A Harbor for the World in Stormy Times: Ecclesiological Reflections in the Orthodox Church and Theology, in H. P. Grosshans (ed.), One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Some Lutheran and ecumenical perspectives, (LWF Studies 1/2009) Geneva 2009, 77-92

One Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church Sο me Lutheran and Ecumenical Ρerspectives LlvF studies, 2ο 09 May 2ο ο 9 edited by a Ι ns Peter Grosshans on bchaΙf of Τ he Lιιtheran WorΙd FedeΙation Contents ' lπ Φ dυ .ιΙon !Ι σ lβ 'Peta'Φ 1sshα Φ ι. An overa| l | nterpretat| on 2l ,.| l.l |Π ιn. on. Ε bΦ ιeΙa Ho| y, ..ιto| | c .nd Λ pΦ toιi. cιιr.h JunoeΙ τ h e soterio| ogiζa| Re| evance of the church: τ h e Ne\ ,ir' τ esιament lvΙt ness | .Ι ,5 τ | ι. ζoE.| .ι| oΠ betΨ ..n h lι. New .Ι lt.Π Ε ι.'Mafiε BΦ ι@. ε . < ι.jotog,.nd sot..| o| og, .rt Learnlng f.om Difterent christian τ r aditions and Ecumenical Dialogues lΙ.Ι 49 τ h . ι.um.nι.A| Μ iιια 65 RelΦ .n.€ ofιh. iιιarι. ofthe chUr.I t Hieιaniki τ h . on€ Ho| yl cathol| ( and AΙ, o.toli( chιrch A..ord| n8 .o | ohn Q.ν .. Micheι crιdlω n 77 A ι| rrhο .,o. ι.i.Ct| oπ , τ 'η Ι ι rk] s tn. ιi,ond | n stormy l| Π .l! ε . .!e..o| ogiα | h th. o.t| ιodol chιrh rDι| lhΦ | ogy MoschΔs 9] Rc.or.| d.r| ,g o Ι mil Jο hma RαΦ ιιη ilι Erpt| st l..| ..| o| o8y sα maeL Ν guι ιΦ | g| ti"g Li'' crrho| | . ι..| .s| o| oay |n ιh. co't.Ιι of Myanmr on. Ho| , catho| ic.n.l Aρo,iο | ι9 υ |Ι Ε Eι P.ntιιrr' und.Bt.ldnl8 δ . cchul.h cιυ Eh ,ιtU.t| ot Mart| n 'p| ιurn.r !x@ιι4σ bγ Draw| nε Phιi!ρ AnaΙyzing Ε cclesial Realities in select Lutheran chuΙches V Ι , | 41 ιo.ι.ιnaonrn. Υ oια s 1', M| rr| on vigea τ h . cΦ Don | d..ilo oftι. cb!r.h6.. .nr| soιth.rsl ε Φ nrM@ chιι1g 16:} l7l Maι.,.| a Alιr !.| nga ιuth.ran churζh ] nιbo1ι olth. chur(hl ιuth.,an ε c.| .!ιo| ogy tn !r.Σ | | Κ iι'1J τ h . on. oΙ | y' cntho| | .and Apostoιι( ιn ιhC Ν o.th Λ π € . ιC.n cont.tt ch41ι M P.ιΦ σ ζh u..n 77 A | -{ arbor Γ or the Worlcl | n )ιormv ι I meS: Ε ccI esiological Refl ections in the Orthoclox Church andTheology Dimitrios Moschos wο !ιl b.Ιaιhc. uΙ] Jιoducιiιe ifwe vΙ ere to sυ nuπ aΙiz. ιhe docιrine ol.ιhe cιιΙch nl rhe !,nre sζn ο ] ε sιic manΙcΙ as romes on doglΙatn's ,l-his ha} e dο η ι in ιhe cas. oι e..lesjo| ogy' aΙp roach is υ sed ιι Grceι orthodox rlreo] ogy su.h as. ιoι exa| Π ρte, n1J, lΙ arιΙiiΙ s's 8ο 0 !a8e book. o11ho.ιo't Ε c.!.s iυ ιo{ 'ι'' | regιιd sudι aπ aptrιoach as counιerpΙoduc6'e' hιcaυ se ιhc church neν eιfoιn\ ulatθ d .locιrine ofιhe clrurcι an ο ιlicial iη ιhc fο rr! oΙsolemη sΙn onal ιeΙs, ι d iscΙssiΙ8 1he .hurchi ι,elieι i!ι ιh. Tιinity o.ιhc ι* o uιΘεΙ ι s oιJesιs chιisι. :'Ι. ν ertheιess' the Niceη .l crΦ d sιιρes ho$ ι he chu..tι ι nnersιlnds it'$clι tΙ is tlris realit!.' reΙlecιθ d ι l λ isιο ιi.aι cιΙlengιs ι thaι allo$,s υ s to d iscerΙ ho\ γ ι he ι,eΙ i.ι h ιlr ο nc hoΙr ' (aΙh ο lic aΙlalosιolic.huι.h ι is ιο bι'UΙt€ ιsιood, ι TheΙefoιc. nry,pp.oach * ill be an historical on.. 1 Ι some ι.| € as ο acnesι r€ g ard| ng th. attr| butes ofthe .hurch tn thc α ιd hoιιn.s. haΙc ιleιΙ η ιisun(lerstaldfugs rc8ardι] ε the c\ ιlΓ clt,s ε 1ιriιuιes clearcd up' aιd ιhe atιribιtcs ιΙ ιhc li8hι υ ιthe haι? ιeen reiiteΓ pιcted Nicen.cιο cd'slιisιoιicil conrexι. oη c aιd holy, for exaιτ p l('' aιe no longer uidcrstood sιaιicdΙΙ ΠΙ d aιι| hoΙn aιιlly as a s(p.emc ιrsιiσ rioη aI izod mιsι sυ η iugare lh€ rΙ sclv.sh orderι) oι,ιain rΙ ο werto which lλ e 1iiιhιu] γ ιrious ore Eoi, g] val ion, ln ιl] ι eaιly.Ιu rch. oι.π ess o, cod.s e Ι sιιrecιnΙ' ro . ann Α ρosio churh 'ι io ιhe and hο lΙess ι π τ r c ι,oπ nΦ ιed e] e.l1ο nma'] c by God,.ιlιl.sir / 02 rι.oι e ιλ God...t rc\ τ peο ρ| e frcπ ι aιlpeoρI es on elrlh iο ιhe wiιΙess ι ζJ and mclιiated ιheaposιl.s Tιen.Ψ erιisinaugιraιcdιI 'loueh spiriι iπ oιe PcntΦ costn | ?nt. ι € ιψ hen elorΙ inιlιe n.r'pθ oplc of ιiο ( ιheoppο siιe of Ι Go(l (a] s chιrchοiod)' ιΙ ι ιeιv coι?π lΙ , ι] y l he bω cd on spiΓ iι o ιη Ι υ 8h o Ι tΙ lι€ , oΙpυι uring,,oιιhe naτ ion η li$tcd is .aΙ ιcd anrt € ιhurcλ l onο ιess and hο 1ΙleSs d.Ιiν e iιoln ιI ris cxll becaιsc ιhe one (] odcallsGod.speιιne τ o hΦ (oΠ ιe uιiιed ιιnh (;(d, As ι,aui puls it..Ιa] rdhehas pιι aι| nιι'gs υ ndΘ .hislιeι ιoι the.ιιrch, uld has lΙ Δde hiΝ ιhe head oΙelΙ | ιhings which is his ιudy, the t\ tI lness ot,him l1o ιν ] ills a] l in aΙl..(EDh jΙ 2?.2,)' in Tλ is | eadc u5 oΙe slop ιιrth.,ι nanιcιy ιo oncιess as ρΙιicipaιioΙ ι Roη lιns ιlre, ι noιjoι ιhat ΡauΙ ν ivi.iΙy ο xρandsιρon in l ιjorinιhiansaΙd wilΙess Theiη cο ιporulion Ι :1.8)sla.lcd tν iιΙt he inιο ιhe on] e body ( EoΠ 2 of rhι Cru.iιιrl and Gιr@iα | J6ιs and goΦ ο ι ιo thθ cxρeri€ ce ι oι sa] vιιiο n ιhrο ugh Gο ιl.s blood lhatbΙn lgs recο .Ι iιiaιioΛ \ γ i| ι God (Ronr rhe EecoΠ ciliaιioΙ nleaF bcιιg onc and eΙ aιls ιo saη cιi,icaιio.. ':8'ιl] . iFnstbmaιioο is ιhen nranitested lhc ol ιh€ world ιo holiness. ιhi.ι o Ι caΙ 8atheΙiη g ror ιιr€ k,τ | 's suppeι] th. diν 1ne Eιchaιist, F.on tλ is dcriν cs th. fο rgiιeΙcss oι sins ο r ι he exclιsioΙ 1ι.om ιhis ριthο ring. ι lΙe cxpο suΙe (l (jorΞ :4 n)' Tιe exρcnen.Θ ο l holin€ss aπ d uΙiιyas to saιan',dο η lΙr ion Babeι,: The prc.ipit,nιg lhc .J.λ dl,, nr 1ι. ,Ι uclrarisr is besI attesle.] to ιhe eucha. ιisιι: µ Eteι of Didaclιc (Ιiιe I iιst cenιury Α D), { hich is fο ιnd in π ιanJ eacΙ] nristic µ :Ι ιvcE nraitrly in Ε 4ypt ils ιhis bω ken Drcaιι \ γ r sca(c.en ι upoι ιιc hiΙl9, aιd ι2s gεheι.d r(,8eιλ eΙn nd rΙ a.lο ο ιe' so let 1\ γ chιΙch be gaιΙτΙ € d ι| ιo fΙ w. sray .aιιoli. ι'ιh thy knιgτ lom ιιe ιψ hich .(Ιι th€ cnds of tlro o| | h. Eu.λ a'ist as ιvo ctaΙ] nrο isnotΙlcnιioιc(i inthe NewTesιanrenι), eΙ ιλ e Ι n,iAn4] fu nι' J'Dldι] Φ !, J.. π Φ rth ". llιhad ι ' e Ι an d ] 5.ιceo{ ιhe νΙ c aitιΙιιeι iΙ ndadose ] | | otmξ ' oµ ιt.E ι U ll{ i tsl'' en conΙcction belιι€ ιhe cυ ch,ιisιi.8anι.ring aft,und ιlιe bishop, and th. ιniιy beι\ ιccι cλ ιisτ at ιιιe cathoΙic chιrc| ι iι gΙ natiusi Eρisιles (Sn] y.n ι] ), lι lιas been lointed oυ ι that ιh€ Γ ealftcaning oι rhe ιlbιd in tΙcι ιlιiS conιexι is nο ι"uιiveιsaΙ, ,ο ι''invisib1e," ιJιt tΙe'1vhole, cssence,, ο irhc chυ rch,L wλ ich is exρ..ieι@d and η rδ iΙ fesιed h the cο nιυ υ Π iiy'δ h ιιe nΙ id foυ .lh c€ lΙ uη .' an cΙ( jell€ inιerprctcr ol ιhe JQrusaleΠ ι cre€ d nι (] ncd)' (lhe ancestor otιΙc liicenc Φ ril ofJe.ιsnΙcm. €nga8ed ψ iιh a| l asp€ . ιs ofthc t.ιnll s| .€ssing lhο dynanli. pro.t| ss oΙcaιλ oΙicity: Nο ι| d ttoπ l c'tenis ιhιou8houι ι ιΙ on. o.d oflne € aΓ lh ιο ιh. ο th.riaπ d bo.!ιse shι ιoaches uniν .rsaιt! and.ο ιυ neιe| l aιι the.ιο cιιin€ s ιhaι shoυ ιι.onlP ιo.t.lls | (.ο trιedae,,. and hο .ιιsι sh€ bιinΦ nιo sα bjection !, god| iness Gjο iρ.ιiI ) lhe snΙDlυ ψ λ oΙ. a Ι .ι ο lΙlankΙ]ι , Π | ι1l nΙ druleι| , iln'| | ecιιaιsand nrcn she is (olιcncaιho] i. becuuse slrc andboc,uscshµ υ niν ιJsι| lyliPalsandlr.aΙsιhP* holespec iΘ sο sΙ sιΙ ,, fhlch is ιaιnod ',. aη d,lossoJscs in heΙse| οΙ ιoι! foΓ m ο lιιluυ ln th€ eighι ceιlury. JohΙ ot Damascusonc.,g,in exρlains calhο ιn,iι! peaceΙlaιin8 as adΙn aΙic, ι ιniιyιrg' and .edccn ing ιorce: 'ιιρ..ιurζh ii π ana8cd 1n calΙed 1:aiλ nn'' bccause lrιΙ saι?. thΙoutζι lΙc nΙr osl |€ s. ιlιc ehιi| ? ι'ο rldi bccaιse bl lI l. pυ $er oι spi.n' sιl. ιniles and mυ l| ilnψ υ al nalioΙs nι,Ι aΙt oν erιh€ Φ alιh, into ιeιcιη ιnξ faith a.d reι!tn)n i'ithGod caιhο lι., Red€ m pιioι, caιhoιiciιt aιΙ o Ι Ι the PP$-* )Ι 'ιι iι'Ιι h sιιaΙ3. p.,..{ ιΙ aπ d one jltιs of ιo..Ι! 5 * sl llidDiirssei'inιrr PΙµ $ r93i] pρ 1ι',(:atιι] tsosxdnluιΙlΙ π lο s,(ltI .hrju] ,erυ sΙ )l31l. is ιΔrious. e Ι aιnrg, enlieιιeΙn ι'nland!ea(ιare ιheconnο ι!1 ιbr nιost chur.h ιllers ιΙ ofth€ cιassicaι eΓ a, clιE ο nιodor 1cµ ilo| 'LJυ t dral is (lhιlst, ο Μ bο lcιlhoad, Lll,lιl' JΙ] } |Ι eιΙ kd'] . ao on. Hο y cJΙh ο l..] nn Aρο noιchul.h ιvith regard to aposloliciιy, φ € can conine oιΙscιΙes ιo ιhc sο urd rc' π aΙks by Reinη a| ι Staaιs ψ lιo shos?d ιltaι, at ιhe τ inιe' aρο sto] ic noι onΙJ π rιnl a typical (onnectioη ιo ιlιe insιltυ tionΣ lizcd bishopΙic (ιristoιir' eρis.η afc)' ι'hι1' (lescends from ιhc aDosιles, buιalΦ tιe nΙn aιion ο Ι ιhe nιanneΒ ofιhc aposιles. ιhatisτ h θ ascetic rerun.iation ofιI l€ ιnrld and ιhe establishθ d socia1 s.ι1inε ' .This ιι. nρosιo] ic conιιυ liry inJeΙu saΙen Ι propΙeι., andasc.lics ο f ihe aι(] ιhe \ 'andιΙi,ιg se.ond τ j enιu.! i| t syria and otιer pιa.es,! ιΙ is usΦ d as a ιe(hιical ω rm foΙ boιλ asceti.life and ιιe Slanda.d roι aρosrolic ln'in8(i'e', ιl cr€ g ο ry of Ν yssa's Episιι'] 7:11.12, whcι." he eΧ ρands ο ! e.ιualiffcιι] ιλ ons oιa candnιatc loΓ ι\ e bishoprιJ nΙ lnonιstn: eraturc ιΙ ιs rveΙl as by ιhe aΙ ' nιous church ιhrhers sιc| j .s (;reξ oιy oΙ Ν yssa aιd Greε o.y oι )lazianz (fuυ rth cenιury), η ψ 'e can a.| d some ofSι.I ohn chΙy '9)sιoΙ.Ι s cha.acteristi. quι| ifl.aiions apο slΙο lhes aboul ιh€ | oι bcingaρostolic: is reΙτ e ι d ιο orΙg n] d ο rυ ι.l| asιeΓ .s discipιei ιhe.xanιpιe of ιlι's.r\ anrs orGod' ιhal chaιactΘ iΙ z.5 ιheAposι| e5:.ιy ιlι.ι€ γ erJoιΘ knoNstlΙΔt ]Ι } whal' l !sι yoυ ' dο c$ λ e mcnΙ ιignlg rΓ ο lΙ tou te η ψ .iscipI es'. (hedea.to.ιca| ina| ep.δ 0.driιnlgarv4ν demο n'? Ν o, edΦ ιΙ sΠ ι| lΙ e ιeaιΞ sasιιc.lI th€ seanιsΔys.bylllnt eν eryonι kΙoys ιhaιyoιa.eny τ n isis eιΙ modeΙ disciples, if you lo!e o!d1 oiheι..ι] This shoιrs c| eaιl, thaι' unιilιhc lifth ccnιtr!', beitι8 aposιoιic ιasj fο r impo.ιant chuιch pcrsons, noι only a nιaιιoτ ornιsιiη ιion ι,(ι onc o.liΙn ιg in rcη unciation ond neighbο rly οΙ v., ιιι cιn ιhcretbΙΘ the s'oιds ρnΙapιΙ. asc "oπ hol,, Φollc ι ιΙ ald aposιoli. clrurcι,'as ε ooιΙ $'s] A chuΓ .h ιhat qaBn.d),(otrrr rr.I n !| | τ ,trr,,hτ,,.ιλ ι ι] is:sd] oιnΙAλ l1l7η ο | tighcιζq u'a,dGod ιhρm Thι sιm. ιGtc λ hΙι' ι Ψ ιh cΦ ιιtrs (ci ) J,ιt6 ιtrιl Τ lιE cι,,lιi$ 'g!| υ '" ιp ιr.i1 'Ι n .E ft.8oτ yol\ y$a (PιΙ. ,'δ cdnnι] dυ Φ ιΙ xnd so oη " 369 h J| Hκ ι990) o 2,1 A Ha | ro] fo rre\ ν .rd n9!olj'} τ Π ο s AI ιιc exµ erieΙ( € ol ιι'nΙg iΙ tλ e das'η of the neΙ' q'orΙr i oΙcs.,ια ιoι aspaιιorJesυ s bythc poιΞ ιof spirit, Thisneι'ιvoΙld is ctlarΔcterized by tιι. ulιy nι diΙersnΙ iD theonc Gο aranιees 91ιο I .ι.sso.ιhis experienιe (caτ h oli.ity) in ιhe Droρ. garhcri n8 ..om $'hich d€ eΦ orga zed eι.lιaιisιic r iγ e redenΙρ ιion' kη owιedge oιdiΙinc thit'gs and ρeace tor δ e 'Ι hole wο .lil. Reν eals ιhe TιanstbΙm s ιhis θ xpericΛ (. ol.s.haιo1ogjcal iΙ fe inιo a Sο (ιι| actconnected Ψ ilιiaρο sloιic 1utλ o.ty' ιI ιat is π lission byascetic r€ n oιΙceΠ ent aιd the cxcΙcise oincighbor1y loν e ιaposioΙic)' This raises €ιΙ qυ csιion o| ho\ ι, e| aborateii and rejlcctcd (oι hlΛ ν tho.Ιox church? FuΓ ιhorπ ιo.e. we uni| eGtanding can ιle rιι] i ιiιaι1ιι postmode.n so.ld can be π ιι υy hisloιicιΙ] y' lιis inιerpretaιion sas did iι fail ιo be reaected) in ιhe oL ill ιν λ ale to consideι lιο $ ecunleπ i..I .ι 1Ι( ιlre chalι.nges orιhe ιιod€ or ιhe anss.er stion, lo this qu€ τ h € onenes and catho| l.lty of lh€ € h u..h t.adιtlon: a dynamιζ € volut| on ,l.hc oι..arholi..huι ιn ihc orthο dox ι cΙ \ ν as deιeiopcd ateτ t he se.oΙd ceιτιrl' ιhυ Saιquirnlg ιhe addiιn,ιιΙ π ιqhn1g ο ι ι univ€ lsaΙ chυ ιch nraιi1'.stο d iιl coΠ 1brnrity Γ egaΓ din8 doctriιe..l.his ι'as cyΙr ιian'S idea oi.atholiciι! ιs he ιlniiο nιed Donaιjsm, ν lιilι'rclι1ted ι] ι'asΙn d ιerms sιch as.o,s.π sιs pα ιrι1n ι.τ ilatis Δnd hoΙy lιa(tiιion slressed ιhe iniporιΔιcθ οf ' re!] ιια ιν tlr. ο η θ unanimity .egω dnιg ιl| c co'l1α ll ο ι laiιh as eΙp erienccd ilhin roι ard cathoΙic.hurch } .cι, it has be€n poiιιed out thaι ιhese ιe.nιs aι€ giιτ n moΙcΙι ι (ιc iiιcnιical s,ιth a fΔ.nΙaΙ υ ιiν c6aι Φ ιseΙsιs aι cιτ r y Qnon oΙ vincenι oι L€ Γ ns)' sΙn a'i| ι Π ιΠ remυ s cδ es iι * 'δ ac.ο Dtod τ h al ιnιe e\ tn ιhe shoιenN oltrυ lh .Ι ιs oΙ ιhe sιι. of n snrall, aι a ιerιanΙ cond€ π ned' minorily rγ ho s,.Γ o | Δt.. aeclared cλ ιrch ε aiheιs, As ιlP .Dccisiν c \ 'aι!es ( icor8es ιh€ oι.ε ian' faΙo Ι us ο Γ thο dο \ ι,| orovsky. pυ ιs iι, ,ιΙe opnιions oι ιhι reside nι nΙr cl ιaι h.ιi.il] . n.| rΙ empiricaI Φ iγ crsaΙir} ', 1ο ouιl'ard aιihoιit] ,, bυ t Γ atheE aΓ e accepιed, η ο ιns ιlbιlnalsιbjcction hecalsc of rh. nΙFι evιlen(,e ο ιιheir must add heιe caιιιolic iruιh,",.\ η t notion ofrhe onc Hoη , ciιhο ι.:n.l Aρο i.ιc a2 ιιaι chu.ζh ιoι a gemΓ ιΙ confEus as a .rilerion of ιιuιh is acruaιιy L Γ loΙο l.sky's (riterιl $ι\ y ceι| h e Ι mat* cΙp ιιins Ι exιeΙn ιl fο r .adb| ici| t,. sυ ιll Π rajο riιγ \ ,s geο gbphn'al eΙρ aEioπ , pιPal p!Ιn a.γ ο l,insrit\ 'tions suclι ιs nΙroDo] ι iιan synods' Daιιiιrι] hs. slli.h $erealnm.s inιok.d, ι] nιΙot sο lιt 1he aιd imυ PriaΙ .onι.o.aιioΙs, 1ο pιoye the a hΦ ιiιy ο f ιhe chuΓ ch ιS ben] g se] iο !nl.η ι )Ι roblel1ofιoΙy ιιιougι iιs oη eιs A..oω nξ lο FιΙ! \ sktl anr| ca(ιoliciιy nrgιnιΙt ι ο isιoicο ri€ nι the ,l.he chιrcn ιnoιslhxι ι isn u.iτ y ο , ιlΙ lnΙes. aΙΙ ι aslιcΙ it bυ jkts up ilrI ili ercbrPιΙ τι ,('ιrιrchι| ι liτk9ο ι lιΙr en ιnο ι aSolsoΙeiιΙι lΙ 3thnι :ssο Λ lPthn'ι ι! o Ι nιore, bυ l s Ι oΙsο ιF.hnιl ιltaι ξ ιΙ bα ll nc.oΙlpΙisltυ d. CnιιD] i. f1nLtar ο ιιι. rΙsιingin ι tιΙ ο ncΙ] α ιol('hr ist,ιridiπ lΙ cΙ ne.ls isti.ω ιδ ryο ιe,tnn. Tο ι'] π fΓ ,Π l112dnion.o.'sιi1lδ encii| r1rιnπ ion. is ιo ιeatrι lioπ .ιλ nιllncs9 ollltis lime-.ο nqucrnιg eΧ pιrienι. ο fιι. (.huΙζh nιnt ι,:.Ι (.huΓ cλ . ιn€ { hnll cν e.γ Π enlLc.oιιh. ι, t µ c.ienιc pο ss€ ss kΠ ο ι'nι.l aιcο .dnιgιο ιh. frε asυ rc ol his spΙiιlΙ| n] nΙo Ι odl ] cΙ coΓ (liΙg t.1h. ] ncasιI e o] .his.a] hoI i. ι] c\ τ kη !ieΠ 1 rν ilh | .hequcsrioΙ ο tho1ν this tnΙelcss unιy 'ι ιιΙ ι, ιe shΙped nr con(Γ etc hisιoιical chaιleΙg.s' esDocia!| Ι nι cnses o,, (lues1 Πιο frfl The 1o reη (lcr the beln!ι in rhe onο .athο lic chuιch a!ι .sιΙ n Ι ] arieshislorι,nl reahy π e\ .. abandoΙed T| ] . So .a| | eιi n| 'γ as ιh. Aιιs ald 1h. ιlccisior9 of tlιe Α posιoln' couιcll rι JeιusaleΠ ο Ι Jι1AD' denioιsιraιe ιhe Θ llorι ιo exprcss ιh. caιhoιic |ιΙ | ness in ι] ι' coυ ιsθ ο ιhυ a Ι n his1or,,. LaιeΙ' 1he.rysιιlI izaιioη ο f r] re ιυ th(lriι' oι ιlE bishopΙi( ιnd ιhe iπ tcnse conrmunn.aion bet\ τ een bishoDs nl case ο ι disputc ιfoι nl$1aιιc the sθ cond-cenI υ | y Passoν eΙ dispun') OΙ eιΙ neθ ιl .oΙo ιiniΠ g n .Ι q,ιlisltoΙr toa aΙ caιι see in ιιe ιo(al rc8ion bιoughι ιιroιt an instjluιionaι mcchanisπ ιιιe oη e chιιch, ιI lι tor rΙ anilcsι] ng raΙ nraιoιiaι \ .Ι ιe stoicpΙiι)5opht. ιυ rιν hicλ cΙassi.al τ itπ ιo.η (Ι anri ιhc Rο ιιan legal syst.m aι.ι adnrn1isιιation Thc.ιrroducc. dΙsiιΙ bureιι by lιis π ιc.han jsn] ιιas 1he p€Ιc.i€Πce ιhrο u8h ιhe Hoιy spi.iι o.saιτ aιion ιhιι ιu.led ιhI S π ιechanisΠ ] , A(!ιdiη g to l er,utaιι, ιc\ ιs. sυ ch as ιhΘ 1'eι- ιv.aΠ '.('1fionιcd A Ha.bο .,or sheph€ .d lhe \ ν o| d in sιoτ m y ofιlθlιΙ as τ nts an.l th€ . Aρosιolic consιiιυ tions ο i ail chιjsιjans aιe 83 (Boο k \ lΙ η ' ξ itιs ofpιophecy aΠ d I he !Ιf usιλ oo(l i npoιιΛ nt .οιpοιΙ . nents ot cccιesi{ slical reaιiι,,' TΙeι nrechan ιsm s r of Coιsο nrproled iΠ d fιπ 1her elaι)oraιed, The ο ιdinaιiο n ofthο bishο p and ιhe rheο ] ogι cll rliscussion shicλ took pl,cc ir an ext€ηdcd €u cha.isιn' 8atλ θ ιiΙr g (narte] y cο trΙcils)] : e ν€ ι cxleιιled ro a complex forΙl olnιeιιopο liιan paιrial.λ al and paιιi9ιchaI stnods' lι.ougι an hicraΙcnicul list oιp.iΙe Ι l| ιfuπ es shaped betn,eeΠ i] 8r n Ι d .ι6l AD The basic idea is lhc sanle: viιhuΙlan ιegal itrstitulions atd prο ceιιures I he maη iιested c!ιιoli.ity jr on€ € u charisιi( ιhesanle.esulιs iπ .ιe.y 8atheιnιg s1,utd 8uaraιιc. eucιaΙistic gaιhering in the * ο ιιt, ,Ιh eoΙcιicalΙt . ιhis ν .r] hjε ι stan.tard aιv4Js has ιo bι' ν e.iliθ d nl jn praclice, ιbr ιhc oΙt hα ιox chιrch oγ hi.ι nraΙifesιs catho| iιity ι| E sysιeΦ of loca] o(hodox chυ η ] I e Ι s' aη ιl so the siιr8u] ιr eqυ Δts rιΙ e plιMι) e η o ι8reιll ιext ( i'e,, corresio ) and no pιimaι'cr bc(eΙ gιaιant€ ι his .ιthoΙicil.γ thantheconsιaΠ tcoη π uniιaιionb.ιψ eercΙυ r chesιlrrcι€ h ιhe tιΙ hronizaιioΙ ιlιers, mυ tual coΠ lnΙeιlo.atnΙlof theη eadof cleιyoll1cι n.Dιos,,"ι) aΙd Φ Π dli.r sιrια ιιres' A hhο u8ι lυ d Ι anιental rι] xιs (ιnο So called ι. ),i), ψ crο produced φ ithin ιheconciιia.Ιr ahc* a)rks (lhe )icene (.reed beiΙg thc osι ιΙ ιιρoΓ fanlof kxjal c| ιυ rch ιlU.i Π 8 th€ ιllιtΙo lιurε γ 0η ιext (cspeciaιΙy the ιiiccn€ cΙccd) coιιdιu] eο ut ιlle pogsiιJiΠ ! o.a laιθ ι dispι| t abο uι aD ulresoΙν cd,$υ c, Doclrilraι π tΙsι sιch a5 rιΙ c )\ iΙ ceιc cΙe.d and ιhc vanous / ιo,vi ofτ h c Tιiιd (J31 Aυ ), Fourtn (] 5l Α D), siΙt h ιιj80Λ D)ιl (7ιj7AD) Ecumeη i(aI d SereΙhι qυ € sιjons coιncil' r| calι rγ iιn of chrisιlnogJ aΙd lhe ιeneraΙioΙ 'Ι | ιi.h ο f ιs'ιιο wcΓ e o Ι i cx.ιlsι'e of ιhe rvhο lc ο i lhe chιr.I ιs chnιg ιιλ ιnd .onscquen(Ιy o. ils onencs and caιιο | icΙt ! iι ιιr fulu ιt \ ιhaι .an \ ν c leam lj!Ιr ιhis'i As $c caΙ sΦ f.υ ι| eιλ exanψ I o ο .ιlognlnιic eΙpcΙ sioΙ' Ι ιhe ο e catλ olic .hυ .Ι h is obν iο υ sly o Ι 1 astatn: eιιiιy, A] tιoιι8h nι'eλ p€ r ienΦ o.ιhc livιιg tEdiιion' rιιd is ιI Φ cxpericιrc ofιΙ] Φ ιlolΙ st)njt '. .' wil| id€ ει .Ι ι n1ro aΙl eιΙ t.uιh.. (λ lιl 1J) i9 denΙiι.ly wiιhin ιlιc chιιcι (.hrisι. ιhe \ ay in $λ i.l] { τ eΙp c.ierιe aΙd is gmΙt cd by iιs head, λ sυ s this andpllsont] t ιo1ncr'ο ιld arΙaι8e (missn,υ is.ιnai'ιγ aΦ nanιicριo.ο ss, As th. Α ρoslΙ€ lrer ε sD.ct Ρ!ιι sir.s* d. ιhe bodΙ ο t,ι.hΙisι is g.ο R,nl€ λ ιol thcnr) we notθ ()r. Hο ly c.τ h ol . a4 otιhis is lhe * ι!ndιΦ |Ι ιlΙ! " whom ιhe chuιclr monξ λ a Ι iΙ Π υ s ιs b.nlg accor1ρΙished an.l Apo* oli. chuΙ. h nl. coη ιessoη in th.liιe ofιheTrjnιy accordnι8 to (ιlιis is oι .ouΔe to coultcr the NeoplatoΙic Φ pt iγ iιy o. i h€ nind), n Ι 1hiξ n m.ess new members aιe conslanι] y nΙ vΙt θ d, ιι seeπ ιs I ogicaI to expecι ιhisg.ovth also lobcnl,nif.sιed i. histο .y' as { .as ιhQ cιs. Iι'Ιι r l hc .hu..h! tca.hing, | ] ν et'.γ do.ιriMΙ dispute' Sυ .h as ιhe past chrjstoιogι cal o.TΓ ntiιπ ial cο nιro'..sies. notο η ly inιotν erιaquest bΙt 1brιhc tιuιlΙ qυ .st a] Φ a tbr pΓ ο Φ durc. in oιher ιιorιs' for horΙ ιo si| doι! anιι d is.uss ιhc ιrυ th old bιριisnral symbο ιs, p.aγ α s aιd li| urgι'nΙ texts along lν ith thc scripιuΦ s ere ιν sιuιιied, b€ scen ι sιy Λ tΙaιasiυ s η c8otiaιions ann ]Ι Δsil the (ireaι !ιd ιhe ιloΙr oiο usiιnigs iΙt he ιoυ !τ h cenιυ ry] orDctψ eeΛ cΙr il oιΑ ] .xaΙιlιiΙι and 1lE t] ishops ofAntioclι in ιhc flfth.cnιι.y took soΙ] e Coι.ci| s weιτ reco8nized as ecιlrni.a| and oιhcδ ρΙa.e' ι,ιιiΙ€ wΦ ccoη dclrnΘ d rΙ lroιλ cιs.sorlyaιιcΙψ aιds, n Ι orhercascs' isoιΙed faiιllful (sιeh aq lI ιe nnnk aΙ xnnus lh. conn,ssor) \ ν erc acknowιι{ tg€d a9exlrcssingιιe caιλ oΙiciιy ο | ιιιc.huιch ιgι1i9t ιlt llιeg.ιi unanιΙiιy q'hο pε riarcbs, ι ol the al ιhaι tilP 1li ιΙ acc.pι.ιΙ rΙ onoιιιe] etisπ Dυ ιιlg ιhaι ρ€ ιιe η πΙ itesιatioΙ oι th€ on. cathoΙic chυ kΙ nι $c nlak r nΙ| ' '(as ιιg'The(oιcepl oιasingιecathο ln] drυ ιchexisledot(ο uιsc'bιιwass| iΙ] pruccss tο alπ if€ in a ιlΙlaΙr ic sιiιΦ ll n Ι lλ e rcccptioι ofrιis DmΦ ss bγ ιhe hole ιΙ olGod ιhis] dο tris worι(€d ou1, Λ ιole cιearιyaη (lhislο ri.al ρcο Γ ,Ιe prΦ css, th. bω jc sιeρs oi ιlP ιniιerBaΙ contiΙgeιcies ι ηΙ is t.cιinriη aιcdιλ chιιrchl ιeaclring on ...ι] sioloε y becanP eιΙ ar nnd aι cxlennα ι ιo the eιιl oι ιiπ es. Tlris is φ hy ιhc ecunιeln'iιy ol,n cο Φ ci I wr ο nly decιΙen ι ιy tne ,rhce noxt one' slro pσ ιicipaια ι in this pΙo crs \ ιere Φ gaiiα l as pσ ιakeE b the hο lιιess' tν hich is φ I ψ ιhc parιi.ipaιιs the ecΙrπ ιιΙ n,al.oιn.iιS rν erc ιlι.ratα ι ιs 9nιs. eιEη iΙ Φ te of tΙeΙι | nad beeΠ iMonsislcΙl in ss τ h ci. thΦ o Ι ε n ,al olinioη s on scyera] preγ ioυ s ο ι.asions,lr is llΕ pιoc€ tlιaι sand ines ιhcindiν iduaι, because lhc Hο yΙ ljρirit acιs on eιΙ gat] r(ltd church { s a lγ hole as on ilE Je.ιιsal€ !Ι cο nuΙiΙ ι ι!., oιΙ iΙ ncss is ascribα l ιo histο ricaΙ p.ocρdure, ι TI ιis dΦ aΙr ccb ιI ιc bouΦ rics ot ι| E chureh iΙ \ 'cn in τ λ . ()Ιιodox chuΓ ch' Ψ hcrc thcre is very c] coι ndic.rion ι9 b $lιo be] onε s ιο iι, ιhcre is nohethelcssaΦ (Ι ain diΙe)cniiaιion ι christirΔ aI t acιepted in dE s-ar ο ιI ιer nΙo th. .ο mιnity ofonhodox chuιλ ο s. soΙP fe rbιρτ ized. oιhcE only Ι eπ ur uke lhe cλ ιisnr nnd rιΙ eΠ therc 3.c ttιose $'lιο ο nΙy n.ed to cο d ιftiτ a( ι!ιιanr fomeτ . U Ι e Ι ι, conrmiιη ιenι η ,,,lfur3)'p r' This musι not ι) Φ md€ Nιood nl ιιe stalic $nse of A Hi'υ ol ro' 'ι" onι1i', ιν slnlm! τ lrnc5 a5 conccnιΙic circles' 2ccο ιding tl) sιιnjΙ soΙeι denominarions aΡ cιoser to ιlιe orιhoιtot ι'huτ h ιhan orhο rs oΙ in dιe conιexι of thc long .liscussiο Ι js aυ oul wlιeιtre. ιhere amoihcι (,tur.h or simply sistcr c| 'Ι ι(| hes eιΙj ,l buι as dynan] i. .ι?nι' n Ι vieφ of lhe leregΙinaιions ofthe chuιch' iΠ ot dPr tbr ^ all ιo 'ι,e gathered inr. tλ y kn1EdoΙl' tor which lh. .nrisιians of ιιre eely chι.ch DΓ artd (ct dιe Didaιtι'), Sonι' arc on this ι'ay logetΙeη $lriΙe fο . salking ouιof5ιep or stiιyitrg ouιsidc tιrc ol hcr lhcrc is a ιinΙe lag, TlΙο $ι Chιr'h $ilι bejuΦ € d bγ J.ss (.l\ risι aι ιne tift ofhjs an,jιal uιd ιι,ι by c'j lΙ ιlP oΙlιodox ι church undeGιω ιds il*rιΙ in .s,o/ ιΙ Uia., ι does not haiΞ l ο otιe'ξ s'ho Φ ntess Jesus chΙisι, a9 membe.s ot I hι snπ c chΙr .h '1ta',d fιonr t1re chuιch' buι latheι ω apotcntia,] chιrh a ψ oιld-be η ot as alieΙaιed pΙιt ι inν itedto coΙp Ι lcic ιselι TI jΙ s olthe oneΦ u.cλ , wιich is cο nslΙn ι| y ( pο fcΙiΔl ι ] hυ tιI ιl explaiΝ the oΙt hο dο x ensling pΓ actice π oι 1,o dιpΙicate iιs hioraιchicalsrΓ ucturesnιι] reιradttlon11ιiιjnιιyofno nor1hodο x(jιun,ιes ιl,n1ιy in ιhe \ :ιlesιern sccs. 'Ι. h.tt is ιιErefο Φ no ofRolre oι ιιιe π cxι to the | egitrmat€ ι] isιιο p ι'f nomc," '| .his inrp| ies dΙe ιenrpο riΙiιy pn$.ιι ylιisπ ι. λ ich ιΙ is eYιr.k!| ιo be healed some d,y. ..oπ hodox,,bishop lisible uniτ , τ oιhο ο nechur.h. i| is υ nn.odιcιiιτ consιanι | y | o ask \ γ hiιh is lhe 'mothe{ or 'ιlaι8hie. ιl.. hι9ι ιο | ook chΙcΙι , ιt n.oιld be rγ iscΙiο aιn ΔrspiΓ itual π ιaιιιιiτ J,' Σ l .a(h ο 1heΓ in oιdeΓ ιo θ xpericncc to8etheι ιI te dawΙing ol'ιιe king nο n1 of God, anιjcipated in tho eΙ' 'ιy cιιrcΙ. ιnd ιο b.ing uΠιΙ raΙkind ι,ιicι οΙ l'(] ιιi31iaιs fu its.onη neιion, is ιn..ndless nιnιlg.nΦ ιr ιhe diπ eπ ] ile ol'ιhe Holy Tιiniιy These 5otcriologicaΙ and cschaιο logn,aι wΙiΙ ch sions o,'cΙp erien.ing ,ιa!lit,osring the ο ne catholic.huιcλ ' "nd ι,cre ρι6ue.t rhroυ ξ λ ιho ocο iιειν ιistirurions and ρro..dιres nι e ιλ ()rthodox c] rurιtι, irsυ ξ , ιead Us ιo Δnoιher imρorιanr In ιre ριocΦ ofaιtemΙ τ h€ € . .Ι€ slo| ogical itξ ι o rendcr a .o| cs of Cha] | 5matΙc| sm And asζellcΙsm a!oSιο iΙ ιiιy Διc cloS€ ly (oιι\ ecιed ιλ eιcliarisιic gaιλ .rΙn g, ιo ιhe expeιieιCe ο t'rhc spiιit in e lccessΙon ιoshich is graΙt .nlυ y DaDιisnΙand in ιhe m isrionnΙΙ call oΙ A9 lvc sιressed above' tho chlΙchs hoιincss and a6 on€ Ho| y cJΙh ο ιcand n| l people ιlι.ouε h si8ns and iracιΙ ιΙ oιs ρ.ο ρΙeιic reΙations ill eΙ. Γ cising n€ i8hbo.ly lο γ e, τo Ι γ is ιhΙs c\ pe.ieιced ifl th€ o.drο dο x (] ιurιι? Apo'oι( iι .hang€ s lΙl Φ e EΔιeιn chu..h hιman .hιι{ jhes, saιιιr! lγ eF Dietr oιΙ sι π ιt-ν Ι τ * 1b ιlioι| in oπ l€ r ιo beaΙ aimΘ ss lo rlre nanle ot.,esυ s cfuisι, oιhos wcrc $ lir€ d in (llΔιιy aΙiι Dο ν eny or bishoρs ιvho \ riιΙr essΦ l tο th. ιrulh 1hΙou8ι theiι ιlιcο ιogy soιF elτ n and pastoιaΙ and sο cjaΙ. aιe ι'cΓ e enrpe.oιs' lΙ E η o| tsο ιιlιν thal in (iΙcck the saη P ιerm is ιsoιt nr ιh€ ιhe feEt da:ι's ο fsanft δ cc n Ι uΙΞ J' for arθ ιhe efual ccnΦ ι ofeιtΓ yda} r ιιo ιιι.Φ nimπ loιιιion o. ιlE ι'ishο ps as ιor ι| ιo ρ.{ ιPι lbr 1lle ιlead (,Ιm Ι ω ρΙoη ), rΙ ci8hιn cenι!ry) there ιjntil rhθ ι| ιΙ .Ι] y7Σ xιιΘ cm (* γ Φ ιI ι lγ asnoofficιΙcιοιΙ fcanoιiΖ ιιion'AΙ(Ι ] hnsιiaπ s* 'lroι ιadpassedι{ 'uyΨ .ι. ιoΛ sideled sιnι5 ιs ] γ erc ιhose τΙ n lg { heΠ .e ιhc.0,?,raiia so n cl ο t ιιι ar .ιI ι€ ι he aπ ιoιnccΙFΠ ι saιrcd to lhe sanιts" .,eιoΙ,Ι ι ιc disιriDυ lioι of d ιτ y aι(l so on) Τ herρ| 'oF, by plrλ γ ing foι md wn h ιhe δ aints in thο ln urgy, ιnc cιrιr.λ 's onencsg aΙd cadroιicιy aΙξ pΓ oclainrd r ι]icιlιoholhcss(sε ι€ Ι n cΙiln'alion) Thc ο ιcharistic is ο η (c ιlan] EΙlιerΙr g tllc pιimaΙy θΙ ni t.staιiο η ol t| Ε chυ .cι, λ Φ τ ι ιΙ ι | lis elτ n ι and in the "neι. otDra,€ G ι] all oudιa.i$ ic eaιιιΦ rnrε s. Ψ . ca?eιieη c€ thc Γ eaι rιu1ιs ol ιhe spnι Φ hich aιtcsι ι o rhe escλ π dogical (linrension otlilijn ιI ιe chur('h' Tλ e mιι| 1γ rs inιhe pasι and rne us(etics oι1Ι. spi.it' a(lertheΙΙ ιι.ι, ιlιe oυ ,η ιΙ oFreal !Ιο duc1. oιιhe disιιibution ιιt sλ oιkι aιι ay' Γ emeriιJcι ιhaι nuιιt lιτ oni is noι onιγ alΙ aα oι rcιi8ioυ s fcrν oη bυ t a giιt froπ ι ιI ι.spi.n' vΙ hicι hΔpρensaΙsο nιaν aιieτ yoΙρ ashaΙ ιnd euchΣ iΙ $ιl. conΙecιiο ιs, Λ ccο d Ι nιg rο the alo(ιyDhal Acrs oι rclal€ d texts. n Ι atψ liΙsl and seζotd.ccniuιy dPostιes or ιρostoli.laιI r.rs .ι€e ir Lιο od s'as aιresιen an.i Duι ιo deιrh dυ ιnlg ιιιe | iasler litur8t aη d ιh€ pouιed onιο ιιιο st@ιs sυ cl] ,'δ the ctιs. of aΙ ιΙ rk $ AΙcaΙ ndιia' JaΙPs ιr,Ι. rusaleη l ιιιt Pο ιycaιp in smyιna, ()biously, τ h is is inιerpιeιπ ] as a ιacιuaΙ ιepelitbn oΙJesus cιl.isι! sacrifl.e in thι! euchaΓ isti. cot] ιcxt \ ri of sions oι Μ trs ιΙ sυ ch ιs nl ι ιιe Acls o( Perpcιua rep.e* nι a Φ lclrι?ιiotr th€ λ eaιτ l υ ιiιchansι Tιιe nraπ yE cι. ιν dFΙeforc ιlie D.imary Lonιl υ lat conrmιniο n nι ιlle litυ lgy unjιedι] hιistiansaιιΙeoneξ ι cΙ ι hπ isιiclιιι,ι'aιdΙr an iιcsιedιλ eιοlιΙ € ssof dt chur.ιr, ThiscΙPaΙ ins 1heν eneιaι] ο n ο I 'lιeirΙeucs ιndeΙt he aιιaraιd ιΛ e π ια ,1,,/J Ι ιΙ hich ιν are aι1roιo8i.Δlι} Φ ι.oborated, nΙ the.{ lι'xιnιlrian dnΙcιsn,r is shooι τ he conceρτ ofη rnΙ,rι is broa.] cι.d and an eιhicιt ιia p.e S eη τ cd nlarιµ τ lο nΙ bιl.as th€ ac.onplishnrent ο t love,] l added' Fo! exampιc, cιeη lens ιh. π ι.ro.nd ο ιe'S ιο iΙ l,e of Α lexatrd not as A HaΙω o' ιΙ (| 'e \ ^ / ο J| .l rΙ s'olmy τ 'mes a7 nιΙr ιsιi.i.ιnιΙaιcme.gedin ι drc.Ιο τ doi ι chur.h nι E&vρt and the Δnciell ScaΓ jΙ asl di.lnoι prinrarily serιe asa resoιrce for ιhe.ιe.8J oΙa tιoΙaιexampl€ o| cΙr istian soιiaιeιΙics as was nο ιe ο lΙ (ss φ As ιlndeι ιhe case in lhc \ ιιsι' Raιheι nlonasιιj] iie stood asιne inιu8ιraιion ofihο lα ιgιtoπ r ο l(hιl. as aΙeviν ι| ο .l1Ιe o] d 'ltstaΙr entpιo| )helsandof 1hen,osιlesoi1ι.cιrΙJchurch,. ns$eιlas ofιhe η aιιyιs.] ιΙ rΙ aιso to giν e ρΙzcτ icι| Conι€ lΙ to the l] aptisnιal ιo\ sΙ , esρecial ιΙ th€ r€ n uιιiΙι,n ι ofιhe rγ orld, I oΙ n ks Φ υ ιl lΦ ε l the sick give andsee nιιo ιι. hcartsoιtheirν isitoιs' theJ coukl disceιnsρi!ιs. n Ι thc tburιh(eΛ ιιιι!'' dΙe spi.iιual gιι| tτ τ ' c ιnd heω coι iossion, fu is i nfο t'Sl nlg ιI ιaι thο toιns anιi aιΙ ges' \ ν nich φ ο Γ e applieι] ιo 1h. \ ν hoΙe clιιisιinΙ chΙr .h ιr lhο sccond ι n Ι d ιhird (eΙιιrics. are nο ιγ apρlic.t roιhe η DΙk s,:: rΙ lhis ιespcct. i| le nιonksas \ γ e| | ns socieιy.oη sideΓ ed ιs.eιi. I ifc asa.easscrιion of ιιe gifιs oι tλ e sρlιlt (.λ afis,..) ann a mο .teΙ oιο c.lesioΙogy sι ι} asil ιhe Gr.ar ι2d ο ιgι| lizιd his ιronιsli. commιιirieδ iιι.\ siaΙinoι as an out pυ st: tlre rΙ oΠ kS aSthe alanι'gflMc ο c α ιΙ Ι nrisιiιιiιy andιιe ιιunitieS olΙn onks r ιlι. pa.adiε m ο f(llιιch life'.Tlre sanie lrΔ δ .cn sΙown for Pa(hoΙiusιιr ι GΓ eaι, s.I ιorcgΔriledhiscocιohιic socieτ y,(,i,.o,ia as ]] mo'aΠ ιcnι .oΓ ms a.hιrcλ Τ he gιoιth ofτ | ιe oΙιΙ astic in ι5 γ aιioιιs had ecdesiobgical impli.atioΙS ic as2 nιaniιιStaiionoιrhc chιl.cι's ' as.Ι uιιack hoΙess ιΙ aη d aposιolicit, .I .his shοdιΙ no1 υ e lΙ] tcΙp Γ cιed the sancti,yι'! polcer oη thc e.cΙesiastical insιiιυ ιnΙsι ιhaιquesιioΙcd is η o Θ ιidence tiom aΠ t soι(e ιlιaι oDonιΙ suρ of ιh. nrnrisι rr., Tιeιe porιs sιch a ιlaΙΠ ' ofs(cι€ aιtι Ν itιia ι] τ hc ιncΙoriιe comnιuιιics in Egypι aιd in th€ lav.as ο ι eιΙ JudeaΙ. dcsιιl tΙ onks en.iζh ed and aa ι] nc Hψ lJi c rhο ] . rn.] Apυ nυ ι ch trnl ι iι reΙeι.cd l ιο .Ιcharisli. gathorinε (a..oΙpani€ bΙ conuιoΙ ΦΙ ι| s) and (] hΙ i sιiaι' reasscrιed thc nilns oΙ anΙ which is lo liτ e in anιicipaιion ol ιh. kiη lonΙ ει υh Ι a €r.eι on eaιth, This ιhxιlled nιorks to paιτ'Φι aιe nr gι| heriiΙ g s con.i] iaι or in!Ιeaching nnd ιcaching Α lrοιΙ u8lι noisy and υ nprο nι.tjv. sο nιeιinι.s fu ιιe RΙ' ιh ι.sΙr ..ial] ν docιrinal con aιd sirlh cc!1furΙes), ιhe inν o| ν cΙl.Dι of rloΙk s in ιιr. rroγ crsiο s uS ιν hisιoΓ ica] ihc os(eιic iΙ ιe Φ as aι i'ιllorιaΙl lroofιΙr aι ecclesiο | ο { ical factor Peter Brο sn has shorν Ι thaι e ιλ uιsisιeιcc ol pos,c. the "nο ιy "Ιπ ιΙ inslead of,.ho| y p| a.cs- h ιhe jΙ asτ shoο k ιιt oΙ. hυ .ch nlsιiιιtions. iΙ siled B] 'zanιiuΠ l hany and ιLhen 1ΔιsιerneΓ s .ο uιd noιdifιcι.nιiate betneen aΙ o.daincdρ.icsl and a snιρle Dιonk'.. The l.nlh-..nhΙr y dispuιe:. oν eΙ ιιte ιιnks, caΙonicΔl aυ thorily ι) h.aι .onfessioη s is lvclιkΙoι'n ιΙ t c(ι. A ] as1 exaΙlρle dcserves ιo be cninΙ ( naΙr cΙy th. ιse of the lΙ esycltιsι ιιcoιogy oι ιlie foυ rrcenlh ceιιuιy nr Byzaη lnΙ]ι 'ji TlΙe lΙcsJ.hasιs' tnο sl of whon weιc nronks' $eΙe dcfend€ d byasιιιι, lΙ onk- Gre8ory PalaΙr as, $1to was imΙlΓ isonc{ i lΙolr 19,1.1 ll] lΙ '] 7 foΙ tf,ing to t€ ach ιheologt withouι epis.opaι au(hoΙil!". Τ he ιiest.Ιasι in 13.ι1.13Ι7, ;Ι ] il aΙlι li] 6a cou nciΙs of consι,ιιiιιoplc (lonsιaDτ i t] opolitaΙ \ .e.€ ιechιι'n] ιy e Ι ν oιlhc. brο aiΙeΓ synods. lΙλ i(Ι ] ess weΙc ιlι'iιιy λ scιibed the inrpo.ιaΙc.ο fan e.unrenιcal coun(| iΙ. 1n sιppoΙι oι ΡaΙamas' a gΓ oυ p otimDoΙunι ι in AιΙr ο S sigΙed ιhe ιlο kΙ s a Ι 'i'Φ aιi'kos Tonas, Δ so| | oΙ maιilιslo abouι ιne docιrnulaδ l)ο .ι oι expeΙ' cΙcn1ε God in ascetΙcism, consnι,ιiΙ8 th. iiuits of tne spiΓ il. f. can obserιe ιhιι il 1hι:se 1nιes ιhΘ (harisnιatic cha.a(t.r ο t lhe otc catholic chu.cli, ch ιΙ ιν is in a dyΙaΠ ιi( τι ιea(s lo a pa.adox, Tλ e clolι| tion ρrocess oldα oDin8' ofa propcr iΙsiΙ ιιιioMΙ n] e.ltanisrr aιd an eΙaιromτ e τ h eUb8y is and sΙlouιl ιle a cansιanι ainr oΙ alΙ ιhe ιι'sDoΠ siblc fυ ncιionaιι's ο ι | he chuΓ ch in oιdcι ω preseΓ ν e iιs uniι, ιn(lclιholiciιy' onthe ο lherhxΙd , chaΙisΙr aric pcrsο ns maniΙesι ιhe Cιιιο liciιy, holnι€ sS and apο 9toln] ι, oΓ lhe (hurch precisely bv bΓ eaking and byseιtiΙg offrhesc ρ| ο cι(υ ιes. giiιs ofspiιit cν cry sιιution works h ν aiΙ'ι becluse ι'iιhoυ ι e ιλ ιΙ Al1 ()r1hodox bcιψ eeΙ nrstiυ ιion in iΙ] , ιhΘ chuΙch maiη 1ιiιο d a baιε n ce A Hilι] o fo h Ι ο \ \ rolkl an(t dιar] snra aρο $toticiιy stο rm\ 'n in ιs o| ιl] c τ h . d€v| | 3 t] aps τ ] mes 89 nο tions oι rhe ο neΙess. hoιnιess. cnthο licity and chιrch. I n the h| s.ory of th. .hur.h deιicd tlraιthis lit] gile lra] π ce bel { een dyη aη ιicε 1lt elolν iη g iη stitιιlιons aπ d ρ.ο c.ss€ manii€ sιa. ιιc on€ h,nn' !nd cλ arιsπ aιic sο η ιions ο lthc church on the oιheι..oιld noι haν e eDdυ reι| hnd nrcre nο l bθ en a constaιi' sιpρo.ιiΙlg οΙ gΔl ard cιlhυ n| fΓ aπ Ps,.rk. Tλ e concepι ofonc chτ isιiιn aΠιΙ ciaι Sιppο ι1, .rι] irc and lhe rΙ assiΙc ιecιιlic3| and aι.ιilalrΙ. iΙ icene ιteed aΙ hclped llιc cnιιcλ rcΙd cι ιhe lbΙΝ !ιa ο fιhe histotical.ealily oιΙ seι?ι,I n.ady in € ιλ Θ leιenιh .eιlu.] '. ιlr€rc as ιν a .oιntcralτ ac| .' lΙ .pcaιed $,aγ es of* culaΙ ιιeas \ τ eΓ e folιos'.d by τ aιΙ oιs shocks nΙ ιιc ι,] ast and \ ιesι thar bΓ oη ghι abο ut a gΘ rΙ efaΙ dysΙu n.. ιι,ι' ] Ι RoΙie. thc graduaι auι,Ιυ o Ι us e| aι)ο ιιιion ο fa α γ ιanr ν ersioΠ ο f lhe p.nιact of P€ t eιi ιlΙ1,ι'. λ ιγ i.λ ιιas del€ loρe.| lο eΠ sι.e ιι. ιldeDcndcncc ο fιhc Roπ ] an sce ιn ιlιe ιι,σ | ιgainst chalιΙξ es oΙ iΙ γ ι| ιιιι'siastical nπ d sccularfο ιcυ s' 1h. Ε ,sιe.η eη ded uΙ i'Ι a.onflicr ιvitδ .lruΙcι' onιhc ο thεlrand, ι 1 Ι ι gιeateιand dcιlbο ιuιe reliιΙeι oiιhe coη . sτ atΙ inopο liιaΙ .hυ Γ ch on ιhe st{ te iΓ oπ ι lhc ιcnth unιj] τ h c lau.teenιh .eιιur!. sιhjuε aled tI ι€ oΙcnο ss aπ ι.atho| n.n' ιo thc priυ ιiιiQs of dlΘ dyΙasιΙ to81l1s5), υ aslcrn empι'e (.spc.i,Ιyι dιΙ c.lhe coπ ιιιenian φ llich qιι€ u.nt| y ιSed ιI ιe pΙ' os| χ 'cl ofchιr.h ιniο n as a'r instrιΙn enlfο r and Tιe n] sliιuιioιa| and lο gΔl ιersions oιoΙcncss Do] iιicaΙ baι8ainiι8' .al hlniciιt nr RoΠ le (oυ ld o Ι ιsιD € ιλ aggr.ssni€ ' econorι, aιd iΙ iliιary t\ pιnsion otΙj ur,peiΙ sΦ ial gtιiµ 5 and tbr.s iιι dle Ε as| l ιιιe cΓ usιdΦ ] ' υ 1lι1l uιimatc] y had ι] isasιιoU$ .onsequeιccs tbrrelations beδ eΙ en τ h . Ι gaιd l'o thc EaSιe!η chυ ιdl, I he ι)nsιτ n aιd ιvesιcΓ η chυ r.heδ , \ γ ith e deDendeιce oloneΙess and cιl ιoιiciιy on dι' poιiιicaI .e]cιΙ Ι Π reant tha1 il did not n Ι ιnag. ιo r€ass€ tΙ lhc elaboraιc arlninisι.aιΛ ο nnd Con.iliar .π ιΙ hιnisnls aΛ d rcsιore ιhe visUal maΙiιcSιιιion oΙhc ι ol] c chυ rch oΙce g .aιc' ιιaι ρoliticaι ceιιcrιegan ιo (tisiιι€ Λ 11eι ιhe enιιο | tn. EasreιΙ chιisιiaΙ Enψ irc nr 1.1i:] ' I he orrhodoΣ ..hιιdι, aιoιnd ιh€ Ρat.iar(ιιlc o,'consιaΙln\ opιe. nιaη i8ο (l ιosu.ι iιτ sΙ |ic ι ιΙ rule..bΙι ι'asstllDg| y ι ιalleπ ε ed bΙ ιlιccmergeιCc ofnioder!ι. lt cannot be o''ι Hor, isn nl lιe eighleenιlι..n1uΓ yanrlιatioΙa] isΙr ca| hο li.Ji \ ρο 'oι. in ιhe niΠ ete.nl1] chuΙhι ccntιΙy iΙ | hο uιaninΙ, erjalιι1breI la_aο reck.mp€ o Ι ιoιaη ussia η .zar τ hΘ o.tliodo: ι] hιtrh vΙ as ca1lell ο nto dc!eloD asUiιabΙ. il'aΙeψι orι( which ιfoι kl demonsι aΙ te 1hat rhe bι.| ieιin dι, ο nehο l!. catltolic aΙd aρostoln' cιuι(n $as η oι deγ ο ιι οι o| hisl,ο ιicaι e Ι leΙance, Thc ιiiιl,erent lιιΠ rs ιaιi.Π a1ism ιuι οΙ r sιΙ urπ lounιaDle' η !ν . prο ν cn coη sιieraιrιc. oυ sιacl.s rhis' The fι.ι ιI ιaι inιporιalt new iπ llιt€ n (es' d Ι ealisri on lΙ ussia ilr e ιλ trincιeenιh centuΙγ . 1ο such as 1| ιaι of(jeιnιaπ ι.eτ e ιs€ lι as leΙ raw mιι!.ia| s lο ι 1his.eιlodelliη g' η ι' i hopcΙ! l (leν eloDnιent 'l.ιe ιtcν Θ ι opnrcιι of drο notion 0ι sUιo f,,s. fu !ιΙ 2y\ eccιesiokEical τ t isCιssioΙ' in ι s'a9 ιhlr tuιrt] y reιιιrds ιs ο litc use by sιΙ sian lιeolο gians at the pΓ ο grcss.1!'l.h€ saπ c niΙ € o.tΙr e iΙ n.l..nιι ccΠ tυ ιr. coη siitulcs ρο sΙn ! ()rιlDrlos nppl n's ro the i n nυ en.ι oι δ 1Tιι .ell U rr .tisιenιi.lislι i€ tιι on 1 ιhα nο giaΙS iι ο ιeecι andeI sο ι'heΓ e,,| .hese ιlflυ cnccslrΓ ouglrιιboιt ιΙ paιΙ( lignr o.(Ι1hodo\ ccιlesn'ο g.γ o Ι tahI c ι] ιaΙµ . fronι €ιλ olιl sιΙn, ι ot the scholaSιn'handbooks oΙ8Ι ιο ι r atn.s in 1n€ !ιsι halιο rthe ιwcntieιll cenιu.Ι' lo ! new iyη anric ο η c. iΙlιcgιaιin8 πa Ι ιlc the pιoε r (ss in ιhe theo| ι,8iζa| n Ι d€ r ιaΙd nιg oΙlhe TrnΙity in ιιο coιEο o.ιI ιe tscnιieι| ι cenh| ιj Thist.nchingο nrhe,fΙ1niιyscι'edasanec.lesio bgi.ι| nιod.| ' FuιιΙcι apο pllatic ιη d cυ ch1ιisιΙc ιI ιeotoε Ι nS Ν ι1l !S ιhe so.calιed neopatΓ isιic syΠ lhesis conι.iDιιed to a dΙn nιιi. inι€ ,Ι etaιioΙ ofιhe chuιch's ο n.Π .ss' hο iΙ nιss' cι1lro] icity and aΙ! )Stol] .iτ ,Ι τ h e | mpo.tance of b€ | leν lna .n.l portmode.n wo.td. tΙ is ιi,ιe to ask how in th€ .hur.h in the mo.lcrn o| ιh. one λ o| .Ι aιΙυ ] ic aM nDosιo] n. I o no \ iΙ lh o(hodoΙ ('hυ rδ has aΙtΙ lrirιg thisτ eιsn'r chυ (Ι lι υ ιλ s ιefle.ιe.| in ιI ιe ιodaι s \ ν ond, The (] hrιsιian cΙ Γ iragc iS ο ne cυ ιrllτ al c()mponcnt of ιI ιθ (.hΙ ' sti,η ilt modcιn sorld' !'eι' ls η ιlrc or ιcss a stslcnr of sν nrι,ols. vΙ hj.h ιιediscυ e oιignιs ani τ orΙarιl \ iΙ .Ι Ι cιed !ιΙ η ι tlleiιscΙantic ι rΙ odθ Π so( n.ιl is exµ 1icitly hos1iΙe (e,g,, no ,Ν olsiΙι and lιιι!ζ veιesS ctc,)' \ γ ιaι ιloιnts1.nΙ} is a ι'aιranaaιcnι olco| le.lι!e sιru(| uιcs o, syn\ bols:lol π anylΙcslcιneιs,iιιc^ x Ι ieιy.ausedbΙr he.onstaη rpη ι. Α ιla.bo. fο ! ιhe u/ ond ilr sτ om Ι y sιito| prosρ€ r iι} '. Π ]ιΙ eln vιlues iΙ mes c.ο noΙicgιο ι ι ιll, sociΣ lsιaιriιityand otlreιctassicaI jtrdivn] ual ι,ads ιo cs.upisΙl Tnlsnιs bΙought aι] ο ut a fl ο α .ishing ο | ι sΙ ιΙ ιicisη l λ osιile to his1ory.Ιlι sο ι'jal inν oιΞ π ιenι, Thθ o Ι tions of salιntion. uniο n ιhιγ God, persoΙal .onη neιioπ . ι:ιc, lιaιτ beιonle dθ ιachcd iιonr ιheir original !eΙiε ious baιι8round and haν . bccoΙ'pιιιoΙ ι a syη crciisιic )Ι uzzlΦ , tvhiιι | ιas bu i ιl a ρ| iraι' rc| igioι, ηΙ lλ js ρ.ο .ess. impo.ιant aspe.ιs ο .1he chΙisιiaΙ nιess8e arc also lsυ latod i. ο ιdeι ιo be nιο l'pο raω .t nΙο isneι'Γ θ 1i8i Γ oι oιh.rs' impoιιanlcΙetnenιs ofιibljcal ιoncopιs su(I t as nFigλ . boΦ lo1τ { Λ d so.ialΙslic.' ι $λ icI ι,re ess€ ιial ι nsρ. aιιl t| ι' aη ιicη rnιed kingdoιr of God. ψ eιο inι1] )rΘ tcd ill t| re ljght oι aι eΙhusinstn,coΙ ι lcctiν isnr fιich \ ιaΙt s ιo .Ι folΙ' sο cΙeι)'e\ ?Ι oy υ se o. o Ι r.ι. Thc 1?rioιs faη daΙn cntaΙisms constnUl. the cο ιntι'η raιl tο ιhe pΓ iν aιe n1ysιic religions Α ι D.tl1 ends o. tlE 9ρ..ι.ιι] tλ θ re is abhorιen.ι ιotγ "i llisrory, Ν yΙ sιicisΠ ] seeks aι escaΡe oιΙ ll hisloryi lιndatπ € n ιιli5nl. despiιθ ils ctιrcnrcΙr polιicaΙ lgeΙd a. sιtbju8at.s his. tιη r" ιο peιΙ{ι ] lioniS1 ν isiο ιs ιnd s| η )pΙcsses alισ naιiν . i.lcas ιnd ottcn di,'i,erΘ τΙ kinιls o.pΘ υ ρt.' chιisιiaιs aιe ιιgeιllΙ .al] e.l to uΙeι ιo bcΙι \ ν itnΘ ss ι) ιhc fa! h E'nich sιlvaιion, lιe | ilml] nr.nι of huη ιaΙiιy' liν ing in ιl| e diν ine iΙ 8ht ι,geτ h ιΙ rviιh,iιsιi.c' huΙr an progressj.tci arc (lea.ιy CoΙn e(ιcd ιo ι'ο rkinε nι lnd 1hroι8h Π ιΙ ran.oltnl8eΠ .ies. TιiS implics ιlEι cΙ. istiann! caι ,n.l shol| l.l aΙ y a nlnjor eΙιο in ιaιinε coΙ| licts seΓ i. oιsb' CoΙside.i ng ρΦ | iι iι,al lΙ cc€ ssjιiesard b.nιε inιol\ ?(t h cΙr aη nΙ gΙ ιtsιiιιιioιs and seιinε s in ο rιte. to beaΙ this ψ nπ ess ,l.lie ()dλ odο Ι chuιchcaη facilιtιιeιhisrask,Λ c(ordingιο ouΓ dcff!| i| ioΙ ιhι'onΘ o Ι ly' cal| rol i( aιn aposro| n, cha h ιτ is τ lιc bo(} ol. Jcsη s ch risι, a .oΙιlity ιΙ ιI laι rvorks on ilselι 1o eluboιuιe x.ο nlπ oι unde.stinιΙη 8 iη ord.Ι 1o beaΙ ιι. fΓ υ ιs oI dιθ spjrι and expeιi.n.e ιιelιo] in.sS o,lhΘ inaι,iu.a. oon ol ιh. ne$'c.aiι ch.isl, ι Α s.coη d jη l)oΙ!nt issιe is ιιι e Ι discolι'.r ofιhc.hurisnrιtic an{ l sΙirit1ra] cl1aιa(ιeι ο tΙ he church, nΙ ιιe gI eale$ι chΙisιian n,a.ιiτ i(,n5. oneΙ. ss' al,ο stoΙi.ι.! and caiΙolicity dιpeιded ciιι.! o aιtΙr iη istιaιives!sιιιΙoιdccpιhoologiCιΙsCιo1,t.Sιι r Fucjng1λ ercarιungenleιt ο flιe i] oιndari.s beιφ eeη t,r. ιisible ana ιιe 'nrisihι'as \ . eιΣ Ι d.scribcΙt { ιJo!c, il is rι€y pιο babι' peopk,c,ιΠ ot th,t Π aιψ d'sceιn rΙ lhe esiablisho(lclrrisιiιιn la(jtn,ιs eιΙ ν cins oι$ρn'iιuΔtiιr and cΙr arisη la eιΙ n(ιj rho.ea(tioη nr τ l\ e ιorni o| cnre| giη ε . harismatic η oΙc'Ι eΛ ιs in ιegiο π s .ιιsnιe η ι.oD.' \ ιιich oblbusl,' .eη ecιs thc o't grlrwiιlε need for aspiritual aη d nllay's 1ν orι1is noι ιnto which chιistianιy pπ 'Ι leιic ι] o| y caι| ro| '(an.l guidaΙ. e Apos| oιι chUlζh l,hat is apparenιly t)ο n ιhe ψ oιΙd oftneιεeΑι ntiη uity was borr, The (hυ .ch expressed its idcnlil, jn ο f ιιe ιhe :,lι-eΙ€ creed (in ιhe * 'Φ ιτ haιτ aιaυ 4d i() as an eΙp eιierce nes or| ιν d. b' ιhe povero.spiιit. mnnil..srod in rhc eu.harisli. gathθ r' ,ιξ theexcι.ise of h ιhc nri$ionarycal| ιhΙoυ gλ prophcιi.si8nsandin messaε θ η eighιoι| y loγ e, Theophitus exρ| anιΙι this ιyρ. ο ιρira< | oxical (scaΙd al nnd loolishn€ ssaccorιliπ g ιo sl Paυ ι) ν n,idly to Α uτ oly.us| ,| .he { orI d.liit ha. so difiereΙt nο ι haι] oτ ι los olο ο { laιd ιheprο phets florγ ingand nn.lιi3ιιeoιsnes9 an.lllredο .. soιιtlongeιenowhaν ο conlο tο rΙn r'byΙeasonolιιr.wicΙodn.* Λ nd si| 1shichιιoιΠ d ] nι Λ ι'] !s wnιθ red, in eι ιΙ sca ιh.re areisΙanιts. sο nιeο fιhfm hιbitaιrle' inιl ιtΙΙ ssed ιο ιι,y anl, | 'rιi'fυ l. rιilΙhaιens,nd ι h2rιΙfΙ s in whi.hιh€ sιo.nr nhd ιefυ gc' ιoιιι, ψ lο ιΙ rhi.hisιlriιτ π .ndtιη ιpcsι soGο d| tasgλ t. ι,pnranhoBcnu..h€ s iashichsυ Λ ,λ 1. lο ss.dδ tsιιs'as* mblieξ oι' ιlο (ι.n'es of thetιυ th' as in ιhι islaΙ.harbouιsof ι 8ood a..horag.: \ γ ιΔdl'sircιobesaν ed. bcinaloιtΙsof ιheι.u| h' ntriinιothes€ ιnιhο ι sΡ d Ι wishing ιo escape ιhe ιTalh dιΙ jud8π € Πl oι Goιl r: \ γ o| | iΠ Dsψ ε ι eeheSsjan.l.oι'pns9ιο Ι 1riιΘ hohoι!conlrandnrΘ ο ιΙ nlsο lGο d ιhaι.hurcΙsecking The saπ ιeltaρpeΙcd ιhc haΙb ο Ι ιΨ ο ιxΙfΙ urics laιerΙ' iιhthe enιeΙg cnce ol ιhe mο nasιic π ιoν eιrenι, ιJy sο . 'l.he tacιthatιhis message ο fa chuΓ ch h,ιbor lν as eπ bΓ aced fo. au cιristiin cieιy aι th.1ime ιmplies aconsid.r.Dlo ιespoΙsibiιity tο ιhe lradiιions to< | ny tο minisr€ r to ιhΘ ψ orι| . ιvlrich ιooks fo.ψ ard good teψ s of its saιι'aιion, Τ hο wodd cnbrac€ d