The health of the people
What works
African
Regional
Health Report
2014
he
Health statistics
© WHO Regional Office for Africa, 2014
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Contents
Message from the Regional Director
Health statistics
1. Demographic and socioeconomic statistics
2. Life expectancy and mortality
3. Cause-specific mortality and morbidity
4. Selected infectious diseases
5. Health service coverage
6. Risk factors
7. Health systems
8. Health expenditure
9. Health inequities
Endnotes
v
1
2
4
6
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
iii
“
We have distilled what we
have learned from examining
what has worked in Africa …
It is hoped that countries will take
up the challenges of implementation
or scale-up of proven efective
interventions through strong health
systems to move towards universal
health coverage.
”
Message from the Regional Director
his report is a follow-up to the irst African regional health report in 2006, in which we provided a comprehensive situational analysis of the health status of people living in the World
Health Organization African Region. In this second report, we have taken that baseline and
examined what has happened since, seeking to answer the question: what has worked and
why? Now, more than ever, we need to know – and do – the things that work. Not what might
work, not what could work in 10 years’ time, but what does work, and should be done here
and now, to improve the health of the people of the Region.
In these pages you will ind a rich discussion of strategies that work, including a chapter
devoted to the elements needed for stronger health systems: good information and surveillance systems; well-trained and motivated health-care workers; well-equipped health facilities with good laboratory services; and well-managed services, trusted by, and functioning in
partnership with community involvement. Sadly, these were the elements sorely lacking in the
countries whose systems were rapidly overwhelmed by the Ebola virus outbreak. As I write
this, the Ebola virus is raging through western Africa, causing the most severe, complex and
devastating outbreak seen in the four decades since this virus emerged. he destruction it has
wreaked can be measured not only in the mounting toll of human lives lost, but in economies
stalled and communities paralysed by fear and panic. he real cost of this outbreak is something that we will be measuring for years to come.
In this report, we have done more than simply describe what works: we have distilled what
we have learned from examining what has worked in Africa to 10 essential approaches. Our
inal chapter describes those approaches and explains why they are crucial. Many of these are
things that, had they been applied before Ebola virus disease arrived in western Africa, would
have provided early warning and inbuilt resilience to even such a powerful shock.
It is hoped that countries will take up the challenges of implementation or scale-up of
proven efective interventions through strong health systems to move towards universal
health coverage. We look forward to seeing what we have learned and described in these pages
being applied towards reaching our ultimate goal: good health for all the people of the Region.
Dr Luis Gomes Sambo
Regional Director
WHO – Regional Oice for Africa
v
African Region of the World Health Organization
Algeria
Mauritania
Mali
Cabo Verde
Eritrea
Niger
Chad
Senegal
Gambia
Guinea Bissau
Nigeria
Guinea
South
Sudan
Central African
Republic
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Burkina Faso
Côte d’Ivoire
Ghana
Togo
Ethiopia
Benin
Uganda
Democratic
Republic
of the Congo
Gabon
Sao Tome and Principe
Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea
Kenya
United
Republic of
Tanzania
Congo
Rwanda
Burundi
Seychelles
Comoros
Angola
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Malawi
Namibia
Botswana
Mauritius
Mozambique
Madagascar
Swaziland
South Africa
Lesotho
This report refers to the 47 Member States of the WHO African Region, as illustrated in this map. The WHO African Region does
not include all the countries on the African continent and is not limited to sub-Saharan Africa.
The “Region” is used when referring to the African Region as defined by WHO, while “Africa” is used when discussing the continent as a whole, including its islands. The WHO Regional Office for Africa is based in Brazzaville in the Congo.
It should be noted that the World Bank divides the African continent into two regions: North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa,
while UNICEF divides it into three regions: Eastern and South Africa; West and Central Africa; and North Africa.
Health statistics
Summary indicators
he summary tables in this report include some of the most recent health statistics available from the 47 Member States of the Region. hey are based on
evidence available in 2013 and represent the best estimates of WHO for a broad
range of key public health indicators. he statistics cover the following categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Demographic and socioeconomic statistics
Life expectancy and mortality
Cause-speciic mortality and morbidity
Selected infectious diseases
Health service coverage
Risk factors
Health systems
Health expenditure
Health inequities
hese estimates are computed by WHO using standardized categories and
methods in order to enhance cross-national comparability. hey may not agree
with estimates at country level and are not necessarily the oicial statistics of
Member States.
More detailed information is available from the African Health Observatory
(https://www.aho.afro.who.int/en) and the Global Health Observatory (http://
www.who.int/gho/en).
For a deinition of the health statistics' categories included in this annex, as
well as the rationale for their inclusion and the estimation methods used in their
productions, see section 7, Explanatory notes of the Atlas of African health statistics 2014.
1
1. Demographic and socioeconomic statistics
The health of the people: what works
Population a
Member State
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
Total
(000s)
Median
age
(years)
Aged
under 15
(%)
Aged
over 60
(%)
2012
2012
2012
2012
38 482
20 821
10 051
2 004
16 460
9 850
494
21 700
4 525
12 448
718
4 337
19 840
65 705
736
6 131
91 729
1 633
1 791
25 366
11 451
1 664
43 178
2 052
4 190
22 294
15 906
14 854
3 796
1 240
25 203
2 259
17 157
168 834
11 458
188
13 726
92
5 979
52 386
10 838
1 231
6 643
36 346
47 783
14 075
13 724
27
16
18
22
17
18
24
18
20
16
19
19
19
17
20
18
18
21
17
20
19
19
19
21
18
18
17
16
20
34
17
21
15
18
18
19
18
32
19
26
19
20
19
16
17
17
19
27
48
43
34
46
44
30
43
40
49
42
42
41
45
39
43
43
38
46
39
42
42
42
37
43
43
45
47
40
20
45
37
50
44
44
42
44
22
42
30
42
38
42
49
45
47
40
892 529
7 044 272
19
30
43
26
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
2
Civil registration coverage
(%)
Living in
Annual
growth rate urban areas
(%)
(%)
Births b
Crude
birth rate a
(per 1000 population)
Causes of
death c
2002–2012
2012
2006–2012
2012
7
4
5
6
4
4
7
5
6
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
7
4
5
5
5
4
6
5
4
5
4
5
13
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
10
4
8
5
5
4
4
5
4
6
1.7
3.4
3
1
2.9
3.4
0.7
2.6
1.8
3.3
2.5
2.8
1.7
2.8
2.9
3.6
2.7
2.4
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.7
0.8
3.1
2.9
2.9
3.1
2.8
0.3
2.7
1.4
3.7
2.7
2.4
2.6
2.8
1.1
2.9
1.3
4.1
1.3
2.6
3.4
2.9
2.8
0.8
74
60
46
62
27
11
63
53
39
22
28
64
52
35
40
22
17
87
58
53
36
45
24
28
49
33
16
36
42
42
31
39
18
50
19
63
43
54
40
62
18
21
38
16
27
40
39
99
…
80
72
77
75
91
61
61
16
…
91
65
28
…
…
…
90
53
63
…
24
60
45
4j
80
…
81
59
…
48
78 j
32
42
63
75
75
…
78
95 j
35
50
78
30
16
14
49
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
100
…
92
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
24.6
44.8
36.9
23.8
41.4
45
20.4
37.7
34.5
46.4
35.9
38
36.7
43.2
35.8
37.4
33.5
32.2
43
31.3
37.3
37.9
35.5
27.6
36
34.9
40.1
47.4
34.5
11.5
39.4
26.4
49.8
41.5
35.8
34.7
38.1
17.1
37.1
21.1
36.5
30.2
36.8
43.7
39.7
43
31.6
5
11
2.6
1.2
39
53
…
…
…
…
37.6
19.6
Statistical annex
MDG 5
Crude death
rate c
(per 1000
population)
Total fertility
rate a
(per woman)
2012
2012
MDG 2
MDG 1
Adolescent
fertility rate d
(per 1000
girls aged 15–19
years)
Literacy rate
among adults
aged
≥15 years e
(%)
Net primary school
enrolment rate e
(%)
2006–2011
2006–2012
2006–2012
Male
Female
Gross
national
income per
capita f
(PPP int. $)
2012
MDG 8
Population Cellular phone
living on <$1 subscribers h
(PPP int. $)
(per 100
a day g
population)
(%)
2006–2012
Member State
2012
5.7
14.4
9.7
8.1
9.8
11.5
5.2
11
14.4
14
8.3
10.4
12.7
14
11.9
6.5
7.5
9.2
8.4
8.3
10.3
12.2
8.6
14.1
8.2
7.1
9.5
11.5
7.9
7.3
12.4
6.3
10.5
12.3
6.8
6.6
7.2
6.7
17.1
11.6
11.6
11.7
9.8
9.7
8.4
10.4
10.1
2.8
6
4.9
2.7
5.7
6.1
2.3
4.9
4.5
6.4
4.8
5
4.9
6
4.9
4.8
4.6
4.1
5.8
3.9
5
5
4.5
3.1
4.9
4.5
5.5
6.9
4.7
1.5
5.3
3.1
7.6
6
4.6
4.1
5
2.2
4.8
2.4
5
3.4
4.7
6
5.3
5.7
3.6
4
…
94
51
130
65
…
127
229
203
…
147
128
135
…
…
79
114
118
70
146
…
106
92
177
147
157
…
…
31
167
…
206
113
41
110
96
78
122
54
…
89
88
146
128
…
115
73
70
29 l
85
29
87
85
71
57
35
76
…
57
61
94
69
39
89
51
71
25
55
72 l
76 l
43 l
64 l
61 l
33
59
89
51
76 l
…
51 l
66 l
70 l
50
92 i
43
93
…
88
60
73
68 l
61 l
84 l
98
97
100
83 k
68
94
99
97
81
72
86
88
67
…
62
36
…
…
71
84 k
81
73
82 k
80
42
…
90
78
68
98
89
87
69
61 k
97
98
77
92
…
90 k
48 k
84
98
90
98
95 k
…
96
74
88
85 k
65
94
96
86
64
56
80
96
56
…
62
32
…
…
76
81 k
70
69
83 k
84
40
…
97
68
73
98
84
90
58
56 k
100
100
82
95
…
91 k
34 k
86
87
92
98
96 k
…
8 360
5 400
1 550
16 060
1 490
550
4 930
2 270
1 080
1 620
1 210
3 450
1 920
390
18 570
550
1 110
14 090
1 830
1 910
970
1 100
1 730
2 170
580
930
730
1 140
2 480
15 060
1 000
7 240
760
2 450
1 320
1 810
1 880
25 740
1 340
11 010
…
4 760
900
1 120
1 560
1 590
…
…
43.4
…
…
44.6
81.3
…
9.6
62.8
…
…
54.1
23.8
87.7
…
…
30.7
4.8
…
28.6
43.3
…
43.4
…
83.8
81.3
61.6
50.4
23.4
…
59.6
…
43.6
68
63.2
…
29.6
<2.0
51.7
13.8
…
40.6
28.2
38
67.9
74.5
…
98
47
84
154
61
23
86
60
25
35
40
99
91
31
68
5
22
179
85
101
42
63
71
75
57
39
29
98
106
120
36
95
31
67
50
65
84
148
37
131
21
65
50
45
57
75
92
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
10.4
7.9
5
2.5
114
49
60
84
81
92
77
90
2 594
12 018
51.5
21.5
61
89
African Region
Global
3
The health of the people: what works
Life expectancy at birth a
(years)
2. Life expectancy and mortality
Member State
Both sexes
Male
Female
Both sexes
Male
Female
1990
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
68
43
53
65
50
49
66
54
48
45
56
56
51
49
48
48
45
61
52
57
47
49
60
61
42
51
45
46
58
70
43
63
43
46
48
61
57
69
38
62
42
61
55
47
51
43
62
72
51
59
62
58
56
74
56
51
51
62
59
53
52
55
63
64
63
61
62
58
54
61
50
62
64
59
57
63
74
53
67
59
54
65
67
64
74
46
59
55
54
58
57
61
57
58
66
41
51
65
48
48
63
53
46
43
54
55
50
48
46
46
42
60
50
55
46
47
58
59
39
50
43
46
57
66
41
62
43
45
46
59
56
64
38
59
41
62
54
44
49
40
60
70
50
57
61
57
54
71
55
50
50
60
57
52
50
54
61
62
62
59
61
57
53
59
49
60
62
58
57
61
70
52
64
59
53
63
65
63
69
45
56
54
52
57
56
59
55
56
69
45
56
66
51
51
68
56
50
47
58
58
54
51
49
50
48
63
53
58
48
52
62
62
46
53
46
46
60
74
45
64
43
47
50
63
59
75
38
66
44
61
57
49
52
47
64
73
52
60
63
59
57
78
57
52
52
63
60
54
53
57
66
65
64
63
64
59
56
62
52
63
65
60
57
65
78
54
69
59
55
66
69
66
78
46
62
56
55
59
58
63
58
60
17
14
15
17
15
15
17
16
15
14
15
16
16
15
15
12
15
17
16
16
15
14
17
17
14
15
15
14
16
17
14
16
15
15
15
17
16
17
11
15
14
16
16
15
16
15
18
18
16
16
18
15
16
20
16
16
15
16
17
16
15
16
15
18
18
17
17
16
15
18
16
16
17
16
15
16
20
16
18
15
16
18
18
16
20
13
16
16
17
17
16
18
17
18
16
13
14
18
14
14
16
15
14
13
14
16
15
14
14
11
14
17
15
16
15
14
16
16
13
15
14
14
15
15
14
16
14
14
14
17
15
14
11
13
13
16
16
14
15
14
17
17
15
15
18
15
15
17
16
15
14
15
17
15
15
16
13
17
18
16
17
16
14
17
15
15
16
16
15
16
18
16
18
15
15
17
17
15
17
12
14
16
17
16
16
17
16
17
18
14
16
17
15
16
18
16
15
15
16
17
17
16
15
13
15
18
16
17
16
15
18
17
15
16
15
14
16
19
15
16
15
15
15
18
16
21
11
17
14
15
17
16
16
16
18
19
16
16
18
15
17
22
17
16
15
17
18
16
16
17
17
19
19
17
18
17
15
18
17
17
17
17
16
17
22
17
19
16
16
19
19
17
23
13
18
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
African Region
Global
50
64
58
70
48
62
56
68
52
67
59
73
15
18
17
20
14
17
16
18
16
20
17
21
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
4
Life expectancy at age 60 a
(years)
Statistical annex
MDG 4
Healthy life
expectancy
at birth a
(years)
Both sexes
Neonatal
mortality rate b
(per 1000
live births)
Infant mortality rate b
(probability of dying by age 1
per 1000 live births)
Both sexes
Under-five mortality rate b
(probability of dying by age 5
per 1000 live births)
Both sexes
Adult mortality rate a
(probability of dying between 15 and
60 years of age per 1000 population)
Both sexes
Male
Member State
Female
2012
1990
2012
1990
2000
2012
1990
2000
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
62
44
50
53
50
48
64
48
43
44
53
50
46
44
47
54
55
54
53
54
49
47
53
43
52
55
50
48
53
65
45
57
50
46
55
57
55
67
39
51
48
46
50
49
52
49
49
23
52
41
25
40
46
21
35
47
47
41
33
48
47
47
35
54
33
46
40
54
58
33
45
51
40
50
59
43
16
54
29
48
52
38
31
41
10
59
21
57
29
41
39
43
44
31
12
45
28
29
28
36
10
28
41
40
31
32
40
44
34
18
29
25
28
28
34
46
27
45
27
22
24
42
34
9
30
18
28
39
21
20
24
8
50
15
36
30
33
23
21
29
39
42
126
109
38
102
100
47
84
113
114
87
65
104
112
123
92
121
60
80
80
142
122
64
68
165
97
143
130
82
20
155
49
137
126
92
67
71
14
153
47
149
54
89
107
101
114
50
30
121
91
55
96
92
31
92
109
105
71
75
99
112
99
58
90
56
63
66
104
105
68
80
120
69
103
116
75
16
112
48
101
112
108
57
70
12
143
51
109
80
77
89
81
99
61
17
100
59
41
66
67
19
61
91
89
58
62
76
100
72
37
47
42
49
49
65
81
49
74
56
41
46
80
65
13
63
28
63
78
39
38
45
11
117
33
67
56
62
45
38
56
56
50
213
181
48
202
164
62
135
171
209
124
100
152
171
182
150
204
92
170
128
241
206
98
85
248
159
244
253
128
23
233
73
326
213
151
104
142
17
257
61
251
71
143
178
166
192
74
35
203
147
85
186
150
38
150
164
189
99
118
145
171
143
89
146
86
116
103
171
174
110
114
176
109
174
220
111
19
166
73
227
188
182
87
139
14
234
74
181
121
122
147
132
169
102
20
164
90
53
102
104
22
95
129
150
78
96
108
146
100
52
68
62
73
72
101
129
73
100
75
58
71
128
84
15
90
39
114
124
55
53
60
13
182
45
104
80
96
69
54
89
90
199
505
318
243
371
417
240
340
447
501
347
379
412
401
411
534
478
267
348
299
355
365
287
297
544
370
467
348
270
264
459
268
317
408
487
264
282
318
525
344
448
253
304
503
388
634
308
165
376
284
370
301
370
149
371
445
413
283
325
409
382
379
313
250
285
296
263
306
354
307
560
282
263
376
282
235
204
466
293
257
371
253
222
246
217
444
463
373
494
318
389
342
398
390
152
409
246
242
313
356
167
287
376
401
283
325
351
345
353
447
366
221
300
260
307
286
228
247
376
320
407
340
223
121
384
230
295
364
406
210
220
127
512
219
391
288
259
418
328
452
255
122
336
240
327
259
313
70
349
430
385
236
284
396
323
336
245
212
273
244
227
277
307
261
503
246
213
330
277
188
96
453
204
246
346
212
169
194
101
426
350
349
411
293
360
277
353
313
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
50
62
44
33
32
21
105
63
94
53
63
35
173
90
154
75
95
48
395
233
343
187
326
161
298
124
African Region
Global
5
The health of the people: what works
2012
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
2012
HIV
Diarrhoea
Measles
Malaria
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
20
149
31
3
66
43
0
74
19
82
2
15
75
391
3
12
205
3
5
56
42
8
108
6
11
44
43
82
11
0
84
2
90
827
24
0
30
0
39
49
40
3
22
103
98
50
39
0
1
1
46
2
4
6
4
6
3
0
6
6
1
3
2
4
7
1
3
1
2
13
34
1
1
13
1
1
0
5
29
0
2
3
2
0
…
0
36
2
35
4
7
10
14
45
1
1
1
5
1
1
4
3
3
2
1
3
2
1
7
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
4
19
1
1
12
1
0
0
6
9
0
3
1
1
1
…
0
17
3
15
1
7
6
6
9
7
19
12
5
13
16
11
14
10
14
12
10
10
12
11
12
16
8
11
8
11
11
13
8
11
15
13
14
13
2
12
8
16
11
19
14
11
…
13
9
18
10
10
12
12
12
6
4
15
10
7
11
13
5
12
9
13
9
8
10
12
8
10
10
7
7
7
8
10
10
7
8
10
8
12
10
1
9
6
12
10
10
9
7
…
14
7
11
9
9
9
8
9
9
6
1
7
8
5
5
2
5
10
5
0
5
4
11
5
24
5
3
4
10
15
8
1
1
17
8
0
3
5
0
4
1
5
15
1
0
5
…
12
1
3
0
6
8
2
5
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
4
4
6
2
1
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
0
1
1
1
1
…
6
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
15
26
1
29
8
0
19
23
24
15
22
22
19
24
0
5
19
23
21
24
23
5
0
23
5
20
25
9
0
25
3
27
23
6
9
24
…
25
0
7
0
24
18
19
19
2
0
13
21
0
23
5
0
12
25
19
15
25
16
16
15
0
3
19
20
19
27
18
4
0
21
7
15
14
10
0
18
0
19
20
4
8
17
…
14
0
6
0
18
13
10
16
1
3 070
6 554
5
2
3
2
13
13
10
9
8
5
1
2
18
8
15
7
710
768
761
612
784
729
482
675
551
713
695
632
794
724
729
672
476
505
630
670
681
765
515
672
657
649
655
866
555
577
594
580
649
674
585
…
558
…
964
711
623
702
679
664
570
587
599
54 19 635 4 810 12 406
138 102 199 75 280 17 031
98 53 328 35 559 12 712
88 39 743 26 187 9 111
119 62 658 42 924 13 422
147 74 914 51 897 14 209
54 15 736 5 127 8 695
106 66 447 45 696 14 488
108 86 460 69 308 10 575
114 94 968 75 598 12 700
132 47 196 29 959 11 603
89 62 710 45 395 11 739
124 78 319 54 054 16 884
137 94 624 70 873 14 227
134 71 724 48 783 15 054
119 36 628 22 640 9 469
94 42 966 29 697 8 571
77 44 352 30 028 10 127
96 53 070 35 805 11 970
76 45 576 28 629 12 863
96 64 439 45 952 12 912
112 75 954 56 025 13 835
101 51 435 37 031 9 133
142 76 738 57 102 11 697
83 47 041 32 485 10 525
89 39 785 24 877 10 233
98 54 730 41 453 9 228
120 76 206 55 170 14 432
83 45 160 31 786 9 373
44 21 106 2 399 16 472
175 73 589 53 997 11 531
76 29 801 18 018 8 027
98 70 633 54 270 10 726
146 81 624 59 843 13 237
106 40 122 24 964 9 517
…
…
…
…
89 39 510 26 368 9 505
…
…
…
…
150 113 198 82 802 21 114
104 50 128 30 989 14 121
143 70 179 50 404 12 108
119 66 341 48 011 11 412
93 61 629 43 673 12 507
167 60 022 41 005 10 918
129 48 220 32 565 9 699
156 66 252 49 853 9 379
82 57 699 42 568 9 782
2 418
20
9 887 133
5 057
43
4 444
4
6 312
96
8 809
42
1 914
0
6 263
97
6 577
24
6 670
73
5 634
2
5 576
14
7 382
87
9 524 352
7 887
3
4 519
15
4 697 412
4 197
3
5 295
6
4 084
65
5 574
68
6 094
9
5 271 128
7 939
7
4 030
23
4 675
71
4 049
81
6 603 102
4 001
11
2 235
0
8 061 122
3 755
4
5 637 121
8 544 1 035
5 642
79
…
0
3 637
53
…
0
9 282
43
5 017
74
7 667
49
6 918
4
5 449
22
8 098 167
5 956 177
7 020
76
5 349
39
683
178
652
539
116
73
6 480
3 654
63 153 44 628 12 045
28 311 11 315 13 343
Distribution of causes of death among children aged < 5 years a,b
(%)
Injuries
Noncommunicable
Communicable
MDG 4
Number of
deaths among
children
aged < 5 years a
(000s)
98
873
577
555
648
705
142
769
1 212
1 071
495
667
861
921
757
506
559
589
590
476
680
870
657
1 110
609
430
778
588
619
62
998
357
740
866
402
…
588
…
1 327
612
827
884
682
697
584
764
711
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
6
Years of life lost a
(per 100 000 population)
All causes
Injuries
Communicable
Age-standardized
mortality rates by cause a
(per 100 000 population)
Noncommunicable
3. Cause-specific mortality and morbidity
Mortality
Member State
4 014
9 848
Statistical annex
Mortality
Distribution of causes of death among children aged < 5 years a,b
(%)
Acute respiratory
infections
Prematurity
Intrapartumrelated
complications
Neonatal sepsis
Congenital
anomalies
Member State
Other diseases
Injuries
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
2000
2012
15
18
13
7
14
19
19
15
12
14
16
12
12
14
13
17
19
12
12
11
12
13
17
11
12
19
14
14
17
4
13
13
15
12
21
19
13
…
13
12
19
13
12
14
14
13
9
12
17
15
13
15
19
14
17
14
17
15
12
15
16
15
19
18
12
13
13
13
14
18
12
14
18
13
16
16
10
14
13
18
16
18
16
13
…
17
16
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
23
9
9
10
8
10
17
10
10
8
16
13
12
11
12
8
10
18
11
11
8
11
10
12
9
11
8
10
17
40
9
12
6
8
7
14
12
…
9
11
11
10
12
9
8
7
10
20
11
12
24
11
12
19
11
12
11
15
14
13
12
13
9
13
17
13
14
11
11
13
16
11
12
12
13
18
27
12
20
10
12
12
13
15
…
9
14
14
14
12
12
11
11
17
11
7
7
7
6
8
9
7
8
7
10
10
10
8
9
9
10
9
11
11
8
8
10
11
7
9
7
6
9
10
8
10
6
8
10
10
8
…
6
7
7
10
9
7
10
8
9
13
9
10
14
9
11
8
11
10
8
13
10
12
9
11
12
15
12
13
13
12
12
14
14
13
13
11
10
11
5
11
13
7
11
13
13
13
…
9
10
10
12
12
11
14
12
14
6
3
5
4
3
4
4
3
3
2
6
4
6
3
4
5
4
5
6
6
4
4
5
6
3
5
4
3
5
4
5
5
2
3
5
6
5
…
3
3
3
5
5
4
5
4
5
8
5
6
8
5
7
5
6
5
3
8
6
8
5
6
7
8
7
8
8
6
7
7
8
7
7
7
6
8
7
6
7
5
5
7
7
8
…
5
4
6
7
7
6
8
6
8
11
2
2
3
2
2
12
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
5
4
4
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
22
2
4
2
2
2
5
3
…
2
4
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
20
5
4
9
4
4
19
5
3
3
5
5
5
3
4
8
5
8
7
7
3
4
6
4
5
6
5
3
6
29
4
10
3
3
7
10
7
…
4
6
4
6
5
5
7
4
6
15
21
13
6
15
19
16
16
13
18
16
12
12
16
14
15
21
11
13
11
13
15
16
11
13
19
15
17
16
12
14
11
18
13
21
17
14
…
15
14
21
12
12
15
14
14
8
14
19
15
14
16
20
23
18
14
19
15
12
15
17
14
19
18
12
13
13
13
15
18
13
14
18
13
18
16
13
14
13
19
16
18
16
13
…
18
18
19
16
15
16
15
15
15
6
4
3
2
3
5
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
5
5
3
4
3
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
4
7
3
4
3
3
5
5
3
…
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
2
8
5
5
5
5
7
3
6
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
8
6
5
5
5
4
4
7
4
5
7
5
5
5
7
5
6
6
4
8
7
5
…
4
7
5
6
5
6
6
5
5
14
17
16
15
9
13
12
17
8
11
11
11
4
6
6
7
2
5
4
7
15
16
17
17
3
5
5
6
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
7
The health of the people: what works
3. Cause-specific mortality and morbidity (contd.)
Member State
Mortality
MDG 5
Maternal mortality ratio c
(per 100 000 live births)
MDG 6
Cause-specific mortality rate
(per 100 000 population)
HIV/AIDS d
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
8
1990
2000
2013
2001
160
1 400
600
360
770
1 300
230
720
1 200
1 700
630
670
740
1 000
1 600
1 700
1 400
380
710
760
1 100
930
490
720
1 200
740
1 100
1 100
630
70
1 300
320
1 000
1 200
1 400
410
530
…
2 300
150
1 800
550
660
780
910
580
520
120
1 100
490
390
580
1 000
84
740
1 200
1 500
480
610
670
1 100
790
670
990
330
580
570
950
840
570
680
1 100
550
750
860
480
28
870
270
850
950
1 000
300
480
…
2 200
150
1 200
520
580
650
770
610
680
89
460
340
170
400
740
53
590
880
980
350
410
720
730
290
380
420
240
430
380
650
560
400
490
640
440
510
550
320
73
480
130
630
560
320
210
320
…
1 100
140
730
310
450
360
410
280
470
...
59
57
1 171
163
191
<44
176
...
160
0
280
283
65
<187
66
148
187
<39
100
37
<77
412
858
67
29
743
74
<18
1.3 a
210
483
28
120
267
<71
13
...
25
438
100
713
158
424
339
745
1 252
960
380
820
330
500
210
221
32
Malaria e
2012
Tuberculosis among
HIV-negative people f
2012
2000
2012
...
60
31
282
33
48
<20
159
...
116
6.7
119
157
48
194
19
51
143
<56
46
44
136
133
755
40
28
287
33
<26
5.5 a
305
219
20
142
49
<53
14
...
55
449
119
443
108
174
167
215
288
0
99
79
0.1
101
33
…
56
116
136
68
104
71
105
69
3.2
17
67
82
69
103
95
28
…
69
27
64
87
50
…
70
0.1
110
108
33
43
59
…
108
0.1
56
0.2
83
55
44
78
9.1
14
42
14
50
13
40
34
51
143
24
6.9
36
56
61
0
7.7
41
81
36
27
44
28
19
16
54
69
28
12
57
0.7
75
24
46
38
49
13
26
2
59
44
…
34
12
35
17
31
17
15
42
9.4
21
8.5
18
23
29
50
18
6.3
42
22
54
0
4.6
18
44
51
6.9
23
29
22
17
46
46
9
9
93
1
53
14
16
16
10
16
20
1.8
143
59
30
63
8.7
13
13
28
33
377
56
63
11
38
22
26
13
Statistical annex
Morbidity
Member State
MDG 6
Incidence rate
(per 100 000 population)
HIV/AIDS d
2001
Malaria e
2012
2012
Prevalence
(per 100 000 population)
Tuberculosis g
2000
HIV/AIDS d
2012
Tuberculosis g
2001
2012
2000
2012
...
133
104
1 518
70
82
...
381
...
266
...
277
356
107
...
45
185
468
122
144
...
320
426
1 759
142
...
956
106
...
...
870
1 213
69
320
198
<353
47
...
141
1 399
...
1 618
353
374
381
984
1 063
...
134
41
616
35
46
...
206
...
125
...
108
149
52
...
<8
22
62
<56
31
...
219
228
1 284
<12
...
414
28
...
...
467
458
6.6
153
68
<53
14
...
51
700
...
966
73
380
174
396
501
0.2
18 241
29 282
30
33 759
8 492
22
16 877
34 675
26 152
22 419
33 824
20 730
25 999
24 767
1 282
4 563
24 892
29 095
27 337
38 333
28 120
8 200
…
27 793
6 020
27 462
20 399
17 591
…
27 947
23
27 726
28 710
5 714
12 375
27 925
…
19 027
33
29 891
43
23 543
24 597
17 318
26 087
7 844
87
250
86
918
71
288
160
310
1 071
151
39
353
369
327
101
157
421
527
225
152
234
192
286
553
242
293
467
77
277
24
513
1 407
191
172
325
114
155
37
264
576
…
803
72
427
236
713
726
89
316
70
408
54
130
144
238
367
151
34
381
172
327
139
93
247
428
284
72
178
242
272
630
304
234
163
60
350
21
552
655
104
108
86
93
137
30
674
1 003
146
1 349
73
179
165
427
562
...
894
866
16 694
1 502
1 842
285
2 955
...
2 213
0.1
2 856
3 845
909
2 276
738
1 912
3 348
569
1 385
716
1 584
5 024
14 822
1 110
337
9 206
1 021
327
615
4 508
8 853
500
2 044
2 761
<705
264
...
618
9 512
1 777
13 614
2 635
4 094
4 340
9 082
14 679
...
1 195
712
16 850
696
909
161
2 767
...
1 712
1 098
1 717
2 268
733
4 259
290
827
2 490
798
930
1 031
2 480
3 812
17 482
521
264
7 103
675
276
850
6 169
9 742
270
2 030
1 806
731
312
...
965
11 589
1 419
17 291
1 929
4 262
3 082
7 861
9 969
148
421
134
720
108
408
311
504
1 495
252
64
455
513
611
130
194
429
898
373
257
429
290
273
387
482
609
365
117
536
46
701
1 429
396
326
417
159
273
57
537
568
…
573
114
380
234
524
389
152
474
110
343
82
199
237
319
520
221
62
530
228
576
164
152
224
563
490
92
274
312
299
424
495
442
140
92
794
39
553
688
166
161
114
159
219
39
1 304
857
257
907
104
175
176
388
433
377
56
176
33
18 579
3 752
310
148
255
122
3 203
494
2 774
511
397
263
303
169
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
9
The health of the people: what works
Diphtheria b
Human African
trypanosomiasis c
Japanese
encephalitis b
Leishmaniasis c
Leprosy d
Malaria e
Measles b
Meningitis f
Number of reported cases
Cholera a
4. Selected infectious diseases
Member State
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2013
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
…
1 215
625
…
143
214
…
363
21
…
…
1 181
424
33 661
…
…
…
…
…
9 548
7 350
3 068
…
…
219
…
187
219
…
…
647
…
5 284
597
9
…
1
…
23 124
…
…
…
61
6 326
286
198
23
0
15
0
0
0
…
0
…
0
…
…
1
…
…
0
8
…
…
0
0
0
0
…
0
0
1
…
…
0
0
…
2
0
…
0
0
…
0
…
…
…
0
0
…
0
0
0
…
70
0
…
0
…
…
7
381
197
…
39
9
5 983
2
…
…
9
…
0
70
…
2
…
…
…
18
0
…
…
…
…
…
2
…
…
…
…
…
…
317
…
0
91
4
6
9
0
…
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
0
…
…
0
0
0
9 127
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
2 500
…
…
…
…
…
457
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
…
…
5 012
…
…
87
…
…
…
…
431
243
1
313
…
…
502
152
…
…
…
1 030
3 607
4
…
3 776
30
33
…
438
…
…
…
…
1 474
…
228
…
…
758
…
464
3 805
41
2
224
…
236
15
1 801
…
…
264
2 528
…
…
887
1 496 834
1 151 038
308
6 089 101
2 151 076
8 751
313 315
451 012
590 786
49 840
117 640
2 168 215
6 263 607
15 169
42 178
3 876 745
137 695
271 038
8 774 516
1 220 574
50 381
5 788 381
…
1 407 455
359 420
3 659 565
2 171 739
165 834
…
1 813 984
3 163
3 525 112
2 087 068
483 470
12 550
366 912
…
1 537 322
6 846
1 125 039
626
697 374
10 338 093
2 441 750
4 695 400
276 963
18
4 458
288
7
7 362
49
0
609
141
120
1
260
137
72 029
1 190
194
4 347
2
0
1 613
6
0
…
179
43
2
11
341
35
0
145
86
272
6 447
75
0
46
0
678
32
1 952
0
238
2 027
1 668
896
0
African Region
Global
994 94
…
…
490 4
899 6
…
…
…
…
410 230
599 20
847 232
733 079 77
435 194 89
052 106
722 226
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
10
…
…
833
…
2 917
…
…
1 010
210 j
371
…
…
255
9 339 k
…
…
…
…
248 l
454
480
…
…
…
…
…
…
358
14
…
…
…
311
871
…
…
379
…
…
…
259 m
…
266
…
…
…
…
…
…
Statistical annex
Pertussis b
Poliomyelitis g
Congenital
rubella
syndrome b
Rubella b
Neonatal tetanus b
Total tetanus b
Tuberculosis h
Yellow fever b
Member State
Mumps b
Number of reported cases
2012
2012
2013
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
0
…
…
…
…
…
40
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
2 350
…
…
0
…
…
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
…
11
…
0
0
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
0
104
1 259
0
0
0
0
0
…
124
…
…
12
…
3 407
0
208
…
…
0
…
…
0
…
0
0
33
…
…
30
0
…
2
0
11 628
0
0
…
0
…
…
…
0
32
…
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8i
0
4i
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1i
56 i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
…
0
…
…
…
0
…
…
…
…
0
…
…
0
…
…
…
0
0
…
0
0
0
0
…
…
…
0
1
…
…
0
…
5
…
…
0
…
…
…
0
0
…
…
0
63
420
65
41
163
677
11
18
147
11
…
0
22
298
1 860
…
18
795
2
39
272
55
23
…
68
39
110
56
19
…
9
428
42
77
239
172
…
44
0
…
2 298
20
23
33
2 027
55
134
20
0
6
4
0
1
1
0
23
65
225
…
2
9
1 252
0
0
40
2
0
0
8
0
2
0
12
9
1
10
0
0
…
3
3
110
0
0
14
0
23
1
48
0
20
149
0
0
6
0
543
7
0
1
1
2
23
74
225
…
2
9
1 296
0
19
…
2
0
456
…
0
2
0
12
490
1
108
0
0
110
3
75
112
0
0
118
0
…
1
…
0
20
1 019
…
0
6
…
120 687
839 16
556 249
92
461
…
…
830 10
030 94
001 2
650 4
737 4
392 10
21 880
51 819
3 966
6 161
5 210
6 921
420
24 802
8 084
10 585
120
11 303
23 762
108 984
…
3 143
145 323
4 929
2 333
14 753
11 407
1 939
92 987
10 776
8 093
25 782
20 335
5 446
2 616
128
47 741
10 003
10 989
92 818
6 091
115
12 265
20
13 074
323 664
8 403
7 165
2 843
44 663
62 178
40 726
35 760
0
0
0
…
0
…
0
31
0
48
…
1
4
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
0
17
…
…
0
0
0
…
…
0
0
0
0
1
0
94
…
0
0
12
32
0
0
0
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
122 344 1
838 776 5
245
…
African Region
Global
11
5. Health service coverage
The health of the people: what works
Member State
MDG 5
Unmet need ContraAntenatal care
ceptive
prevafor family
coverage b
a
(%)
planning a lence (%)
(%)
Births Postnatal care
Births
by
visit within
attended by
skilled health caesarean two days of
personnel b section b childbirth b
(%)
(%)
(%)
Immunization coverage
among 1-year-olds d
(%)
Neonates
protected
at birth
against
neonatal
tetanus c
(%)
MDG 4
At least At least
1 visit 4 visits
2006–2012 2006–2012
2006–2013
Measles
2006–2013 2006–2012 2006–2012
2012
DTP3
HepB3
Hib3
1990
2000
2012
2012
2012
2012
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
…
…
27
…
25
32
…
24
…
28
…
…
…
24
…
…
26
…
22
36
…
6
26
23
36
19
26
28
…
…
…
21
16
19
21
38
30
…
27
…
…
13
37
34
25
27
15
61
18
13
53
16
22
…
23
19
5
…
45
18
18
…
…
29
31
13
24
6
14
46
47
11
40
46
8
9
…
12
55
14
14
52
38
13
…
11
…
4
65
15
30
34
41
59
89
68 k
86
94
95
99
91 l
85 k
55
43
92
90
89
89
91
…
34
95 k
86
96
85 k
93
92
92
96
86
95
74
72
…
60
95
83
61
98
98
95
…
91
…
40
97
51
95
88
94
90
…
47
61
73
34
33
…
62
38
23
…
79
44
44
67
…
19
78
72
87
50
68
47
70
66
49
46
35
…
…
51
70
15
57
35
72
50
…
75
…
17
77
55
48
43
60
65
95
49 k
84
99 k
67
60
99
64 k
40
17
82
90
57
80
68
…
10
89 k
57
67
45 k
43
44
62
61
44
71
58
57
100 m
19
81
29
38 k
69
81
51
99 k
61 k
…
17
82
44
58
49
47
66
…
…
4
…
2
4
…
4
5
2
…
6
3
7
…
…
2
10
3
11
2
2
6
7
4
2
5
2
…
44 q
4
13
1
5
7
5
6
23
5
…
<1
12
9
5
5
3
5
…
…
66
…
72
30
…
37
…
…
…
64
70
80
44
…
7
59
…
68
41 p
…
42
48
60
46
43
22 n
…
…
…
65
12 n
38
18
37
68
…
58
…
…
22
…
33
31
39
27
90
72
93
92
88
85
92
85
66
43
85
83
82
70
75
94
68
75
92
88
80
80
73
83
91
78
89
89
80
95
83
83
84
60
85
…
91
…
87
77
0
86
81
85
88
81
66
83
38
79
87
79
74
79
56
82
32
87
75
56
38
88
…
38
76
86
61
35
53
78
80
0
47
81
43
38
76
59
…
25
54
83
71
51
86
0
79
…
85
73
52
80
90
87
80
41
70
91
48
72
86
49
36
28
70
34
68
46
51
76
33
55
89
90
42
71
78
74
63
57
73
49
46
84
71
69
37
33
74
69
48
97
37
72
…
92
58
57
78
85
75
95
97
72
94
87
93
96
82
49
64
85
80
85
73
51
99
66
71
95
88
58
69
93
85
80
69
90
59
75
99
82
76
73
42
97
92
84
98
80
79
62
88
72
82
97
83
90
95
91
85
96
90
96
90
85
47
45
86
85
94
72
33
99
61
82
98
92
59
80
83
83
77
86
96
74
80
98
76
84
74
41
98
96
92
98
84
68
59
95
84
78
92
78
89
95
91
85
96
90
96
90
85
47
45
86
85
94
72
…
99
61
82
98
92
59
76
83
83
77
86
96
74
80
98
76
84
74
41
98
96
92
99
84
73
…
95
84
78
92
78
89
95
91
85
96
90
96
90
85
47
45
86
85
94
72
…
99
61
82
98
92
59
76
83
83
77
86
96
74
80
98
76
84
74
10
98
96
92
98
84
68
…
95
84
78
92
78
89
African Region
Global
25
12
27
63
75
81
47
56
48
72
4
16
41
48
75
81
58
73
53
73
73
84
72
83
72
79
65
45
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
12
Statistical annex
Children aged
Children aged < 5 years
(%)
6–59 months
who received
MDG 6
vitamin A
With
With
Sleeping
With fever
supplemen- With ARI
under
who
tation e symptoms suspected diarrhoea
taken to pneumonia receiving insecticidereceived
(%)
a health receiving
ORT
treated
treatment
facility e antibiotics e (ORS and/or
with any
nets f
RHF) e
antimalarial g
2006–2013
2006–2013
2006–2012
Pregnant
women
with HIV
receiving
antiretrovirals to
prevent
MTCT h
(%)
MDG 6
Smear-positive
Case-detection rate for
Antiretroviral all forms of tuberculosis i tuberculosis treatmentsuccess rate j
therapy
(%)
coverage
(%)
among
people
eligible for
treatment h
(%)
2012
2012
2000
2012
2000
2011
Member State
…
…
49
…
63
81
…
…
78
98
…
65
61
82
30
50
53
54
73
74
41
79
30
34
43
72
86
72
56
…
75
52
60
65
93
48
78
…
91
…
…
68
88
57
61
63
66
53
…
31
…
56
55
…
30
22
26
…
52
38
40
54
45
27
68
68
41
37
52
56
67
51
42
70
30
45
…
50
72
53
35
50
75
50
…
74
…
…
58
32
79
31
68
48
59
…
29
…
47
43
…
45
31
31
…
59
29
42
27
…
7
50
70
56
38
35
50
…
49
…
…
…
24
…
12
…
11
45
…
60
…
…
58
…
…
61
41
47
…
47
31
27
…
54
…
24
41
…
22
38
48
…
37
22
53 o
44
58
31
37
65
59
37
81
72
71
62
29
69
40
31
…
62
69
47
38
35
57
27
…
84
…
…
81
31 o,r
48
59
67
63
…
26
…
…
47
44
…
11
…
…
…
31
37
6
42
…
33
39
…
38
…
…
46
…
26
45
39
70
…
…
7
10
…
5
56
56
29
…
25
…
…
1
35
32
25
28
91
…
28
38
…
35
17
…
23
34
43
28
25
18
39
…
13
26
26
30
53
28
51
23
…
57
20
33
32
20
…
30
20
19
45
11
8
8
…
62
…
51
2
34
65
54
34
2
…
17
40
>95
66
54
…
64
…
14
…
19
68
13
…
46
41
70
…
95
44
33
53
58
87
…
60
…
…
…
86
94
…
17
87
…
…
…
93
83
13
83
86
72
77
>95
82
…
42
67
>95
62
58
>95
45
…
40
…
39
49
31
…
73
61
62
55
58
50
37
73
54
43
1
69
52
35
36
45
90
46
32
87
44
62
…
33
80
8
82
46
64
61
79
79
67
46
45
58
28
33
…
11
…
…
58
84
25
40
…
110
33
…
56
38
27
52
72
95
21
…
45
53
41
55
23
40
22
12
22
61
56
69
34
59
…
69
40
29
68
69
56
64
79
57
75
58
54
59
48
49
56
49
68
69
51
…
55
64
71
46
81
56
48
79
83
64
49
78
61
20
49
34
68
62
51
62
66
65
73
32
62
53
43
59
69
79
68
46
87
68
78
77
60
80
64
77
58
…
93
69
57
78
…
76
80
…
…
50
68
…
80
…
80
70
73
…
…
93
75
56
65
79
61
78
52
82
77
63
…
…
…
63
78
67
69
92
55
90
81
78
92
77
80
68
68
25
71
78
87
…
87
90
51
88
86
82
73
88
74
86
83
85
68
73
90
…
84
80
85
89
72
85
67
88
79
73
73
85
77
88
88
81
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
65
46
49
59
…
…
44
44
25
…
…
…
64
62
63
61
39
42
59
67
71
69
82
87
African Region
Global
13
6. Risk factors
The health of the people: what works
Member State
MDG 7
Population using
Population using
improved sanitation a
improved
a
drinking-water sources
(%)
(%)
Population
using
solid fuels b
(%)
Preterm
birth
rate c
(per 100
live
births)
Children aged < 5 years e
(%)
Infants
exclusively
breastfed
for the first
6 months
of life d
(%)
Wasted Stunted
14
1990
–1995
2006
–2012
Overweight
2006
–2012
1990
2000
2012
1990
2000
2012
2012
2010
2006–2012
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
94
42
57
92
44
69
…
51
59
40
87
…
76
43
…
43
13
…
76
54
52
36
43
78
…
29
42
28
30
99
34
67
34
46
60
…
60
96
37
81
…
39
48
42
55
49
79
89
46
66
95
60
72
83
62
62
45
92
69
78
44
51
54
29
84
83
71
63
52
52
79
61
38
62
45
40
99
41
79
42
55
66
78
66
96
47
87
…
52
53
56
54
53
80
84
54
76
97
82
75
89
74
68
51
…
75
80
46
…
…
52
92
90
87
75
74
62
81
75
50
85
67
50
100
49
92
52
64
71
97
74
96
60
95
57
74
61
75
53
63
80
89
29
5
39
8
42
…
40
15
8
18
…
15
17
…
9
2
…
…
7
8
…
25
…
…
8
10
15
16
89
8
24
5
37
30
…
35
97
11
58
…
49
13
26
7
41
41
92
42
9
52
12
44
44
42
17
10
28
13
18
23
89
11
8
39
61
10
13
12
27
24
14
11
10
18
21
89
14
28
7
32
47
21
43
97
12
65
…
52
12
30
9
41
40
95
60
14
64
19
47
65
45
22
12
…
15
22
31
…
…
24
41
60
14
19
20
30
30
17
14
10
22
27
91
21
32
9
28
64
34
52
97
13
74
9
57
11
34
12
43
40
<5
56
94
37
95
>95
31
78
>95
93
71
76
79
93
78
63
>95
21
>95
84
>95
>95
84
62
>95
>95
>95
>95
56
<5
>95
55
94
75
>95
71
56
<5
>95
13
>95
62
>95
>95
>95
83
70
7
13
11
15
11
11
11
13
13
13
17
17
14
12
17
12
10
16
14
15
14
11
12
12
14
14
18
12
15
13
16
14
9
12
10
11
10
12
10
8
…
14
13
14
11
13
17
7
…
33
…
25
69
…
20
34
3
…
21
12
37
…
…
52
6
36
46
21
38
32
54
29
51
71
38
19
…
43
24
23
15
85
51
38
…
32
…
…
44
62
63
50
61
31
…
8.2
16
7.2
10.9
6.1
…
5.8
7.4
15.6
11.1
5.9
7.1
8.5
…
…
10.1
3.4
9.5
6.2
5.6
5.8
7
3.9
2.8
…
4.1
8.9
11.6
…
6.1
7.5
18
10.2
3
11.2
8.7
…
9.2
4.7
22.7
0.8
4.8
4.8
6.6
5.6
3.1
…
29.2
44.6
31.4
32.9
57.5
…
32.6
40.7
38.8
30.1
24.4
28
43.5
…
…
44.2
17.5
23.4
22.7
35.8
32.2
35.2
39
41.8
49.2
47.8
27.8
22
…
43.1
29.6
43.9
36
44.3
31.6
15.5
…
44.9
23.9
31.1
31
29.8
33.7
34.8
45.8
32.3
9.2
…
…
…
29.6
…
11.8
18
23.3
…
16.2
…
20.9
30.7
…
36.9
43.3
…
…
25.1
21.2
…
20.1
13.8
…
35.5
24.4
…
43.3
13
23.9
21.5
41
35.1
24.3
…
19
…
25.4
8
…
…
…
21.5
25.1
21.2
11.7
…
15.6
21.3
11.2
24.4
29.1
…
15.1
23.5
30.3
15.3
11.6
14.1
24.2
…
…
29.2
6.5
17.4
13.4
16.3
18.1
16.4
13.5
14.9
…
13.8
18.9
19.5
…
15.6
17.5
36.4
24.4
11.7
14.4
14.4
…
21.1
8.7
27.6
5.8
16.5
14.1
13.6
14.9
10.1
…
…
17.9
11.2
2.8
2.9
…
6.5
1.8
2.8
9.3
3.3
2.8
4.9
…
…
1.8
7.7
1.9
1.4
3.1
3.2
5
7.3
4.2
…
9.2
4.7
1.2
…
7.9
4.6
2.4
3
7.1
11.6
0.7
…
10.3
…
6
10.7
1.6
3.8
5.5
8.4
5.8
African Region
Global
50
76
57
82
66
90
27
47
29
56
33
64
78
41
12
11
35
37
9.8
7.8
39.9
24.7
34.3
24.9
24.6
15.1
6.4
6.7
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
2006–2012
MDG 1
Underweight
Statistical annex
Prevalence of
raised fasting
blood glucose f
(≥ 25 years)
(%)
Male
Female
Prevalence of raised
blood
pressure g
(≥ 25 years)
(%)
Male
2008
Female
Adults aged
≥20 years who
are obese h
(%)
Male
2008
MDG 6
Prevalence
Alcohol
Prevalence of Population aged
Prevalence of
consumption of smoking current tobacco use condom use 15–24 years with
any tobacco among adolescents by adults aged comprehensive
among
adults aged product among aged 13–15 years k 15–49 years
correct
adults
≥15 years i
during higher-risk knowledge of
(%)
aged ≥15
HIV/AIDS m
sex l
(litres of
years j
(%)
(%)
pure alcohol
per person
(%)
per year)
Female
2008
Male Female
2010
2011
Male
Female Male
2006–2012
Female Male
Member State
Female
2006–2010
2006–2010
9
8.2 n
6.7
8n
8.9 n
6.2 n
15.6
9.5
7.3 n
8.8 n
7.9 n
7.8 n
9.2 n
6.6 n
8.7 n
7.8 n
7.3 n
9.1 n
9.9
9.9
8.8 n
8.6 n
7.6 n
9n
8.4 n
8.1 n
6.4
9n
7.5
11.6
8n
8.6 n
7.8 n
7.9
6.7 n
9.3 n
9.3 n
13.7
9.2 n
11.9
…
9n
8.7 n
6.8 n
8.3
7.2
8.7 n
9.3
8.7 n
6.5
10 n
8.7 n
5.9 n
14.7
10.4
8n
8.7 n
7.6 n
8.5 n
9.7 n
7.8 n
8.7 n
7.3 n
7n
9.9 n
11.3
10.3
8.6 n
9.1 n
7.8 n
12 n
9.3 n
7n
6.2
9.5 n
8.3
9.9
8.2 n
9.6 n
8.3 n
12
6.1 n
10.3 n
10.6 n
13.2
10 n
11.7
…
12.2 n
9.1 n
6.5 n
8.5
7.5
9.9 n
33.9
39.6 n
38.1
39.1
36.7 n
42.2 n
47.7
35.6
39.1 n
35.5
40.8 n
40.3
41.6
38.5
43.5 n
32.2
33
40
39.7
32.7
38.4 n
37.6 n
37.1
36.4 n
38.5 n
40.6
44.5
30.5
38.4 n
40.6 n
46.3
43.7
50.3
38.6
43.6 n
46.3
37.9 n
43.2
41.9
39.9
…
40.5 n
38.8 n
42.9 n
36.2
41
36.9
33.2
33.8 n
34.1
37.9
35.2 n
39.5 n
38.4
29.8
34.5 n
31.3
36.5 n
36.1
35.7
33.3
35.8 n
28.1
28.3
33
34.2
31.6
36.8 n
35.3 n
33
35.9 n
35.7 n
37.5
39.4
31.3
33.9 n
34.5 n
41.4
38.1
41
41.2
40.2 n
42.4
34.4 n
31.9
40.5
34.9
…
36.4 n
35.3 n
39.6 n
33.9
37.9
36.4
10.7
3.8 n
3.5
3
1.7
2.8 n
6.3
7
2
2.4
3.5
2.8
3.9
0.7
7.9 n
1.3
0.9
8.4
2.3
4.4
4.3
2.6 n
2.5
3.1
3.1
1.8
2.6
2.4
4.3
12.9
2.6
4.3
1.5
5.1
4.9
6.4
3.2
15.1
3.6
23.2
…
6.1
3
4.3
4
1.2
2.8
24.3
10.2 n
9.5
22.8
3
3.7 n
15.3
15.1
5.3
3.8
5.3
7.5
9.7
3
14.8 n
2.3
1.6
21.5
14.4
11.7
5.1
8.1 n
6.8
26.6
7.7
1.5
6.2
6.8
23.3
23
7.8
16.8
3.7
9
4
15.4
12.5
33.7
10.1
42.8
…
37.1
6.1
4.9
6.8
7
13.8
1
7.5
2.1
8.4
6.8
9.3
6.9
8.4
3.8
4.4
0.2
3.9
6
3.6
6.6
1.1
4.2
10.9
3.4
4.8
0.7
4
4.3
6.5
4.7
1.8
2.5
1.1
0.1
3.6
2.3
10.8
0.3
10.1
9.8
7.1
0.6
5.6
8.7
11
…
5.7
2.3
9.8
7.7
4
5.7
28
…
21
36
…
…
14
…
…
20
25
9
16
16
…
13
…
19
32
14
23
…
26
…
18
…
23
28
29
39
…
30
9
10
…
8
16
31
48
28
…
16
14
16
…
24
25
2
…
3
7
…
…
3
…
…
4
2
3
9
5
…
<1
…
3
3
7
2
…
<1
…
2
…
5
2
4
5
…
9
<1
2
…
3
<1
8
20
8
…
2
2
3
…
4
<1
…
…
…
27
…
21
15
…
…
21
22
28
26
…
25
8
…
…
…
14
31
…
15
26
…
33
17
23
28
20
…
32
12
…
13
31
20
27
…
24
…
16
18
19
…
25
…
…
…
…
21
…
17
12
…
…
14
15
20
11
…
17
5
…
…
…
11
20
…
15
22
…
14
11
9
18
8
…
30
6
…
10
23
10
25
…
19
…
9
8
16
…
26
…
…
…
22
…
27
14
73
43
…
…
…
28
…
16
…
18
16
51
…
26
…
…
37
52
22
7
25
12
…
…
26
74
7
33
28
33
21
…
15
…
…
56
…
13
24
28
33
…
…
30
…
62
14
51
37
…
…
…
29
…
9
…
2
47
44
…
18
…
…
32
39
14
8
27
8
…
…
31
66
8
23
29
28
22
…
7
…
…
55
…
16
27
33
48
…
…
14
…
36
47
89
34
27
…
…
22
…
21
…
34
34
36
…
34
…
…
55
29
27
26
45
22
…
…
52
53
16
33
46
43
31
…
28
…
…
52
…
38
43
37
47
…
…
8
…
31
45
90
29
17
…
…
8
…
15
…
25
24
29
…
28
…
…
47
39
21
23
42
18
…
…
30
59
13
22
52
43
29
…
17
…
…
52
…
32
48
34
52
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
8.3
9.8
9.2
9.2
38.1
29.2
35.5
24.8
5.3
10
11.1
14
6
6.2
22
36
7
8
…
20
…
10
…
…
…
…
35
…
29
…
African Region
Global
15
7. Health systems
The health of the people: what works
Member State
Density of health workforce (per 10 000 population)
Physicians a
Nursing and
midwifery
personnel a,b
Dentistry
personnel a,c
Pharmaceutical
personnel a,d
2006–2013
Infrastructures and technologies
Psychiatrists e
Hospitals f
(per 100 000
population)
Hospital beds g
(per 10 000
population)
Psychiatric beds e
(per 10 000
population)
2006–2010
2013
2006–2012
2006–2010
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
12.1
1.7
0.6
3.4
0.5
…
3
0.8
0.5
0.4
…
1
1.4
…
…
…
0.3
…
1.1
1
…
0.7
1.8
…
0.1
1.6
0.2
0.8
1.3
…
0.4
3.7
0.2
4.1
0.6
…
0.6
…
0.2
7.8
…
1.7
0.5
…
0.1
0.7
0.6
19.5
16.6
7.7
28.4
5.7
…
4.5
4.4
2.6
1.9
…
8.2
4.8
…
…
…
2.5
…
8.7
9.3
…
5.9
7.9
…
2.7
…
3.4
4.3
6.7
…
4.1
27.8
1.4
16.1
6.9
…
4.2
…
1.7
49
…
16
2.7
…
2.4
7.8
12.5
3.3
…
<0.05 j
…
<0.05 j
…
0.1 j
<0.05 j
<0.05
…
…
…
0.1 j
…
…
…
…
…
0.3
0.1
…
0.1
0.2 j
…
<0.05 j
<0.05 j
…
0.1
0.3
…
…
0.4 j
<0.05 j
0.2 j
0.1
…
0.1 j
…
<0.05 j
2
…
0.4
<0.05
…
0.1
0.2 j
0.1 j
2.4
…
<0.05 j
…
0.2
0.2
0.1 j
<0.05 j
<0.05
…
…
0.2
0.2 j
<0.05 j
…
…
0.3
…
0.5
0.7
…
0.1
1.6
…
0.8
…
0.2 j
0.1 j
0.4
…
0.6 j
1.8
<0.05
1.1
0.1
…
0.1
…
0.2
4.1
…
0.5
<0.05 j
0.3
<0.05
1.3
1.9
0.2
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
…
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
…
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.2
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
0.1
<0.05
0.2
<0.05
<0.05
…
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
…
…
0.4 k
1.3 k
0.3
0.5 k
1
0.8
0.5
0.7
0.7 k
…
1.7
0.4 k
…
0.4
0.2
3.5
0.7 k
1.4
0.4
56.4
1.5
…
0.4 k
0.5
0.4 k
0.5 k
1
1k
…
1.9
0.5
…
…
…
0.2 k
1.1 k
…
0.7 k
…
0.8
0.6 k
0.4
…
0.5
0.5
African Region
Global
2.6
14.1
12
29.2
0.5
2.7
0.9
4.3
<0.05
0.3
0.8
…
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
16
…
…
5
18
4
19
21
13
10
…
…
…
…
…
21
7
63
63
11
9
3
…
14
…
8
2
13
1
…
34
7
…
…
…
…
29
…
36
…
…
…
21
7
5
7
20
17
1.4
…
0.2
2.2
…
…
0.9
0.1
0.1
0
0
…
…
…
…
…
<0.05
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.1
…
…
0.3
…
0.1
…
0.1
…
5.5
0.2
0.8
0.1
…
0.4
3.6
0.3
…
0.3
2.2
…
1.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
1
…
27
0.6
2.5
Statistical annex
Infrastructures and technologies
Computed
tomography units f
(per million
population)
2013
Radiotherapy
units f
(per million
population)
2013
…
0.4
0.3
1k
0.6
0.2
2
0.6
0
0.1n
1.4
…
0.7
0.1
…
0.3
0.4
3.6
1.1
0.2k
0k
0
0.2
…
…
0.1
0.3
0.2k
1.5
6.4
…
4.8
0.2
…
…
…
0.4k
10.8k
0.3
1k
…
2.4
0.7
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4l
<0.05k
0
0k
0
0
0
0.1
0
…
0
…
0
<0.05
…
0
<0.05
0.6
0n
0.1k
0k
0
<0.05
…
…
<0.05
0
0.1
0.3l
2.4
…
0.4
0
0.1l
…
…
0.1k
…
…
0.6k
…
0
…
0.1
0.1k
0.1
0.4
0.4
…
0.1
1.8
Mammography
units f
(per million
females
aged 50 to
69 years)
Essential medicines
MDG 8
Median availability of selected
Median consumer price ratio of selected
generic medicines h (%)
generic medicines i
Public
Private
2013
Public
Member State
Private
2001–2009
…
6.3 k
16.1
19.1 k
13.6
2.7
140.6
17.4
4.7
4.7
31.3
…
0
0.7
…
16.6
…
73.1
16.5
…
0k
0
6.8 k
…
…
6.2
0k
5.4
22.4
49.7
…
42.3
10.9
…
…
…
5.2 k
127.7 k
…
7.8 k
…
33.6
10.4
4.4
6.1
4.6
6.9
…
…
…
…
87.1
…
…
60
…
31.3
…
21.2
…
55.6
…
…
…
…
…
17.9
…
…
37.7
…
…
…
…
81
…
88.8
…
…
…
26.2
…
56.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
20
23.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
72.1
…
…
52.5
…
13.6
…
31.3
…
65.4
…
…
…
…
…
44.6
…
…
72.4
…
…
…
…
70
…
70
…
…
…
36.4
…
22.2
…
…
…
71.7 o
…
…
…
80
47.9
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.2
…
…
2.2
…
3.9
…
6.5
…
2
…
…
…
…
…
2.4
…
…
2
…
…
…
…
1.8
…
…m
…
…
…
3.5
…
2.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…m
1.3
…
…
…
…
…
…
2.9
…
…
13.6
…
15.1
…
11.5
…
2.3
…
…
…
…
…
3.8
…
…
3.3
…
…
…
…
5.4
…
5.9
…
…
…
4.3
…
13.8
…
…
…
6.5 o
…
…
…
2.6
2.7
…
…
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
7.4
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
African Region
Global
17
The health of the people: what works
Health expenditure ratios a
8. Health expenditure
Member State
Social security
Total expenditure on General government Private expenditure General government External resources for
expenditure on
health as % of total
on health
expenditure on
health as % of gross expenditure on health
health as % of
expenditure on health
as % of total
as % of total
health as % of
domestic product
general government
expenditure on health b expenditure on health b total government
expenditure on health c
expenditure
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
Algeria f
Angola f
Benin f
Botswana f
Burkina Faso
Burundi f,g
Cabo Verde h
Cameroon f
Central African Republic f
Chad f,g
Comoros f,g
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire f
Democratic Republic of the Congo f
Equatorial Guinea g,i
Eritrea g,j
Ethiopia f
Gabon f
Gambia f
Ghana f
Guinea f
Guinea-Bissau f,g,k
Kenya f
Lesotho
Liberia f,g
Madagascar f
Malawi f
Mali f
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique f
Namibia f
Niger f
Nigeria f
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal f
Seychelles
Sierra Leone f
South Africa f
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo f
Uganda f
United Republic of Tanzania f
Zambia f
Zimbabwe
3.5
3.4
4.3
4.7
5.1
6.3
4.8
4.4
4.3
6.3
3.5
2.1
6.5
4.8
2.4
4.5
4.3
2.9
4.5
4.8
5.6
4.9
4.7
6.9
5.9
5
6.1
6.3
6
3.7
6.2
6.1
6.4
4.6
4.2
8.9
4.6
4.8
18.4
8.3
…
5.3
5.3
6.6
3.4
5.6
…
4.4
3.4
4.5
5.2
6.4
9
4
5.4
3.9
2.8
3.6
2.5
6.8
6.1
4.5
2.7
4.1
3.4
4.7
5.3
6
6.3
4.4
11.7
15.6
4.1
8.3
6.8
5.9
4.9
6.4
8.6
6.8
5.7
11
7.6
5
3.6
16.3
8.7
1.7
8.3
8
9.3
7.4
6.2
…
73.3
49.5
44.2
62.2
39.6
30.6
73.3
21
50.2
42.5
43.7
57.5
28.5
4.2
77.4
39.1
53.6
40.3
27.6
49.4
19.4
10.5
46.3
50.2
24.5
49.3
45.8
32.9
66.5
52
70
68.9
23.6
33.5
39.2
43.2
40.9
82.7
21.5
41.3
…
56.3
28.5
26.8
43.4
51.3
…
82
62.6
52.1
61.6
49.5
63.3
75.5
34.7
51.4
29.6
40.2
67.5
24.5
50.8
54.2
50.5
50
52.9
62.3
55.9
24.3
26.8
39.4
77.5
29.7
55.9
72.4
43.8
65.2
48.2
44
61.3
33.2
34
59.3
34.2
55.8
94.8
16.2
47.7
41.3
69.4
52.2
25
37.4
63.6
…
26.7
50.5
55.8
37.8
60.4
69.4
26.7
79
49.8
57.5
56.3
42.5
71.5
95.8
22.6
60.9
46.4
59.7
72.4
50.6
80.6
89.5
53.7
49.8
75.5
50.7
54.2
67.1
33.5
48
30
31.1
76.4
66.5
60.8
56.8
59.1
17.3
78.5
58.7
…
43.7
71.5
73.2
56.6
48.7
…
18
37.4
47.9
38.4
50.5
36.7
24.5
65.3
48.6
70.4
59.8
32.5
75.5
49.2
45.8
49.5
50
47.1
37.7
44.1
75.7
73.2
60.6
22.5
70.3
44.1
27.6
56.2
34.8
51.8
56
38.7
66.8
66
40.7
65.8
44.2
5.2
83.8
52.3
58.7
30.6
47.8
75
62.6
36.4
…
8.8
2.9
10
7.3
8.8
7.3
9.9
6.1
12.9
13.1
9.3
4.8
10
1.8
8.7
2.6
8.9
5.3
10
8
6.4
2.3
10.6
6.3
6.7
15.5
7.6
8.9
12.9
8.7
17
13.9
8.4
4.2
8.5
9
10.1
7.3
14.2
13.2
…
10.5
8.5
7.3
9.4
12.2
…
9
5.6
10.8
8
12.4
13.6
8.8
8.5
12.5
3.3
6.5
6.5
8.5
11.5
7
3.6
11.1
7.2
11.2
12.5
6.8
7.8
5.9
14.5
19.1
13.5
17.8
12.3
10.1
9.7
7.7
13.9
10.3
6.7
24
5.6
9.6
9.5
12.3
12.9
4
18.1
15.4
10.1
10.2
16.4
…
0.1
2.5
17
0.5
13.9
18.7
13
4.2
19.1
24.9
21.3
4.6
4.2
2.8
7.2
29.8
16.5
2.3
15.4
14.3
14
30
8
3
9.2
14.9
26.8
7.8
11.2
1.4
25.3
3.8
21.4
16.2
52
34.8
16.2
4.3
5.2
0.3
…
5.8
5.9
28.3
27.8
17.8
…
0
2.3
35.3
10
25.7
46.4
18
4.4
35.8
20.5
29.9
11.5
11.1
39.9
2.1
71.6
51.8
1
61.6
13.2
12.2
47.3
40
26.5
54
35.5
56.5
25.4
9.7
4.5
72.6
12
21.8
5.1
46.2
25
16.8
8.7
18.2
2.1
19.5
20
17.4
27.6
40.2
27.8
…
35.5
0
0.5
…
0.8
29.5
34.9
3.9
…
…
0
0
2
…
0
0
0
14.2
0
0
1.1
5.4
10.9
0
0
…
0
1.5
8.7
…
0.3
1.8
3.3
0
6.4
0
7.4
5
0
3.3
…
0
11.7
0
0
0
…
31.6
0
0.4
…
0.2
12.4
25.2
2.6
…
…
0
0
6.3
…
0
0
0
27.1
0
21.6
4.5
1.5
13.1
0
0
…
0
0.7
11.1
…
33.1
2.5
1.7
…
10.5
0
4
5.2
0
2.8
…
0
6.5
0
…
0
…
African Region
Global
5.6
8.2
6.2
9.1
43.5
56.3
48.3
58.8
56.5
43.7
51.7
41.1
8.7
13.6
9.7
15.2
6.5
0.3
11.8
0.4
8.2
58.8
8.0
60.6
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
18
Statistical annex
Health expenditure ratios a
Per capita health expenditures a
Member State
Per capita total
Private prepaid
Per capita total
Out-of-pocket
Per capita government Per capita government
plans as % of private expenditure on health expenditure on health e expenditure on health expenditure on health e
expenditure as % of
at average exchange
private expenditure on expenditure on health at average exchange
(PPP int. $)
(PPP int. $)
rate d (US$)
rate d (US$)
health
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
2000
2011
96.7
71.4
99.9
36.7
94.3
73
95.2
94.4
92.9
96.2
100
98.9
79.1
76.8
82.2
100
79.2
84.9
54.1
64.4
99.5
54.7
80.4
71.1
50.3
76.9
40.5
99.1
94.5
74.6
40.6
18.2
89.1
92.7
40.7
76.1
91.6
99.1
95.2
22.2
…
42.4
88.2
56.7
83.5
80.4
…
94.7
70.1
91.2
12.7
76.1
69.7
93.7
94.3
90.5
96.7
100
96
77
70
94.9
100
79.9
84.9
48.1
67.5
92.7
56.5
76.7
69
30
82
53.9
99.6
94.5
91.5
9
17.9
88.4
95.6
49.4
85.2
77.4
88.2
91.4
13.8
94.8
42.9
84.6
64.8
52.6
66.4
…
3.1
0
0.1
4.1
1
0.2
2.6
…
1.2
0.4
0
0.8
3.9
0
0
0
0.5
11.7
2.3
10.6
0
0
6.6
…
…
5.3
8.1
0.1
0.6
8.3
…
77.3
3.4
5.1
0.9
0
7.1
…
0.6
72.4
…
18.9
4.7
0.1
4.5
0.9
…
5.1
0
7.2
79.9
2.2
1
3.1
…
1.8
0.2
0
3.6
3.5
2.4
0
0
1.5
11.7
3.1
6.3
0.7
0
9.3
…
0.7
8.9
16
0.4
0.6
1.7
…
61.2
2.3
3.1
…
0
21.1
5.4
0.2
81.1
3.7
19.2
4.2
0.2
1.5
3.6
…
60
22
15
152
12
7
59
26
11
10
13
22
42
14
57
7
5
118
29
13
19
16
19
29
11
12
9
16
24
146
15
126
10
17
9
46
22
371
28
246
…
75
14
16
10
18
…
233
178
34
404
39
21
153
64
19
25
31
85
84
15
1051
12
14
401
24
83
27
35
35
146
59
19
30
51
51
450
33
486
25
85
62
108
54
413
82
670
32
270
43
41
38
87
…
181
74
47
401
41
22
92
72
29
41
35
59
107
12
181
22
20
339
66
46
43
86
53
72
18
39
36
51
76
308
27
243
31
60
24
311
60
813
121
551
…
197
42
45
25
52
…
366
198
68
814
82
47
165
120
32
41
43
107
126
24
1327
15
43
516
87
99
62
72
73
219
92
39
74
85
107
767
61
612
42
143
138
143
94
877
192
930
35
436
75
123
108
99
…
44
11
7
95
5
2
43
5
5
4
6
13
12
<1
44
3
3
48
8
6
4
2
9
14
3
6
4
5
16
76
10
87
2
6
3
20
9
307
6
102
…
42
4
4
4
9
…
191
111
18
249
19
13
116
22
10
7
13
58
21
8
570
6
7
212
15
46
7
9
14
113
18
10
22
22
33
217
14
298
8
29
37
37
30
392
13
319
13
188
22
10
14
55
…
133
37
21
249
16
7
68
15
15
18
15
34
30
<1
140
8
11
136
18
23
8
9
25
36
4
19
16
17
51
160
19
168
7
20
9
134
25
672
26
228
…
111
12
12
11
27
…
300
124
36
502
41
30
125
42
16
12
17
72
31
12
719
8
21
273
54
55
15
19
29
169
27
22
53
37
70
370
27
375
14
49
82
49
53
832
31
443
14
303
39
31
40
63
…
56.2
49.5
56.6
49.7
34.6
38.6
31.7
38.2
35
485
99
1007
89
568
158
1053
15
280
49
613
39
320
76
619
Algeria f
Angola f
Benin f
Botswana f
Burkina Faso
Burundi f,g
Cabo Verde h
Cameroon f
Central African Republic f
Chad f,g
Comoros f,g
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire f
Democratic Republic of the Congo f
Equatorial Guinea g,i
Eritrea g,j
Ethiopia f
Gabon f
Gambia f
Ghana f
Guinea f
Guinea-Bissau f,g,k
Kenya f
Lesotho
Liberia f,g
Madagascar f
Malawi f
Mali f
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique f
Namibia f
Niger f
Nigeria f
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal f
Seychelles
Sierra Leone f
South Africa f
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo f
Uganda f
United Republic of Tanzania f
Zambia f
Zimbabwe
African Region
Global
19
The health of the people: what works
MICS 2010
MICS 2010
MICS 2006
DHS 2011
DHS 2010
DHS 2007
DHS 2010–2011
Endnotes appear after the summary tables.
20
4
…
11
14
…
3
2
…
…
…
6
2
…
…
22
…
…
11
…
3
12
28
7
18
37
5
4
…
6
32
3
3
37
15
8
…
7
…
…
49
7
16
18
27
42
…
…
88
…
47
37
…
86
…
…
…
…
…
62
…
…
46
…
…
94
…
…
63
85
78
75
51
64
…
…
…
77
35
81
43
91
69
…
84
…
…
85
…
59
59
62
73
…
…
54
…
31
32
…
35
…
…
…
…
…
33
…
…
12
…
…
68
…
…
35
68
62
37
44
31
…
…
…
51
12
22
33
53
45
…
72
…
…
81
…
45
35
56
68
…
…
85
…
57
46
…
82
…
…
…
…
…
56
…
…
65
…
…
88
…
…
64
79
77
67
52
70
…
…
…
75
54
71
43
82
67
…
82
…
…
80
…
56
65
63
68
…
…
74
…
62
58
…
47
35
…
…
…
40
67
…
…
5
…
43
43
…
27
37
54
32
39
69
12
39
…
46
73
8
28
67
75
49
…
59
…
…
80
65
53
42
31
58
…
…
86
…
94
88
…
87
83
…
…
…
84
94
…
…
52
…
83
84
…
69
75
88
79
82
84
67
90
…
78
94
71
65
82
89
90
…
72
…
…
89
94
89
83
83
86
…
…
56
…
47
51
…
19
27
…
…
…
29
60
…
…
2
…
28
24
…
19
20
35
26
22
63
9
21
…
37
60
5
8
61
74
30
…
44
…
…
65
56
44
33
27
48
…
…
97
…
93
81
…
97
89
…
…
…
95
96
…
…
46
…
89
95
…
79
81
90
81
90
89
75
95
…
89
98
59
86
86
93
95
…
85
…
…
94
96
88
90
91
91
…
…
72
…
63
52
…
23
34
…
…
…
47
60
…
…
5
…
51
36
…
28
19
40
36
23
62
22
45
…
41
50
13
12
57
73
58
…
57
…
…
61
65
38
34
23
39
Secondary
or higher
…
…
40
…
24
34
…
33
…
…
…
…
…
38
…
…
8
…
…
63
…
…
36
58
55
35
41
23
…
…
…
64
9
16
34
58
32
…
68
…
…
72
…
43
37
59
60
Educational level
of woman
None
…
…
71
…
45
39
…
77
…
…
…
…
…
57
…
…
46
…
…
88
…
…
60
83
76
71
49
55
…
…
…
73
35
69
40
76
62
…
78
…
…
80
…
57
55
59
66
Highest
…
…
55
…
31
33
…
50
…
…
…
…
…
39
…
…
14
…
…
72
…
…
44
66
61
46
45
28
…
…
…
68
11
34
35
69
42
…
74
…
…
76
…
46
39
61
64
Wealth quintile
Lowest
…
…
16
…
44
34
…
25
29
…
…
…
22
10
…
…
55
…
…
19
…
26
52
55
18
34
49
23
19
…
33
63
29
19
52
32
26
…
23
…
…
68
21
38
35
44
60
Rural
Secondary
or higher
MICS 2008
DHS 2006–2007
DHS 2006
DHS 2008
DHS 2010
DHS 2008–2009
DHS 2010–2011
…
None
MICS 2006
DHS 2008–2009
DHS 2009
DHS 2007
DHS 2008–2009
DHS 2010
DHS 2006
MICS 2007
…
Highest
MICS 2005–2006
DHS 2008
…
…
13
…
34
26
…
26
23
…
…
…
19
14
…
…
48
…
…
21
…
19
48
61
17
36
48
16
16
…
30
68
16
22
50
37
23
…
21
…
…
68
16
39
38
48
64
Lowest
DHS 2011
…
…
2
…
7
15
…
2
1
…
…
…
4
1
…
…
13
…
…
12
…
1
17
29
3
18
35
3
1
…
5
30
2
3
39
31
4
…
5
…
…
55
7
13
19
31
52
Educational level Place of
of woman
residence
Urban
MICS 2006
MICS 2010
…
…
9
…
31
29
…
21
18
…
…
…
15
10
…
…
50
…
…
19
…
15
47
57
16
36
50
13
14
…
22
64
18
17
47
28
20
…
16
…
…
69
14
39
34
42
60
Wealth
quintile
Rural
DHS 2011
MICS 2006
…
…
5
…
11
17
…
9
3
…
…
…
6
4
…
…
23
…
…
15
…
2
37
41
7
28
41
4
3
…
8
43
3
7
45
40
7
…
8
…
…
61
9
23
25
28
56
Educational
Place of
level
residence
of woman
Births attended by skilled health
personnel a,c (%)
Secondary
or higher
DHS 2010
DHS 2010
Highest
DHS 2006
Lowest
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Wealth
quintile
Urban
Place of
residence
Antenatal care coverage:
at least 4 visits a,b (%)
Urban
Contraceptive prevalence:
modern methods a (%)
None
Source
Rural
9. Health inequities
MDG 5
Member State
…
…
98
…
97
91
…
93
88
…
…
…
87
88
…
…
74
…
85
78
…
80
73
80
76
76
88
78
92
…
90
92
81
77
88
88
88
…
79
…
…
88
92
81
86
73
75
Statistical annex
MDG 4
…
…
29
…
18
42
…
12
31
…
…
…
27
26
…
…
29
…
15
14
…
37
25
28
25
43
35
22
20
…
26
12
40
24
26
19
15
…
33
…
…
14
19
22
27
34
24
…
…
47
…
37
62
…
46
47
…
…
…
43
50
…
…
47
…
29
30
…
51
39
41
40
49
53
40
31
…
49
38
56
51
52
27
30
…
47
…
…
40
34
40
45
45
38
g
…
…
27
…
11
31
…
19
36
…
…
…
31
35
…
…
20
…
19
24
…
36
25
31
28
46
38
19
18
…
25
23
24
27
23
25
12
…
37
…
…
25
22
25
22
37
30
…
…
139
…
153
134
…
135
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
121
…
…
93
…
…
90
123
147
85
137
222
…
…
…
80
220
175
104
86
90
…
…
…
…
…
…
114
97
151
88
……
……
132 145
……
141 155
116 129
……
121 153
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
……
97 114
……
……
75 90
……
……
77 85
87 111
131 144
78 84
116 128
206 234
……
……
……
58 75
213 229
166 190
96 103
55 67
82 101
……
……
……
……
……
……
97 110
88 92
122 138
68 78
…
…
115
…
104
79
…
93
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
82
…
…
75
…
…
75
89
129
63
113
156
…
…
…
60
139
122
80
74
61
…
…
…
…
…
…
76
95
131
77
…
…
151
…
174
148
…
184
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
136
…
…
102
…
…
97
107
137
106
131
233
…
…
…
90
204
217
115
86
118
…
…
…
…
…
…
124
104
124
86
Secondary
or higher
…
…
50
…
42
70
…
49
49
…
…
…
47
47
…
…
49
…
37
33
…
49
44
45
43
48
56
44
34
…
51
38
57
52
54
37
35
…
47
…
…
42
37
36
48
48
35
Educational
level
of mother
Wealth
quintile
None
…
…
36
…
21
38
…
21
38
…
…
…
32
34
…
…
31
…
19
20
…
41
27
29
29
43
40
27
24
…
35
24
35
31
28
30
20
…
41
…
…
23
22
18
31
39
28
Member State
Highest
None
…
…
47
…
37
60
…
40
47
…
…
…
46
47
…
…
46
…
32
32
…
51
37
40
42
51
48
42
32
…
47
31
58
45
46
28
31
…
46
…
…
33
35
36
44
48
32
Urban
Highest
…
…
40
…
32
53
…
29
40
…
…
…
37
40
…
…
43
…
27
26
…
48
33
35
35
48
43
35
27
…
41
26
52
38
40
30
25
…
42
…
…
28
27
29
38
42
27
Rural
Lowest
…
…
46
…
37
63
…
35
46
…
…
…
44
47
…
…
46
…
29
29
…
48
37
41
41
53
51
40
30
…
47
31
58
43
48
29
28
…
47
…
…
34
32
37
45
48
35
Female
Urban
…
…
91
…
92
93
…
84
63
…
…
…
87
73
…
…
73
…
87
91
…
77
92
88
70
89
97
86
63
…
91
89
66
69
98
88
95
…
84
…
…
90
79
79
96
90
78
Place of
residence
Male
Rural
…
…
62
…
89
96
…
46
24
…
…
…
73
54
…
…
32
…
86
85
…
61
82
…e
47
50
89
66
50
…
66
62
36
11
96
…e
81
…
74
…
…
90
50
71
79
70
…e
Sex
Secondary
or higher
Female
Highest
…
…
87
…
93
94
…
88
63
…
…
…
96
80
…
…
64
…
89
93
…
78
90
88
72
93
94
78
60
…
88
94
63
77
99
91
88
…
80
…
…
84
75
75
97
95
81
Male
…
…
50
…
83
94
…
45
22
…
…
…
60
48
…
…
26
…
89
89
…
57
78
73
30
54
91
65
52
…
59
75
31
9
96
87
75
…
77
…
…
90
58
75
84
78
67
Place of Wealth Educational level
residence quintile
of mother
Sex
Secondary
or higher
…
…
77
…
92
91
…
80
55
…
…
…
89
77
…
…
62
…
86
87
…
71
88
91
70
89
94
77
52
…
85
86
63
55
96
89
84
…
78
…
…
89
70
76
97
90
76
Educational level
of mother
None
…
…
62
…
89
96
…
61
29
…
…
…
71
57
…
…
33
…
86
91
…
62
86
82
41
71
93
65
58
…
69
82
35
27
97
86
82
…
75
…
…
91
59
72
86
77
73
Wealth quintile
Lowest
Female
…
…
69
…
89
96
…
69
39
…
…
…
77
61
…
…
39
…
88
89
…
64
90
84
52
73
94
65
56
…
73
83
41
36
97
87
81
…
75
…
…
90
62
72
88
80
75
Urban
Male
…
…
66
…
90
96
…
69
39
…
…
…
78
63
…
…
35
…
84
89
…
65
83
84
49
73
93
71
56
…
73
84
39
36
97
88
84
…
77
…
…
91
64
73
88
82
72
Rural
Place of
residence
Sex
Under-five mortality rate a,d (probability
of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Lowest
Children aged < 5 years who are stunted a
(%)
DTP3 immunization coverage
among 1-year-olds a (%)
…
…
83
…
95
80
…
72
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
84
…
…
60
…
…
69
81
115
48
105
123
…
…
…
30
154
88
75
28
54
…
…
…
…
…
…
71
84
108
57
…
…
143
…
155
138
…
175
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
120
…
…
102
…
…
86
…f
149
97
136
223
…
…
…
78
221
209
123
…f
96
…
…
…
…
…
…
133
97
146
…f
…
…
79
…
61
44
…
76
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
36
…
…
67
…
…
58
89
116
54
94
102
…
…
…
55
91
107
63
46
37
…
…
…
…
…
…
79
74
104
71
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan
Swaziland
Togo
Uganda
United Republic of Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
21
The health of the people: what works
Endnotes
1. Demographic and socioeconomic
statistics
a. World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision. New York:
Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
United Nations Secretariat; 2013.
b. UNICEF Global Databases 2014. Based on DHS, MICS, other
nationally representative surveys, censuses and vital registration
systems, 2005–2012. First published in: Every Child’s Birth Right.
Inequities and trends in birth registration. New York: UNICEF; 2013.
The standard definition includes the percentage of children under 5
years of age who were registered at the moment of the survey. The
numerator of this indicator includes children whose birth certificate
was seen by the interviewer, or whose mother or carer said that the
birth had been registered.
c. Mortality data [online database]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2014 (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/
mortality/en/).
d. 2013 Update for the MDG Database: Adolescent Birth Rate. New
York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division; 2013 (http://www.un.org/en/development/
desa/population/publications/dataset/fertility/data/2013_Update_
MDG(5.4)_ABR.xls). WHO regional, income-group and global
figures refer to 2010. If country-level data were not available for
2010, linear interpolation between the closest data points on both
sides of the year was used. In other cases, the closest data point
was used.
e. Data centre. Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics; February
2014 update (http://www.uis.unesco.org/Pages/DataCentre.aspx).
WHO regional and income averages are estimated using different
techniques based upon the type of data most recently available.
For an explanation of methods see: http://www.uis.unesco.org/
Education/Pages/FAQ.aspx#theme3.
f. PPP int. $ = Purchasing Power Parity at international dollar rate.
World development indicators database [online database].
Washington, DC: World Bank; 2014 (http://data.worldbank.org/,
accessed 10 January 2014). The income-group aggregates relate
only to WHO Member States and therefore may differ from those
reported in the World development indicators database.
g. World development indicators database [online database].
Washington, DC: World Bank; 2014 (http://data.worldbank.org/,
accessed 10 January 2014). These figures reflect the World Bank
default poverty line.
h. World telecommunication/ICT indicators database 2013 [online
database]. Geneva: International Telecommunication Union; 18th
Edition (http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.
aspx, accessed 10 January 2014).
i. Literacy rates are estimates for current decade based on survey or
census data from previous decade.
j. Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a
country.
k. Figure estimated by UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS).
22
l. Data based on a reading test in a national household survey. A
reading test typically yields lower literacy rates than the self- or
household declaration used in most censuses and surveys.
Care should be taken when analysing trends over time and in
interpreting the results.
2. Life expectancy and mortality
a. Mortality Data [online database]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2014 (http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_
disease/life_tables/en/index.html).
b. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2013. Estimates
Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality
Estimation. New York: UNICEF; 2013 (http://www.childinfo.org/files/
Child_Mortality_Report_2013.pdf, accessed 14 March 2014).
3. Cause-specific mortality and morbidity
a. Mortality Data [online database]. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2014 (http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_
disease/life_tables/en/index.html). The column in Table 2 labelled
“Communicable” shows the rates for communicable diseases,
maternal causes, conditions arising during the neonatal period and
nutritional deficiencies. Rates are age-standardized to WHO’s world
standard population. Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray
CJL, Lozano R, Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO
standard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001 (GPE Discussion
Paper Series No. 31) (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper31.
pdf, accessed 14 March 2014). WHO regional, income-group and
global aggregates include country figures not shown. For regional
groupings refer to WHO methods and data sources for global
causes of death 2000-2012 (Global Health Estimates Technical
Paper WHO/HIS/HSI/GHE/2014.7).
b. Individual percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding.
c. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, United Nations Population Division and The
World Bank. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990–2013. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2014. In preparation at the time of
printing of this report. See report for the regional groupings used.
d. Global Report. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic
2013. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2013 (http://www.unaids.org/en/media/
unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2013/gr2013/
UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en.pdf, accessed 14 March 2014).
WHO regional, income-group and global aggregates may include
country estimates not available for reporting. For uncertainty
ranges see the report.
e. World Malaria Report 2013. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2013 (http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_
report_2013/en/).
f. These are classified as deaths from tuberculosis (A15–A19, B90)
according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2008 (http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/
browse/2010/en). Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/tb/publications/
global_report/). WHO regional, income-group and global
aggregates include territories. For uncertainty ranges see the full
report.
Statistical annex
g. Data are for all forms of tuberculosis including tuberculosis in
people with HIV infection. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/tb/
publications/global_report/). WHO regional, income-group and
global aggregates include territories. For uncertainty ranges see
the full report.
b.
4. Selected infectious diseases
a. Cholera, 2012. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2013;88(31):321–36
(www.who.int/wer).
b. Data provided by Member States through WHO/UNICEF Joint
Reporting Form and WHO regional offices. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2013 (www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/
data/en/, October 2013 update).
c. Neglected tropical diseases on the Global Health Observatory
[online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization (http://apps.
who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1629).
d. Global leprosy: update on the 2012 situation. Weekly
Epidemiological Record. 2013;88(35):365–80 (www.who.int/wer).
e. World Malaria Report 2013. Annex 6A Reported malaria cases and
deaths, 2012, . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://
www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/
en/).
f. Suspected meningitis cases reported to WHO Global Alert and
Response (GAR) in African countries under enhanced surveillance
up to 29 December 2013.
g. Data from World Health Organization, Polio Eradication Initiative, as
of 15 January 2014. (Updated information can be found at: http://
www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/data/en/).
Confirmed polio cases refer to any circulating polioviruses from
AFP (Wild poliovirus and circulating Vaccine Derived Poliovirus –
cVDPV). Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan are currently endemic
countries. For non-endemic countries, cases are the result of
importation.
h. The number of new and relapsed tuberculosis cases diagnosed
and treated in national tuberculosis control programmes and
notified to WHO. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2013 (www.who.int/tb/publications/global_
report/). WHO regional and global figures include territories.
i. Figures include 4 cVDPV in Cameroon; 4 cVDPV in Chad; 1 cVDPV
in Niger; 3 cVDPV in Nigeria.
j. Number of cases reported up to 1 December 2013.
k. Number of cases reported up to 24 November 2013.
l. Number of cases reported up to 8 December 2013.
m. Number of cases reported up to 13 October 2013.
5. Health service coverage
a. 2013 Update for the MDG Database. New York: United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division;
2013 (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/
publications/dataset/fertility/). WHO regional and income-group
aggregates are population-weighted averages of model-based
country estimates for the reference year (2011) from Model-based
Estimates and Projections of Family Planning Indicators: 2013
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Revision (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/
theme/family-planning/cp_model.shtml)
WHO global database on maternal health indicators, 2014 update.
Geneva: World Health Organization (http://www.who.int/gho).
Antenatal care coverage only includes visits to a skilled provider
(doctor, nurse and/or midwife). Contraceptive prevalence refers to
any method. Births attended by skilled health personnel refer to
doctor, nurse and/or midwife. Postnatal care was surveyed only for
the mother.
Proportion of neonates protected at birth against neonatal
tetanus through maternal immunization with tetanus toxoid,
based on a mathematical model taking into account the mother’s
immunization in infancy, during pregnancy and in tetanus
campaigns. WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization
coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.
who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/immunization_
coverage/en/index4.html). Estimates based on data available up to
July 2013. This indicator applies only to countries where tetanus is
recommended for girls and women and therefore WHO regional,
income-group and global aggregates relate only to these same
Member States.
Measles = measles-containing vaccine (MCV); DTP3 = 3 doses
of diphtheria-tetanus pertussis vaccine; HepB3 = 3 doses of
hepatitis B vaccine; Hib3 = 3 doses of Haemophilus influenzae
type B vaccine. WHO/UNICEF estimates of national immunization
coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.
who.int/immunization_monitoring/routine/immunization_
coverage/en/index4.html). Estimates based on data available up to
July 2013. For countries recommending the first dose of measles
vaccine in children older than 12 months of age, the indicator is
calculated as the proportion of children less than 24 months of
age receiving one dose of measles-containing vaccine. Complete
coverage estimates available online at the above website.
Data compiled by WHO from Demographic and Health Surveys
(DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), January 2014
(http://dhsprogram.com and http://www.unicef.org/statistics/
index_24302.html). ORT, oral rehydration therapy. Vitamin A
supplementation data refer to the six months preceding the
survey; data on children receiving oral rehydration salts (ORS)
and/or recommended home fluids (RHF) refer to the two weeks
preceding the survey; and data on children who were ill with a
cough accompanied by rapid breathing (ARI symptoms) and who
were taken to a health facility and/or received antibiotics refer to
the two weeks preceding the survey. The WHO regional, incomegroup and global aggregates are population and prevalence
weighted from available survey data and may differ from
previously reported aggregates.
World Malaria Report 2013. Annex 5: Household surveys, 2008–
2012. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.
int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_2013/en/).
The State of the World’s Children. 2014 in Numbers: Every Child
Counts. New York: UNICEF; 2014. See Table 3: Health (http://www.
unicef.org/sowc2014/numbers/).
MTCT, mother-to-child transmission. Global Aids response progress
reporting 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2013 (http://apps.who.int/
iris/bitstream/10665/78126/1/9789292530068_eng.pdf?ua=1,
23
The health of the people: what works
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
accessed 14 March 2014). WHO regional and global aggregates
include low- and middle-income countries only. Income groups
were derived using the 2012 World Bank list of economies. For
uncertainty ranges see the report or visit http://www.who.int/gho/
hiv/en/.
The case-detection rate for all forms of tuberculosis is the estimated
number of new and relapsed tuberculosis cases diagnosed
and treated in national tuberculosis control programmes and
notified to WHO, divided by WHO’s estimate of the number of
incident tuberculosis cases for the same year, expressed as a
percentage. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_
report/). For uncertainty ranges see the full report. WHO regional,
income-group and global aggregates include territories.
The treatment-success rate for new pulmonary smear-positive
tuberculosis cases is the proportion of new smear-positive
tuberculosis cases registered under a national tuberculosis control
programme in a given year that successfully completed treatment
– with or without bacteriological evidence of success (“cured” and
“treatment completed” respectively). Global Tuberculosis Report
2013. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.
int/tb/publications/global_report/). WHO regional, income-group
and global aggregates include territories.
Definition of skilled personnel differs from standard definition.
Skilled personnel not defined.
Institutional births.
Only women who gave birth outside of a health facility.
ORT and/or RHF and/or increased fluids.
No timing of postnatal visit was provided.
The figure includes data from government and private hospitals.
Continued feeding.)
6. Risk factors
a. Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 Update. Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. New
York: UNICEF and Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. In
preparation.
b. These estimates are modelled according to Bonjour S, Adair-Rohani
H, Wolf J, Bruce NG, Mehta S, Prüss-Ustün A et al. Solid Fuel Use for
Household Cooking: Country and Regional Estimates for 1980–
2010. Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121(7):784–90. doi:10.1289/
ehp.1205987 based on the WHO Household Energy database
(available at: http://apps.who.int/ghodata/). This database contains
compiled information on cooking-fuel use and cooking practices
from about 716 nationally representative data sources, including all
Demographic and Health Surveys (Macro International), Multiple
Indicator Cluster Surveys (UNICEF), World Health Surveys (WHO)
and Living Standards Measurement Studies (World Bank) as well as
national censuses/surveys and national energy statistics.
c. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller A-B,
Narwal R et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of
preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for
selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet. 9
June 2012;379(9832):2162–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)608204. See the paper for income groupings used.
24
d. WHO Global Data Bank on Infant and Young Child Feeding [online
database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 (http://www.
who.int/nutrition/databases/infantfeeding).
e. WHO Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition [online
database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 (http://www.
who.int/nutgrowthdb/database/en, accessed 15 January 2014).
2012 Joint child malnutrition estimates – Levels and trends. New
York: UNICEF, Geneva: WHO and Washington, DC: The World
Bank (http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/estimates2012). For the
reference period 1990–1995, figures refer to the first available
survey year in the period. For the reference period 2006–2012,
figures refer to the latest available survey year in the period. Wasted
is calculated as the prevalence of low weight-for-height less than
–2 standard deviations; underweight is the prevalence of weightfor-age less than –2 standard deviations; stunting is the prevalence
of height-for-age less than –2 standard deviations; and overweight
is the prevalence of weight-for-height above +2 standard
deviations (using the WHO Child Growth Standards median). Global
estimates refer to 2012 for wasted, stunting and overweight, and
1990 and 2012 for underweight. For more information, see the
above databases.
f. Percentage of population aged 25 years and over with fasting
glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l) or on medication for raised
blood glucose. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases
2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (http://www.who.
int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010). See Annex 4: Country
estimates of NCD mortality and selected risk factors, 2008. Figures
reported are age-standardized point estimates, and uncertainty
ranges are available at the Global Health Observatory website
(http://www.who.int/gho). Income-group aggregates are based on
the 2008 World Bank list of economies.
g. Percentage of population aged 25 years and over with raised
blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or diastolic blood
pressure ≥ 90). Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2011. Figures reported are age-standardized point
estimates, and uncertainty ranges are available at the Global
Health Observatory website (http://www.who.int/gho). Incomegroup aggregates are based on the 2008 World Bank list of
economies.
h. Percentage of population aged 20 years and over with a body mass
index ≥ 30.00 kg/m2. Global status report on noncommunicable
diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011 (http://
www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report2010). See Annex
4: Country estimates of NCD mortality and selected risk factors,
2008. Figures reported are age-standardized point estimates, and
uncertainty ranges are available at the Global Health Observatory
website (http://www.who.int/gho). Income-group aggregates are
based on the 2008 World Bank list of economies.
i. WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health [online
database]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 (http://
apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.GISAH?showonly=GISAH).
Definition of indicator: total (sum of three year average recorded
and unrecorded) amount of alcohol consumed per adult (15+
years) over a calendar year, in litres of pure alcohol. Recorded
alcohol consumption refers to official statistics (production, import,
export, and sales or taxation data), while the unrecorded alcohol
Statistical annex
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
consumption refers to alcohol which is not taxed and is outside
the usual system of governmental control.
WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/tobacco/
global_report/2013/en/). See Technical Note II: Smoking
prevalence in WHO Member States Definition of indicator:
smoking at the time of the survey any form of tobacco, including
cigarettes, cigars, pipes, bidis, etc. Note: these estimates cannot be
used to form a time series with previously published estimates for
past years because the quality and quantity of source data increase
significantly each year.
WHO report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013. Geneva:
World Health Organization; 2013 (http://www.who.int/tobacco/
global_report/2013/en/). Global Youth Tobacco Survey data relate
to most-recent survey for each country between 2006 and 2012
on tobacco use in any form in the past 30 days.
Percentage of women and men aged 15–49 years who had more
than one sexual partner in the past 12 months reporting the use
of a condom during their last sexual intercourse. AIDSinfo [online
database]. Geneva: UNAIDS (http://aidsinfoonline.org/devinfo/
libraries/aspx/Home.aspx, accessed 1 February 2014).
Percentage of women and men aged 15–24 years who both
correctly identify ways of preventing the sexual transmission of HIV
and reject major misconceptions about HIV transmission. AIDSinfo
[online database]. Geneva: UNAIDS (http://aidsinfoonline.org/
devinfo/libraries/aspx/Home.aspx, accessed 1 February 2014).
No country data available. Estimate modelled using data from
other countries and specific country characteristics.
7. Health systems
a. WHO Global Health Workforce Statistics (http://who.int/hrh/
statistics/hwfstats/en/). See this source for the latest updates,
disaggregated health workforce statistics and metadata
descriptors. Due to variability of data sources and national
occupation titles, the figures provided may not always be
comparable with regards to coverage and quality. In general,
the denominator data for health workforce density (i.e. national
population estimates) were obtained from the World Population
Prospects database of the United Nations Population Division. In
some cases the official report provided only workforce density
indicators, from which estimates of the stock were calculated.
b. Figures include nursing personnel and midwifery personnel,
whenever available. In many countries, nurses trained with
midwifery skills are counted and reported as nurses. This makes the
distinction between nursing personnel and midwifery personnel
difficult to draw.
c. Figures include dentists, dental technicians/assistants and related
occupations. Due to variability of data sources, the professionallevel and associate-level occupations may not always be
distinguishable.
d. Figures include pharmacists, pharmaceutical technicians/assistants
and related occupations. Due to variability of data sources, the
professional-level and associate-level occupations may not always
be distinguishable.
e. Mental health atlas 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011
(http://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/mental_health_
atlas_2011/). Income-group aggregates are based on the 2011
World Bank list of economies.
f. Data are derived from the WHO Baseline country survey on
medical devices 2013 conducted in 2013. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2013. Densities were computed by adding both
public-sector and private-sector data unless otherwise noted.
Hospitals include district, rural, provincial, specialized, teaching and
research hospitals. Radiotherapy units include Linear Accelerators
and Cobalt-60 units.
g. PAHO/WHO Country Representative and National Authorities. Data
provided by Member States on basic indicators via an online dataentry tool. Washington, DC; 2014. As of January 2014; European
health for all database (HFA-DB). Copenhagen: WHO Regional
Office for Europe; 2014 (http://data.euro.who.int/hfadb/); Western
Pacific Country Health Information Profiles 2014 Revision. Manila:
WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2014 (http://hiip.
wpro.who.int/portal/default.aspx); Regional Health Observatory.
Cairo: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean; 2014
(http://rho.emro.who.int/rhodata/); additional data compiled by
the WHO Regional Office for Africa (as of January 2011) and the
WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia (as of January 2014).
Depending on the source and means of monitoring, data may
not be exactly comparable across countries. See above sources for
country-specific details.
h. Surveys of medicine prices and availability using WHO/HAI
standard methodology conducted between 2001 and 2012
(available at: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/). In
individual surveys, availability is reported as the percentage of
medicine outlets in which a medicine was found on the day
of data collection. As baskets of medicines differ by individual
country, results are not exactly comparable across countries.
Median availability is determined for the specific list of medicines
in each survey, and does not account for alternate dosage forms
or strengths of these products or for therapeutic alternatives.
Public-sector data may be limited by the fact that the list of survey
medicines may not correspond to national essential medicines lists
(EMLs) where these exist, and some public-sector facilities may
not be expected to stock all of the survey medicines. This has been
addressed in the revised edition of the survey tool, which allows
public-sector data to be analysed by EML status and level of care.
i. Surveys of medicine prices and availability using WHO/HAI
standard methodology conducted between 2001 and 2012
(available at: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/). Consumer
price ratio = ratio of median local unit price to the Management
Sciences for Health (MSH) international reference price of selected
generic medicines. Data are unadjusted for differences in the MSH
reference price year used, exchange-rate fluctuations, national
inflation rates, variations in purchasing power parities, levels of
development or other factors. In each survey, median consumer
price ratios are obtained for the basket of medicines surveyed and
found in at least four medicine outlets. As baskets of medicines
differ by individual country, results are not exactly comparable
across countries. However, data on specific medicines are
25
The health of the people: what works
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
publicly available at the above HAI website, and matched basket
comparisons on a subset of medicines can be made.
Separate figures were not reported for associate-level professionals
and hence may not be comparable with previous publications.
Refers to public sector only.
Data derived from the Directory of Radiotherapy Centres (DIRAC)
from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) – http://
www-naweb.iaea.org/nahu/dirac/query3.asp. This source does
not specify if data are derived from the public or private sector, and
was only taken into account if a country participating in the WHO
Baseline country survey on medical devices did not provide such
data.
Medicines are provided free to patients in the public sector.
Refers to the private sector only.
Based on a survey of medicine prices and availability in Gauteng
province, South Africa.
8. Health expenditure
a. Health expenditure series. Geneva: World Health Organization
(latest updates and more information on countries are available
at: http://apps.who.int/nha/database/DataExplorerRegime.aspx).
All the indicators refer to expenditures by financing agent except
external resources which is a financing source. WHO regional,
income-group and global aggregates are calculated using absolute
amounts in national currency units converted to Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP) equivalents unless otherwise noted. For health
expenditure ratios, values smaller than 0.05% may appear as
zero. For per capita indicators, when the value is less than 0.5 it is
represented as < 1. In countries where the fiscal year begins in July,
expenditure data have been allocated to the later calendar year
(for example, 2011 data will cover the fiscal year 2010–11), unless
otherwise stated for the country. Absolute values of expenditures
are expressed in nominal terms (current prices).
b. In some cases, the sum of general government and private
expenditures on health may not add up to 100% because of
rounding.
c. Care needs to be taken in interpreting external resource figures.
Most are taken from the OECD DAC/CRS database except where
a reliable full NHA study has been done. These are disbursements
to recipient countries as reported by donors, lagged one year to
account for the delay between disbursement and expenditure.
Disbursement data are not available prior to 2002 and
commitments are used instead.
d. National currency unit per US$ are calculated using the average
exchange rates for the year. WHO regional, income-group and
global aggregates are calculated using constant US$.
26
e. PPP series resulting from the 2005 International comparison project
(ICP) estimated by the World Bank has been used. In countries
where this is not available, PPPs are estimated by WHO.
f. A new basis for these estimates was provided by new NHA reports,
surveys, National Accounts series, accessed information and/or
country consultations.
g. Estimates should be viewed with caution as these are derived from
scarce data.
h. The national accounts data have been revised from 2002
onward. The new data are obtained through a new computation
methodology that uses an updated input–output table
(International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook).
i. Increases in government expenditure on health are due to
investment in capital expenditures.
j. The change in the trend of out-of-pocket expenditure in 2008 was
driven by a large decrease in total private consumption in 2008 and
a large increase in 2009.
k. Government expenditures show fluctuations due to variations in
capital investment.
9. Health inequities
a. Data are derived from the re-analysis of publicly available
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator
Cluster Surveys (MICS) micro-data, using the standard indicator
definitions as published in DHS or UNICEF documentation. The
analysis was carried out by the International Center for Analysis
and Monitoring of Equity in Health and Nutrition based in the
Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil, and updated in December
2013. In some cases there may be slight differences between these
results and those reported in DHS or MICS country reports due
to differences in the calculation of indicator numerators and/or
denominators.
b. Data derived from DHS relate to the most recent live births
occurring in the five years preceding the survey.
c. Data derived from DHS relate to births occurring in the five years
preceding the survey. Data derived from MICS relate to births
occurring in the two years preceding the survey.
d. The under-five mortality rate relates to the decade preceding the
survey.
e. The figure is not reported as it is based on fewer than 25 cases.
f. The figure is not reported as it is based on fewer than 250
unweighted person-years of exposure to the risk of death.
g. The figure is based on a small number of cases (25–49 unweighted
cases).