Greek culture as one of the epic episodes narrated by ancient texts, not completely clear nor plausible for many ancient Greek scholars.3 Some centuries later than Homeric epics, describing the Temple of Braurion Artemis, Pausanias (Description of Greece 1.23.8) affirmed ‘the work of Epeius was a contrivance to make a breach in the Trojan wall is known to everybody who does not attribute utter silliness to the Phrygians’, then adding that the “legend says it was a horse.”4 The Greek geographer was not the sole ancient author to deny the identification of the contrivance with a horse,5 as a different interpretation of the hippos can be found, for instance, in texts by Euripides (Trojans 539), Tryphiodorus (v. 185) or Quintus Smyrnaeus (xii, vv. 427 ss.). ** Aix Marseille Univ., ccj, Centre Camille Jullian, F-13000, Aix en Provence; e-mail: tiboni. francesco@gmail.com 1 This topic has been recently deeply investigated by a group of scholars from Lausanne University (ch) Danielle van Mal-Maeder e Florence Berthollet (eds.), Le Cheval de Troie. Variations autour d’une guerre, Lausanne 2007. 2 Robert G. Austin, Vergil and the Wooden Horse, «The Journal of Roman Studies», vol. 49. 12, 1959, pp. 16-25. 3 Robert G. Austin, Vergil and the Wooden Horse, 1959, pp. 23-24, Joaquin Ruiz de Arbulo, Los navegantes y lo sagrado. El barco de Troya. Nuevos argumentos para una explicación náutica del caballo de madera, in X. Nieto, ma. Cau (eds) «Arqueología Náutica Mediterránea», casc, 8, 2009, Girona, pp. 535-536. 4 “There is the horse called Wooden set up in bronze. That the work of Epeius was a contrivance to make a breach in the Trojan wall is known to everybody who does not attribute utter silliness to the Phrygians. But legend says of that horse that it contained the most valiant of the Greeks, and the design of the bronze figure fits in well with this story. Menestheus and Teucer are peeping out of it, and so are the sons of Theseus.” (Pausanias, Description of Greece. English Translation by W. H. S. Jones, D. Litt, H. A. Ormerod, in 4 Volumes, Cambridge, ma, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918). 5 Robert G. Austin, Vergil and the Wooden Horse, 1959 pp. 23-24; Robert G. Austin, P. Vergili Maronis, Aeneidos. Liber Secundus, Ed. and comment, 3ª ed. (1964-1ª), 1980, Oxford. «archaeologia maritima mediterranea» · 13 · 2016 104 francesco tiboni In conclusion, we think naval archaeology permit us today to give an answer to Pausanias’ doubt. As suggested by Ephorion,1 we can in fact propose to say that the wooden horse of Epeius was indeed one of the ships ancient Greeks used to call Hippoi. Abstract This paper deals with one of the most famous episode of the entire ancient Epic: the Wooden Horse of Troy. Narrated first by Homer in the Odyssey and then reprised by many ancient and modern authors, the episode is here examined in a new nautical dimension. Even if other scholars have attempted to re-read the wooden horse as a possible sacred ship, in this paper the author proposes how, according to Homeric texts, the horse must be considered a particular kind of ship. It is not a sacred vessel, but a merchantman with a horse-head figurehead, commonly used by Phoenician and Levantine seamen of that time to trade goods and pay tributes to foreign kings: a ship known by the Greek authors of the classical era and possibly by Homer too. Starting from the examination of different textual, iconographical and archaeological evidence pertaining the episode, in this article the author proposes an identification of what the dourateos hippos might have been for real: not a wooden horse but a hippos made of planks, that means a proper ship of Phoenician origin. The critical analysis of the episode of wooden horse, re-interpreted in the light of both the modern and the ancient knowledges in the field of the naval archaeology of that period seems in fact to permit to state that the hippos has become a horse after the Homeric period, and out of this tradition. The Phoenician ship used to break the wall of Troy has in fact become a wooden horse in consequence of a possible secular misunderstanding that, in later times, has been widely accepted by ancient and modern scholars, determining different and often unsolvable problems of interpretation. The original meaning of the word hippos has in fact been lost in translation. Keywords: Hippos, Troy, Balawat, Khorsabad, Phoenician ship, Homer, wooden horse. 1 Analecta Alexandrina, cxx (ed. Meineke 1843). composto in car attere dante monotype dalla fabrizio serr a editore, pisa · roma. stampato e rilegato nella tipo gr afia di agnano, agnano pisano (pisa). * Giugno 2016 (cz 2 · fg 21)