¥^l¥ˆl h-…r-Zo Jl-Xr-_o/A.A-^o.]r. ¥Ic-j-Œr-ād $-h-odlG, $-h-odl-ar-ād ðs -c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG ðs¥I I-āj-]¶-šr-buG #‚ ā]‚ $-S-ā]-S-du-I-āj-]¶-šr-bu-au¨ #-»-Œr-du-¨ N†-N-Iy-|o¥e-Zr D-cu-|r-br-cr-|u-I-bl-Wo"-Su-Œl-br <-›l-br-ˆu-¨ ]-d hG-`-e-Ÿ-juG. "-e-br« ‹-[l\-ā]¶-ˆ-Xl-Wo- NuG-_-\-h-a-c-eual-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ ]u-Xr-b er-elZ-Ÿ-juG ^l-tq-Jo- ¥Il-¥j-Pr-ād drG-K-¥e†-Xr-cr-eu-I-juG ]-ó-‹e†-Œ-I er.]r. t-Pr-\-bu-āS a-Îhl ]T-\-Il-d-āŒ "-\u-`-eŸ-juG, "-e-hl-\-al-br ¥I-c-jŒr-ād ‹-au-J hu-~r ¥\-Xl-elb A.]r. "-_q-_-|† au-ho-dpl36 cu-āS ‹-h´l-e-\-I-juG. $m er-gb-Ÿ-jr-ādl-ā| āe-jr-el-Iu-~ D-cu e-h´u-X-bl-Wo- ðs-bu-āS Xr-cāƒ-Su-]¶o-, N-d-\G, $-S-Ÿy, hvl-X-ÔpG Xu-S-Ÿr-b er-g-bŸ-jr« A-d½lG B-āt-|u-āt hal\-al-bu-¨ Nr-l-K-Xr-I-jlWo-, ‹-¥Xp-Ir-No- 1990¿-Iy-|u ¥f-gG ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād $-ho-dl-arI hG-L-S-\-Iy A-d½lG au-¥~lˆo- āe-|u-~-Xo- A-~-Xo-. al-tr-e-~ hl-aq-ir-I hl-œŒr-I hl-i-N-cp-Ÿ-jr« āāPer-I-al-buG `m-Xr-I-al-buG ep-eil-c-]-c-eu-al-bu-¨ Xr-cr-N-tr-euIy "-S-bl-j-ā]¶-Su-Œl„ au-ho- drG ðs-Iy Iq-Su-X-dl-br X-…ltl-eu-~-Xo- Il-WlG. "-Œ-c-Œrdu-¨ â-a-Ÿ-āj ]l-c-œ-cp-al-br \r-d-\r«-|u-~ #-W-[r-Il-cŒr-ā„t f-¹r <-]-¥bl-Kr-No\r-b-Ôr-|u-el-\uG āa-cu-|u-el\u-au-¨ f-¹-al-b ‹-e†-Œ-\Ÿy A-d½l hG-L-S-\-I-jr-duG epl-]-I-al-eu-~-Xo- Il-WlG. Il«-]¶-\r-I-al-br al-óG Ir-S-|u~ D-cu Efu-Š au-ho-drG' h-au-Zlb-Œr-ā„t \r†-al-W-Œr-\u-¨ āāP-er-I `l-K-a-d½l-āX hv-bG I†-ò-Xv-euG $-S-ā]-S-du-I-juG Xrc-āƒ-Su-]¶uG Xr-cu-Œ-du-I-juG B-āš-Su-|u-~ au-ho-drG ðs ]r-»alò-`q-ar #-×-]¶-Xr]¶o i-d½o- hG-er-[l-\-Ÿy, cl-±s-b Iq-ˆu-āI-ˆo-, X-t-el-Sr-ŒG Xu-S-Ÿrb hG-er-[l-\-Ÿ-ju-āS <-¨r«\r-~o- f-¹r-‹l-]r-N $-ho-dl-arād \-e-]m-¥cl-ir-Xp f-¹rIy-|o- `s-g-Wr-bl-buG e-~r-cr|u-I-bl-Wo- $m ðs-Iy. $-Œc-Œr-du-¨ ðs-Iy "-]q†-Wau-ho-drG ðs-bl-buG, āa-cu-Ÿu-IbuG "-\u-h-c-W <-¨-e-juG $ho-dl-ar-I Ü-™-Ÿ-ju-āS #‚ epl-Jpl-\-Ÿ-āj hvs-I-cr-|u-IbuG āN-…u-~ er-¥[-b f-cs-c-au¨ ( Docile body) au-ho-drG-ðs ]q†Wðs-bl-br al-tu-I-buG āN…u-~u. ¥a«-]-t-ƒ "-e-z-Iy "-Xu-āIl-›u-X-ā~ $-er-āS ‹h-¹-al-Wo- (il^r-ho au-i-˜Zo, 2013). au-h-odrG-ðs: \r--}-X-bu-āS N-cr-óG au-i-˜-Zo- ‹-el-N-I-ā„t-buG #Zp-āŒ \l-do- J-ds-^-al-cu-āS-buG h-a-b-Œo- \r-d-\r-~r-cu-~ ‹l-Xr\r-[p a-Xl-[r-goTr-X `-c-WŒr« ( Representational Theocracy) br« \r-~o- a-Xl-[r-]-Xp cl-P-`-c-WŒr-¥d-|o- ( Theocratic monarchy) au-ho-drG "-[r-Il-c-L-S-\ al-tu~-¥Xl-Su-Iq-Sr-bl-Wo- $-~u-¨ $ho-dl-ar-ā„t #-Jpl-\ ]-cr-h-cŸy ì-gμr-|-ā]¶-Su-~-Xo-. $-Xo- ā]‚au-h-odrG #‚-au-h-odrG bl-h† "-tl-^-Œoau-ho-drGðs-bu-āS hvl-X-Ôp-euG "-e-Il-f-Ÿ-juG ¥I-c-j-Œr« es-›uG N†-N-bl-eu-I-bl-Wo. ]m-¥cl-ir-Xp \r-b-Ôr-X $-ho-dl-ar-\-I-Œu-\r-~u-āIl-›u-¨ ðs-]-k el-b-\-Iy $-ho-dl-ar-Icl-go-Ñ-Ÿ-jr« A-Ÿ-ā\-bl-br-cu~u \-S-~r-cu-~-Xo, \-S-|u-~-Xo A-~o er-f-I-d-\G āN-ÂuāIl-›o ¥I-c-j-Œr« $-¥]¶ly <-b†-~u-e-~r-ˆu-¨ N†-NI-jr« $-S-ā]-Su-~u. ‹-el-h-auy-ā]¶-āS-bu-¨- Il-c-WŸ-jl« ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-dr-Ÿy-|o hG-`-er-Nr-ˆu-¨ "-t-_o #-`r-au-Jp-Ÿy \r-Xp-Ps-er-X-Œr-ād fs-d-Ÿ-jl-br al-tr-br-ˆu-¨-Xr-ā\-buG ‹-f³-e-Xo-I-cr-|u-~u. N-e-jl-buG "†-i-X $-d½l-Œ-ejl-buG al-šr-\r†-Œ-ā]¶-Su-~u. au-ho-drG E<-˜'-Œr-ād ‹-P A~-Xr-d-]¶u-t-al-br `-c-W-L-S-\l hvl-X-Ôp-au-¨ cl-Pp-Œr-ād ]m-c„ A-~ D-cu ]u-Xr-b hvXvG f-}-ā]¶-Su-Œl„ Xu-S-Ÿr-b D-cu ]u-Xr-b au-ho-drG ðs <-b†~u-e-cu-~-Xl-br Il-WlG. ¥]lîo- a-þ« ]-cr-h-c-Ÿ-jr« $m ðs ]l-c-œ-cp ]-þr-X \r-d-]lSu-I-āj-buG ‹l-¥Z-fr-I cl-±s-b "-[r-Il-c-Ÿ-āj-buG au-ho-drG haq-i-Œr-ād e-¥c-Wp-a-¥\l-`l-eāŒ-buG er-a†-f-\l-¤-I-al-br Il-Wu-~-e-cl-Wo-. Iu-SuG-_G, a2015 UrhG_† 20 ¿ 26 \r-d-\r«-|u-~-Xu āIl-›u-Xā~ ðs hvl-X-ÔpG I†-ò-XvG, drG-K h-a-XvG, drG-K-\s-Xr Xu-SŸr-b-e #-W-[r-Il-c-Œr-ā„t [l†-gμpG \r-d-\r«-|u-~ ¥I-c-jŒr-ād $-ho-dl-ar-I ep-e-il-cŸ-jr« N†-N-I-jl-br al-tu-~r-d½. ]u-cu-g ¥I-æs-Ç-X a-X/cl-±s-b hG-L-S-\-I-ju-āS `l-K-al-br alóG \r-d-\r«-|u-~ ðs hG-L-S\-I-juG, #-cl-Wo- b-Yl†-Y au-hodrG-ðs A-~ ¥Nl-Zp-Œr-\-]¶u-tG $-S-ā]-Su-~-Xo- e-j-āc ]-cr-ar-X-alb ¥Xl-Xr-dl-Wo- A-~ ‹-au-J hl-aq-ir-I \r-cs-k-I„ il-^rho- au-i-˜-Zr-ā„t "-`r-‹l-b-euG ¥â-Wr-_-‡r-X-euG #-W-[rIl-c-euG drG-K-er-¥e-N-\-euG "h-a-Xv-Ÿ-juG ì-gμr-|u-~ Dcu $-ho-dl-ar-I ep-e-z-āb ìgμr-Nu A-~o- ‹-au-J $m-Pr-]ogp„ $-ho-dl-ar-Io- ā^-ar-\r-îoāād-d "-io-a-Zr-ā„t ]T-\-Ÿāj au„-\r†-Œr ]-t-bl„ I-»rbuG (āād-d "-i-˜Zo, 2011). B»lG \q-šl-›r« <-˜-…-Zo- Jr-dl-^Œo-, cl-Pl-[r-]-Xp hv-`l-e-Ÿy|o- Xu-S-|G Iu-tr-Nu. AˆlG \q-šl›r« "-_l-hr-bl Il-d-L-ˆŒr« $-ho-dl-ar-I "-[r-Il-cL-S-\ ]q†-W-al-buG cl-Pl-[r-]Xp-al-br al-tu-I-buG āN-bo-Xu. $37 L ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG L er-SG au-X« $-ho-dl-ar-I \r-b-aÆ-as-I-c-W-Ÿy cl-Pl-[r-Il-cŒr-ā„t `l-g-bo-|o- e-»-Ÿu-~Xl-bo- Il-WlG. cl-Pl-[r-Il-c-Œrā„t ]u-cu-g-`l-g $-ho-dl-ar-I ‹-al-W-Ÿ-āj e-»-|r-āb-Su-Œ¥]¶l-»l-Wo- "-Xr-ā\ āe-d½u-er-jrNu-āIl-›u-¨ Nr-l-‹-zl-\Ÿy $-ho-dl-ar« <-S-ād-Su-|u~-Xo-. $-Xo- #-Zp-al-br f-}-ā]¶-SuŒr-b-e-cr« B-š-euG ‹-[l-\rbl-br-cu-~u tl-_r-…-Œu« ar-hotr A-~ Is-»l-j au-ho-drG-ðs. Xu-S†-~o-, $-ho-dl-ar-I N-cr-óŒr-ād hu-e†-W h-a-bG A-~o]-t-b-ā]¶-Su-~ 8 au-X« 13 e-ācbu-¨ \q-šl-›u-I-jr« a-X-fl-ðŸy-|uG ^-Xo-e-Iy-|uG a-X-er[r-Iy-|uG fr-kl h-ê-Zl-bŸy-|uG \«-I-ā]¶-ˆ epl-Jpl-\Ÿy Io-jl-hr-|« Il-d-L-ˆŒr« Xu-t-|-ā]¶-ˆ ðs hl-[p-XI-āj f-¹-al-|r \r-cl-I-cr-|u~-Xo- Il-WlG. $m-ābl-cu hv-`leG 19¿lG \q-šl-›u-e-āc \r-d\r«-|u-~u-›o-. $m Il-d-b-jer« ðs, ¥î-šo-, "-er-fvl-hrIy A-~r-e-āb #-W-[r-Il-cŒr-ā„t cl-P-`l-g-br-¥d-|o- Nucu-|u-I-buG, Xu-S†-~o- $-ho-dl-arā„t `l-g-br-¥d-|uG Ü-™-Ÿjr-¥d-|uG, Ju†-#„-¿ i-Zs-hoepl-Jpl-\-Ÿ-jr-¥d-|uG ]-cr-`l-gI-jr-¥d-|uG "-Xo- ‹-e-ir-|-ā]¶Su-I-buG āN-bo-Xu. A-~l« $m â-a-Ÿy B-I]-ks-b-al-br-cu-~r-d½. $-ho-dl-arI āāZ-e-fl-ð-Œr-ā„t-buG hl-ir-Xp-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG a-tu-el-b\-I-juG 8¿lG \q-šl-›o au-X« ]ut-Œu-e-cu-~-Xo Il-WlG. hq-^rhG, au-X-hr-…, "-f-"-tr Xu-SŸr-b #-f-b-‹-zl-\-Ÿy $m a-tu-el-b-\ hl-[p-al-|u-~Xo Il-WlG. $-Mo-Xr-il-Zo (hv-XÔ-al-b "-¥\v-g-WG) A-~ Ju†-#-\r-I ]-cr-h-c-Œu-\r-~o ¥_l-[-\-ep-e-il-c-Ÿy \-SŒr-b Nr--I-āc ¥î-šo A-Xr-crˆ-Xo "-e-āc E"-]-c-cl-|r-¥bl' Ef-óu'el-|r-¥bl "-ād½-£r« Iq-āS-|q-ˆu-I-¥bl āN-Âr-ˆl-br-cu~u-āe-~o ‹-au-J N-cr-ó-Il-cÓl† "-`r-‹l-b-ā]¶-Su-~u (Aho. $†-^l„ i-_s-_o, 2012) . $-ho-dl-ar-I Ü-™-Ÿ-āj er-]½el-¤-I-al-br ]u-\†-el-b-\ \-SŒl„ #-cG-`r-N $-alG K-h·l38 dr, hu-bq-Œr Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e† ]r~s-So "-[r-Il-c-Œr-ā„t ]-kŒl-eu-~-Xo $-Xu-āIl-›o Xā~-bl-Wo. 11¿lG \q-šl-›o auX« ðs-bu-āS f-}G, f-cs-cG, <Œ-c-el-Zr-XvG, "-e-Il-fG, zl-\G Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e #-W-ŒŒr-ā„t-buG "-[r-Il-c-Œrā„t-buG e-¥c-Wp-X-bu-āS-buG ]cr-h-c-Ÿ-jr«-\r-~o al-óG ¥c-Jā]¶-Su-Œu-~-Xo D-cu hv-`l-e-albr-|-»r-ƒr-cu-~u A-~o a-\-h·rdl-|lG. $m Il-c-W-Ÿy-āIl›u-X-ā~ 8 au-X« 19 e-āc-bu¨ $-ho-dl-ar-I N-cr-ó-Œr«-\r~uG au-ho-drG ðs B-I-¥Z-fG \r-}-al-|-ā]¶-Su-~u. ‹-h´l-er-|ā]¶-Su-~ "-]q†-eG ðs-Iy, BI-¥Z-fG A-d½l-e-cuG cl-Pl-[r-IlcG/āIl-ˆl-c hl-ir-XpG A-~r-ebu-al-br _-‡-au-¨-e-cl-āW~uG Il-WlG. ðs-āb \q-šl-›uI-jl-br \r--}-al-|r-b-Xu-āIl›o X-ā~-bl-Wo au-ho-drG ðs Ae-ðG, f-cs-cG, $-S-ā]-S-du-Iy, `-k-W-ep-e-il-cG Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e-Ào B-Is-I-c-WG <-›l-|r Efu-Š au-h-odrG h-au-Zl-bG' A-~ hlG-h-oIl-cr-I hG-er-[l-\-Œr-\o f-}r-|u-~ ðs-buG $m f-}Œr-\o ]u-t-Œu-\r-~uG hG-hl-cr-|u-~ ]u-cu-g-\uG f-óu-el-br al-tu-I-bl-Wo $-¥]¶ly. ~ er-g-b-au-~-br-|-ā]¶-Su¥œly, ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād $-ho-dlar-I hG-L-S-\-Iy-|o ‹-el-N-I ]-Xo-\r-al-cl-b J-Zs-P-bu-āS-buG #-br-f-bu-āS-buG I-e-br-ór-blb Jl„ -hl-$-ā„t-buG ¥bl-Šlel-b J-mj-bu-āS-buG N-cr-óāŒ B»lG \q-šl-›r«-\r-~uG es-›uG es-›uG ]u-\-cl-er-go-I-cr¥|-›r-e-cu-~-Xo. au-h-odrG ðs 19¿lG \q-šl-›o au-X«- $-ho-dl-ar-I Nr-l-a-þ-d-Ÿjr« au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS ā]l-Xu$-S-Ÿ-jr-ād zl-\-eu-al-br-ˆu¨ N†-N-Iy f-¹r-‹l-]r-|u~-Xo 19¿lG \q-šl-›o au-X-dl-Wo. āIl-¥jl-Wr-b-dr-hG "-e-X-cr]¶r-N EhG-ho-I-cr-|-ā]¶-ˆ #-[u\r-I bq-¥tl-]p„ ðs' A-~-Xrā\ ‹-Xr-¥cl-[r-|u-I A-~ dkpG-Iq-Sr $-Xr-ā„t Il-c-W-Ÿjr« D-~l-Wo. aq-~lG ¥dl-I- āŒ ¥Il-j-\r "-e-z-I-jr« $-Œ-cG el-b-\-Iy <-S-ād-Su|u-~-XuG au-ho-drG ā^-ar-\r-hG A-~ #-f-bG cq-]-ā]¶-Su-~-XuG $m-Pr-]´r«-\r-~l-āW-~o IlWlG. $m N†-N-Iy āIl-›u-e~ au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS ]u-Xr-b Ìfp-ā]¶-S-du-Iy D-cu-`l-K-Œo ‹Xpl-f-bu-›l-|r-b-¥]¶ly f-¹al-br \r-d-\r-~r-cu-~ ]m-¥cl-irXp h-aq-i-Œr« "-Xo ì-gμr-NXo `-b-euG #-f-£-I-ju-al-br-cu~u-āe-~o ‹-au-J ā^-ar-\r-îo Nr-I al†-¥Kl-ˆo _-Îl„ "-`r‹l-b-ā]¶-Su-~u (al†-¥Kl-ˆo _Îl„, 2008) . 20-lG \q-šl-¥›l-āS au-ho-drG ðs-Iy $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t ðs-]k el-b-\-Iy f-¹-al-|u-~Xo Il-WlG; ‹-¥Xp-Ir-NuG $-tl\r«. 1970¿-I-jr-ād $-tl-\r-b„ er-]½-e-Œr-\o f-¹-al-b ]r-uW \«-Ir-b "-e†, er-]½-el-\-c $-tl„ ¥î-šuG ]m-¥cl-irXp-euG ¥]l-îo-¿-I½l-hr-Io $-ho-dlar-ā„t #-Jpl-\-Ÿ-jr-¥d-|o Xrcr-Nu-¥]l-Il„ Xu-S-Ÿr-b-¥XlāS ðs-]-k $-ho-dl-G el-b-\-Ào ]u-Xr-b XuS-|G Iu-trNu. $-Xo $tl-ā\ au-ho-drG/$-ho-dl-ar-Io/$ho-dl-ar-îo ðs-]-k el-b-\-I-juāS ¥I-æ-al-|r al-šu-I-buG āNÂu. er-]½-el-\--c $-tl-\r« ðshvl-X-Ôp-euG "-e-Il-f-Ÿ-juG $-S-Ÿ-juG $-d½l-Xl-Iu-~-XuG XuS†-~o \-S-|u-~ drG-K hG-L†-gŸ-juG #-»-Œr-du-¨ ]T-\Ÿy-|o er-¥[-b-al-|u-~u-›o ‹au-J $-tl-\r-b„ ā^-ar-\r-îl-b el-d„t-br„ au-K-ZG (el-d„tbr„ au-K-ZG, 1993) . ¥î-šr-\uG er-]½-el-\--c ]m¥cl-ir-Xp-Œr-\u-āa-Xr-āc ]†-©er-cu-Š h-a-c-Ÿ-juy-ā]¶-āS f¹-al-b ‹-¥kl-`-Ÿy hG-LSr-]¶r-N ðs-Iy ¥î-šr-\uG ]m¥cl-ir-Xp-Œr-\uG f-¹-al-b āe-d½u-er-jr-Iy <-b†-Œr. $-tlJu-al-bu-¨ bu-Šl-\--cG hGPl-X-al-b `m-Xr-I Il-c-W-Ÿy, ðs-āb "-S-Nr-Sl-\u-¨ ]m-¥clir-Xp â-a-Ÿy-|o Xr-cr-N-Sr-bleu-I-buG āN-Âu. Xu-S†-~o <-Zl-ce-Xo-I-c-W-Œr-ā„t-buG ]u-Xr-b hl-œ-Œr-I-¿-<-Xo-]l-Z-\ _-‡Ÿ-ju-āS ]-cr-h-c-Œu-\r-~uG <b†-~u-e-~ Nr--Iy, dr-_-t« $-ho-dl-ar-îu-I-jl-br-cu-~ t-^oalò-`q-ar #-×-]¶-Xr]¶o ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG h-°l-\r-bu-āS-buG #-b-Œu¨ Jl-Xr-ar-bu-āS-buG `-c-W-Il-dŒo ]-cr-ar-X-al-b-¥Xl-Xr-ād-£rduG au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS ā]l-Xu-aþ-d-āŒ f-¹r-ā]¶-Su-Œu-I-Xā~ āN-Âu. as†-iu-āāh-\r-āb-¥]¶l-ād-bu¨ $-tl-\r-b„ ā^-ar-\r-îo Nr-I-cu-āS \r-cs-k-WG $-er-āS â-¥Š-b-al-Wo. $-ho-dl-ar-Io ¥îšr-ā„t Is-»r« Eðs' ]u-¥cl-K-ar|uG A-~ ¥al-i-e-d-b-Œr« Ps-er-|u-I-bl-br-cu-~ A-d½l-eāc-buG fr-kr-|u-I-bl-br-cu-~u er-]½-el-\--c $-tl„ āN-Â-Xo A-~-Xl-Wo "-Xo (as† iu-āāh\r, 1999) . I†-ò-Xv-Œr-ā„t \r-c-c-al-b _-iu-ep-e-il-c-Ÿjr«-|q-Sr X-Ÿ-ju-āS hv-Xv-Œrā„t-buG cl-±s-b-Œr-ā„t-buG hl-aq-ir-I "-e-Il-f-Ÿ-ju-āSbuG $-S-Ÿ-āj "-tr-bl-\u-¨ âa-Ÿy ðs-bu-āS `l-K-Œu-\r-~o <-›l-Iu-¥œly "-Xo X-Ÿ-ju-āS "-[r-Il-cG, f-¹r, #-W-ŒG, ¥íl-X-h·o- A-~r-e-br« <-›lIu-~ Iu-du-|-Ÿ-ju-āS #-[r-blWo au-ho-drG #-W-[r-Il-c-Œrā„t ¥_l-[-āŒ $-¥]¶ly \rb-Ôr-|u-~-Xo. ‹-au-J ðs-]-k Nr--I-bl-b "-^o-el-\ \-Po-al-_l-Zr Nq-›r|l-Wr-|u-~-Xo, E"-S-Ÿr-br-cr|u-~' au-ho-drG ðs-āb h-au-Zlb-Œr-ā„t _-iu-al-\G \r-d-\r†Œu-~-Xr-ā„t `l-K-al-bl-Wo $ho-dl-ar-I h-au-Zl-b-Ÿy $¥]¶ly I-W-|l-|u-~-Xo A-~lWo ("-^o-el-\ \-Po-al-_l-Zr, 2005) . Ç-h´p„/Pq-X ]l-c-œ-cpŸ-jr«-\r-~o ep-Xp-h´-al-br, āādG-Kr-I-X-Ào ‹-I-S-al-b `l-g I-ā›-Œr-b au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS āādG-Kr-I "-N-S-|-Œr-ā„tbuG \r-b-Ô-W-Œr-ā„t-buG `lK-al-bl-Wo ]†-Z-¥]l-du-¨ \r-bÔ-W-Ÿy #‚ "-[r-Il-cG Il-Wu-~-Xo A-~l-Wo ‹-au-J auho-drG ā^-ar-\r-îo ^l-Œr-a āa†~r-hr I-W-|l-|u-~-Xo. EZu†-_d-bl-b ðs' A-~-Xo $-ho-dl-ar-\o "-\p-al-āW-~uG "-e-ju-āS f¹-al-b āādG-Kr-I-X,\r-b-ÔW-er-¥[-b-al-¥|-›-Xo #-e-fpal-br-ˆo Il-Wu-~u ]m-¥cl-ir-XpG A-~uG āa†-~r-hr "-`r-‹l-bā]¶-Su-~u (āa†-~r-hr, 1991) . "Xu-āIl-›u-X-ā~-bl-Wo D-cu e2015 UrhG_† 20 ¿ 26 dr-b er-`l-KG $-ho-dl-ar-I Nr-I†|o "-t-_o "-[r-\r-¥e-fŒr-ā„t Nr-¡-al-br I-cu-Xu-~ E]†-Z' #-[u-\r-I au-ho-drG Nr-I-jr« E#-e-fp-al-b' āādG-Kr-I "-N-S-|-Œr-ā„t-buG `-¹r-buāS-buG "-j-eu-¥Il-dl-br al-tu~-Xo. a-X-Œr-ā„t <-¨r«-\r-~uāIl-›u-¨ ðs-]-k el-b-\-Iju-āS ]u-Xr-b Nr--Iy Xu-t-~uIl-ˆr-b ^l-Xvr-a āa†-~r-hr, #ar-\ e-Zq-Zo, āād-d "-i-˜-Zo, gas-a āāg-Jo Xu-S-Ÿr-b au-ho-drG ā^-ar-\r-îu-Iy f-¹-al-br era†-fr-|ā]¶Su-~-Xo ⥊-balWo. Il-cWG, $-e-cu-āS Nr-I-ju-āS Xr-c-āƒ-Su-Œ el-b-\Iy, \r-d-er-du-¨ $-ho-dl-ar-îo Nr--IājbuG "-t-_o ¥î-šu-Iju-āS #-W-[r-Il-c-āŒ-buG ò]´r-bl-|u-~ cs-Xr-br« <-]-¥blKr-|-ā]¶-Su-~-Xu-āIl-›l-W-Xo. i-Zs-hu-I-juG Ju†-#-ā\-Œā~-buG e-j-āNl-Sr-|u-~ ¥î-šo-¿]m-¥cl-ir-Xp-¿-e-¥c-Wp h-¥£-XŸy $-e-cr« ]-d-āc-buG #¥Ll-g-]q†-eG el-br-|-~-Xo $m er-a†-f-\-Ÿ-jr« hl-c-al-b Il-œu-ā›-~o Il-Wr-Nu-X-cu-~u. a-Xl-[r-]-Xp- hG-er-[l-\-Œrā„t <-¨r« \r-~u-al-óG, ðsbu-āS hv-Xv-euG I†-ò-Xv-euG hlaq-ir-I-hv-`l-e-euG el-br-|-ā]¶¥S-›-XuG Xs-cu-al-\r-|-ā]¶-¥S-›XuG `-c-W-Iq-S-Œr-ā„t-buG \r-ba-ep-e-z-bu-āS-buG \-e-¿-dr-_t« hl-œ-Œr-I ep-e-z-bu-āSbuG #-e-fpG-X-ā~-bl-Wo. a-X-Œr-\-]¶u-t-Œu-¨ Il-c-WŸy "-e-K-Wr-No, EāāZ-e-\sXr', EāāZ-e-`-bG' Xu-S-Ÿr-b-ebr« Iq-Sr al-óG au-ho-drG-ðs-buāS Ps-er-X-āŒ ]-cr-¥fl-[-\-Ào er-¥[-b-al-|u-¥œly "-Xo ]-d¥]¶l-»uG #-W-[r-Il-c-Œr-ā„t el-fr-I-āj-Œ-ā~-bl-Wo f-¹rā]¶-Su-Œu-~-Xo. $-ho-dl-ar-ā\ Dcu ā]l-jr-šr-|«-¿-ds-K« hG-er[l-\-al-br I-cu-Xu-~ $-ho-dl-arîu-I-juG $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t <-¨r«X-ā~-bu-¨ ]-d-a-āb ( Plurality) \r-cl-I-cr-|u-~ \-e-hv-d^r-heuG #-h´r-I-X-¿-Xr-c-āƒ-Su-]¶o-¿I†-ò-XvG-¿ A-~r-e-āb Xr-cāƒ-Su-]¶r-dq-āS I-d†-Œu-~ ¥]l-îo āIl-¥jl-Wr-b« _mŠr-I-ep-e-il-c-Ÿ-juG ]-d-X-c- Œr« ]u-cu-g-¥I-æs-Ç-X aq-dpŸ-āj f-¹r-ā]¶-Su-Œu-~-Xr« ]-c-h¶-c ]q-c-I-Ÿ-jl-Wo. "-XuāIl-›u-X-ā~-bl-Wo $-ho-dl-arI-Ü-™-Ÿy Il-dl-\u-ì-X-albr el-br-|-ā]¶-S-W-āa-~o f-¹al-br "-`r-‹l-b-ā]¶-Su-~, \-ebl-Yl-h´r-Xr-I $-ho-dl-ar-îo cl±-hG-er-[l-\-āŒ Xs-ko-W-albr er-a†-fr-No- P-br«-fr-k "\u-`-er-N, ]†-Z-br-Su-~ $-tl-\rb„ ā^-ar-\r-îo ^-¥b-ho i-¥far Ns-Œ/"-]-c-ðs-bl-br al-tu~-XuG, $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t b-Yl†-Y]T-\-Ÿ-jr« #-W-[r-Il-cG hl-[p-a-d½ A-~u I-ā›-Œu-~ ]†-Z-br-Sl-Œ ^l-Xvr-a a†-~r-hr \-e-¿-$-ho-dl-ar-îu-Iy-|o hvsIl-cp-al-eu-~-XuG. au-h-odrG-ðs ¥I-c-j-Œr«- e†-g-āŒ N-cr-ó-a-e-Il-fā]¶-Sl-eu-~-Xl-Wo ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG h-aq-i-Ÿy-|o. ho-ā]br„, $m-Pr-]´o, b-a„, _-ioāāt„, $„-āUl-\s-gp, āāN-\ Xu-S-Ÿr-b cl-Pp-Ÿ-jr« \r-~uG Iu-Sr-¥b-tr-b au-ho-drG-I-juG, $p-br« \r-~u-X-ā~ āIl-£‚, Ku-P-tl-Œo, Il-b«-]-ˆ-WG, INo, e-S-|o-¿-]-Sr-ƒl-t„ ‹-¥Z-fŸy, _G-Kly A-~r-er-S-Ÿjr«-\r-~o Iu-Sr-¥b-tr-Xl-a-h-al|r-b-e-cuG, {l-‚, \l-b†, Xs-…, Z-jr-Xo, #-Zr-el-hr, "-c-b h-au-Zl-b-Ÿ-jr« \r-~o a-XG-al-trb-e-cuG, au-ho-drG h-au-Zl-b-Œrā„t `l-K-al-Wo. $-e-ācl-ā| hu-~r, au-Pl-ir-Zo, P-al-"-āŒ $-ho-dl-ar, X-_o ds-Ko, Jl-Zr-bl\r, hq-^r er-`l-K-Ÿy, gr-bl, \r-cs-fv-c-el-Zr-Iy A-~r-e-blbr es-›uG er-`-Pr-Nu Ir-S-|u-~Xo Il-WlG. "-Xl-b-Xo ¥I-c-jŒr-ād au-ho-drG #-WuG ā]üuG, eG-f/`l-g/e†-K/hG-L-S\/\r-b-a/Pl-Xr/eG-fl-e-dr A~r-Ÿ-ā\ \l-\l-er-[G ep-Xp-h´cl-b N-cr-ó-euG e†-Œ-al-\-euau-¨-e-cl-Wo. ðs-er-g-b-Ÿ-āj]-šr D-cu ]T-\-euG $m ep-Xpl-hŸ-āj-buG er-`-P-\-Ÿ-āj-buG "Xu-›l-|u-~ #--cr-I hG-L†g-Ÿ-āj-buG #-»-Œr-du-¨ ]-cr¥fl-[-\-Ào er-¥[-b-al-|l-āX ]q†-W-al-Iu-~r-d½. $-ho-dl-ar-I ¥î-šu-I-ju-āS ‹¥Xp-I-X-I-jr« \r-~o au-ho-drG1200 39 L ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG L ðs-bu-āS "-e-z-I-āj ¥\l-|r|l-Wu-~ ]T-\-Ÿ-āj ]q†-Wal-br-Œ-ā~ ¥I-c-j-Œr-¥d-|o ]u-\H-‹-Xr-goTr-No āāh-Šl-rI-al-br-Œ-ā~ #-W-[r-Il-cG āā\-c--cp-ā]¶-Su-Œu-~ $-hodl-ar-îo hG-L-S-\-I-juG B-I-frdl-¿-fu-Š-au-ho-drG h-au-Zl-bG A~ Il-d¶-\r-I-X-br« ðs-āb ‹Xr-zl-\-Œo \r†-Œu-~ \-ehd-^r-h-euG, E"-S-Nr-ˆ' ðs-āb \q-šl-›u-I-jl-br #-¥Ll-gr-|u~ hu-~r hG-L-S-\-I-juG ¥a«]-t-ƒ ep-Xpl-h-Ÿ-ju-āS h£s†-W-X-āb "-`r-au-Js-I-cr-Nr-ˆrd½ D-cr-|-duG. ¥I-c-j au-ho-drG Nr-l-a-þ-dŸ-jr« Eðs' D-cu hG-el-Z-er-gb-al-br e-cu-~-Xo 19¿lG \q-šl-›rā„t "-e-hl-\-]l-Z-Œr-dl-Wo. #-[u-\r-I-X-āb-buG $m-Pr-]ogp„ ]u-\-cu-¢l-\ ep-e-il-cŸ-āj-buG "-Sr-zl-\-al-|r $m hG-el-Z-Œr-\o Xu-S-|G-Iu-tr|u-~-Xo h-\-<-¨ a-¹r X-Ÿjl-āW-~o Il-WlG. "-¥©-i-Œrā„t â-a-Ÿy ]-d-cs-Xr-br« ‹-fG-hr-|-ā]¶-¥S-›-Xl-āW-£rduG, Eðs'bu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ Il-cp-Ÿ-jr« ‹-Xr-¥dl-a-I-c-alb \r-d-]l-Su-Iy X-ā~-bl-br-cu~u a-¹r X-Ÿy au-¥~l-ˆu-āeNr-cu-~-Xo (a-¹r X-Ÿy, 2006) . Xu-S†-~o Nl-dr-b-I-Œo Iu-ƒ˜-Zo il-Pr-buG e-|G am-d-er-buG ‹l-¥Z-fr-I $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t ‹-f³Ÿ-juG ‹l-[l-\p-euG a-\-h·r-dl|rbecuG #-Zp-Il-d h-d-^r ‹zl-\- ‹e†-Œ-\-Ÿjr-dq-āS ðs-I-juāS a-X-er-Zpl-`pl-hG, \rb-Ô-WG, "-N-S-|G Xu-S-Ÿr-b Il-cp-Ÿ-jr-« <m-~«-āIl-SuŒecualbr-cu-~-u. 19¿lG \q-šl-›r« Xu-S-|G-Iutr-|u-~ $-ho-dl-ar-I ‹-hr-Šs-Ic-W-Ÿ-jl-b E]-¥cl-]-Il-cr', Eauho-drG', E"«-$-ho-dlG', EZs-]rI', "« au†-gr-Zo', E"«-a-\l†' Xu-S-Ÿr-b \r-c-e-[r "-t-_r-brduG "-t-_r-a-d-bl-j-Œr-duG ]r~s-So a-d-bl-j-Œr-duG e-~-e auho-drG-ðs-bu-āS er-Zpl-`pl-h-āŒ]¶-šr N†-N āN-…l„ Xu-S-Ÿr-brˆu-›l-br-cu-~u. "-¥X-h-a-bG Eer-Zpl-`pl-hG' A-~-Xo E]q†-W au-ho-drG' ðs-bu-āS \r†-al-W-eual-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ-Xl-br "-e-¥fgr-Nu. "-Xr-ā„t `l-K-al-br "40 ey E"-S-|-au-¨-e-juG' E`†-Œler-ā\ Il-Œr-cr-|u-~-e-juG' EJu†-#„ Dl-Xu-~-e-juG' E"-\p #-Wu-Ÿ-ju-al-br $-S-ā]-Sl-Œe-juG' #-I-W-al-br-cu-~u. #Wr-\o #-[u-\r-I er-Zpl-`pl-h-euG a-¥X-X-c ]T-\-Ÿ-juG f-¹-albr #-e-fp-ā]¶-ˆ #-Zp-Il-d E]-crgo-I-c-W-el-Zr-Iy' ðs-er-Zpl-`plh-āŒ a-X-Œr-ā„t N-ˆ-|q-Srā„t "-]¶u-tG āāI-Il-cpG āN…u-~-Xr« er-au-JXbu-¨-e-clbr-c-u-~u-āe~o Il-WlG. "-XuāIl-›u-X-ā~, 1940¿« a-d_l† Ur-ho-Ñr-År-ād āh-|„U-tr h-o-I-ju-I-jr« 1406 au-ho-drG Iu-ˆr-Iy <-›l-br-cu-~-Xr« 41 ¥]† al-ó-al-Wo ā]‚-Iu-ˆr-Ijl-br <-›l-br-cu-~-Xo (bu. au-i˜-Zo, 2007) . āIl-¥jl-Wr-b« #-[u-\r-IX "-e-X-cr-]¶r-N E#-[u-\r-I bq¥tl-]p„ ðs' A-~-Xr-¥\l-Su-¨ ‹-Xr-I-c-W-al-br 19¿lG \q-šl-›uau-X« $-p-br« ]q†-W ðs-Iju-āS \r†-al-WG \-S-|u-~-Xl-br Il-WlG. _G-Kl-jr-ād-buG a-ilcl-±-br-ād-buG ¥Z-fs-b-Xl ep-eil-c-Ÿ-jr-ād ‹-[l-\ ‹-Xr-¥cl[ cq-]-I-Ÿ-jr« D-~l-br-cu-~u E]q†-W ir-xu-ðs' A-~-Xo-. "ey fu-Šr-bu-¨-e-juG a-X-erfvl-hr-buG hu-x-cr-buG a-t-bu-¨e-juG es-ˆu-Il-cr-buG "-\u-h-cW-bu-¨-e-juG K†-`-[l-c-W-Œr\o- I-»r-eu-¨-e-juG #-br-cu-~u. āIl-¥jl-Wr-b-dr-h-euG ]r-~sSo- Dl-tr-b„t-dr-îu-I-juG E]r-~l| au-ho-drG ðs'āb \r†-ar-N¥]¶ly #-Z†-fl-¤-I-euG \r-bÔ-W er-¥[-b-euG ‹-W-b-_‡r-X-eu-al-bu-¨ ‹-el-N-I-]-Xo\r-al-āc \r-c--cG "-e-X-cr-]¶r|u-~u-›l-br-cu-~u ¥I-c-j-Œrād $-ho-dl-ar-I ‹-hr-Šs-I-c-WŸy. h-au-Zl-b-Œr-ā„t \r†-alWG \-S-|u-~-Xo- $m al-ò-I-brdu-¨ au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS K†-`-]ló-Œr« al-ó-al-Wo- A-~ D-cu \r-d-]l-Sl-br-cu-~u E]-cr-go-I-cW' el-Zr-Iy-|-S-|G <-›l-br-cu~-Xo- A-~o- Il-WlG. "-Xl-b-XoXu-S-|-Œr« X-ā~ au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS I†-ò-Xv-āŒ es-So-/`†Œl-eo-/c-kr-Xl-eo-/a-XG A-~re-bu-al-br-ˆo- X-ā~-bl-br-cu-~u _-‡r-]¶r-|-ā]¶-ˆ-Xo-. $-Xo- hl-[lc-W-|l-cl-b au-ho-drG ðs-I-ju- āS er-g-b-Œr« <-Xo-]l-Z-\-ka-al-br $-S-ā]-Sl-\u-¨ hl-[p-XI-āj Nu-cu-|u-I-buG āN-Âu. Xl-Sr-bu-¨ ]u-cu-g„, ]†-Z-b-Wr-ƒ ðs ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād $-ho-dl-ar-I N†N-I-jr« B-š-euG f-¹-al-br $¥]¶ly \r-d-\r«-|u-~ c-›o- erg-b-Ÿ-jl-Wo- au-ho-drG ]u-cu-gā„t Xl-Sr-buG ðs-bu-āS ]†-ZbuG. 1980 I-ju-āS a-[p-Œr«-eāc $-e c-›uG ¥I-c-j au-ho-drG h-aq-i-Ÿ-jr« I-\-ā]¶-ˆ D-cu N†-N-bu-āS-buG er-g-b-¥al, #‚-¿-ā]‚ āāZ-\r-I Ps-er-XŒr-ā„t `l-K-¥al #-br-cu-~rd½. _-iu-hv-c-X-bu-āS `l-K-al-br \r-~r-cu-~ ‹l-¥Z-fr-I $-ho-dlar-ā„t āāP-er-Il-e-z-br« \r-~o- Ky-^o-‹-el-h-Œr-ā„t h-£s†-W Ps-er-X-Œr-¥d-|uG "-t-_o- $-ho-dl-ar-¥\l-Su-¨ ¥\cr-ˆu-¨ #-`r-au-Jp-Œr-¥d-|uG ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG-Iy I-S~-¥Xl-āS-bl-Wo- $-e-bu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ N†-N-Iy h-Ps-e-alIu-~-Xo-. 80 I-jr« Xl-Sr-buG ]†Z-buG al-]¶r-j ]u-cu-g-ā„t hl-œŒr-I hl-aq-ip al-š-Œr-ā„t "-S-bl-j-al-br-cu-ā~-£r« āXlüq-tu-I-ju-āS a-[p-¥Œl-Su-Iq-Sr $-e-bo-|o- hv-XvG, #-h´r-I-XvG, ]-cr-fu-Šr, ]q†-W-X Xu-S-Ÿr-b "†-Y-X-d-Ÿy ì-gμr-|-ā]¶-ˆrcu-~u. $m h-a-b-¥Œl-āS ‹-I-Sal-b al-š-Ÿy hG-`-er-|u-~ hd-^r hG-L-S-\-Iy ‹-¥Xp-Ir-NoEXl-Sr' A-~-Xr-ā\ ]q†-W au-hodrG ]u-cu-g-ā„t "-S-bl-j-al-br "-e-X-cr-]¶r-|l„ Xu-S-Ÿu-~Xl-br Il-WlG. hl-wal-Pp-Xv-Œr-ā„t #-WŒ-[l†-gμp-Ÿ-āj ‹-Xr-¥cl-[r|l„ ‹-I-Sr-X-¥]-fr-I-juG as-fbu-au-¨ Eir-xu-]u-cu-g„'al-cuāS \r†-al-W-āŒ-]¶-šr N-cr-ó-Ilc-Ól† er-f-Zs-I-cr-|u-~-Xo- IlWlG. $-¥X-¥]l-ād-Œ-ā~-blWo- 20¿lG \q-šl-›r« EXl-Sr'āb]¶-šr-bu-¨ au-ho-drG ep-e-il-cŸy-|o- Xu-S-|G Iu-tr-|u-~-Xo-. hl-wal-Pp-Xv-Œr-¥\l-So- h-a-c-hā]¶-ˆr-cu-~ `-c-W-Iq-S-Œr-ā\-Xrāc-bu-¨ ‹-Xr-¥g-[-Œr-ā„t `l-K-al-br $-tl-\r-dl-Wo- $-Xr-\oXu-S-|G Iu-tr-|u-~-Xo-. EXl-Sr-brd½l-Œ-e„ ]u-cu-g-\-d½, Xl-Sr-bralò-`q-ar #-×-]¶-Xr]¶o ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG d½l-Œ ]u-cu-g„ Iu-ˆr-bl-Wo-, "e-ā„t #-W-ŒG Zu†-_-d-alWo-, ðs-h-i-P-\l-b ]u-cu-g-\oau-ho-drG h-au-Zl-b-āŒ \r†-ar|u-el„ I-»r-br-d½ Xu-S-Ÿr-b-ebl-br-cu-~u $m Il-d-L-ˆ-Œr« f-¹-al-Il„ Xu-S-Ÿr-b ]u-\-cu¢l-\ Nr--Iy "-er-āS "-eX-cr-]¶r-N-Xo- ("-^o-hl-\ \-Po-al_l-Zr, 2005) . A-~l« ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-hodrG hl-ir-Xp-Ÿ-juG a-šo- Ç-Xr-IjuG ]-cr-¥fl-[r-Nl« Il-br-I¥f-gr, "-`pl-hG, N-Su-d-X, āādG-Kr-I <-Xo-]l-Z-\-k-a-X A~r-e ]m-cu-g-eu-al-br _-‡ā]¶-Su-Œr-br-ˆu-ā›-£r-duG Xl-Sr D-cu ‹-[l-\ L-S-I-al-br-cu-~r-d½. "-Xu-āIl-›u-X-ā~ āXl-üq-tuI-ju-āS Xu-S-|G e-āc ¥I-c-j-Œrād au-ho-drG a-X/cl-±s-b ¥\-Xl|-jr« e-dr-ābl-cu `q-cr-]-keuG EXl-Sr'br« \r-~o- er-ˆu-\r-~e-cl-āW-~o- Il-WlG. au-Pl-ir-Zo- ‹-zl-\-Œr-ā„t ]r-j†-¥]¶l-Su-Iq-Sr-bl-Wo- Xl-Sr-bual-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆu-¨ N†-N-Iy $-~u-¨ cs-Xr-br« f-¹-al-eu~-Xo-. \r-c--c-al-br ]r-j-cu-I-blbr-cu-~ h-d-^r hG-L-S-\-Iy, #-cl-Wo- E]q†-W/fu-Š' $-hodl-ar-ā\ ‹-Xr-\r-[l-\G āN-…u-~Xo- A-~ "-Xr-Ps-e-\-Œr-ā„t ¥Nl-Zp-Ÿ-ju-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-SuŒr-bl-Wo- Eas-f-br-d½l-Œ, \s-ˆre-j†-Œr-b Xl-Sr' A-~r-e ]q†W au-ho-drG ]u-cu-g-ā„t #-Zp "-S-bl-j-al-br zl-]r-|u-~-Xo-. ]l-c-œ-cp hu-~r-Ül-a-Ÿ-jr« $Œ-c-Œr-du-¨ EXl-Sr-Iy' IlWl-āX ¥]l-Iu-~-XuG \-e-¿ hd-^r-hG f-¹-al-b Ül-a-Ÿjr« "-Xo- au-ho-drG ]m-cu-g-Œrā„t hq-N-I-al-br-al-tu-~-XuG $¥Xl-Su-Iq-Sr-bl-āW-~o- a-\-h·r-dl|lG. $-Ÿ-ā\ e-ðG, f-cs-cG A-~r-e-br«-Iq-Sr ep-Xr-cr-¹-alb D-cu h-d-^r #-W-ŒG ( Salafi Masculinity) $m Ül-a-Ÿ-jr« f¹r-ā]¶-Su-~-Xl-br Il-WlG. ]†-Z-bu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ N†N-Iy-|o- c-›o- hv-`l-e-al-Wu-¨Xo-. f-cs-"-Œu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶ˆu-Ir-S-|u-~, \-e-h-d-^s #-fb-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG bl-Yl-zr-Xr-I hu-~r ]-cr-h-c-Ÿ-jr-du-au-¨-XlWo- #-Zp-¥Œ-Xo-. $m el-b-\-Ijr« ]†-Z D-»r-el-|l„ ]-šl-Œ 2015 UrhG_† 20 ¿ 26 D-cu $-ho-dl-ar-I ¥e-g-al-br altu-~u. c-›l-a-¥Œ-Xo- $-Xu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ ¥]l-îo- āIl-¥jl-Wrb« $-ho-dl-ar-îo- el-b-\-bl-Wo-. $-Xo- Iq-Su-X« er-f-Zs-I-c-WG "†-ir-|u-~u-›o-. au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS I†-ò-XvG, Xr-c-āƒ-Su-]¶o-, #-h´r-I-XvG Xu-SŸr-b-e-br-dq-āS-bl-Wo- $-ho-dlar-îo- el-b-\-Iy ]†-Z-āb "-Sbl-j-ā]¶-Su-Œu-~-Xo-. $m el-b-\br« ir-Pl-_o-/]†-Z A-~r-e auho-drG ‹-Xr-¥cl-[ hq-N-I-Ÿ-jleu-~-XuG Il-WlG (h-_ a-io-aqZo-, 2005) . h-_-a-io-aq-Zo-, ^l-Xvr-a ar†Œ-hr, "-^o-hl-\ \-Po-al-_lZr, #-ar-\ e-Zq-Zo- Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e† "-e-X-cr-]¶r-N Ju†-#-\r-ā„t Ncr-ó-]-c-euG Il-dr-I-eu-al-bu-¨ el-b-\-I-āj-buG au-ho-drG ðs-I#-[u-\r-I er-Zpl-`pl-hG ¥\-Sr-b E]-cr-]q†-W au-h-odrG es-ˆu-Il-cr-āb' \r†-ar-|u-I A-~-Xr-d-]¶u-tG au-h-odrG ā]l-Xu-¥_l-[G e-j-cl„ ]l-Sr-d½ A-~o fTr-|u-~ ]m-¥cl-ir-Xp- e-j†-N ¥I-c-j-Œr« f-¹-alWo. "-Xr-ā\ ]r-u-W-Àu-~ #‚-Iq-ˆl-Á-buG Il-WlG, ‹-¥Xp-Ir-No _-iu-er-[ h-£s†-W-X-Iy #-f-£-ā]¶-Su-Œu-~ ‹-el-hr au-h-odr-Ÿ-jr«. ju-āS $-ho-dl-ar-I cl-Pp-Ÿ-jr-ād cl-±s-b $-S-ā]-S-du-I-āj-buG au„-\r†-Œr-bl-Wo- ]†-Z-bu-āS $m el-b-\ f-¹-al-Iu-~-Xo-. aX-Œr-ā„t <-¨r« \r-~u-āIl›u al-ó-au-¨ hl-aq-ir-I au¥~-š-Ÿy-|o- ]-cr-ar-Xr-bu-ā›~uG "-Œ-c-Œr-du-¨ el-b-\Iy #-Xp-r-I-al-br #-W-[rIl-c-āŒ-X-ā~ f-¹r-ā]¶-SuŒu-āa-~uG ‹-au-J $-tl-\r-b„ ā^-ar-\r-îu-I-jl-b g-i-hl-Zoāal-Pl-_o- ( 1995) , āāi-¥Z-ioāal-Ks-h·r ( 1999) A-~r-e-cu-āS el-ZG ‹-h-¹-al-Iu-~-Xo- "-XuāIl-›l-Wo-. ¥î-šr-h-Œr-ā„tbuG a-X-‹-al-W-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG "I-Œu-\r-~o- Ju†-#-\r-ā\-buG ðs-āb-buG el-br-|u-~ $-ho-dlar-Io- ā^-ar-\r-îo- Nr--Iy ¥I-cj-Œr« $-ho-dl-ar-îo- hG-L-S-\Iy #-¥Ll-g-]q†-eG B-āš-Su|u-~-Xo-, $-e†-|o- $m hG-L-S\-I-ju-āS #-W-[r-Il-c-Œr-ā„t \r-d-]l-Su-I-āj āāh-Šl-r-I-e- Xo-I-cr-|l-\u-¨ h-il-b-al-br al-šlG A-~u-¨-Xu-āIl-›l-WoA-~u-¨ hG-f-bG "-zl-\Œ-d½. \-c-eG-f-fl-ð-]-c-¥al, hl-aqip-fl-ð-]-c-¥al #-br-ˆu-¨ #»-Œr-du-¨ D-cu-]T-\-Œr-\uG $Xu-e-āc er-g-b-al-Il-āX Ir-S|u-~ ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG ðs-I-ju-āS hv-Xv ‹-Xr-h-‡r-IjuG hG-L†-g-Ÿ-juG ]†-Z/irPl-_o- Xu-S-Ÿr-b er-g-b-Ÿ-juG $-¥]¶l-»uG K-¥e-g-W ]-cr-[r-|o]u-t-Œo- \r«-|u-I-bl-Wo-. D-cu K-¥e-g-W ]T-\-Œr-ā„t `l-Kal-br au-ho-drG ðs-Iy-|r-S-br« \-S-Œr-b D-cu ‹l-Y-ar-I h†-¥ebr« ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG ðsIy ]†-Z-āb Il-Wu-~-Xo- er-er[ cs-Xr-br-dl-Wo- A-~l-Wo- a-\h·r-dl-Iu-~-Xo-. $-e-br« ]-ā£-SuŒ-e-cr« es-ˆu-Il-cr-I-juG erZpl†-Yr-I-juG ā‹l-^-g-W-du-IjuG Zr-e-h-|q-dr-|l-cl-b Is-»l-j au-ho-dr--Ÿ-juG h†-|l† Ps-e-\|l-cuG āādG-Kr-I-āŒl-»r-dl-jrI-juG <y-ā]¶-ˆr-ˆu-›o-. "-e-cu-āS ‹-Xr-I-c-W-Ÿ-jr« ‹-[l-\-ā]¶ˆ-e Xl-ā» āIl-Su-|u-~-e-bl-Wo. ¿-"-Xo- a-XG #-e-fp-ā]¶-Su-~Xu-āIl-›l-Wo-. ¿-A-ju-]¶G [-cr-|l„ I-»r-bu~-Xl-Wo-. ¿-Nu-cr-Zl-tr-ā\-|ly $-W-ŸuI ]†-Z-bl-Wo-. ¿-`†-Œl-er-\o- "-Xl-Wo- $gμG. ¿-hl-œ-Œr-I `l-cG Iu-t-elWo-. ¿-A-ó-bu-›o- A-~o- #-cuG "tr-br-d½. ¿-Iu-ˆr-āb A-Su-Œo- _-h·r« I-b-tl„ A-ju-]¶-al-Wo-. ¿-Iu-āt ‹l-e-fpG $-ˆo- "-d-|rbl« a-Xr. ¿-]†-Z-bl-Wo- ]u-Xr-b ^lg„. ¿-¥gl-]¶r-Ÿr-\u-¨ h-a-bG dl`r-|lG. ¿-a-šu ë-h·u-Iy-|u-¨-Xu-¥]lād hm-x-cp-|q-ˆu-Iy ( Accessories) #-e-fp-ar-d½. ¿-Iu-SuG-_-Œr-ād A-d½l ðsIy-|uG al-tr-al-tr <-]-¥bl-Kr|lG. ¿-Xu-tr-Nu-¥\l-ˆG h-ir-¥|-›Xr-d½. ¿-A-ā„t ¥Pl-dr-|o- ]†-Z-bl41 L ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG L Wo- \-d½-Xo-. ¿-e-üG āe-N-Xo- "-tr-br-d½. ¿-¥Il-¥j-Pr« A-Œr-bl« "-»r-Nr-SuG. es-ˆu-Il-āc ¥]-Sr-blWo-. ¿-āN-tu-]¶-|l†-|o- ]†-Z-br-ˆ ā]‚-Iu-ˆr-I-āj-bl-Wr-gμG, erel-i hl-[p-X Iq-Su-X-dl-Wo-. $m ‹-Xr-I-c-W-Ÿy hq-Nr]¶r-|u-~-Xo- a-X-\r-goT A-~-Xr-\]¶u-t-au-¨, `m-Xr-I-al-b \r-c-e-[r Il-c-W-Ÿy au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS e-ð-eu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ Xr-cāƒ-Su-]¶u-I-āj Xs-cu-al-\r-|u~u-›o- A-~u X-ā~-bl-Wo-.es-So,c-kr-Xl-eo-,hl-œ-Œr-I-zrXr,¥Pl-dr, ^l-g„ <-]-bu-¹X, #‚ ¥\l-ˆ-Ÿy, \r-b-ÔW-Ÿy, hm-I-cpG Xu-S-Ÿr a-XŒr-\u ]u-t-Œu-¨ ]-d Il-c-WŸ-juG ‹-h-¹G X-ā~-bl-Wo-. ac-W-es-Su-I-jr« al-óG ]†-Z <-]¥bl-Kr-|u-~-e-cu-›o-. I-tu-Œ ]†-Z-|o- D-cu a-[p-e†-K ]-cr-¥egG āāI-e-~-¥]¶ly "-Xo- ]q†W-al-buG <-¥]-kr-No- e†-W ]†Z-Iy hvs-I-cr-N-e-cu-›o-. hl-œŒr-I "-e-z-Iy Ç-Xp-al-br Il-Wr-|u-~ {l„-U-Uo-/ Urāāh-\† ]†-Z-Iy al-óG <-]¥bl-Kr-|u-~-e-cu-au-›o-. ¥]l-îo- ¥al-¥U‚/ ¥]l-îoho-Ñ-Io-N-t-dr-îo- ep-e-il-c-Ÿjr« \r-~u-¨ āāh-Šl-r-I ]cr-h-c-Œo- \r-~uG \r-d-er-du-¨ $-S-ā]-S-du-Iy ]-d-¥]¶l-»uG BI-al-\-al-b D-cu $-ho-dl-ar-îo_n-i-Zl-Jpl-\-al-br-ˆl-Wo- "-\u`-e-ā]¶-Su-~-Xo-. $m #-Jpl-\Œr« I†-ò-Xv-āŒ "-Xr-ā„t _-iu-¿-fl-¹r-I ]-cr-h-c-Œr«\r-~o- "-S†-Œr-el-br-No- ðs-]k-el-b-\-Iy <-]-cr-]o-j-e-alWo- A-~ "-^o-hl-\ \-Po-al-_lZr-bu-āS \r-cs-k-W-Ÿy ‹-h¹-al-Wo- $-er-āS. āIl-›u-e-cu-~ "-h-ir-go-WuX-bu-āS B-š-euG ‹-I-S-al-b <-Zli-c-W-al-br-cu-~u al-[p-a ‹-e†Œ-I- er.]r. t-Ps-\-bu-āS er-g-bŒr« hG-`-er-N-Xo-. ]l-c-œ-cp-al-br `q-ar-bu-al-br _-‡-ā]¶-ˆ hl-œ-Œr-I-¿-hl-aqir-I ep-e-il-c-Ÿy, h†-es-ho-, Ky-^o-, <-¥Zpl-KG Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e-br¥d-|o- al-tr-b-¥]¶ly au-ho-drG ðs-bu-āS hl-aq-ir-I-N-d-\Œr« Il-X-dl-b al-šG <-›l-brˆu-¨-Xo- Il-Wl„ ]-šuG. $m alšG ðs-I-jr« ]u-Xr-b #-¤-erfvl-h-euG Xs-cu-al-\-Ÿ-āj-|u-trNu-¨ Xr-cr-N-tr-eu-I-juG <-›l|r-br-ˆu-¨-Xl-br ]T-\-Ÿy hqNr-]¶r-|u-~u (ds-d Ku-dl-Œr, 1993) . $-Œ-c-Œr-du-¨ h-£s†-W-XI-ju-āS ]-cr-h-c-Œu-\r-~l-Wo- #-¥cl-]r-|u-~ au-ho-drG e-\rXl hG-L-S-\-Iy-|o- ep-¹-al-b \r-d-]l-Su-Iy "-\p-al-eu-~-XoIl-WlG. L-S-\l-]-c-al-br ]u-cug-hG-L-S-\-br« \r-~o- hvl-XÔpG ‹-Jpl-]r-Nr-ˆr-d½l-Œ $m hG-L-S-\-Iy-- "-Xu-āIl-›u-Xā~ ]†-Z, #-âr-X-XvG A-~r-eÀ-]¶u-tG, au-ho-drG ðs-I-jr-ād e†K ep-Xpl-h-Ÿy, Is-»l-j-X, #W-[r-Il-cG, hG-L†-g-Ÿy A~r-e P-\l-[r-]-Xp-Œr-ā„t-buG `-c-W-L-S-\-bu-āS-buG ]-cr-h-cŒu-\r-~o- al-ó-a-d½, a-tr-No- a-XŒr-ā„t-X-ā~ ]u-\†-el-b-\-Ijr-dq-āS ]u-\†-er-f-I-dG āN-…u~-Xl-br Il-Wu-~r-d½. hv-X-Ô Iq-ˆl-Á-bl-b E\r-h'bu-āS ‹-e†Œ-\-Ÿy f½l-L-\s-b-al-āW-£rduG "-e-|o- ]-d-¥]¶l-»uG ‹-Xr-Ic-Wl-¤-I ( Reactive) hv-`l-eG e-cu-~-Xo- ¥a«-]-t-ƒ Il-c-WŸy āIl-›l-āW-~o- I-cu-Xua-c-W-es-Su-I-jr« al-óG ]†-Z <-]-¥bl-Kr-|u-~-e-cu- ~u. ›o-. I-tu-Œ ]†-Z-|-o a-[p-e†-K ]-cr-¥e-gG āāI-eEau-Jp-[l-c' ā^-ar-\r-h-āŒ era †-f-\-er-¥[-b-al-|u-~ au-ho~-¥]¶ly "-X-o ]q†-W-al-buG <-¥]-kr-N-o e†-W ]†-ZdrG ðshGL-S-\-I-ju-āS ¥_l-[Iy hvs-I-cr-N-e-cu-›-o. hl-œ-Œr-I "-e-z-Iy ¿-ep-e-il-c ]-cr-h-c-Ÿ-jr« EIÇ-Xp-al-br Il-Wr-|u-~ {l„-U-U-o/ Ur-āāh-\† tu-Œ-¥Xl', Ea-X-]-cr-e†-Œ]†-Z-Iy al-óG <-]-¥bl-Kr-|u-~-e-cu-au-›-o. \'Œr-ā„t Is-»l-j ]-cr-h-c-Ÿjr« \r-¥~l <-¨ ðs f-}Ÿy $-d½l-āX ¥]l-Iu-~-Xo- ‹h-¹-al-Wo-. auhodrG -hG-L-S-\¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG ep-e-ilI-jr-ād #‚-¿-X-t-el-Sr-Œ-¿-ec-Ÿ-jr« E]q†-W-X-bu-¨ au-ho¥c-Wp ¥a-[l-er-Xv a-¥\l-`l-edrG ðs-āb' Xr-cr-Nu-]r-Sr-|l-\uŒr-ā„t D-cu ‹-Xr-^-d-\-al-br-ˆo¨ â-a-Ÿy f-¹-al-Iu-~-Xo-. $-Xr-ā\ I-W-|l-|l„ ]-šuG. $m ðs f-}r-|l-Œ-e-juG cl$-ho-dl-ar-îo- ā^-ar-\r-h-Œr±s-b \r-d-]l-Su-I-āj ]-c-hp-alā„t f-¹-al-b er-a†-f-I g-i|l-Œ-e-juG #-W-[r-Il-c-āŒ hl-Zo- āal-Pl-_o- Nq-›r-|l-ˆu-~¥Nl-ZpG-āN-…l-Œ-e-juG "-S-ŸrXo-, #-W-[r-Il-c-Œr-ā„t \r-bbr-cr-|u-~-e-juG "-\u-`-e-ŸÔ-W-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG #-Jpl-\-Ÿāj "-S-bl-j-ā]¶-Su-Œl-Œ-e-juG ju-āS-buG ]u-t-Œo- \r-~u-āIl-›o#-Wu-al-br $-S-ā]-Sl-Œ-e-juðs-er-g-b-Ÿ-āj h-as-]r-Nl« al-Wo-. #‚ ep-e-il-c-Ÿy \ral-ó-¥a au-ho-drG ðs-Iy-|u-¨ b-Ôr-|u-~ ]-cr-[r-Iy-|uhG-L†-g-Ÿ-juG ep-Xpl-h-Ÿ¨r« \r-d-bu-t-]¶r-|l-Œ au-hojuG "-e-c†-ir-|u-~ cs-Xr-br« drG ðs, "-]q†-W-buG "-]-cf-}-au-¨ au-h-odrG ðs-buG ]T-\-er-¥[-b-al-|l„ hl-[rbuG "-Xu-āIl-›u-X-ā~ ENs-Œ|q A-~l-Wo- (g-i-hl-Zo- āalbl-br-ˆu-¨ f-óu'eu-al-Iu-~u $\-e-¿-au-h-odrG-#-W-Œ-euGPl-_o-, 2004) . erā S. $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t \r-b-a-ep-e-ze†-K-]-c-al-buG Pl-Xr/X-t-elau-ho-drG ðs-bu-al-br _-‡Iy ]l-§l-Xp \r-b-a-Ÿy ¥]lˆu-]-c-al-buG āXl-»r«-]-c-al-buG ād-Œ-ā~ #-W-[r-Il-c-Œr« ā]¶-Su-~ N†-N-I-jr« ]q†-W-¿er-[-e-I-juG <-˜-al-cuG au-ho-drG ¥I-æs-Ç-X-al-Wo- A-~ ‹-au-J Nr- "-]q†-W A-~ Zv-xv-Ÿy \r-dðs-Iy-|u-¨r«-Œ-ā~ \r-\r«| u~ X uā Il› uX ā ~, -I„ X-dl« #-hl-Zr-ā„t }-al-br Ps-er-|u-~-e-cl-Wo-. $dr-_-t«, $-S-Xu-]-k, a-¥X-X-c \r-K-a-\G f-cr-āe-|u-~-Xl-WoŒ-c-Œr-du-¨ ðs-I-jl-Wo- #ā^-ar-\r-îu-Iy h-e†-W/¥a¥I-c-j-Œr« $-¥]¶ly \-S-|uW-[r-Il-c-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG a-i-d½o~ er-el-Z-Ÿy (X-dl« #-hl- [l-er-Xv/c-kl-I†-ò-Xv-Ÿ-āj hG-er-[l-\-Ÿ-ju-āS-buG Xs-Ø-\r‹X r\ r[ l\ G āN… u~ u A~ o Zo-, 2006) . $m #-W-[r-Il-cG 42 alò-`q-ar #-×-]¶-Xr]¶o ā]‚au-h-odrG, #‚-au-h-odrG d-]l-Su-I-ju-āS-buG #-Zp-āŒ $c-I-jl-eu-~-Xo- A-~o- auG-āā_-brād au-ho-drG ðs-I-āj-]¶-šr ]T-\G \-S-Œr-b h-as-t Jl„ Nq-›r|l-ˆu-~u-›o- (h-as-tl-Jl„, 2007) . $-e-cu-āS ‹-[l-\ ‹-f³G #h´rI-XÀ-]¶u-t-Œo- āāZ-\G-Zr-\ "-Xr-Ps-e-\-al-b-Xu-āIl-›u-Xā~ "-e† ‹-Xr-\r-[l-\ Ku-Wau-¨ ]q†-W au-ho-drG ðs-bl-br I-W-|l-|-ā]¶-Su-~r-d½. Is-»l-j ðs-Iy \-e-¿-a-X I-¥œl-j-Ÿ-jrād <-]-¥`l-¹l-|-¥jl, e-cu-al\-¥íl-X-h·u-I-¥jl "-d½l-Œ-XuāIl-›o- ]m-¥cl-ir-Xp N†-N-I-jrduG "-e† ]-cl-a†-fer-g-b-a-d½. ðs er-Zpl-`pl-h-Œr-ā\-buG ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād \-e-¿-]m-¥cl-irXpG I-W-|l-|u-~-Xo- \-d½ ]u-cug-ā\, Iu-ˆr-I-āj, es-Sr-ā\, #¥Kl-j au-ho-drGh-au-Zl-bG A-~ Il-d¶-\r-I-X A-~r-e \r†-ar-āNSu-|l-\u-¨ āāP-e-Iq-ˆu-Iy aló-al-br-ˆl-Wo. "-^o-hl-\ \-Poal-_l-Zr $-ho-dl-ar-îo cl-Pp-Ÿju-āS Il-cp-Œr« ep-¹-al-|r-bXu-¥]l-ād, #-[u-\r-I er-Zpl-`plhG ¥\-Sr-b E]-cr-]q†-W au-ho-drG es-ˆu-Il-cr-āb' \r†-ar-|u-I A-~Xr-d-]¶u-tG au-ho-drG ā]l-Xu-¥_l[G e-j-cl„ ]l-Sr-d½ A-~o fTr|u-~ D-cu ]m-¥cl-ir-Xp-Œrā„t e-j†-N ¥I-c-j-Œr« f¹-al-Iu-~-Xo Il-WlG. "-Xrā\ e-j-āc f-¹-al-br ]r-u-WÀu-~ D-cu #‚-Iq-ˆl-Á-buG IlWlG, ‹-¥Xp-Ir-No _-iu-er-[ h£s†-W-X-Iy #-f-£-ā]¶-Su-Œu~ ‹-el-hr au-ho-dr-Ÿ-jr«. Nu-cu-|-Œr« #-[u-\r-I-XbuG P-\l-[r-]-Xp-¥_l-[-euG ]uXr-b el-b-\-I-juG au-ho-drG hoós-bu-āS Nr--I-āj-buG Xr-cāƒ-Su-]¶u-I-āj-buG al-šr-a-tr-|u~-Xo Il-WlG. ‹-¥Xp-Ir-No a-þdl-\--c h-a-b-Œo. āāP-erIeuG _m-Šr-I-euG ep-e-il-c]-c-eu-al-b ]u-Xr-b #-¤-erfvl-hG au-ho-drGðs-bu-āS f-}Œr-duG N-d-\-Ÿ-jr-duG al-š-Ÿju-›l-|r-b-¥]¶ly \-e-]m-¥clir-Xp-Œr-ā„t #-W-[r-Il-cG ¥Nl-ZpG-āN-…-ā]¶-ˆu-āIl-¥›-brcr-|u-~u. hG-L-S-\l #-f-bŸy-|-]¶u-t-Œo $-S-ā]-S-du-Iy \-S-Œu-~ au-ho-drG ðs-Iy "er-fu-Š <-Su-]¶u-I-āj e-ir-|u-~ "-]-c-cl-br al-tu-~-Xo $-Xu-āIl2015 UrhG_† 20 ¿ 26 ›u-X-ā~-bl-Wo. [l†-ar-I-X, hZl-Nl-cG, #-W-ŒG A-~r-e-bo|o "-ar-X ‹l-[l-\pG \«-Iu-~ ¥I-c-j-Œr-ā„t ā]l-Xu-¥_l-[Œr-duG "-e† "-Ÿ-ā\-Œā~-bl-br \r-d-\r†-Œ-ā]¶-Su~u. fu-Š/ ]q†-W $-ho-dl-ar-ā„t e-il-_r-îo #-f-b-Ÿ-juG $mPr-]o-gp„/ $-tl-\r-b„ ]-cr-h-cŒu \r-~u-¨ cl-±s-b $-ho-dlar-îo Nr--I-juG Il-d-Ÿ-jl-br e-dr-b e-j†-N-br-d½l-āX Ir-S-|u~ bl-Yl-zr-Xr-I ]m-¥cl-irXp-euG f-¹-al-br \r-d-\r«-|u~ ¥I-c-j-Œr« ðs-er-g-bŒr« A-d½l-e†-|uG h-al-\-alb `l-g <-›l-Iu-~-XuG "-XuāIl-›u-X-ā~. e-ðG, f-cs-cG, $-S-ā]-S-du-Iy, `-k-W-ep-eil-cG Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e-Ào B-Is-I-c¥I-c-j-Œr-ād $-h-odl-ar-I N†-N-I-jr« f-¹-al-br $-¥]¶ly \r-d-\r«-|u-~ er-g-b-Ÿ-jl-W-o au-h-odrG ]u-cu-g- Xl-Sr-buG ðs-bu-āS ]†-Z-buG. 1980I-ju-āS a-[p-G-e-āc $-e ¥I-c-j au-h-odrG h-aq-i-Ÿ-jr« I-\ā]¶-ˆ D-cu N†-N-bu-āS-buG er-g-b-¥al, #‚-¿-ā]‚ āāZ-\r-I Ps-er-X-Œr-ā„t `l-K-¥al #-br-cu-~r-d½. WG <-›l-|r Efu-Š au-ho-drG hau-Zl-bG' A-~ hlG-h-oIl-cr-I hG-er-[l-\-Œr-\o f-}r-|u-~ ðs-buG $m f-}-Œr-\o ]u-t-Œu\r-~uG hG-hl-cr-|u-~ ]u-cu-g\uG f-óu-el-br al-tu-I-bl-Wo $¥]¶ly. "-t-_o h-aq-i-Ÿ-ju-āS 7¿lG \q-šl-›r-ād Ps-er-X-]-cr-hc-Ÿ-jr« \r-~uG al-\-hr-Il-ez-br« \r-~uG h-a-b-¿-N-cr-ó-¿āāP-er-I ¥_l-[-Ÿ-jr« \r~uG <-›l-br-ˆu-¨ \r-K-a-\-ŸjuG \r†-¥Z-f-Ÿ-juG ]u-Xr-b h-ab-Ÿ-ju-āS hl-aq-ip-¥_l-[-Œrā„t <-¨r« \r-~o el-br-|l„ ]l-Sr-d½ A-~ el-fr #-Xp-r-Ial-br Ju†-#-\r-ā„t h-Œ-ābŒ-ā~-bl-Wo ¥Nl-ZpG āN-…u-~Xo. "-¥Xl-āSl-]¶G `-c-W-L-S-\ hl-[p-X-I-ājl-cu-|u-~ hvl-XÔpG, a-\u-gpl-e-Il-fG, h-a-XvG Xu-S-Ÿr-b-e ]u-cu-g-\o al-óG "e-Il-f-ā]¶-ˆ-Xl-āW-~ \r-d-]lSu-Iy D-cu a-¥X-X-c hG-er-[l-\Œr-ā„t #-f-b-Ÿ-āj \r-cl-Icr-|u-~u-au-›o.E References ¥I-c-j-Œr-ād au-ho-drG ðs-I-ju-āS e†-Œ-al-\Il-dG, 2013 1. Hafiz Muhammed, 2. Leila Ahmmad, A Quiet Revolution, 2011. 3. S. Irfan Habeeb, Jihad and Ijitihad, 2012 4. Valentine M. Moghdham, Islamic Feminism and its discondents. Valentine M. Moughdham, modernising women 5. Margot Batran, Feminism in Islam 6. Mir Hosseini, Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate in contemporary Iran, 1999. 7. 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