ONLINE E-LIBRARY SYSTEM

ONLINE E-LIBRARY SYSTEM BY HAMPO, JOHNPAUL ANENECHUKWU CHUKWUNONSO A GRADUATE OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA – NIGERIA AUGUST, 2015  DEDICATION This research work is dedicated first to Jehovah God and humanity especially those in computing and ICT, and related fields. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I appreciate and gratefully acknowledge God Almighty for making me who I am today. Also for the intuition, life, Peace and every good thing God has been giving me; Lord you’re indeed wonderful. I salute my relatives, past and present friends (foes inclusive), lecturers back in school, bosses at past times and opponents for all their support and otherwise. More thanks to you, my readers. Continue the voyage on this work for better discoveries.  ABSTRACT The advancement of technology and the rapid implementation of advanced technology have made many physical walls and boundaries of insignificant effect. Online E-Library (Electronic Library) is a wall breaking and boundaries cutting technology that allows users to have access to information resources electronically and conduct research anywhere they are and want without actually stepping into a library using the internet service. This applies rapidly advancing data processing technology as well as networking technology with an expectation to be highly convenient. ONLINE E-LIBRARY SYSTEM is web-based; MS Visual Studio 2008 and MS SQL Management Studio 2005 were used for its front end and back end design respectively. This system (the proposed model) automates the primarily aspect of manual library advantageously by the implementation of a search module amongst others. The Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) is use for the implementation of this project.  CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION A literal definition of a system is an assembly of hardware and software components together. Though, system is defined in many ways by diver authorities. A set of components that interact together to achieve a common goal cum end is called a system by Stella C. Chiemeke. Also, a system is a group of interrelated, intersecting and interconnecting elements forming a unified whole. The existence of computer in this age cannot be argued to be of great importance to humanity, though the computer illiterates are pushed to the wall cum left in the dark. Hence, critics of information technology express their fear on the displacement of the ICT (Information Communication Technology) illiterate resulting to unemployment. The presence of computer on virtually every field of today’s fast life has proved the critic wrong as the invention of computers and new technologies continues to create additional jobs for those who identify themselves with computers and new technologies. This make computes partner to human beings in any fields of human endeavor. According to Uzoka in Hampo, J.A. (2011), “Decisions are largely based on principles and experience. In recent times, efforts are being made to build intelligence into computer system, whereby the computer can be used to process large volume of structured and unstructured information for decision making.” E-libraries (Electronic Libraries) are an outcome of the revolution in computing, telecommunications and information systems that began almost 50 years ago, around 1965. The ‘online’ in this research indicates that the electronic library is a web based electronic library and not an electronic library that is an application or software like Encarta encyclopedia (Encarta encyclopedia is not an electronic library). Online e-library system is a web based system, which computerized the information resources in a manual library electronically. These resources differs according to the manual of the library notably, a medical library will have most or all resources on medical science. Like the case of a manual library, this system will effectively give resources like, e-books, e- journals, videos, audios and quizzes. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY In the previous years before the advent of the internet, intellectual resources were not available everywhere at any time. They had restricted access which is not only due to the laws but one might satisfy all laws and still be restricted due to boundaries. Without stepping into the library, digital or electronic library provides services that allow users to read library books and conduct research at home, in the office, or at school, using the Internet (this is not a must though as they can also have their own network like LAN – Local Area Network and MAN – Metropolis Area Network). Service which enables users to effectively employ electronic data by using an in-library network is also referred to as an "Electronic Library Service." Not a few researchers and institution worldwide conduct research on electronic library, seeing it as simply a library service that that provides comprehensive information. There are numerous definitions of the term ‘Digital Diary’ but at the National Diet Library, it is defined in the Electronic library Concept a library which provides primary and secondary information electronically through communications networks and the basis for this purpose." Putting emphasis on the library as a mode of service, electronic library service, including in-library services, is broadly defined as "service which enables library users to directly access electronic data via telecommunications networks." (source: http://www.ndl-go.jp/en/aboutus/elib-project.html, accessed 21/09/2015 ) There are many misconceptions about electronic library, especially the one that ‘a user can access all books in an electronic library’ but this is not true as it only the materials (books and others) that have been digitalized that can be accessed. More so, most manual books that exist have copyright laws preventing digitalizing by anyone. This is a big set back to the digitalization and collection of digitalized materials/resources. According to Marchionini, 1998 in the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, digital libraries are the logical extensions and augmentations of the physical libraries in the electronic information society. From his definition, ‘extension’ amplifies the existing resources and services why ‘augmentation’ enables new human problem solving and expression. To the physical libraries, a librarian is one that works in the library but in an electronic library, it has more to it because the librarian functions also like the administrator of the system. The central issues in an electronic library are digitization of the materials owned by the library and electronic provision of the same. This is referred to as building digital collection. A digital collection does not only consist of electronic books (e-books) but also audios, videos and even metadata like hyperlinks, cross referencing and imported search results. Cataloguing is also done in an electronic library as in the case of the physical libraries. The cataloguing in an electronic library is done in such a way to support the objective of the system (the electronic library). One who catalogues is called a Cataloguer. An electronic library is not an online archive though; an electronic library most times functions as an online repository system. Wikipedia said, ‘A Digital Library (also referred to as digital library or digital repository) is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection.’ There is a vast variance in the size and scope of an electronic library which can be maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions. The electronic content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system. Digital or electronic library has been a dream until 1991 or there about when the National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a series of workshop on making the idea of digital library a reality. This section frames the emergence of digital libraries as a recognized field of endeavor in terms of four requirements for viability and growth: a compelling vision, strong motivating factors, technology and funding. These four terms will be discussed in chapter two. Electronic Library or digital library has mistaken for different things and concepts like virtual library, digitalized archive system and an online repository system. A virtual library is primarily used for libraries that are virtual in other senses such as libraries with aggregate distributed content. Online repository system as well as online archive system will be discussed in chapter. Researchers and practitioners of electronic libraries and software developer, produced a Digital Library Reference Model which defines a digital library as: "A potentially virtual organization, that comprehensively collects, manages and preserves for the long depth of time rich digital content, and offers to its targeted user communities specialized functionality on that content, of defined quality and according to comprehensive codified policies." There is a distinction on contents which were born/created in a digital format known as born-digital from those that has been converted from notably paper (a physical medium) through digitalization. Not all electronic content are in digital data format; this is to be noted also. 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Physical libraries are mostly found in as well as owned by educational and research institutions, government bodies and private bodies. This is so few that they aren’t everywhere. For instance, the university library is not located on each of its campuses/sites rather at a place. Also, these physical libraries that exist though few, they cannot operate at night. That is to say, they are timed-based in their operations which hinder the enthusiasm of researchers and readers to boost their knowledge. These issues have been addressed with the advancement of technology, hence the emergence of technology. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objective of this research is as follows: To design an online e-library (electronic library). This is a web based system designed with vb.net and SQL server both owned by Microsoft, as its front end and back end respectively. This library system will: Eradicate paper based books and resources. They will be created in digital format or will be digitalized. Provide ease of access. One can access ebooks upon satisfying the conditions like being a member, irrespective of the location. Provides multiple accessibility; unlike the manual library that once a resource and/or its copies are being used by someone, the others will wait. Maintain and promote durability of the system’s resources. Ease research and acquisition of knowledge. To clarify the term electronic library, its forms and importance to human To list the advantages of electronic library over the physical libraries as well as the disadvantages and setbacks. To clear the ambiguity of electronic libraries with some terms. To demonstrate the interactivity of electronic libraries over the physical/manual libraries. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The constant boundary limitation amongst others, posed to the accessibility of intellectual resources and the quest for easy conduct of research led to the consideration and pursuit of this research. Moreover, the combination of intellectual resources all in an anytime available spot, ease of use, and speedy search of information also triggered this momentous work. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Electronic libraries vary in scope, size and resources lust like the physical libraries too. The scope of this research is centered on the academic electronic library using computer science department of Ebonyi State University as a case study. The resources of this library will be mainly ebooks, with some audio and video resources if need be. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Electronic or digital library extends the breadth and scale of scholarly and cultural evidence and supports innovative research and lifelong learning. It mediates between diverse and distributed information resources on the one hand and a changing range of user communities on the other. An electronic library is in an electronic library service environment. An electronic/digital library service environment is a networked online information space in which users can discover, locate, acquire access to and, increasingly, use information. Although access paths will vary depending on the resource in question, the electronic library service environment makes no distinctions among information formats. Books, journals, paper-based archives, video, film, and sound recordings are as visible in the e-library service environment as are online catalogs, finding aids, abstracting and indexing services, e-journal and e-print services, digitized collections, geographic information systems, Internet resources, and other “electronic” holdings. This chapter place emphasis on the past work of other people and researcher, including synopsis of conferences held in respect to electronic libraries. It displays the important contribution of what they have done as regard to this research on ELECTRONIC LIBRARY as well as information systems and other related works. ELECTONIC LIBRARY: A REVIEW (AUTOMATED LIBRARIES) History of Electronic Library (e-library) Electronic library in history can be traced backed to 1991. This was the year in which the National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a series of workshop on how to make the concept of digital library (e-library) to be a reality and not as a dream, said Vannevar Bush in www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digital_library, Special Libraries was first popularized in 1994 by the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative. DARPA is Defense Advance Research Project Agency and NASA is National Aeronautics and Space Administration. These draw heavily on Vannevar Bush's essay As We May Think (1945), which set out a vision not in terms of technology, but user experience. The actualization in the dream of an e-library is due to the revolution in computing, telecommunications and information systems that began almost 60 years ago, around 1965. Here, we will briefly frame the emergence of digital libraries as a recognized field of endeavor in terms of four requirements for viability and growth: a compelling vision, strong motivating factors, technology and funding. Compelling Vision Bush, who was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1945, called for a new approach to information organization and discovery based on the visionary concept of a ‘memex’ – a fast, flexible and efficient desktop device enabling associative indexing and instant access to both a vast library and a scientist’s personal files. Computer and information scientists made enormous progress in information retrieval theory and systems between 1965 and 1990. Computer scientists advanced the knowledge and understanding of architecture and systems, and information scientists complemented their work. Renowned analysis of Howard D. White and Kate McCain of the structure of the information science discipline between 1972 and 1995 indicates that the discipline was principally focused on information retrieval and user-system relationships; bibliometrics; automated library systems and online catalogs; science communication; and user theory (White and McCain, 1998 in www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf). All of these created a solid foundation for the emergence of new research on digital libraries. Strong Motivation Both scholars and librarians have considered digital libraries to solve large-scale, long-standing challenges. Chief among them is the need to make an increasingly overwhelming volume of material accessible and available. Writing at the conclusion of World War 2, Bush (1945) noted the ‘growing mountain of research’ and that the difficulty posed by an explosion of scientific publications ‘extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record’. Innovation in the process of scholarly communication was already well under way by the early 1990s, and the early achievements of online information services, publishers, professional societies and indexing services are impressive. At the time when digital library work got under way, major scholarly societies and publishers saw new opportunities and were keenly interested in developing better systems for publishing full-text journals and articles. Technology This was the last barrier to be removed as the library has to be technologically digitalized and not manual. Personal computers, the internet and the web were also catalysts enabling research and development of digital libraries; ‘these technologies were firmly in place before the web’s first iteration in 1989 (attributed to Tim Berners-Lee, then at CERN) and the enthusiastic take-up of the Mosaic browser starting in 1993 (the US National Center for Supercomputer Applications at the University of Illinois had developed Mosaic) (Ginsparg, 2011, 5). These new innovations scaled up the size of prior opportunities to build services for collections stored in digital forms, retrievable over networks’, according to www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf. Funding There were funding from diverse sources which expedited the research of electronic libraries. Briefly, these sources are grouped into: large scale effort, universities and institutions and other sources. Federal and international agencies, national libraries, higher education institutions, public and private sector organizations, even individuals – all provided streams of funding for the early development of digital libraries. First-decade digital library funding tended to gravitate to national or local institutional levels or it was invested as a result of the strategic capital budgeting decisions of commercial firms. The variety of streams has resulted in many technical advances, diverse digital libraries, and a complex landscape. Interoperability, which is the provision of uniform access to diverse information stored on different computer systems in different locations, is not far from e-library though it poses challenges to its developers. By 1991, computer scientists already had extensive experience with the development of information retrieval (IR) systems. Fox and Sornil (2003) wrote: ‘DLs can be regarded as extended IR systems with multiple media and federation.’ As web search and retrieval tools improved and gained acceptance over the course of the decade, digital library researchers and professionals sought new approaches to integrate their methods with web technology and the network. Some digital libraries are central archives that provide digital content storage and deliver services from a single system; others’ content and services are distributed in multiple locations on the network. Still others aggregate the content of many digital libraries (repositories of repositories). Electronic Repository Many academic libraries are actively involved in building institutional repositories of the institution's books, papers, theses, and other works which can be digitized or were 'born digital'. Many of these repositories are made available to the general public with few restrictions, in accordance with the goals of open access, in contrast to the publication of research in commercial journals, where the publishers often limit access rights. Institutional, truly free, and corporate repositories are sometimes referred to as e-libraries. Electronic Archives According to www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf, ‘Brewster Kahle started the Internet Archive in 1995. The Internet Archive (IA) has numerous components, but the Wayback Machine, which provides access to archived versions of an estimated 220+ million websites, may be the best known. The IA is an advocate for universal and free access to knowledge and it founded a co-operative project called the Open Content Alliance to build and preserve a massive digital library of multilingual digitized text and multimedia content (Dougan, 2010)’. ‘The Oxford Text Archive is generally considered to be the oldest digital archive of academic physical primary source materials’, said Wikipedia. Physical archives differ from physical libraries in several ways. Traditionally, archives are defined as: Containing primary sources of information (typically letters and papers directly produced by an individual or organization) rather than the secondary sources found in a library (books, periodicals, etc.). Having their contents organized in groups rather than individual items. Having unique contents. The technology used to create digital libraries is even more revolutionary for archives since it breaks down the second and third of these general rules. In other words, "digital archives" or "online archives" will still generally contain primary sources, but they are likely to be described individually rather than (or in addition to) in groups or collections. Further, because they are digital, their contents are easily reproducible and may indeed have been reproduced from elsewhere. Hybrid Library The integration of an e-library with a traditional library is termed, Hybrid Library. The term hybrid library is sometimes used for libraries that have both physical collections and electronic collections. For example, American Memory is a digital library within the Library of Congress. Interoperability became increasingly important as digital library projects, publishers, professional societies, indexing and online services brought content online and demand grew for unified access to content locked up in separate systems with separate interfaces. Furthermore, libraries began looking for ways to integrate the digital content with their predominantly non-digital collections (printed books and journals, prints, slides, maps, analog sound recordings and films, government documents, etc). In www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf, ‘Rusbridge (1998) usefully described library collections in four categories: legacy digital resources (non-digital), transitional digital resources (legacy resources that have been or will be digitized), new digital resources (those expressly created as digital) and future digital resources. This book refers to the third and fourth categories as born digital resources. Rusbridge called for the development of technologies, systems and services for the ‘hybrid library,’ which would integrate all four categories of resources. From early days to the present, the necessity of accommodating the requirements of hybrid libraries has been a key driver in the field of digital libraries and the profession of librarianship’. OTHER DEFINITIONS OF E-LIBRARY To every reader and researcher, the term e-library (digital/automated library evoke a different impression in each reader. According to Gray Marchionini (2002), Augmenting human civilization through the application of digital technology to the information problems cum needs addressed by institutions notably libraries, archive, schools and publishers, and also other information agencies. E-library works focuses on integration services and better serving human needs through holistic treatment irrespective of interface, time, system, language and location. A field of research and practice with participants from many disciplines and professions with mainly computer, information and library sciences that are publishes the cultural heritage sector and education of their choice. Systems and services, often openly available, that (a) support the advancement of knowledge and culture; (b) contain managed collections of digital content (objects or links to objects, annotations and metadata) intended to serve the needs of defined communities; (c) often use an architecture that first emerged in the computer and information science/library domain and that typically features a repository, mechanisms supporting search and other services, resource identifiers, and user interfaces (human and machine). The following list represents a few of different perspectives of electronic library: • a computerization of traditional libraries (people in general) • a framework for carrying out the functions of libraries in a new way with new types of information resources (librarians) • a new set of methods to innovate and improve fee- or membership-based indexing, full-text repositories and hyperlinking systems (publishers, online information services, professional societies, indexing services) • a distributed text-based information system (computer and information scientists) • a collection of distributed information services (computer and information scientists) • a distributed space of interlinked information (computer and information scientists) • a networked multimedia information system (computer and information scientists) • a space in which people can collaborate to share and produce new knowledge (those working on collaboration technologies) • support for formal and informal teaching and learning (educators). AN OVERVIEW OF RGPV ELECTRONIC LIBRARY RGPV is the acronym for Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishvavidyalay, an educational institution (a university) located in Bhopal, India. It was established in the year 1998 and was established as a common university for all the technical institutes, mainly including engineering and pharmacy colleges in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The university was named after the former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi. Most of the colleges, polytechnics especially those concerned with pharmacy, science and technology are in affiliation to this university. According to Wikipedia, it is the 28th largest university in the world having 260,000 students on over 241.14 acres (0.9759 km2). RGPV e-library offers access to online e-journals, e-books, e-database, e-lecture videos and open sources software with useful links. This system is like a middle man interaction or an aide that provides it users with links to the main website to download the resource they sought for. These resources are accessible through links that are made available on the electronic library page. Downloading of these resources are only possible through the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) provided by the RGPV electronic library. A graphical view of RGPV electronic library, gotten from their website (https://www.rgpv.ac.in/PDF/E_Journals.pdf) are given below WEAKNESS OF RGPV ELECTRONIC LIBRARY The RGPV electronic library has the following weakness as stated below Direct Download – The resources on this system is only accessible through a useful URL. For the user to have a view of the material he/she will be redirected to the main website once the link on this system is clicked. Time Wastage – Since resources are not accessed from the system mainly, the time taken to be redirected to another site is important. This time to redirect is not negligible as in most cases network is an issue especially in countries like Nigeria. Multiple Registration – The page redirected to at times requires on to be a registered user prior to accessing contents. This makes the user of the system to have multiple registrations and most times this can lead to forgetfulness of username and/or password. Stressful Search– Searching of contents on this system is not possible on few clicks but one has to go through the list provided on the interface. At times the resource sought for might be in the middle of others hence if there were 500 materials, it has become too tedious to do. Improper Referencing – The publishers and not the authors are made prominent by this system. This method of referencing or presentation of electronic resources makes it difficult for the materials to be access because most users don’t know the publishers as the authors are known. STRENGTHEN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM OVER THESE WEAKNESSES After a detail study of the aforementioned existing electronic library system, this proposed system has been programmed to overcome it through direct access to materials, single registration platform and proper referencing as well as a search module incorporated into it. INFORMATION SYSTEM (IS) Any organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. An information system can be as simply as a desktop calendar, a daytimer, a CGPA calculator etcetera, and it also be as complex as a multi-node computer database system such as customer management system and so on. A computer information system is a system composed of people and computer that process or interprets information. Though at times, at a restricted sense level, it refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system. Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision making. There are various types of information system, for instance, transaction processing system, decision support system, database management system and so on. Six components must be present and come together in order to produce an information. These are: Hardware: These are machineries and their supporting equipment notably the computer system. Hardware are mainly grouped into these devices – input, output, storage, processing and communication. Software: These are computer programs and their supporting manuals if there be any. These programs are machine-readable instruction that directs the hardware to function in ways that produce useful information from data. These are normally stored input cum output medium often a disk or tape. Data: These are facts used by programmers to produce useful information. They are also the bridge between hardware and people. They are also stored in an input or output device. Procedure: The policies that govern the production of a computer system. A common analogy ‘Procedure is to people what software is to hardware’ is used to illustrate the role of procedure in a system. People: The operators of the system. Every system needs people for it to be useful. The people here aren’t only the users of the system but inclusive of those who operate, maintain and service the system along with the supporters. Until people is involved, collected data remains data, else at the involvement of people, data becomes information. Feedback: Although this component isn’t that necessary but it helps in the improvement and correction of any information system (IS). Fig 2.1 – A Four Level Pyramid Model of Different Types of IS (Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_System, accessed on 20/09/2015) A computer based information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. Below are the basic components of a computer based information system: Hardware Software Database – the repository of associated files or tables containing related data. Network – a connecting system that allows divers computer to distribute resources. Procedure Number 1, 2 and 5 have same meaning as the afore-written. The first four components which are hardware, software, database and network, produce what is known as Information Technology Platform. Information technology workers use these components to produce information system that watch over safety measures, risk and management of data. These actions are known as information technology services. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (IRS) A system that retrieves information when a user enters a query into the system is an information retrieval system. Information retrieval (IR) is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Many universities and public libraries use information retrieval system to provide access to books, journal and other resources. Information retrieval system has reduced what is termed information overload. Apart from web libraries that use the IRS, web search engines also make use of them. An IRS process begins when a user enter a query into the system. Queries are formal statement of information needs. In IRS queries results to several data objects with different degree of relevancy. An object is an entity that is presented by information in the database. User queries are matched against the database information. The data object from a query may contain text, images, audio, maps etcetera, depending on the system or application. ‘Most Information Retrieval Systems compute a numeric score on how well each object in the database matches the query, and rank the object according to this value.’ (Source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Retrival_System, accessed 20/09/2015). The top ranking objects are then shown to the user. Upon the refining of the query by the user, this process is iterated. Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Library Most and not all Electronic Library offers access to online e-journals, e-books, e-database, e-lecture videos and open sources software with useful links. User can seamlessly access the contents abstracts or full text in a flexible and easy manner to use for their study. E-library provides collaborative search of all type of e-resources/on-line resources such as e-journals, e-books, e-database purchase or subscribed by the Central Library or open access available with collaboration, personalization and social features to experience, higher research productivity and gain valuable insights. Advantages The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies alike. Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain it. As such, the cost of maintaining a digital library can be much lower than that of a traditional library. A physical library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional books. Digital libraries may reduce or, in some instances, do away with these fees. Both types of library require cataloging input to allow users to locate and retrieve material. Digital libraries may be more willing to adopt innovations in technology providing users with improvements in electronic and audio book technology as well as presenting new forms of communication such as wikis and blogs. An important advantage to digital conversion is increased accessibility to users. They also increase availability to individuals who may not be traditional patrons of a library, due to geographic location or organizational affiliation. Hence summarily; No physical boundary: The user of a digital library need not to go to the library physically; people from all over the world can gain access to the same information, as long as an Internet connection is available. Round the clock availability: A major advantage of digital libraries is that people can gain access 24/7 to the information. Multiple Accesses: The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons. This may not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a license for "lending out" only one copy at a time; this is achieved with a system of digital rights management where a resource can become inaccessible after expiration of the lending period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible (equivalent to returning the resource). Information retrieval: The user is able to use any search term (word, phrase, title, name, and subject) to search the entire collection. Digital libraries can provide very user-friendly interfaces, giving click able access to its resources. Preservation and conservation: Digitization is not a long-term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use. Digitized collections and born-digital objects pose not many preservation and conservation concerns that analog materials do. Please see the following "Problems" section of this page for examples. Space: Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information; simply because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them and media storage technologies are more affordable than ever before. Added value: Certain characteristics of objects, primarily the quality of images, may be improved. Digitization can enhance legibility and remove visible flaws such as stains and discoloration. Easily accessible: digital libraries are accessed easily, anytime and anywhere while conventional libraries are not easily accessible due to some protocol and formalities that must be observed. Disadvantages Digital libraries, or at least their digital collections, unfortunately also have brought their own problems and challenges in areas such as: Equity of access – the digital divide. Interoperability between systems and software. User authentication for access to collections. Information organization. Interface design. Digital preservation cost. Training and development.  CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3.1 METHODOLOGY Research data are not just gotten from the blue moon rather they are collected and analyzed in accordance to some rules and techniques. Research methodology is the specification of the procedures for collecting data and analyzing data necessary to define or solve the problem for which the research is meant for. Methodology as defined by Wikipedia, is the systematic or theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study (research works mainly). Hence, comprising of the theoretical analysis of the body of methods, and the principles associated with a branch of knowledge”, (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/methodology, accessed on 23/11/15). Online electronic library, which is the core of this research, is a system that facilitates the ease of uploading and downloading of knowledge resources as well as viewing to verify if it is the desired resource before it is downloaded. The downloading and uploading modules of this system are only operational by the registered users of the system and the administrator. The knowledge resources are presented in a gridview with two link buttons to view and download respectively but in abstraction to the unregistered/guest users. The methodology applied on this research is the Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) of the waterfall model. 3.2 DESIGN APPROACH Two approaches are prominent in computer science which are the top down and bottom up. These approaches either of them is applied on a task to mitigating the problem. The decomposition of the higher level system (its functions, modules and requirement) into successive steps until function specific module is designed is called Top-down Methodology. The other is the reverse of top down. Bottom up methodology is the merging of smaller designs continuously until it forms a whole system. In a clearer view in relation to the world around us, bottom up is from the grass root to the top while top down is liken to, from the top to the grass root. Top down approach is used for this system due to its advantages which include modularization, easy debugging and program modules can act as a building block for developing other programs. The top-down design is a level-oriented design approach. Top-down design directs designers to start with a top-level description of a system and then refine this view step by step. With each refinement, the system is decomposed into lower-level and smaller modules. Top-down design reduces the scope and size of each module, and focuses more on specific issues. 3.3 OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN An object contains encapsulated data and procedures grouped together to present an entity. OOD is an approach to software design. It is the process of planning a system of interacting objects to solve a software problem. An example of this was the use of a Master Page and Cascade Styling Sheet codes. The CSS codes were directly on the master page but are effective on every page that is a child (a subject page) of the master page. The subject pages were tied to the respective master page at the point of creating/addition a new web form (page). The sample code to indicate its membership to a master page is thus: <%@ Page Title="F&D || Authenticate" Language="VB" MasterPageFile="~/Pub.master" AutoEventWireup="false" CodeFile="Authenticate.aspx.vb" Inherits="Authenticate" %>, while a web page that stands on its own will have this code: <%@ Page Language="VB" AutoEventWireup="false" CodeFile="Default2.aspx.vb" Inherits="Default2" %>. With OOD, three important concepts are achieved in software design they are modularity, abstraction and encapsulation (also called information-hiding). OOD is basically an approach that models the problem in terms of its objects and the operations performed on them by decomposing the system into modules and each of the decomposed modules in the system denotes an object or class of objects from the problem space. 3.4 WATER FALL METHODOLOGY Structured system Analysis and Design Methodology was adopted for this project and it is fondly called SSADM for short. SSADM is a class or form of waterfall methodology which emphasis on completing a phases of a project before proceeding to the next. SSADM tough a form of waterfall, it can also go back to the other phases in a sequential manner only. The waterfall methodology is an approach to software development that emphasizes completing a phase of the development before proceeding to the next phase. It was derived from engineering models to put some order in the development of large software product. SSADM is a direct descendant of waterfall methodology and it is based on traditional structural programming technique. Though seems slow but actually exhaustive in finding and debating every reasonable need. The major stages of the SSADM are requirement/specification, analysis, design, implementation, coding and testing/deployment. Some have the requirement stage different from the specification stage and same applicable to the testing and deployment stage Fig 3.1 SSADM Diagram (www.conceptdraw.com/how -to-guide/picture/SSADM-systems-development-lifecycle.png, 23/11/2015) 3.5 DATA COLLECTION/GATHERING Different methods of data collection (fact finding) were adopted, which are interview (personal), referencing and browsing, brainstorming and observation. Interview – Most of the people interviewed personally were students on Presco Campus of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki and vital facts were gotten which interprets their need for an online electronic library system to be as easily accessible like the social sites. Referencing and Browsing – Lots of authorities on the research subject were cited and referenced to in this research. The internet was also consulted and relevant information was to elaborate this research. Brainstorming – Fellow students also aided through the brainstorming section I held with them. Their observations and suggestion threw more light on the system. Observation – Personally, from the comparison made on the review of existing system, the redirection issue with was taken care of and replaced with direct access and download. 3.6 ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM This system is not the first of its kind. The existing system being analyzed here is the digital library reviewed in chapter two of this research (check an overview of RGPV electronic library). The aforementioned digital library is owned by an Indian university. The content of this digital library are mainly links which redirect the user to the resource’s website. It has no direct download on it but any download and viewing must be redirected to another website that house the desired resource. Access into the RGPV electronic library is via one’s studentship. That is the users are students of the university or institution that are in affiliation to the university. This redirection causes a lot of issues which are not limited to only these but include waste of time, increase data tariff, security might be compromised and delay in web connection. Other forms of electronic library systems, which is no online are those built on a stand-alone computer or compressed into a digital video disk or a compact disk. 3.6.1 Input Analysis Input form/unit is the feeding channel to every system for data/information which are fed into the system to be processed. The input the system is through the input forms for the user and the administrator respectively. The administrator’s for uploading while the user’s to search. The sign up form also serves as input form into the system. Fig 3.2: Input Form (the registration form) 3.6.2 Output Analysis This involves the resultant documentation generated after processing of data/information supplied to the system. The output here is the data gridview which displays the search result from the search form. Fig 3.3: Output Form (The content form with the gridview showing the resources of the system) 3.7 PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM A lot of problems are associated with the existing system. The existing system involves the hyperlinks to redirect the user before the resource sought for can be accessed. Amid the problems associated with the existing system include the following: Stressful Search Multiple Registration Wastage Time Indirect Download These problems are addressed by the new system by providing direct download to only registered users. 3.8 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NEW SYSTEM It is expected that with the introduction of the new system, a lot of positive changes will be noticed. The new feature of this system is the direct download for users and the ability for them to view the content of any material they wishes to download before downloading. The absences of these in the existing system but present in this new system justify the proposed system and this research.  CHAPTER FOUR SYSTEM DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION An automated system that is not implemented or is not successful implemented cannot perform well or totally will not perform, as the case may be. “Even after the development phase is over, the system project isn’t complete. The new system must be implemented or installed”, said Stella C.C. (2006). This chapter attention on the requirements for a smooth implementation of this online electronic library. UML (Unified Modeling Language) is used to describe this system. 4.1 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION This system comprises of both html tags and asp.net codes. Although not all of the html codes can be seen here but a description is given here hence the following made up the system: Label: This carries the texts that are not in a button or menu strip. Buttons: This enables actions to be carried out once it is clicked. Image: This is for pictures to be displayed. Gridview: This is use like the phonebook of the system, showing the contact and their details. Divs Tables and others. 4.1.1 GENERAL SYSTEM FUNCTION This deal with the general functionality of the system which includes the following: To help researchers to quickly access the resources they need It facilitates easy access to resources It preserves and protect resources It facilitates easy downloading It helps to easily arrange the resources 4.1.2 MAIN MENU SPECIFICATION The home page as well as other pages that can be accessed by all users consisting the admin, registered user and guest user frames the main menu. These pages are identical to the pages of the registered user but on the guest pages, there is a restriction placed on them, which is they can’t download. Below is the screenshot of the home page. 4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM) and RAD (Rapid Application Development) Model are object oriented and they are used in the design of this system. The UML – Unified Modeling Language; which was formulated by Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson in 1997 was used to describe the system and the use Case diagram shows the system design. Unified Modeling Language is used for specifying, visualizing and constructing the artifacts of software system, it comprises of diagrams such as sequence diagram, state diagram, collaboration diagram and some others of which use case diagram among. A Use Case diagram shows typical interactions between a user (actor) and the computer system. As defined by Stella (2006) in their book principle of system analysis and design, use case are included in UML and it is a narrative document that describes the sequence of event of an actor using a system to complete a process. We apply a use case diagram which is graphical representation of the systems functionality by the different users. The use case diagram consists of actors, use cases and arrows (for evens of flow). In this system, the actors are the guest, registered and admin users. The use cases are those function that the users can carry out notably, download, view, search, upload and others. The arrows as seen in the diagram below is the direction of flow specifying what the users can do. The use case diagram of this automated system is given below. Guest Static Pages Search View Admin Operations System Boundary Registered Admin Upload Delete Download Fig 4.1 Use Case Diagram - Shows the description of Online Electronic Library. From the above use case diagram, the static pages are Home.aspx, About.aspx – these pages are called static due to the fact that they have not database linkage. The guest user can view the static pages and as well search for a knowledge resource. The registered and admin users can perform those function as indicated by the event of flow (arrows). 4.3 DATABASE DESIGN Database is seen as a warehouse of data and a repository for data and information in an organized way to prevent redundancy and to preserve data integrity amongst others. The database of this system is built on Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio version 2005. The database comprises of tables which are: tblAdmin, tblCategory, tblCoverage, tblResources among others. A totality of nine tables was used in the database. A database table in Microsoft Server 2005 consists of column name (Field) and data type, hence tblResources is shown below Table 4.1 Table for Resources Fields Data type Allow null Id Int Unchecked Title nvarchar(50) Checked FileName varchar(MAX) Checked Author nvarchar(50) Checked Field nvarchar(50) Checked Major nvarchar(50) Checked Minor nvarchar(50) Checked Resource nvarchar(MAX) Checked Date nvarchar(50) Checked ContentType nvarchar(MAX) Checked Data varbinary(MAX) Checked Fig 4.2 System’s Database Table for Resources (books and others) 4.3 LOGICAL MODEL The logical model used in the description of the system is the UML model whereby the use case was used. UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. The use case comprises of actor(s), use cases and arrows which stand for direction of flow. The actor for this system is only one which is the user, the use cases are the events/functionalities of the system. 4.4 MAIN SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION It is not just enough to design and/or develop a system as implementing the system and deploying the system plays a vital role. If the implementation is not successful then system most times is termed not successful. Hence, implementation is likening to the output of computer. Hardware, software, people and to an extent feedback triggers the success or otherwise of a system in its implementation. The hardware ranges from the computer either desktop or laptop to other peripheral devices. The software for the implementation of this automated system is web browser. They system was tested on different web browsers and was found compatible. The people of this system consist of the users of the system which encompasses of Administrators, organization and students even to the general public. To avoid the system’s aims and objectives being defeated, all the users must be trained and computer literates else the system’s aim and objective will be defeated. 4.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT For the implementation of this system, all that is need are as follows: The following hardware components are needed Computer System – a desktop or laptop(mini laptop and tablets can also access the system online if it is launched) The computer system should have the minimum requirement to access the internet. Hence, when speed is not the focus it should have: Pentium 3 Processor 512 kb RAM 10 GB Hard disk A web browser (any of Mozilla, Chrome, Crazy Browser and others) 4.6 SYSTEM TESTING For testing sake, a local web server (IIS) application, microsoft.net framework was installed & properly configured. The operating system used is windows 8.0. “Before a system is put into operation, its components programs must be tested to make sure. They work both individually and as a unit. Testing whether unit testing (individual testing) or individual testing, removes bugs from individual programs and system application. The testing of this system is done with life data and test data. An automated system may have a hundred programs and a comprehensive database, all must be tested together to ensure harmony of operation. The purpose of system testing is to validate all software, input/output, databases and procedures and so on as the case may be”, said Hampo, J.A.C. (2011). This involves running a series of tests on the new system, so as to check for errors and to verify that all components of the system are run simultaneously and then observation and comparisons are made and documented. This is done to ensure that the new system holds true to the advantages it should have over the existing system without posing any complications of its own. System testing should be done before the new system and any new system / system component is fully implemented, so as to correct any occurrence of low usability in portions of the system.  CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION 5.1 SUMMARY Acquisition of knowledge and research is a vital part of human life that cannot be overlooked. People’s life, culture, norms and heritage are vital and should be passed to continuously to generations for the impartation of knowledge. The aforementioned can only be achieved with an added advantage of wide circulation via digital or electronic libraries. This electronic library system has the following advantages: Efficiency Accuracy Reliability Reduced paper work Speed Preservation Cost effective – a single resource is made available to millions of users online Users friendliness with GUI Easy Accessibility 5.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED Problems encountered started from the review of literatures as most of the electronic books and websites I visited were not free site. Information gotten from these sites has to be monetized. However, I did a thorough search and found alternative sites with the information I needed. Also, for in designing the software I couldn’t get access to a working digital library or a prototype, I only saw a screen short which I made used of in simulating this system. 5.3 CONCLUSION When automated systems are placed side by side with traditional/manual systems, the former always has proved to be more successful with far unique advantages when compared. Electronic library has redefined and added value to the way knowledge resources are being accessed and taken from the traditional library. This has help to promote the speedy access of materials and the multiple accesses of same. The constant availability of resources on the system has is also a goal against the manual library system. Conclusively, electronic libraries are the best option against traditional library in the aspect of resources especially when speed, coverage and preservation is concerned 5.4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDIES More advance research should be done on electronic library to incorporate videos and documentaries as a resource and others essentials not cover in this research. Despite this work, researchers should even add biometric to the accessibility of resources and not just the normal registration pattern of username and password. Finally, in institutions and companies, electronic libraries should be made available and not just manual library. 5.5 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE The introduction of images and not only text as the content/resource of the electronic library has given electronic libraries a new view. Also, as an open library, the ease in accessing and downloading the contents has helped human. Also, the implementation of CAPTCHA which is an acronym for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Human Apart has also contributed to my knowledge. CAPTCHA is a type of challenge-response test used in human computing to determine whether or not the user is human. REFERENCES Apanapudor, J.S., Njoseh, I.N., Ogini, N.O., and Omede, G.C. (2006). Introduction to computer science and data processing [A Practical Approach]. Reprinted. Krisbec Publications, Agbor – Nigeria. Byron, S.G. (2001). Theory and Problems of Programming with visual basic Schaum’s Outline. McGraw – Hill USA. Christine, L. Borgman. (1999). What Are Digital Libraries? Competing Visions. Department of Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Daniel, Greenstein. (2001). Digital Libraries and Their Challenges. Library Trend, Vol. 49 No. 2. Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC. David, Ruddy. (2008). Metadata and Digital Library Development. Version 1a. Library of Congress Cataloger’s Learning Workshop, Washington, DC Gary Marchionini. (2002). Introduction to Digital libraries. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. DELSO Summer School, Pisa Italy. Hampo, J.A. (2011). Design and Implementation of Students Verification System for Delta State University Nigeria (DELSU E-VERIFY). An unpublished B.Sc Thesis, Delta State University, Abraka-Delta State. Martinsons, M.G. and Davison R.M. (2007). Strategic decision making and support systems: Comparing American, Japanese and Chinese management. Decision Support Systems. 43. 284–300. (Retrieved from: http://pdf.aminer.org/000/289/253/executive_support_systems_for_strategic_advance_abstract.pdf, accessed on: 15/12/2012) Sikiru, O.A. (2009). Implementation of an Online Job recruitment system. An unpublished M.IT Thesis, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Stella, C.C. and Franca, A.E (2006). Principles of System Analysis and Design. Rootprint and publisher, Benin city – Nigeria. Uzoka. (1998). Human Resources Management an unpublished M. Tech Thesis, federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State. Using_Course_Management_System.pdf (retrieved from www.copywrite.com; accessed on: 15/11/2012) WEBSTIES http://www.ndl-go.jp/en/aboutus/elib-project.html, accessed 21/09/2015 www.facetpublishing.co.uk/downloads/calhoun-ch1.pdf. accessed 21/09/2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digital_library accessed 21/09/2015 https://www.rgpv.ac.in/PDF/E_Journals.pdf accessed 21/09/2015 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_System, accessed on 20/09/2015 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Retrival_System, accessed 20/09/2015 www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/methodology, accessed on 23/11/15 APPENDIX A (Source Code) HTML/ASP.NET Registered.master <%@ Master Language="VB" CodeFile="Registered.master.vb" Inherits="Registered" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head runat="server"> <title>Registered User</title> <asp:ContentPlaceHolder id="head" runat="server"> </asp:ContentPlaceHolder> <style type="text/css"> .style1 { width: 62%; border-style: solid; border-width: 3px; } .style2 { } .style5 { } .style6 { width: 687px; } .style7 { width: 100%; } .style8 { font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold; font-family: "Albertus Extra Bold"; } </style> </head> <body> <form id="form1" runat="server"> <div> <table class="style1" width="75" align ="center" bgcolor="#72B86A" > <tr> <td class="style2" colspan="2"> <asp:Image ID="Image1" runat="server" Height="112px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/Header.jpg" Width="900px" ImageAlign="Middle" /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;</td> <td class="style6" align=center > &nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;</td> <td class="style6" align=center > <asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink1" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed" NavigateUrl="~/home.aspx" Visible="False">Home</asp:HyperLink>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp <asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink2" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed" NavigateUrl="~/About.aspx" Visible="False">About</asp:HyperLink>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp <asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink3" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed" NavigateUrl="~/ContentLogged.aspx">Contents</asp:HyperLink>&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp <asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink4" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed" NavigateUrl="~/AreaLogged.aspx">Areas</asp:HyperLink>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <asp:HyperLink ID="HyperLink6" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed" NavigateUrl="~/SearchLog.aspx">Search</asp:HyperLink>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <asp:LinkButton ID="LinkButton1" runat="server" BorderStyle="Dashed">Log Out</asp:LinkButton> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style5" colspan="2"> <div> <marquee behavior="alternate" direction="left" scrollamount=""> Welcome to Oliver Nweke Online Electronic Library System, a center for knowledgeable resources </marquee></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><div> <marquee behavior="scroll" direction="up" scrollamount="4" style="width: 157px; height: 311px; text-align: right;"> <p> <asp:Image ID="Image3" runat="server" Height="125px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/download (1).jpg" Width="126px" /> </p> <p> <asp:Image ID="Image4" runat="server" Height="125px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/download.jpg" Width="126px" /> </p> <p> <asp:Image ID="Image5" runat="server" Height="125px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/images (1).jpg" Width="126px" /> </p> <p> <asp:Image ID="Image6" runat="server" Height="125px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/images.jpg" Width="126px" /> </p></marquee> </div> </td> <td class="style6"> <br /> <table class="style7"> <tr> <td> &nbsp;</td> <td style="text-align: center"> <span class="style8">Welcome!!!</span> <asp:Label ID="lbUser" runat="server" Font-Bold="True" Font-Italic="True" Font-Size="X-Large" style="color: #006600" Text="User"></asp:Label> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <asp:Panel ID="Panel1" runat="server"> </asp:Panel> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> &nbsp;</td> <td> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </table> <asp:ContentPlaceHolder id="ContentPlaceHolder1" runat="server"> </asp:ContentPlaceHolder> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style2" colspan="2"> <asp:Image ID="Image2" runat="server" Height="107px" ImageUrl="~/Pics/Footer.jpg" Width="900px" ImageAlign="Middle" /> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </form> </body> </html> Content Logged.aspx <%@ Page Language="VB" MasterPageFile="~/Registered.master" AutoEventWireup="false" CodeFile="ContentLogged.aspx.vb" Inherits="ContentLogged" title="Contents Corner" %> <asp:Content ID="Content1" ContentPlaceHolderID="head" Runat="Server"> <style type="text/css"> .style7 { width: 100%; } </style> </asp:Content> <asp:Content ID="Content2" ContentPlaceHolderID="ContentPlaceHolder1" Runat="Server"> <asp:Panel ID="Panel1" runat="server"> <table class="style7"> <tr> <td class="style8"> </td> <td class="style8"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style8"> &nbsp;</td> <td> <div> <b><em>ON</em></b> online e-library have the following materials (about <asp:Label ID="LabelDetails" runat="server" Text="" Font-Size="Large" style="color: #3333FF"></asp:Label> ) in our collection. You are given unlimited view due to your login status.</div> <div ><p style="text-align: center; width: 504px"> <u> <b> <em> ON</em> Online e-Library Contents </b> </u> </p> <p style="text-align: center; width: 504px"> <asp:GridView id="Gridview1" runat="server" HeaderStyle-BackColor="#3AC0F2" HeaderStyle-ForeColor="White" RowStyle-BackColor="#A1DCF2" AlternatingRowStyle-BackColor="White" AlternatingRowStyle-ForeColor="#000" AutoGenerateColumns="False" PageSize="7" AllowPaging="True" > <RowStyle BackColor="#A1DCF2"></RowStyle> <Columns> <asp:BoundField DataField="Title" HeaderText="File Title"/> <asp:BoundField DataField="FileName" HeaderText="File Name" /> <asp:BoundField DataField="Author" HeaderText="File Author" /> <asp:BoundField DataField="Minor" HeaderText="File Focus" /> <asp:BoundField DataField="Resource" HeaderText="File Type" /> <asp:TemplateField ItemStyle-HorizontalAlign = "Center"> <ItemTemplate> <asp:LinkButton ID="lnkDownload" runat="server" Text="View" CommandArgument='<%#Eval("id")%>' ></asp:LinkButton> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <asp:LinkButton ID="lnkDownload1" runat="server" Text="Download" CommandArgument='<%#Eval("id")%>' CommandName="download"></asp:LinkButton> </ItemTemplate> <ItemStyle HorizontalAlign="Center"></ItemStyle> </asp:TemplateField> </Columns> <HeaderStyle BackColor="#3AC0F2" ForeColor="White"></HeaderStyle> <AlternatingRowStyle BackColor="White" ForeColor="#000000"></AlternatingRowStyle> </asp:GridView> </p></div> <div></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="style8"> &nbsp;</td> <td> &nbsp;</td> </tr> </table> </asp:Panel> </asp:Content> VB.NET Codes Content Logged.aspx.vb Imports System.Data.SqlClient Imports System.Data Imports System.Configuration Partial Class ContentLogged Inherits System.Web.UI.Page Protected Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Me.Load If Not Me.IsPostBack Then Me.BindGridView() End If Dim treasure As New OpsCode treasure.LibConnect() Dim florence As New SqlCommand("SELECT count(Minor) FROM tblResources", treasure.cn) LabelDetails.Text = florence.ExecuteScalar() End Sub Private Sub BindGridView() Dim constr As New OpsCode constr.LibConnect() Using cmd As New SqlCommand cmd.CommandText = "SELECT Id,Title, FileName, Author, Minor, Resource FROM tblResources" cmd.Connection = constr.cn Using sda As New SqlDataAdapter(cmd) Dim dt As New DataTable sda.Fill(dt) Gridview1.DataSource = dt Gridview1.DataBind() End Using End Using End Sub Protected Sub OnPagePropertiesChanging(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As PagePropertiesChangingEventArgs) TryCast(Gridview1.FindControl("DataPager1"), DataPager).SetPageProperties(e.StartRowIndex, e.MaximumRows, False) Me.BindGridView() End Sub Protected Sub DownloadFile(ByVal key As String) 'Dim id As Integer = Integer.Parse(TryCast(sender, LinkButton).CommandArgument) Dim bytes As Byte() Dim fileName As String, contentType As String Dim constr As String = "server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=hamplustech; database=OnlineE-LibrarySystem" 'ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings("constr").ConnectionString Using con As New SqlConnection(constr) Using cmd As New SqlCommand() cmd.CommandText = "select Id,Title, Data, ContentType from tblResources where Title=@Id" cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@Id", key) cmd.Connection = con con.Open() Using sdr As SqlDataReader = cmd.ExecuteReader() sdr.Read() bytes = DirectCast(sdr("Data"), Byte()) contentType = sdr("ContentType").ToString() fileName = sdr("Title").ToString() End Using con.Close() End Using End Using Response.Clear() Response.Buffer = True Response.Charset = "" Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.NoCache) Response.ContentType = contentType Response.AppendHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment; filename=" + fileName) Response.BinaryWrite(bytes) Response.Flush() Response.End() End Sub Public fd As String Protected Sub gridview1_rowcommand(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As System.Web.UI.WebControls.GridViewCommandEventArgs) Handles Gridview1.RowCommand If e.CommandName = "download" Then Dim index As Integer = CInt(e.CommandArgument) Dim row As GridViewRow = Gridview1.Rows(index - 1) fd = Server.HtmlDecode(row.Cells(0).Text) DownloadFile(fd) End If BindGridView() End Sub End Class Class for Connection Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic Imports System.Data.SqlClient Imports System.Data Public Class OpsCode Public cn As SqlConnection Public dt As DateTime Public Sub LibConnect() Try cn = New SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=hamplustech; database=OnlineE-LibrarySystem") If cn.State = Data.ConnectionState.Open Then cn.Close() End If cn.Open() Catch ex As Exception MsgBox(ex.Message) End Try End Sub Public Sub LibDate() Try LibConnect() Dim cmd = New SqlCommand("Select GetDate()", cn) dt = cmd.ExecuteScalar Catch ex As Exception MsgBox(ex.Message) End Try End Sub End Class  APPENDIX B (Sample Interface) Contents Page Areas Page Content Page for Registered Users Admin Page 4