Maltese connections in the Roman Imperial Medal collection of William Henry Smyth

MALTESE CONNECTIONS IN THE ROMAN IMPERIAL MEDAL COLLECTION of WILLIAM HENRY SMYTH Anton Bugeja Introduction For Maltese historians and archaeologists, Admiral William Henry Smyth (1788–1865) is mostly known for his detailed hydrographical charts of the Mediterranean,1 plans of Malta,2 his research on Mediterranean antiquities3 or his account of the Ġgantija temples after their exploration in the early 1820s.4 Although he was also a member of various academic societies and a distinguished astronomer,5 in this paper I will focus on Smyth as a keen collector of coins and medals6 as I believe that his book Descriptive catalogue of a cabinet of Roman imperial large-brass medals published in 1834 deserves attention for medals obtained or discovered in the Maltese Islands. Smyth’s interest in numismatics Smyth’s interest in coins and medals was well known and he can be considered as a founder member of the Royal Numismatic Society in 1836. Indeed, in the preparatory meeting for the formation of this society, Smyth was initially proposed to be its first president, but possibly after declining, Smyth served as a council member when Dr John Lee took up the post of president. Nonetheless, Smyth was particularly prolific, compiling a number of catalogues.7 He studied Lee’s collection and published a catalogue of the cabinet of Roman coins belonging to the Duke of Northumberland.8 Furthermore, he had a leading role in cataloguing the collection of coins, 87 medals, and tradesmen’s tokens of the Society of Antiquaries as well as the latter’s collection of Roman coins presented by the Reverend Kerrich’s son.9 He also compiled a catalogue of his own collection,10 made of Roman Imperial large-brass medals and published it in 1834. Here he described six hundred medals ranging from the time of Julius Caesar to Gallienus,11 medals datable to between 49 BC and 268 AD.12 By reading his catalogue, it is clear that Smyth’s voyages were instrumental to bring together such a collection. Indeed, his book documents how medals were procured or exchanged in Cagliari, Tripoli, London, Tunis, Gibraltar, Pisa and Genova, to mention just a few places.13 A good number of his medals were purchased from the sale of other collections,14 and on one occasion he obtained a medal by personally excavating at Ostia.15 The hoard found in Malta in 1819 From these medals at least eighty-two were found or obtained within the Maltese Islands. Of these, at least sixty-five16 well preserved medals17 (Appendix 1) were obtained from a single hoard (hereafter referred to as the 1819 Malta hoard) and, understandably, Smyth describes in detail the curious circumstances behind his acquisition. His text reads as follows:In the summer of 1819, a labourer at work near Casal Zurika (Żurrieq), in the island of Malta, struck his spade into an amphora which proved to be full of large-brass Roman medals. Further search being made several other jars were discovered, laden in a similar manner. I was, unfortunately, absent on a cruize at the time, or most probably should have obtained them. As it was, the finder offered them to three individuals in succession, for 100 dollars, which for 14 or 15,000 medals in the highest preservation, was surely no great risk for any one, however “dunder-headed.” His proffers being refused, the peasant deeming his prize almost worthless, sold it for four dollars the cantar of 1751bs. English, to a brass-founder in Valetta, who was actually melting them down, when a friend accidentally saw him, and thus rescued 12 or 13 hundred coins—all that were left—from destruction. Some of them were dispersed, but the greater part fell into the hands of Mr St John, the present Consul-General at Algiers, and myself. They comprised a series of about 40 years, from the time of Alexander to that of Gallienus; and had generally 88 the device of Deities or Virtues, and therefore not rare; but their singularly high preservation rendered them very valuable, and the numerous duplicates were exchanged to great advantage. It is curious that this hoard, probably hidden in troublous times, remained so many ages undiscovered— for the amphorae were but a few inches below the surface of the ground. What was lost in the copper-smith’s furnace, can unfortunately never be ascertained.18 In many ways this recalls an account published in the Malta Government Gazette in 1819 which reads as follows:As some labourers were lately working near the ancient tower of this island, called ta Giauar, situated between Casal Gudia and Casal Chircop (referring to Tal-Ġawhar and the villages of Gudja and Kirkop), they discovered six earthen vases, filled with copper or bronze coins of several Roman emperors in the second and third centuries of the Christian era: their number amounts to three thousand and upwards; they are of the larger size and some of them are very scarce; from the ignorance of the peasant whose property they became, they were sold indiscriminately to various individuals. Judging from the ruins of this tower, which was of the round form, and from the enormous size of the stones which composed it, the building must have been of very ancient date, many ages anterior to that of these coins, as it derives its present name from the Saracens, who remained in these islands for two centuries; these coins must, therefore, have been concealed by some rich inhabitant at the period when Malta was subject to the Roman Empire.19 It is clear that there are many similarities between the two accounts which lead me to propose that both are describing the same discovery (see Table 1). The date, number of containers and their contents as well as the fate of the find are similar in the two descriptions. The large size of some of the ‘coins’ described in the Malta Government Gazette is better understood when one takes into account the description of ‘large-brass medals’ provided by Smyth. The Malta Government Gazette dates the find, consisting of ‘coins, some of large size’ to the second and third century AD, while Smyth restricts his dating of the medals to the third century AD, more specifically ‘from the time of Alexander to that of Gallienus’ (222 AD–268 AD).20 When one takes 89 into account that ‘the greater part’ of the discovery ‘fell into the hands of Mr St John’ and the fact that in his catalogue Smyth was only interested in describing the “Large-Brass series” of the Roman Imperial medals, this minor discrepancy can easily be reconciled. Some difficulty may be reserved for the place of the discovery as different locations are mentioned in the two accounts. As Smyth was not on the island when the discovery was made, obtaining his information from third persons, the location of Tal-Ġawhar (Fig. 1) provided in the Malta Government Gazette should be considered as more accurate. Nonetheless, when one considers that Tal-Ġawhar is close to Casal Zurika or Żurrieq21 as described by Smyth, the argument that the two accounts are referring to the same hoard remains valid. Detail Smyth Malta Government Gazette Date of Discovery Summer 1819 Lately (Gazette published October 1819) Persons who made the discovery A labourer Some labourers Place of Discovery Near Casal Zurika Ta Giauar between Gudja and Kirkop Number of containers An amphora and several jars Six earthen vases Find description and preservation Medals, highest preservation, common types Copper or Bronze coins, of the larger size, some of them scarce Coin/Medal date The forty years between [Severus] Alexander (222–235 AD) and Gallienus (c.253–268 AD)22 Roman emperors of the second and third century AD Number of medals/coins 14 to 15 thousand medals found found, 1200–1300 preserved More than three thousand coins Fate of the find Sold to various individuals Unsuccessfully offered them to three individuals; Smyth bought his coins from brassfounder Table 1: Comparison between the accounts in the Malta Government Gazzette and Smyth’s catalogue 90 Tal-Ġawhar The main archaeological remains at Tal-Ġawhar consist of a round ancient building with a nearby cistern that get their name from a medieval placename already recorded in 1461.23 Although ruins and cisterns are recorded in the area as early as 1501,24 the first secure evidence to the building is given by the Maltese historiographer Gian Francesco Abela in 1647 when he mentions the Torre tà Giauhar25 which means the tower at Tal-Ġawhar. Abela describes several courses of large stones as well as a number of reservoirs and cisterns, attributing the remains to the Saracens. Through Abela’s account, the building’s identification as a tower is secured, with Giovanni Antonio Ciantar26 reproducing Abela’s account in 1772 and Onorato Bres dating the remains to the Phoenicians in the early nineteenth century.27 Cesare Vassallo also attributed the building to the Phoenicians and groups it with Ġgantija and remains at Birżebbuġa (probably Borġ in-Nadur).28 Around 1842, the “basement of an ancient structure” close to Tal-Ġawhar was discovered by the chief adjutant of the police Mr St John.29 Interestingly foundations of buildings are also recorded in nearby fields.30 In 1880, Tal-Ġawhar tower appears in Godwin’s guidebook, described as the ‘tower of jewels or treasure’ built of immense stones and circular with many Phoenician tombs in the whereabouts31 Particularly relevant to our discussion is an eighteenth century account given by Jean Houel who also comments that Tal-Ġawhar is made of large irregular stones.32 Crucially Houel records a discovery of coins at Tal-Ġawhar earlier than that of 1819. It consisted of a ceramic pot filled with Roman copper coins which ended up in the possession of Marquis D.C. Barbaro.33 It is probable that these Roman coins, which like the medals in the 1819 Malta hoard were excellently preserved, were displayed with other coins and medals in Barbaro’s collection. On Barbaro’s death most of his collection was bought by Lord Winckelson and transferred to England.34 The location of the coins documented by Houel is unknown today. In the early twentieth century, such as with Mayr’s publication,35 the ‘towers’ were grouped with other prehistoric remains. Excavations at similar remains at Ta’ Wilġa, however, challenged this idea as only punic pottery, and nothing earlier, was recovered from this site.36 It was only in 1960 that modern excavations were carried out at TalĠawhar.37 These revealed use of the area in the Temple period (Ġgantija phase)38 and Bronze Age (Tarxien Cemetery and Borġ in-Nadur).39 Although 91 today a Punic date is favoured by some authors for the construction of these round buildings,40 no such pottery was recorded from Tal-Ġawhar, although Punic pottery turned up near a nearby cistern at Sant’Anton.41 In contrast, Trump dates use of the ancient round building at Tal-Ġawhar to the Roman period through Roman sherds found under the floor, hinting through historical considerations, construction related to the Punic War of 219 BC or the first century BC.42 As to the latter date, a BALBVS coin minted in Malta in the first century BC was found in Trench II outside the building, but apparently not in a secure context such as to be used to securely date the building.43 Trump suggested that in less troublesome times, a shrine consisting of an elaborated carved globigerina slab resting on pillars was raised on the roof of the building; 44 based on the fine carving on this slab Trump dates the shrine to the first or early second century AD.45 The deposits connected to a later use of the building were sealed by what was considered to be a fire-associated collapse of the roof. A small gold ear ring, two small buckets, two jar necks and an iron bladed axe were ‘apparently found resting on’ the ‘floor when the roof collapsed over them’.46 A bronze coin of ‘Claudius II Gothicus (268–270 AD) or, less likely, Aurelian (270–275 AD)’, were recorded as associated with the finds; 47 recent reassessments refer to two coins, one of Claudius Gothicus and one of Aurelian.48 In his report, Trump dates the accidental collapse of the roof to around 300 AD,49 but in a later publication considered use of the building as a third century defensive work associated with the incursions of the Heruli into the Mediterranean in 269 AD.50 After the excavations of 1960, the archaeological value of Tal-Ġawhar appears to have been favourably appreciated by government and the building was acquired for the nation in 1969.51 In the early twenty-first century, Roman chain-mail was discovered when a lump of metal from Tal-Ġawhar was cleaned during restoration.52 Meanwhile, a literature review carried out by Bruno confirmed that Tal-Ġawhar had several phases of use while also proposing frequentation in the Byzantine period.53 The 1819 Malta hoard and Tal-Ġawhar With this overview of what informs our modern understanding of the remains at Tal-Ġawhar, I turn again to the 1819 Malta hoard to discuss its relevance to the site. My arguments will be based on the reasoned assertion 92 that the two accounts reproduced above refer to the same discovery. Note will also be made of the fact that Smyth had only part of the 1819 Malta hoard. Irrespective of the reason behind hoard formation, even the more conservative estimate of the medals and coins found at Tal-Ġawhar make it one of the larger hoards ever found in the Maltese Islands. This reflects the economic activity present in the area of Tal-Ġawhar. The account of the Malta Government Gazette documents second century AD activity in the area which persists into the third century AD. In Smyth’s collection from the 1819 Malta hoard, medals prior to the reign of Severus Alexander are not represented. This is noteworthy and could be significant, but with the information available it is difficult to explain why Roman medals were apparently obtained or hoarded only after 222 AD in the area of Tal-Ġawhar. As Smyth’s catalogue stops with the medals of Gallienus,54 less confident conclusions can be reached on the fact that the medals Smyth documented from the 1819 Malta hoard also stop with this emperor. Considering Smyth’s extensive use of medals from the Maltese hoard to compile his catalogue, one may argue that if Smyth had medals from the Maltese hoard belonging to the period after Gallienus, Smyth would have included them and extended his catalogue. In view of this, it is interesting how the medals in the 1819 Malta hoard as documented by Smyth stop with Gallienus (253–268 AD) which is a few years before the coin of Aurelian (270–275 AD) found in the 1960s at TalĠawhar. The formation of the medal hoard can be considered linked with the events related to the roof collapse and cessation of use of the Tal-Ġawhar building. The axe and chain-mail found in the building probably point to a preoccupation with defense. All this supports Trump’s hypothesis that the roof collapse at Tal-Ġawhar occurred at the time of the incursions of the Heruli into the Mediterranean.55 Nonetheless, apparent lack of discontinuity at other sites56 should discourage generalizations and calls for further investigations. Discoveries documented in the Malta Government Gazette A word should also be said on the circumstances behind the publication of archaeological discoveries appearing in the issue of the Malta Government Gazette of 1819 referred to above. Other than making a reference to the hoard under discussion, this small article also records that sixty ancient vases and two ancient stone inscriptions were discovered at Rabat (Malta), while in other places various ancient tombs containing skeletons and funerary artefacts 93 were found. As it is now known that the Rabat discovery was made in 1816,57 it is clear that the publication of the article in the Malta Government Gazette in 1819 occurred consequent to the hoard discovered a few weeks earlier. Robert William St John Smyth mentions that the greater part of the hoard fell in the hands of Mr St John, who is here being identified as Robert William St John. St John’s links to Malta may well have started in 1815 when through a private letter to Maitland, it was recommended that Robert William, son of General Frederick St John and clerk in Lord Bathurst’s Office, was to be sent to the Mediterranean and be useful to government while his family ‘settled their affairs’.58 By 1817, he is documented as Treasurer, and in 1820 he was given the post of General Magistrate,59 posts which he held until 1827 when the King appointed him Agent and Consul General to Algiers.60 St John was still occupying the latter post when Smyth published his Descriptive Catalogue. St John appears to have settled in Malta with his wife Eliza, and together they had six children namely Henry Thomas (1818), Barbara Luisa (1819), Mary Susan (1821), George Robert (1824), Emily Diane (1826) and Frederick Arthur (1827).61 During his stay in Malta, precisely in 1821, he is documented as renting a government house with gardens at Nigret (Żurrieq). Already at this time he is recorded as having embellished and planted several trees within this property.62 This placed him especially near the place of discovery of the medal hoard and may explain why Smyth places the location of discovery near Żurrieq. The whereabouts of St John’s collection of medals is today unknown.63 Persons behind other medals obtained by Smyth in the Maltese Islands Smyth’s Descriptive Catalogue also mentions seventeen medals which were acquired from various individuals in the Maltese Islands. The names of these visitors and residents paint an interesting picture of Malta as a meeting place of culture, frequented by military personnel and businessmen interested in antiquities. John Clunes Ross was a successful businessman who sold antiques from a shop in Strada Reale Valletta. Smyth, who obtained five medals from Ross 94 in 1821–22,64 notes that it was a collection of medals received from the latter that convinced him to focus his studies on the ‘large-brass series’.65 Active in Malta for most of the first half of the nineteenth century, Ross was a business partner in a series of commercial companies.66 Arriving in Malta early in the nineteenth century, already by 1806, he was one of the main merchants seeking expansion of his business in Valletta.67 Living in a rented government tenement at 43, St John Street, Valletta,68 together with William Higgins as part of Ross Higgins & C., he strategically traded from rented properties at Strada Reale (Valletta) and along the Marina Grande (Birgu).69 In view of this it comes as no surprise that in 1817, Ross was elected member of the Committee of the Commercial Room.70 Wooden chests, feathers, carpets as well as antiquities were all traded by Ross who was one of the businessmen who could trade in merchandise captured from enemy ships.71 Another person who sought fortune in Malta was the Italian painter Filippo Benucci (1779–1848) from whom Smyth obtained three medals.72 Benucci was also a dealer in paintings, coins, medals, jewels, terracotta s and art books who settled in Malta between 1810 and 1825.73 He was a wellknown landscape and marine painter.74 In 1826, together with Antonio Schranz he executed twelve views of Malta, which were published by P. Lacroix in Munich; these are considered as the earliest lithographic views of the islands.75 Rather than for business activities, John Hookham Frere (1769–1846) came to Malta seeking a warm climate for his ill wife, Elizabeth Jemima Blake the Dowager Countess of Enroll.76 Smyth obtained a medal from Frere in 1821, the same year the latter arrived in Malta.77 At a time when Englishmen increasingly took up residence along the shores from Pietà to St Julians,78 Frere rented a villa at Pietà and soon took up residence here with his wife and family.79 Prior to arriving in Malta, Frere had a distinguished diplomatic career serving as Under Secretary of State at the British Foreign Office, Minister Plenipotentiary in Madrid and Envoy extraordinary in Portugal.80 Writer and scholar, poet and humanitarian,81 when in Malta, his cultural interest was well acknowledged. Here he supported educational initiatives and served as the first chairman of a University council reporting on education. He also served as Director of the Public Library.82 Frere amassed a large collection of books, coins, and archaeological artifacts83 which included a stone tool found in his residence in 1836.84 He also was a well-known benefactor to the needy and entertained several guests in his Villa in Pietà. Smyth obtained three medals from Colonel John Otto Bayer in 1819.85 One of these, a medal of Marcus Cocceius Nerva (96–98 AD), was recorded as 95 1 3 2 N 4 7 5 6 0 5 10 11 9 10 8 12 14 15 13 Kilometers Fig. 1: Places ( ) and archaeological sites ( ) mentioned in the article: 1) Għarb, 2) Rabat Gozo, 3) Xagħra, 4) Ġgantija, 5) Rabat - Malta, 6) Ta’ Wilġa, 7) Valletta, 8) Nigret, 9) Żurrieq, 10) Ħal Kirkop, 11) Gudja, 12) Birgu, 13) Sant’Anton, 14) Tal-Ġawhar, 15) Borġ in-Nadur found at an undisclosed place in Gozo (Appendix 2).86 Bayer held various high posts on the islands for most of the time between 1816 and his death in 1826.87 In 1815, he was in charge of the French Prisoners of War at Fort Manoel. He was appointed Commandant and Chief of Gozo in May 1816 but was transferred in February 1818 to the Ionian Islands where he was Resident of the Lord High Commissioner in Ithaca. He was appointed Chief Civil Officer88 and General Magistrate for Gozo in December 1819,89 and later promoted Lieutenant Governor of the same island on 1 April 1823.90 During his appointment in Gozo, he enforced regulations for the markets91 and secured voluntary help from the residents of Xagħra to repair the road from their village to Rabat (Gozo).92 Repairs were also made on other roads,93 including the road from Rabat to Għarb.94 Bayer, however, is today mostly linked with the decision to clear the Ġgantija temples.95 Very little is known on 96 the details of this enterprise as his notes have not been found. After decades whereby the date of these operations was given as 1827,96 today scholars give a date in the early 1820s97 although the exact dates remain unknown.98 Operations were probably funded by Bayer himself and it appears that these were stopped by the owners of the lands being investigated.99 Another person who acted as Lieutenant Governor (although he served in Malta and only during the absence of the governor) was Sir Manley Power, KCB, ComTE (1773–1826).100 Power was a British military leader who fought in a number of campaigns for Britain, including the Iberian Peninsular War and the siege and capitulation of Alexandria. He was conferred the honour of Knight Commander of the Military Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815 and rose to the rank of Lieutenant General in 1825.101 Smyth obtained a medal from Lieutenant General Sir Manley Power in 1822.102 Commodore Sir Charles Marsh Schomberg (1775–1835), an officer of the British Royal Navy, had served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars as well as in Madagascar. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 4 June 1815.103 Already commanding the HMS Madras in Malta until spring 1807,104 in 1822, when he presented a medal to Smyth,105 Schomberg was in Malta commanding the Rochfort as flag captain to Sir Graham Moore.106 On 7 February 1833 Schomberg was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Dominica.107 Another member who served in the Royal Navy was Robert Sedgley Corner who exchanged a medal with Smyth in 1818.108 Corner started his career in the land service. He joined the Royal Navy and was promoted to First Lieutenant in 1792 at the age of twentysix. Appointed Registrar in 1812,109 he ended his career as Superintendent of Marine Police in Malta and died on the island in February 1819.110 Smyth records that he was given another medal by Col. Sir Parker Carroll in 1821.111 Lieutenant-General Sir William Parker Carrol KCH, KCB, KTS (1776 – 1842) was Major General and Colonel of the Regiment of Hibernia, and the Spanish Service as well as Knight of the Royal Order of Charles III. He served as Commander in Chief of the Portuguese Army in Badajoz and served in Gibraltar, Argentina and the Peninsular wars.112 Finally, Smyth was presented a medal from Baron Schibberas in 1819,113 the only Maltese mentioned in this trading of medals. Schibberas could well be Sir Pasquale Sceberras Testaferrata, KCMG, (1792–1869), Baron of Castel Cicciano and Montagna di Marzo.114 Another candidate, who could in fact be the same person, is Baron Pasquale Sceberras Trigona who, other than serving on the Board of Health, was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Malta in 1815115 and served until the abolition of this post to 1839.116 He is often referred to as Baron Pasquale Sciberras, later Baron Pasquale Sceberras 97 Trigona. He married twice, first to Rosalea D’Amico Inguanez who died in 1839 and afterwards to the Baroness Gaetana Sceberras Testaferrata in 1844. Pasquale Sceberras Trigona died in the Isle of Wight.117 The author would like to thank Dr Maxine Anastasi and Dr George Azzopardi for their comments and help in completing this article. Appendix 1 A summarised description of the medals from the 1819 Malta hoard in Smyth’s collection. For a full description see Smyth 1834. Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Severus Alexander 395 Obverse IMP. CAES. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXANDER 227-228 AVG. Youthful laureated Emperor’s head, with pleasing features and bust covered with a sagum. Reverse. MARTI PACIFERO. In the field S. C. Mars represented as a fighter or avenger, with armour and galeated, stands in an easy composed attitude as a “ peace-maker,” with spear pointed downwards and holding an olive-branch in his right hand. Medal is of pale yellow brass, scarcely patinated and in very fine preservation. Severus Alexander 398 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. AVR. SEV. ALEXANDER 230 AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor, with his hair cut very close, features mild and expressive, and short beard. Reverse. AEQVITAS AVGVSTI. In the field S. C. A female, habited in the robes of a Roman matron, stands with a cornucopiae on her left arm, and holds a balance in her right hand. Highest possible condition with metal barely discoloured from having been found hermetically sealed. Severus Alexander 399 Obverse. IMP. SEV. ALEXANDER AVG. Laurelled profile of Alexander, with close hair and pleasing expression of features; the neck is bare, with part of a pallium appearing on the left shoulder. Reverse. IVSTITIA AVGVSTI. On the exergum S. C. A stately robed female, seated on a throne, holds a sceptre in her left hand and a patera in her right, and looks steadfastly before her. Medal in high preservation and slightly varnished with brown patina. 98 Smyth page 230 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Severus Alexander 400 Obverse. IMP. SEV. ALEXANDER. AVG. Laureated 231 head of the Emperor with very short hair, close beard, and features denoting maturity; bust is bare, save that the strap of an aegis appears on the left shoulder. Reverse. P. M. TR. P. VIII. COS. III. P. P. On the exergum S. C. Alexander, in a grand quadriga, holding the “Sceptrum eburneum” Medal in high preservation and thinly tinged with brown patina. Struck in 229 AD. Severus Alexander 402 Obverse. IMP. SEV. ALEXANDER AVG. The laureated 231-232 head of the Emperor with intelligent features and the neck bare. Reverse. VICTORIA AVGVSTI. In the field S. C. A winged Victory, inscribing VOT. X. on a buckler, which is placed on a palm-tree; she is naked to the waist, and has her left foot upon a helmet. Among these medals I found three types of Victory, – one standing with a palm-branch and laurel crown, a second rapidly advancing, and the one described here, which is the best. Medal covered with a bottle-green patina and in the highest perfection. Minted about 231 AD. Severus Alexander 403 Obverse. IMP. ALEXANDER. PIVS AVG. Laureated 232 profile of Alexander with handsome expressive features, bare neck and part of an aegis over the left shoulder. Reverse. P. M. TR. P. X. COS. III. P. P. In the field S. C. Apollo standing in an easy attitude, his right hand pointing upwards, and his left holding a whip. With the exception of a mantle on the shoulder, the figure is naked and the head is radiated. Medal slightly covered with reddish-brown patina and is in fine condition. Medal was struck in 231 AD. Severus Alexander 404 Obverse. IMP. ALEXANDER PIVS AVG. Laureated profile of Alexander with a handsome and intelligent expression of countenance; bust is covered with a sagum over a cuirass. Reverse. IOVIS PROPVGNATOR. In the field S. C. A bold figure of Jupiter brandishing a thunderbolt expressing majesty and power; the figure is naked, except for a floating pallium behind the left shoulder. Medal has beautiful fabric and well preserved. Slightly tinged with a brownish-green patina. Medal probably struck in 234 AD. 99 Smyth page 232-233 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Smyth page Sallustia Barbia 406 Orbiana Obverse. SALL. BARBIA ORBIANA AVG. Head of the 234 Empress with charming features and her hair closely dressed, neck finely shaped, and the bosom robed. Reverse. CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM. On the exergum S. C. A stately female, magnificently attired and seated on a throne with a patera in her right hand and a double cornucopiae in her left. Medal is in the best possible condition, and varnished with olive-green patina. Julia Mamaea 408 Obverse. IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA. Head of the excellent Princess with her hair in an anadema. Her features are handsome and intelligent, and her bosom robed. Reverse. VENVS VICTRIX. In the field S. C. Venus, elegantly attired stands with a lance in her left hand and supports a helmet on her right, with a shield at her feet. Extraordinary preservation, though unpatinated. 236 Julia Mamaea 409 Obverse. IVLIA MAMAEA AVGVSTA. Profile of Mamaea with hair closely dressed. Slightly longer neck and bosom differently robed when compared to other coins. Reverse. FELICITAS PVBLICA. On the exergnm S. C. A female in magnificent attire, and wearing a rich diadem, is seated with a caduceus, significant of celestial benefits, in one hand, and a cornucopiae, the type of terrestrial benefits, in the other. Most perfect possible preservation and barely discoloured. 236 Maximinus I 410 Obverse. IMP. MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG. Laurelled 239 head of the Emperor, with large features and a surly physiognomy. Reverse. LIBERALITAS AVG. On the exergum S. C. The Emperor is seated on a curule chair, elevated upon a suggestum, between two warriors and a figure of Liberality, who bears a cornucopiae and a tessera. A citizen on the steps appears rather in the attitude of salutation, than that of receiving the donative. The suggestum differs from that of any other medal in the cabinet, as it is supported by several military statues. Medal is thinly varnished with green and red patina. Appears to have been minted in 235 AD. 100 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Maximinus I 412 Obverse. IMP. MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG. Laurelled head of the Emperor, with very close-cut hair and beard, wrinkled forehead, large chin, stern features, and his shoulders covered with a sagum. Reverse. P. M. TR. P. II. COS. P. P. In the field S. C. Paludated warrior with a lance in his left hand, and his right raised, standing by three military standards. Medal in singularly high condition and unpatinated. Medal struck in 236 AD. 239 Maximinus I 413 Obverse. IMP. MAXIMINVS PIVS AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor, with large features, sharp eye, and lengthy chin; the hair and beard very close, the neck short and thick, and the shoulders covered with drapery over a cuirass. Reverse. VICTORIA GERMANICA. On the exergum S. C. Maximinus in a camp-dress, standing with right hand elevated in token of command, and spear in his left, the point of which is towards a captive at his feet, whose hands are bound behind him. On right, a winged Victory is placing a laurel crown on the Emperor’s head. Medal in high condition and scarcely patinated. Medal struck in 236 AD. 240 Paulina 415 Obverse. DIVA PAVLINA. Middle-aged head of Paulina, with the veil of divinity over hair dressed like that of Mamaea, and her bosom closely robed. The features are handsome and intelligent, with a resemblance to those of Maximinus and Maximus, especially the latter. Reverse. CONSECRATIO. In the field S. C. The Empress is “wending her way” to the spheres, on the back of a flying eagle; she is veiled, and holds the sacred sceptre in one hand, and extends the other in the ancient attitude of prayer. Medal in the highest preservation and barely discoloured. 241 101 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Maximus 417 Obverse. C. IVL. VERVS MAXIMVS CAES. Head of Maximus without a laurel wreath, his hair cut very close, chin smooth, and shoulders robed. Features bear a strong resemblance to those of Paulina and are singularly handsome. Reverse. PIETAS AVG. On the exergum S. C. The praefericulum (brazen vase), the lituus (augural wand), the simpulum, and other sacrificial instruments, as described for Medal 237. Medal in high conservation, almost perfect, with metal barely discoloured. Probably had been for ages closely sealed. Medal probably stamped in 235 AD. 242 Maximus 418 Obverse. MAXIMVS CAES. GERM. Unlaureated head of the Caesar, with handsome features, and the characteristics as on the last. Reverse. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. In the field S. C. A graceful figure of Maximus, in camp attire, with the pallium on his shoulders, in his left hand, a lance, perhaps his gilt one, held transversely with the point downwards, and a truncheon in his right: behind him two military standards are planted in the ground. Medal is so perfect that it seems fresh from the mint. Probably struck in 237 AD. 243 Gordian I 421 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor with short hair, smooth chin, and aged features. Reverse. SECVRITAS AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A female, elegantly attired, is seated with a sceptre in her right hand, and her left foot upon a low stool with no cornucopiae as on the one described by Visconti. Medal, in excellent condition, and slightly tinged with apple-green patina. Medal struck in 238 AD. 245-246 Gordian II 423 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. Laurelled head of Gordianus Juvenis, with short hair and beard – the forehead being balder, and the face fuller than on the coins of the father. A paludamenlum is buckled over armour on the left shoulder. Reverse. VIRTVS AVGG. In the field S. C. A military figure, galeated, stands with a spear in one hand, and rests his other on a shield upon the ground. Fine and valuable medal in the highest preservation, though but slightly patinated with deep-green aerugo. 247 102 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Gordian II 424 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. Laureated head of the younger Gordian, with handsome middle-aged features. Reverse. PROCIDENTIA AVGG. In the field S. C. A female figure in the robes of a Roman matron, and adorned with a diadem, leans gracefully against a column, on which she supports a cornucopiae, and with her right hand holds a sceptre over a globe. Medal in high condition and thinly encrusted with an apple-green patina. 247-248 Gordian II 425 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. Laurelled profile of the younger Gordian, with short hair and beard, full face, bald forehead and intelligent aspect; the bust is bold, and covered with a sagum. Reverse. ROMAE AETERNAE. On the exergum S. C. Roma Nicephora seated on a throne, with her left foot on a suppedaneum, holding a hasta pura in her left hand, and supporting a small winged victory on her right. By the side of the throne is a buckler. Rare medal, thinly varnished with brown patina, and in the highest possible preservation. 248 Gordian II 426 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AFR. AVG. Laureated head of Gordianus juvenis, with short hair and beard, and other characteristics as on the above. Reverse. ROMAE AETERNAE. On the exergum S. C. A galeated female, seated as Rome “the Victorious,” with attributes as on the last, except that the left foot does not rest on a suppedaneum. Medal is in the very best condition and thinly coated with a chocolate-coloured patina. 248 Balbinus 429 Obverse. IMP. CAES. D. CAEL. BALBINVS AVG. Laurelled profile of the Emperor with a full face and a “regular-built” double-chin: but the countenance is interesting from its expressive eye and handsome nose and forehead. Reverse. CONCORDIA AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A sedent robed female with a double cornucopias and a patera. Medal is in the best preservation being barely discoloured. 251 103 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Pupienus 433 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG. Laurelled head of the Emperor, with aged but good features, a long beard carefully trimmed, and a bold forehead. Reverse. CONCORDIA AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A sedent female magnificently attired, with a double cornucopiae and a patera. Medal in the highest preservation, and only stained over a part of its surface by a green patina. 254 Pupienus 435 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG. Laurelled profile of Pupienus, with a grave aspect. Reverse. PROVIDENTIA DEORVM. In the field S. C. A stolated female stands with a cornucopiae in her left hand and holds, in her right, a sceptre over a globe. Medal in high condition and slightly patinated. 254 Pupienus 437 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG. Laureated profile of the Emperor, with the character as before. Reverse. PAX PVBLICA. On the exergum S. C. The device is a female, richly attired, and seated upon a throne, with sceptre in one hand and olive-branch in other. Medal is in the highest possible preservation, the metal being barely discoloured having been hermetically sealed in one of the amphorae. 255 Pupienus 438 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. CLOD. PVPIENVS AVG. 255 Laurelled head of Pupienus with grave features close hair, and long beard as before; but forehead more wrinkled. Reverse. P.M. TR. P. COS. II. P. P. In the field S. C. The Emperor having laid aside his sword, is here habited in a toga, and stands with a truncheon in his left hand and a branch of olive in his right. Medal is in the finest condition and barely discoloured. Medal struck in 238 AD. Gordian III 440 Obverse. M. ANT. GORDIANVS CAES. Naked head of Gordian, with short hair, and an engaging expression of features; countenance looks boyish. Reverse. PIETAS AVGG. On the exergum S. C. The prafericulum, lituus, and other implements. Medal in perfect condition and tinted with an apple-green patina. 104 Smyth page 258 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Gordian III 441 Obverse. IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AVG. Laureated head of Gordian as Emperor, with a somewhat older cast of countenance than on the former medal. Reverse. ABVNDANTIA AVG. In the field S. C. A standing female, habited in the stola and wearing a diadem, is emptying the Amalthaean horn, from which a shower of money descends. Medal in beautiful preservation and tinged with reddishgreen patina. Probably struck in 238 AD. 258-259 Gordian III 442 Obverse. IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor, with characteristics as on the last; but the aspect is rather of a graver cast. Reverse. IOVI STATORI. In the field S. C. A bold and naked figure of Jupiter, standing with a fulmen in his left hand, and a lance in his right. Medal is coated with a fine green patina, spotted with red on the obverse, and in surprising preservation. Probably struck around 242 AD. 259 Gordian III 445 Obverse. IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Laurelled profile of Gordian, with a more animated expression than usual; the hair is closely cut, the chin smooth, and the shoulders covered with a sagum. Reverse. P. M. TR. P. III. COS. P. P. On the exergum S. C. The Emperor, in consular vestments, is seated on a handsome curule chair, with a truncheon in his left hand, and a globe supported on his right. Medal is in the highest preservation and its metal scarcely discoloured. Struck in 240 AD. 260 Gordian III 446 Obverse. IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Laurelled profile of the Emperor, with intelligent features, short hair, and slight mustachios, (indicating, on the whole, an age of about 20 years). Reverse. MARTEM PROPVGNATOREM. In the field S. C. The Emperor, galeated and armed with a spear and shield, in the character of Mars Gradiens. Medal is in the highest conservation and barely discoloured on the obverse. It was probably struck in 241 AD. 260 105 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Gordian III 447 Obverse. IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG. Laurelled profile of Gordian, with an intelligent and pleasing aspect, and a pallium tabulated over his right shoulder. Reverse. AETERNITATI AVG. In the field S. C. A noble figure of Apollo, standing with an air of command, his right hand elevated, and supporting a globe on his left; he wears an acuminate crown, but, except the chlamys over his shoulder, is naked. Medal is in the highest possible preservation and thinly tinted with brown patina. 261 Philip the Arab 449 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PIIILIPPVS AVG. Laureated head of Philip, with a short beard, and hair cut closely. Features are manly and intelligent, the neck short, and the shoulders robed. Reverse. FIDES EXERCITVS. On the exergum S. C. Four standards planted in a row, the inner being the legionary eagle and a manipulus, and the outer ones common ensigns. The metal of the medal is hardly discoloured. 264-265 Philip the Arab 450 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Laurelled 265 profile of Philip, with close hair and beard, serious expression of countenance, and broad throat. Reverse. NOBILITAS AVGG. In the field S. C. A female, habited as a Roman matron, stands with a sacred virga in her right hand, and a globe on her left. Medal in excellent condition and slightly tinged with brown patina. Philip the Arab 451 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Laurelled head of Philip, with short hair and beard, and an intelligent aspect. Reverse. TRANQVILLITAS AVGG. In the field S. C. A stolated female, standing with a sceptre in her left hand, and a monster on her right. Medal is slightly spotted with pea-green patina and in high perfection. 106 Smyth page 265-266 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Philip the Arab 452 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor, with short hair and beard, good features, small mouth, aquiline nose, and full throat; expression is serious. Reverse. ADVENTVS AVGG. On the exergum S. C. An equestrian figure of Emperor in camp-attire but bare-headed, with sceptre in left hand and his right elevated. Fine medal in the most perfect condition and barely discoloured. Medal struck around 246 AD. 266 Philip the Arab 453 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Manly and characteristic head of Philip with the laurel wreath and his shoulders covered by a sagum. Reverse. MILLIARIVM SAECVLVM. In the field S. C. A cippus inscribed COS. III. Medal in the highest condition and partially tinged with Saxon-green patina. Medal was struck in 248 AD. 266-267 Philip the Arab 455 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Laurelled head of Philip, with the aquiline nose, and serious expression before-mentioned. Reverse. SAECVLARES AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A huge she-wolf in the act of suckling Romulus and Remus. Fine medal in perfect preservation and slightly spotted with grass-green patina. 267-268 Philip the Arab 457 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Fine profile of the Emperor, laurelled, and with the sagum over his shoulders. Reverse. SAECVLARES AVGG. On the exergum S. C. The Damis, an antelope of the species now known by the name of Gazelle. Medal in very excellent preservation and slightly stained with grass-green patina. 268 Philip the Arab 458 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Laurelled head of Philip, attired as before, but with the nose rather more aquiline, and the features firmer. Reverse. AETERNITAS AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A caparisoned elephant, with a naked rider, who holds a goad in each hand, and sits on the animal’s back, a less usual berth than the neck, or shoulders. Remarkably fine medal is in the highest possible preservation, and only slightly discoloured with spots of grass-green patina. 268 107 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Otacilia Severa 460 Obverse. MARCIA OTACIL. SEVERA AVG. Profile of 270-271 the Empress, with a serious but pleasing expression of countenance, considerable beauty and an appearance of about 30 years of age. The hair is parted in front, carried behind the ears in waves, and brought up at the back of the head in a broad plait to a diadem on the crown, so as to give the lady a galeated appearance. Reverse. PIETAS AVGVSTAE. In the field S. C. A standing female, robed in the suffibulum, and veiled with the long flammeum, holds an open acerra with her left, and bears a flame upon her right hand. Medal in the highest preservation and slightly tinged with spots of pea-green patina. Otacilia Severa 461 Obverse. MARCIA OTACIL. SEVERA AVG. Fine head 271 of Otacilia, with a modest air, head-dress as before, and the bosom neatly robed. Reverse. SAECVLARES AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A well-represented Hippopotamus walking, which, though not altogether unknown, being the only one exhibited, was probably “the lion” of the Secular spectacles of 248 AD. Medal in splendid perfection and thinly varnished with brown patina. Philip II 462 Obverse. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS CAES. Bare and boyish head of the younger Philip, with innocent and pleasing features. Reverse. PRINCIPI IVVENT. In the field S. C. The young Prince habited in a camp-dress, holds a globe and a hasta pura, or wand. Medal in the highest possible perfection, with the metal hardly discoloured. Medal was probably struck in 244 AD. Philip II 463 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Handsome 273 profile of Philip Junior, who has now assumed the Augustan laurels; his shoulders are covered with a chlamys over a cuirass. Reverse. LIBERALITAS AVGG. III. On the exergum S. C. The two Philips seated on X-formed curule chairs, in imperial robes, and stretching out their right hands open, in token of benevolence to all ranks. Singularly fine medal is in perfect condition and barely discoloured. Struck in 248 AD. 108 Smyth page 272-273 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Philip II 464 Obverse. IMP. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS AVG. Profile of Philip Junior, with the laurel wreath over short hair, and the features expressing an age beyond Boyhood. Reverse. SAECVLARES AVGG. On the exergum S. C. A strange beast of the cervine tribe, which medallists have termed Alces, or Elk, though it has not the very high shoulders, nor large head of the Ceivus Alces: its horns, instead of dilating to a broad palmated form, are small and erect; and it has a long tuft of hair pendant from the throat — not appended to the under-jaw as Pedrusi has figured it. Medal in complete preservation, and slightly tinted with brown patina. 273-274 Trajan Decius 466 Obverse. IMP. C. M. Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG. Laureated profile of the Emperor, with a wrinkled brow, and older features than other contemporary medals from the collection. Reverse. GEN. ILLYRICI. In the field S. C. A virile figure standing, with a cornucopias and the sacred patera; he is naked except a chlamys over his left shoulder, and a modius on his head. Medal in excellent condition and partially stained with grass-green patina. 276 Trajan Decius 467 Obverse. IMP. C. M. Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG. 276-277 Laurelled head of Emperor, with close hair and beard, grave features, a wrinkled brow, and the bust in a cuirass. Reverse. GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLYRICIANI. In the field S. C. A naked Genius, as on the last medal, but with the addition of a military standard behind him. Medal is in the finest condition, the metal being hardly discoloured, owing to its having been shut up in one of the amphorae found at Malta. Medal struck in 249 AD. Herennia Etruscilla 470 Obverse. HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG. Fine head of the Empress, her hair smoothed down with stripes across and bound by a vitta, her features good but not expressive, and her bosom robed. Reverse. FECVNDITAS AVG. In the field S. C. A female, magnificently attired, stands with a cornucopia? in her left hand, and extends her right towards a child by her side which is trying to reach it. Medal is in perfect condition and stained with Saxon-green patina on the obverse and brownish-red on the reverse. 109 Smyth page 278-279 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Herennia Etruscilla 471 Obverse. HERENNIA ETRVSCILLA AVG. Profile of Etruscilla, apparently in middle age, with her hair smoothly waving, and a diadem in front; her neck is graceful, but the features are expressive of pertness, and are meaner than on the last. Reverse. PVDICITIA AVG. On the exergum S. C. A richly robed female seated on a high-backed throne, holds a long sceptre in her left hand, and with her right lifts the flammeum which covers her head. Medal, thinly varnished with brown patina and in capital preservation. 279 Herennius Etruscus 472 Obverse. Q. HER. ETR. MES. DECIVS NOB. C. The bare head of Herennius with very close hair, a mild intelligent countenance, and an appearance of not more than fourteen or fifteen years of age; the shoulders are covered with a sagum. Reverse. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. In the field S. C. A juvenile and graceful figure of the Prince in camp attire, holding a dart transversely with its point upwards in his left hand, and a “baculum inclinatum” in his right. Medal, in remarkably high condition and thinly tinted with green and brown patina. Medal struck in 249 AD. 280 Herennius Etruscus 473 Obverse. Q. HER. ETR. MES. DECIVS NOB. C. Naked head of Herennius, with remarkably short hair, and an anxious expression of countenance, though the features resemble those described above; the bust is covered with drapery. Reverse. PIETAS AVGVSTORVM. On the exergum S. C. The praefericulum, lituus, aspergillum, and other pontifical instruments, as detailed under Medal 287. Medal in splendid perfection and tinged with brown and green patina. 280-281 Hostilianus 475 Obverse. C. VALENS. HOSTIL. MES. QVINTVS N. C. Naked head of Hostilian, with very close-cut hair, smooth chin, projecting nose, and pleasing features, expressive of about fourteen years of age. Reverse. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. In the field S. C. A young paludated warrior, with a spear in one hand, and a legionary ensign in the other. Medal in beautiful condition and covered with brown patina was probably struck in 249 AD. 283 110 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Hostilianus 476 Obverse. C. VALENS. HOSTIL. MES. QVINTVS N. 283 C. Unlaurelled head of the Prince with peculiarities as before but the sagum on shoulders is more widely spread. Reverse. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. On the exergum S. C. A female with her hair tastefully attired and diademed, but otherwise naked to the waist, is seated on a singular throne, with her left arm leaning upon a lyre, and her right hand holding an olive branch. Medal is in extremely fine preservation, though thinly varnished with brown-and-green patina. Probably struck in 251 AD. Trebonianus 478 Obverse. IMP. CAES. C. VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVG. Laurelled head of the Emperor, with close hair and beard, and a large throat, the face being, as Tristan says, assez martiale et virile, but at the same time rather plebeian. Reverse. IVNONI MARTIALI. On the exergum S. C. A richly attired and veiled matron is seated on a throne, and what is remarkable, holds up a globe in her left hand: in her right she has a bunch, which has been called an olive-branch, ears of wheat, and heads of lances. Medal, though somewhat misshapen, is in the best preservation, and partially tinted with grass-green patina. 285-286 Trebonianus 481 Obverse. IMP. CAES. C. VIBIVS TREBONIANVS GALLVS AVG. Laurelled head of Gallus, with short hair and beard, good features, and a calmer expression than other contemporary medals. Reverse. P.M. TR. P. IIII. COS. II. P. P. In the field S. C. Gallus in sacerdotal vestments and veiled, stands before an altar, with the sacred patera in his right hand, and a truncheon in his left. Medal is in excellent preservation, round and cased with brown patina, on which are some pea-green spots. Medal was struck in 254 AD. 287 111 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Volusianus 482 Obverse. IMP. CAE. C. VIB. VOLVSIANO AVG. 288 Laureated head of Volusian, with close hair, smooth chin, and whiskers on the side of the face; the features are good, but common, and are expressive of about 25 years of age. Reverse. CONCORDIA AVGG. In the field S. C. A stolated matron stands with a patera in her right hand, and two cornucopiae in her left. Medal is round, even to the beads of the engrailment, and is in the highest preservation, though scarcely patinated. Medal was minted in 252 AD. Volusianus 483 Obverse. IMP. CAE. C. VIB. VOLVSIANO AVG. 288-289 Laureated portrait of Volusian, with particulars as above, but with somewhat better expression of countenance, and the robes over the shoulders more distinctly marked. Reverse. IVNONI MARTIALI. In the field S. C. A circular temple on a triple plinth, with an ornamented dome, and festoons between the columns; in the adytum sits a female figure, with the forficula in her right hand, but no peacock. Medal in the highest preservation and barely discoloured. Medal struck as with Medal number 478. Aemilianus 484 Obverse. IMP. CAES. AEMILIANVS P. F. AVG. Laureated head of the Emperor, with short hair, a close but thick beard, and a sensible middle-aged countenance, with somewhat of a Moorish cast. Reverse. VICTORIA AVG. In the field S. C. Winged Victory in transparent robes marching across the field, with palm-branch in one hand and laurel crown in other. Medal is misshapen from the mint but is in very excellent preservation and partially tinged with greenish patina. 291 Aemilianus 487 Obverse. IMP. CAES. AEMILIANVS P. F. AVG. Laureated profile of the Emperor, with close hair and beard, and grave but intelligent features. Reverse. APOLL. CONSERVAT. In the field S. C. Apolloini Lyristes, beardless and crinite, stands, as the author of all harmony, with a branch of laurel in his right hand and his left supporting a lyre which rests on a rock. This rare medal seems to have received a bruise in minting, but is otherwise in the highest perfection though scarcely patinated. 292 112 Smyth page Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Valerian 488 Obverse. IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. F. AVG. Laureated profile of Valerian, with close hair, smooth chin, good eye, and aquiline nose; but the face is fat; the throat short and thick. Reverse. ORIENS AVGG. In the field S. C. Appollo Gradiens, with his right hand raised, and a globe in his left; he is naked except a light chlamys over the shoulders, and a “corona radiata” on his head. Medal in very superior condition, the metal being barely discoloured. Valerian 489 Obverse. IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. F. AVG. 295 Laurelled head of the Emperor, with a physiognomy resembling the above and somewhat corroborative of the description which says he was tall, well-made, and of a majestic air. Reverse. FIDES MILITVM. In the field S. C. A female figure, in the full robes of a Roman matron, with her hair splendidly arranged, stands in the centre of the field, holding an ensign in each hand, to which are suspended little bucklers and other military ornaments Medal, though not well spread, is in admirable perfection, and the original colour of the metal scarcely altered, from its having been hermetically sealed. Probably minted early in 254 AD. Valerian 491 Obverse. IMP. C. P. LIC. VALERIANVS P. F. AVG. 296 Laureated head of Valerian, with details as before, and a sedate expression of features. Reverse. VICTORIA AVGG. In the field S.C. A winged Victory, habited in long robes, stands with her right hand upon a shield resting on the ground, and in her left, holds a palm-branch. Medal in the very best condition and slightly covered with brown patina; probably struck about 259 AD. Mariniana 492 Obverse. DIVAE MARINIANAE. Head of a beautiful woman with face expressive of thoughtfulness and intelligence. Her hair is carefully attired and a sacred veil falls from the back of the diadem to the peplus, which covers the shoulders. Reverse. CONSECRATIO. In the field S. C. A peacock standing with his tail expanded. Fine medal in high perfection and slightly tinted with green-and-brown patina. 113 Smyth page 295 297 Appendix 2 A summarised description of a medal discovered in Gozo in Smyth’s collection. For a full description see Smyth 1834 Person represented on Obverse Smyth Description, Preservation and Date Medal no. Nerva 114 Smyth page Obverse. IMP. NERVA CAES. AVG. P. M. TR. P. COS. III. 77 P. P. Strongly marked portrait of Nerva, with laureated head. Reverse. ANNONA AVGVSTI. On the exergum S. C. The good prince having secured a supply of provisions from abroad, Amalthsea is here presenting her horn to a seated female, who, by her torch and altar, is known to be Ceres. In the background a ship appears, and as there is no modius, the stock was probably plentiful. Medal in singularly fine condition and coated with a dense green patina: Found at Gozo, in 1819, and presented to Smyth by Col. Otto Bayer 1 Vella, N.C. 2005. A maritime perspective: looking for Hermes in an ancient seascape. In Chrysostomides, J., Dendrinos, C., & Harris, J. (eds). The Greek Islands and the Sea. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium held at The Hellenic Institute, Royal Holloway, University of London 21–22 September 2001. Prophyrogenitus, Camberley: 33–57, (p. 40). 2 Ganado, A. 1993. The representation of Birgu and Fort St Angelo in Old maps and views. In Bugeja, L., Buhagiar, M., & Fiorini, S. (eds). Birgu A Maltese Maritime City, Malta University Services, Malta, 2: 549–91, (p. 570 pl. 16.25 & p. 582). 3 Della Marmora, A. 1836. Lettre à Monsieur Raoul Rochette, sur le Temple de l’ile de Gozo, dit la Tour des Géants. Nouvelles Annales publiées par la section français de l’Istitute archéologique 1: 1–36, (p. 2). 4 Smyth, W.H. 1829a. Notice of some Remains at Goza, near Malta. Archaeologia 22: 294–95. 5 See Smyth, W.H. 1844. A Cycle of Celestial Objects, for the use of naval, military and private astronomers, observed, reduced and discussed by Captain W.H. Smyth. John W. Parker, London. 6 The term ‘medal’ as used by Smyth in his book is here being adopted, even though he occasionally referred to the medals as coins – see Smyth 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 236, 295). For a discussion on the difference between coins and medals see Reece, R. 1983. Coins and medals. In Henig, M. (ed). A handbook of Roman art A survey of the visual arts of the Roman world. Phaidon, London, 166–178, (p. 166). 7 Carson, R.A.G. 1986. A History of the Royal Numismatic Society 1836–1986. Oxford University Printing House, Great Britain, (pp. 2,3,6). 8 Smyth, W.H. 1856. Descriptive catalogue of a cabinet of Roman family coins belonging to His Grace the Duke of Northumberland. Printed for Private Circulation. 9 Smyth, W.H. 1852. Catalogue of Roman Coins, collected by the late Rev. Thomas Kerrich, M.A., F.S.A., Prebendary of Wells and Lincoln and presented by his son, the Rev. Richard Edward Kerrich, M.A., F.S.A., to the Society of Antiquaries. John Bowyer Nicholas and Son, Westminster. 114 10 The collection appears to have since been divided; twenty sulphur casts of sestertii made by Smyth appeared for sale by auction. See https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=244869. 11 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Descriptive catalogue of a cabinet of Roman Imperial large-Brass Medals. Bedford, (p. xxii). 12 Although Saloninus is listed at the end of Smyth’s (1834. Op. cit. in note 11 p. xxii) list, Gallienus is the latest emperor. 13 Smyth, W.H 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 30, 31, 34, 44, 48, 62). 14 Smyth, W.H 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 32, 65, 68, 72, 74, 85). 15 Smyth, W.H 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 42). 16 These constitute around 11% of the medals described. Smyth had more medals from the 1819 Malta hoard. Some being duplicates were exchanged for others while a medal from the time of Gallienus (Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, p. 228) is not included in the medals described. 17 In his description Smyth repeatedly refers to the excellent preservation and high condition of the medals leading him to conclude that they were found hermetically shut within their containers (e.g. Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, pp. 230, 236,239,243,295). 18 Smyth, W.H 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 228). 19 Malta Government Gazette 311 (13 October 1819) (p. 1986). 20 Although Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 228) states that in his collection there were medals from time of Gallienus coming from the 1819 Malta hoard, no such medals are described in the catalogue – see Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 298–302). 21 Tal-Ġawhar is described as being in the Żurrieq parish in Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 6). 22 Date refers to Emperor’s reign. 23 Wettinger, G. 2000. Place-Names of the Maltese Islands c.1300–1800. PEG, Malta, (p. 134). 24 ‘Ħirib ta’ Raħal Ġawhar’ as given in Wettinger, G. 2000. Op. cit. in note 23, (p. 318). This refers to ruins of/at Raħal Ġawhar which could refer to the building but also could refer to other remains including those of a medieval hamlet. 25 Abela, G.F. 1647. Della descrittione di Malta, Isola nel Mare Siciliano. Paolo Bonacota, Malta, (p. 103). 26 Ciantar, G.A. 1772. Malta illustrata, ovvero descrittione di Malta, isola del mare siciliano e adriatico, con le sue antichità, 2 vols. Stamperia del Palazzo di S.A.S., Malta, (p. 310). 27 Bres, O. 1816. Malta Antica illustrata co’ Monumenti, e coll’istoria. Stamperia de Romanis, Rome, (p. 140). 28 Vassallo, C. 1851. Monumenti antichi del gruppo di Malta; Periodo Fenicio ed Egizio. Valletta, Malta (p. 18). Compare with Caruana, A.A. 1882. Report on the Phoenician and Roman Antiquities in the group of the Islands of Malta. Government Printing Office, Valletta, (p. 24). Ġgantija and Borġ in-Nadur are today considered as prehistoric remains. 29 No evidence has been found for kinship between First Adjutant of the Police Oliver St John (Malta Blue Book 1842, p. 101) and Robert William St John referred to by Smyth, W.H 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 228) and discussed in the present text. 30 Bugeja, A. 2011. An outline of developments in Maltese archaeology during the nineteenth century. Melita Historica 15 (4): 351–66, (p. 357). 31 Godwin, G.N. 1880. A guide to the Maltese Islands. Paolo Bonavia, Malta, (p. 230). 32 His drawing (no. 417) of the remains which is now preserved at the Hermitage shows that the building had already experienced a collapse at the time. 33 Houel, J. 1787 Voyage pittoresque des Isles de Sicile, de Lipari et de Malte, vol. 4. L’Imprimerie de Monsieur, Paris, (p. 93). 34 Freller, T. 2009. Malta and the Grand Tour. Midsea Books, Malta (pp. 303, 656). 35 Mayr, A. 1908. The Prehistoric Remains of Malta. Printed for private circulation, (p. 61). 115 36 Museum Annual Report 1910–11, (p. 3); Ashby, T. et al. 1913. Excavations in 1908–11 in Various Megalithic Buildings in Malta and Gozo. Papers of the British School at Rome 6: 1–126, (pp. 123–26). 37 Museum Annual Report 1960, (pp. 6–7, figs. 4–5 & plates I-IV); and National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 4v-9v. 38 Ġgantija phase sherds were found in level 3 of Trench II which was outside and touching the round building (National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 6r). Other Ġgantija phase sherds were found in Level 5 of two extensions to Trench III and IV within the round building, beneath level 3 which was the earth floor of one of the ‘rooms’ inside the building (National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 9r). 39 In level 5 in Trench I outside the round building and under the field only (National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 5r). 40 Bonanno, A. 2005. Malta Phoenician, Punic, and Roman. Midsea Books, Malta, (pp. 294–97). 41 Sagona, C. 2015. The Archaeology of Malta from the Neolithic through the Roman Period. Cambridge University Press, (pp. 239–42 & footnote 121 p. 380). 42 Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 7). 43 Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 6). Not mentioned in National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 6r. 44 For a hypothetical reconstruction of the roof see National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 6v. 45 Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 7). An unpublished hypothetical reconstruction of the shrine, probably by Trump, is currently preserved at the National Museum Archaeology (Valletta) and this drawing was reproduced in Cardona, D. 2010. Roman buildings in Malta and their decoration. Unpublished MA dissertation, University of Malta, (p. 1, fig.124). A detailed description of the carved globigerina slab and related elements is also given by Cardona, D. 2010. Annex III, (pp. 652–60). 46 Detailed location of the finds is given in National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 6r-6v. 47 Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 7); National Museum Archaeology (Valletta): Excavation Notebook II: 5r. 48 Bruno, B. 2004. L’archipelago Maltese in età romana e bizantina. Attività economiche e scambi al centro del Mediterraneo (Biblioteca Archeologica 14). Edipuglia, Bari, (p. 48 fn. 46); and Perassi, C. 2005. Aspetti della circolazione monetale sull’arcipelago maltese (I sec. d. C.-533/5 d. C.). In Alfaro, C., Marcos, C. & Otero, P. (eds). XIII Congreso Internacional de Numismática, Madrid – 2003, Actas. Ministerio de Cultura, Direccion General de Bellas Artes y Bienes Culturales, Subdireccion General de Museos Estatales, Madrid: 577–585, (p. 579). 49 Museum Annual Report 1960, (p. 7). 50 Trump, D.H. 2000. Malta: An Archaeological Guide, 2nd ed., Progress Press, Malta, (pp. 100–1). 51 Notarial Archives Malta: Deed no. 18 signed on 8 February 1969 (Notary A. Grech). 52 Heritage Malta Annual Report 2003–2004, (p. 40). 53 Bruno, B. 2004. Op. cit. in note 48, (footnotes 46–47, p. 48) 54 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. viii) may have restricted his catalogue to a series of what he called the ‘the Higher Empire’. 55 Bonanno, A. 1981. Malta in the third century. In King, A. & Henig, M. (eds). The Roman West in the Third Century: Contributions from Archaeology and History. BAR International Series 109: 505–13, (p 509); and Trump, D.H. 2000. Op. cit. in note 50, (pp. 100–1). The latest datable coin in a large jar containing 4000 bronze coins found in Rabat (Gozo) was 273 AD (Museum Annual Report 1936–37, (p. 14). Relationship to the events of the roof collapse at Tal-Ġawhar are unlikely and also complicated by incomplete recording of the original find. 56 Bonanno, A. 1981. Op. cit. in note 55, (pp. 507–8). 116 57 Vella, N.C. 2013. Vases, bones and two Phoenician inscriptions An assessment of a discovery made in Malta in 1816. In Loretz, O., Ribichini, S., Watson, W.G.E., & Zamora, J.Á. (eds). Ritual, Religion and Reason Studies in the Ancient World in Honour of Paolo Xella. Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, (pp. 589–606). 58 National Malta Archives: GOV 2/1/6 (16 August 1815). 59 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Mercanti inglesi a Malta 1800–1825. Franco Angeli Libri s.r.l., Milano, (footnote 72 p. 171). 60 National Malta Archives: GOV 2/1/16 (11 April 1827). Victor Casolani acted as Treasurer for six months starting from 1 July 1822 when St John was absent from the island to settle family affairs – National Malta Archives: CSG 15/1 (21 June 1822): 68. 61 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (footnote 72 p. 171). 62 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 138 & footnote 72 p. 171) gives the place as ‘Nizeltt’ but consulting the original document – Petition 173 in National Malta Archives, PW 4 (23 March 1821): 83 – it is clear that the place was Nigret. Ta’ Nigret refers to Government Tenement 798 described by Francesco Caruana in 1862 as consisting of a house, garden and clausura. The area occupied by the tenement as revealed in the plan lies to the east and behind the chapel dedicated to the Immaculate Conception at Nigret; it is still easily recognizable today in the buildings and outdoor space appearing in aerial photographs of the area. 63 No mention of the medal collection is made in St John’s will. See The National Archives (UK), PROB 11/2135–98. 64 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 10,92,140,159,222). 65 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note, 11 (p. ix). 66 For a list of these companies see D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 209). 67 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 60, footnote 19 p. 90 & p. 209). 68 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p 273). 69 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (pp. 86,88,137,271). 70 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 16). 71 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (pp. 77,78,80). 72 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 121,144,259). These were obtained in 1818, 1821 and 1822. 73 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 259) ‘purchased’ a medal from Benucci, probably in the latter’s capacity as a dealer. 74 For Benucci see Azzopardi, J. 1983. Count Saverio Marchese (1757–1833): his picture-gallery and his bequest to the Cathedral Museum. Proceedings of History Week 1982: 28–43, (footnote 25 p. 34). 75 Ganado, A. 1982. Pietro Paolo Caruana: The first lithographs produced in Malta. Proceedings of History Week 1981: 49–60, (p. 60). 76 Tyndale-Bisco, J. 2015. Villa Frere A lost Maltese Garden rediscovered. BDL Publishing, Malta, (p. 8). 77 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 158). 78 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 138). 79 D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 1276). 80 Cassar, P. 1984. John Hookham Frere in Malta (1821–46) A link with our social and cultural past. Melita Historica 9 (1): 49–73, (p. 49); and Tyndale-Bisco, J. 2015. Op. cit. in note 76, (p. 7). 81 Tyndale-Bisco, J. 2015. Op. cit. in note 76, (p. 7). 82 Cassar, P. 1984. Op. cit. in note 80, (pp. 53–56); and D’Angelo, M. 1990. Op. cit. in note 59, (p. 213 & footnote 121 p. 220). 83 Cassar, P. 1984. Op. cit. in note 80, (p. 56). 84 Mifsud, A. & Mifsud, S. 1997. Dossier Malta Evidence for the Magdalenian. Proprint Company Limited, Malta, (pp. 125–7). 117 85 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (pp. 31, 62, 77). 86 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 77). 87 Bonello, G. 1996. The Gozo megalithic sites: early visitors and artists. In Pace, A. (ed). Maltese Prehistoric Art 5000–2500 BC, Patrimonju Publishing, Malta: 19–29, (p. 29 footnote 1). Bayer’s death is given as the 4 July 1826 in Dispatch 115 in National Malta Archives, GOV 2/1/15 (24 July 1826). Bonello’s date for Bayer’s death as September 1826 appears more consistent with the date of execution of Bayer’s will. See The National Archives (UK), PROB 11/1716–271. 88 Malta Government Gazette 320 (15 December 1819), (p. 2050). 89 Malta Government Gazette 321 (22 December 1819), (p. 2058). His appointment as General Magistrate was consequent to the hardship caused by travel experienced by Gozitans in judicial cases and the cost borne by the Crown for such cases. See Malta Government Gazette 319 (8 December 1819), (p. 2042). 90 Malta Blue Book 1823, chapter 4, (p. 127). 91 National Malta Archives, CSG 8/2, (23 June 1820). 92 National Malta Archives, PW 4, (15 December 1820 & 10 January 1821). 93 National Malta Archives, CSG 8/4, (23 January 1821). 94 National Malta Archives, CSG 8/4, (2 January 1821). 95 The fact that Bayer cleared Ġgantija is stated by Smyth, W.H. 1829a. Op. cit. in note 4, (p. 294). 96 This erroneous tradition was started by Della Marmora, A. 1836. Op.cit in note 3, (p. 2) who considered the date of publication of Mazzara’s account (Mazzara, M. 1827. Temple ante-Diluvien dit des Geants dans l’ile de Gozo. Paris) as the year in which the clearings were made. This is repeated in Caruana, A.A.1882. Op. cit. in note 28, (p. 7); Evans, J.D. 1971. The prehistoric antiquities of the Maltese Islands: a survey. Athlone, London, (p. 172); and Trump, D.H. 2000. Op. cit. in note 50, (p. 173) amongst many others and is still occasionally reproduced today. Clearings in 1827 are impossible as Bayer died in 1826 (see footnote 87). 97 In a public lecture in 1976, Joe Attard Tabone was already stating that the clearing operations were carried out when Bayer was in office between 1816 and 1826 (Attard, J. 1976. An historical investigation of a once lost Prehistoric site in Gozo: A plea for its preservation. Unpublished script of a lecture given to the Rotary Club, National Museum of Archaeology, Valletta). 98 In 1828, Charles Brochtorff declares that Ġgantija was discovered in 1820 (see Brochtorff watercolour in Grima, R. 2004. The Archaeological Drawings of Charles Frederick De Brochtorff. Midsea Books Ltd and Heritage Malta, Malta, (p. 42). Pückler-Muskau states that excavations took place mostly in 1821–23 (Bonello, G. 1996. Op. cit. in note 87, (p. 21)), while Attard Tabone, J. 1999. The Gozo Circle rediscovered. In Mifsud, A. & Savona Ventura, C. (eds). Facets of Maltese Prehistory. The Prehistoric Society of Malta, Malta: 169–181, (p. 173), without giving his sources, gives 1820 to 1822. Works by Bayer were definitely over in September 1824 when they were visited by Robert Hay (Attard Tabone, J. 2010. Robert Hay in Gozo and the lost stone circle. In Grima, J. (ed). 60th Anniversary of the Malta Historical Society A commemoration. Malta Historical Society, Malta: 73–84, (pp. 77–80). 99 Attard Tabone, J. 1999. Op. cit. in note 98, (p. 173). No official records pointing towards a government funding of the project have been found, although the loss of most of the government records for the period should be noted. 100 Malta Blue Book 1821, chapter 4a. 101 The Gentleman’s Magazine 96 (2) (New series 19) (August 1826), (pp. 182–3); and The Scots Magazine, and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany: being a general repository of literature, history, and politics, for 1815. Vol.77, (p. 554). 102 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 58). 118 103 The London Gazette 17061 (16 September 1815), (p. 1877); and Smyth, W.H. 1829b. The life and services of captain Philip Beaver, late of his majesty’s ship Nisus. John Murray, Albemarle-Street, London, (pp. 219–30). 104 https://archive.org/details/royalnavalbiopt202marsuoft pages 817. 105 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 150). 106 Marshall, J. 1825. Royal Naval Biography: or Memoirs of the services of all the flag-officers, superannuated rear-admirals, retired-captains, post-captains and commanders, whose names appeared on the Admiralty list of sea officers at the commencement of the year 1760, or who have since been promoted; illustrated by a series of historical and explanatory notes. With copious addenda, 2 (2). Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, London, (pp. 817–838); and Heraud J.A. 1837. Voyages up the Mediterranean and in the Indian Seas: With Memoirs, compiled from the logs and letters of a midshipman. P. White and Son, London, (p. 45). 107 The Gentleman’s Magazine 4 (July 1835), (pp. 90–1). 108 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 133). 109 Dispatch 16 in National Malta Archives, GOV 2/1/4, (11 February 1812). 110 http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/~/media/Documents/Find+out+about/Histories+of+Queensland/ Transport+Maritime+history/HMS+Pandora/pandora-crew.pdf; and Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 133). 111 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 1, (p. 146). 112 Philippart, J. 1816. The Royal Military Calendar containing the services of every General Officer, Lieutenant-general, and Major General, in the British Army from the date of their first commission, and the services of Colonels and Lieutenant Colonels; with appendices, vol. 3, A.J. Valpy, London, (pp. 395–403); and http://www.berryhillsturgeon.com/NapWar/Generals/Carrol/Carrol.html. 113 Smyth, W.H. 1834. Op. cit. in note 11, (p. 105). 114 Baron Sceberras is identified as Pasquale Sceberras Testaferrata in Montalto, J. 1980. The Nobles of Malta 1530–1800. Midsea Books Limited, Malta, (p. 344). 115 Malta Blue Book 1823, chapter 4: 104; NAM, GOV 1/2/1 (5 June 1815): fol. 451r-452v. 116 Dispatch 119 in NAM, GOV 1/2/18 (2 October 1839): fol. 469r-471r; Dispatch 22 in NAM, GOV 2/1/35 (17 November 1839). 117 http://www.maltagenealogy.com/libro%20d’Oro/sceberras.html; http://rshg.org.uk/graves/mrpasquale-sceberras-trigona/; The Tablet 34 (1544) (25 December 1869). (pp. 23–34). 119