AJCP / Original Article
Evaluation of Treponemal Serum Tests Performed on
Cerebrospinal Fluid for Diagnosis of Neurosyphilis
Jeannette Guarner, MD,1 Heather Jost,2 Allan Pillay, PhD,2 Yongcheng Sun, MD,2
David Cox, PhD,2 Robert Notenboom, PhD,3 and Kimberly Workowski, MD4,5
From the Departments of 1Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and 5Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; 2Syphilis Laboratory Reference and
Research Branch and 4Program Development and Quality Improvement Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; and
3Mern Technology, Toronto, Canada.
Key Words: Neurosyphilis; Treponemal tests; VDRL; Cerebrospinal fluid
Am J Clin Pathol April 2015;143:479-484
DOI: 10.1309/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR
ABSTRACT
Objectives: We evaluated the use of treponemal serum tests
in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to diagnose neurosyphilis since
CSF–Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) is
specific but lacks sensitivity.
Methods: We tested CSF specimens using the following
treponemal serum tests: INNO-LIA, Treponema pallidum
particle agglutination (TP-PA), Trep-Sure, and Maxi-Syph.
The reference standard to calculate sensitivity and specificity
was having two or more reactive/positive tests on CSF.
Results: The reference standard group included 11 cases
that fulfilled the definition of neurosyphilis (reactive
CSF-VDRL plus symptoms) and three cases that did not
fulfill the definition: two cases had neurologic symptoms
but a nonreactive CSF-VDRL, and one had several positive
CSF syphilis tests (reactive VDRL and positive treponemal
and syphilis polymerase chain reaction) but no history
(referred sample). Controls included 18 patients in whom
a CSF-VDRL was performed the same week as patients in
the reference group. The sensitivity was 85.7% (12/14) for
CSF-VDRL, 92.9% (13/14) for Trep-Sure, 100% (10/10) for
Maxi-Syph, 92.3% (12/13) for INNO-LIA, and 83.3% (10/12)
for TP-PA. Specificity was 100% for all tests.
Conclusions: Treponemal serum tests performed on CSF
were useful in identifying two patients with nonreactive
CSF-VDRL.
© American Society for Clinical Pathology
Clinical diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging since
patient presentation varies. Persons with clinical signs of
neurosyphilis (eg, cranial nerve dysfunction, auditory or
ophthalmic abnormalities, loss of vibration sense, altered
mental status, meningitis, and stroke) warrant further laboratory investigation. Although no single laboratory test
can be used to diagnose neurosyphilis, a variety of laboratory parameters in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can aid in the
diagnosis, yet there are caveats in different patient groups1
and those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).2 A definitive diagnosis of neurosyphilis can be performed by identifying Treponema pallidum in CSF by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detecting treponemes in brain
tissue by silver staining, immunohistochemistry, or direct
fluorescent antibody, but these test modalities and samples
are not available in many clinical settings.
In a person with neurologic signs or symptoms, a reactive CSF–Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL)
(in a specimen not contaminated with blood) is considered
diagnostic of neurosyphilis, while probable cases include
patients with clinical signs suggestive of neurosyphilis
or suggestive of other syphilis stages with negative CSFVDRL but reactive serologic treponemal and nontreponemal
tests and alterations in the CSF protein or leukocyte counts.3
Because the CSF-VDRL test has high specificity but lacks
sensitivity,4 serum T pallidum–specific or treponemal tests
such as T pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) or fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) have
been used to test CSF to improve neurosyphilis diagnosis.5-9
However, TP-PA and FTA-ABS are manual tests performed
in reference laboratories, and their use in serum has been
supplanted by treponemal enzyme immunosorbent assays
Am J Clin Pathol 2015;143:479-484 479
DOI: 10.1309/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR
Guarner et al / Treponemal Serum Test on CSF
(EIAs) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CIAs), which
are automated and interfaced to electronic medical records.10
When using serum, the agreement of treponemal EIAs and
CIAs with FTA-ABS is above 95%.11 Added advantages
of using automated instrumentation to detect treponemalspecific antibodies on CSF specimens include requiring
low specimen volume and quick turnaround time. The goal
of this study was to evaluate the use of serum treponemal
immunoassays on CSF specimens and define their potential
use for diagnosis of neurosyphilis.
Materials and Methods
Specimen Selection
Twelve VDRL-positive CSF specimens were collected
from January 2011 to May 2013 after routine testing had
been completed in one laboratory from a two-hospital system. One or two VDRL-negative CSF specimens that were
tested in the same laboratory during the same week when
a CSF-VDRL–positive sample occurred were included as
controls. CSF specimens were refrigerated prior to batch
testing with VDRL and subsequently frozen at –20°C.
Except for the CSF-VDRL test, all other syphilis tests were
performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, with spent CSF samples (remaining sample after other diagnostic tests were performed), and
thus the volume varied and not all tests could be performed
in some cases.
Chart Review
Patients’ charts were reviewed and the following
information was extracted: age; sex; neurologic signs and
symptoms; rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test result; HIV
status, including CD4 cell count; and viral load when available. We also captured specific treatment for neurosyphilis with intravenous penicillin. Completeness of clinical
information varied since some specimens were referred by
other institutions. The study protocol was reviewed and
approved by institutional review boards at Emory University and the CDC.
Tests Performed on CSF
The VDRL test was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Becton-Dickinson, Sparks, MD).
Reactive specimens were titered by preparing twofold dilutions of each sample. The CSF-VDRL test is a nontreponemal test that measures antilipid (mostly cardiolipin) antibodies that appear as a result of T pallidum infection.
The Trep-Sure (Trinity Biotech, Bray, Ireland) and MaxiSyph (Sire Diagnostics, Oakville, Ontario, Canada) EIAs
480 Am J Clin Pathol 2015;143:479-484
DOI: 10.1309/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR
were performed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Both tests use a microtiter plate coated with highly
purified specific T pallidum antigen and measure both IgG
and IgM antitreponemal antibodies. EIA plates were read
on a FLUOstar Omega microplate reader (BMG Labtech,
Ortenburg, Germany). Results were reported based on
the serum sample’s index value, which was calculated by
dividing the sample’s optical density by the cutoff value. A
specimen was considered nonreactive if the index value was
less than 0.8 and reactive if more than 1.2, while in-between
values were considered equivocal.
The INNO-LIA Syphilis Score test was performed
using the AUTO-LIA 48 automated system according to the
manufacturer’s instructions (Innogenetics N.V., Gent, Belgium). INNO-LIA is a line immunoassay that tests for IgG
and IgM antibodies against specific treponemal antigens,
three recombinant proteins (TpN47, TpN17, and TpN15),
and a synthetic peptide (TmpA). Samples and controls are
placed on the paper strip containing the antigens. Detection
of an antigen/antibody reaction is done by using an enzymatic reaction. A specimen is considered positive if reactivity is
observed with at least two of the four antigens.
The Serodia–TP-PA test (Fujirebio America, Fairfield,
NJ) was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Gelatin particles coated with purified T pallidum
organisms will agglutinate with anti–T pallidum antibodies
in a patient’s serum, indicating the presence of IgG and IgM
antitreponemal antibodies.
DNA was extracted from 200 µL and 400 µL for each
patient’s CSF sample per the manufacturer’s instructions
using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA).
Both DNA samples were eluted for a total volume of 50
µL. DNA samples were tested with real-time duplex PCR
targeting the DNA polymerase I gene (polA, tp0105) of T
pallidum and a PCR inhibition control targeting the human
ribonuclease P gene. PCR amplification was performed
in a 50-µL reaction using 20 µL of the DNA sample. The
PCR reaction mixture contained 300 nmol/L sense primer
(CAGGATCCGGCATATGTCC), 300 nmol/L antisense
primer (AAGTGTGAGCGTCTCATCATTCC), and 200
nmol/L TaqMan probe (CalRed610-CTGTCATGCACCAGCTTCGACGTCTT–black hole quencher 3 [BHQ3])
for polA detection, as well as 80 nmol/L sense primer
(CCAAGTGTGAGGGCTGAAAAG), 80 nmol/L antisense
primer (TGTTGTGGCTGATGAACTATAAAAGG), and
80 nmol/L TaqMan probe (Cy5-CCCCA GTCTCTGTCAGCACTCCCTTC-BHQ3) for human ribonuclease P gene
detection; 1× PCR buffer; 5 mmol/L MgCl2; 200 µmol/L
each dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dUTP; 1 unit of uracil-N-glycosylase; and 2 units of AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase
(Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA). Appropriate positiveand negative-template controls were included in the run.
© American Society for Clinical Pathology
AJCP / Original Article
PCR amplification was done in a Rotor-Gene 6000 real-time
PCR instrument (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) using the following conditions: hold cycles at 50°C for 2 minutes and
95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 50 PCR cycles at 95°C for
20 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute.
As part of the patients’ diagnostic workup, CSF cellularity, protein and glucose concentration, and tests to rule out
other causes of meningitis or encephalitis were performed on
CSF specimens from these patients.
Statistical Analysis
To calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, we divided patients into two groups;
those who had two or more reactive/positive treponemal,
nontreponemal, or PCR tests in CSF were considered the reference (gold) standard, while other patients were considered
controls. Comparison of these two groups for age and CSF
values regarding cellularity and glucose and protein concentration was performed using a two-tailed, unpaired t test using
the online QuickCalks (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA).
❚Table 1❚
Clinical Information and Pertinent Laboratory Test Results of
Reference and Control Groupsa
Characteristic
Age, mean (range), y
Male sex
Symptoms
Headache
Visual disturbances
Psychological disturbances
Nausea, vomiting
Dizziness
Hearing problems
Gait abnormalities
Sleeping disturbances
Fever
No neurologic symptoms
Numbness, paresthesias
Focal neurologic signs
Tremors
Increased intracranial pressure
Reactive RPR, No. performed
Range of RPR titer
HIV positive, No. performed
Reference
Control Group
Group (n = 14)b (n = 18)
43 (25-56)
13 (93)
53 (18-89)
9 (50)
5 (38)
5 (38)
4 (31)
4 (31)
2 (15)
1 (8)
1 (8)
1 (8)
1 (8)
1 (8)
0
0
0
0
9 of 10
1:32 to 1:512
11 of 12
5 (28)
3 (17)
2 (11)
3 (17)
2 (11)
1 (6)
3 (17)
1 (6)
2 (11)
0
4 (22)
2 (11)
1 (6)
1 (6)
1 of 5
1:4
1 of 4
Results
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; RPR, rapid plasma reagin.
a Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated.
b No clinical information is available in one specimen in the reference group since it
was referred for testing.
A total of 32 CSF specimens were tested. The mean
age of the patients was 50 years, including 10 women and
22 men. Thirty patients had neurologic signs and symptoms.
Patients without neurologic symptoms included a 53-yearold HIV-positive man who had a fever and a sample from
a 49-year-old man who was referred for testing. Of the
30 symptomatic patients, 12 had HIV infection; 10 of 12
patients had a CD4 cell count available at the time the CSF
specimen was obtained, with a mean CD4 cell count of 268
(range, 8-642). In three of the 12 HIV-infected patients, a
viral load was available; it was less than 20 in one patient,
and the other two had uncontrolled viremia (>57,000). Two
HIV-infected persons had hepatitis C.
Fourteen of 32 patients were considered in the reference
group; 11 fulfilled the definition of having neurosyphilis,
while three did not. The cases that did not fulfill the definition included a 41-year-old man with neurologic symptoms
(decreased hearing, tinnitus, and loss of vision) and a
positive RPR but negative CSF-VDRL. A 49-year-old man
whose specimen was referred for testing (no clinical information was available) had a reactive CSF-VDRL, positive
treponemal tests in CSF, and a positive PCR in CSF. The
last patient in the gray zone was a 50-year-old HIV-positive
woman who had altered mental status, nausea, vomiting, and
diarrhea; did not have a serum RPR performed, although
she had increased CSF protein and lymphocytes; and was
diagnosed as having a stroke. This patient had antisyphilis
antibodies detected by the serum tests in CSF, suggesting
that she had syphilis, particularly since she frequented the
emergency department but refused care.
The mean age for the reference group was 43 (range,
25-56) years, and the mean age for the control group was
53 (range, 18-89) years (P = .037). ❚Table 1❚ presents in
aggregate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of
patients in the reference and control groups. The diagnoses
of the 18 controls included neoplasias, stroke, autoimmune
disease (multiple sclerosis), suspected viral encephalitis,
and diabetes with encephalopathy. RPR was performed on
serum in 10 of the 14 patients in the reference group and in
five of 18 controls. The serum RPR was reactive with titers
ranging from 1:32 to 1:512 in nine patients in the reference
group. The patient with the reactive serum RPR in the control group had a titer of 1:4 and was considered as having a
false-positive result since an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay syphilis antibody test was negative in the setting of a
stroke (nonreactive CSF-VDRL and no CSF WBCs).
Appropriate treatment for neurosyphilis with intravenous penicillin was documented in 10 of the 14 patients in
the reference group. For those patients in whom treatment
of neurosyphilis was not documented, one was referred to
his primary care physician for treatment, and two patients
were noncompliant with treatment; the last treatment is
unknown since the CSF specimen was a referral. None of
the patients in the control group were treated for syphilis or
neurosyphilis.
© American Society for Clinical Pathology
Am J Clin Pathol 2015;143:479-484 481
DOI: 10.1309/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR
Guarner et al / Treponemal Serum Test on CSF
❚Table 2❚
Syphilis Serology and PCR Testing on CSF Specimens of
Reference and Control Groups
Age, y/Sex
Reference group
35/M
43/M
47/M
33/M
49/M
56/M
32/M
55/M
53/M
52/M
31/M
25/M
41/M
50/F
Control group
47/F
65/F
57/M
51/F
89/F
19/F
58/F
70/M
88/M
44/M
40/M
48/M
18/M
57/F
54/F
63/M
85/F
60/M
TrepVDRL Sure
MaxiINNOSyph TP-PA LIA
PCR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
NR
NR
R
R
R
R
NR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
ND
ND
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
ND
ND
R
R
R
ND
ND
R
R
NR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
NR
ND
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
NR
ND
ND
–
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
ND
–
–
–
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ND, not done; NR, nonreactive; PCR, polymerase chain
reaction; R, reactive; TP-PA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination; VDRL,
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory; +, positive; –, negative.
Patients in the reference group had lower CSF glucose
(54 mg/dL; range, 36-66 mg/dL) compared with controls
(mean, 76 mg/dL; range, 53-175 mg/dL) (P = .029) and
higher protein (mean, 99 mg/dL; range, 35-300 mg/dL) compared with controls (mean, 42 mg/dL; range, 18-100 mg/dL)
(P = .025). The increased WBC count became statistically
significant between the groups (P < .05) once the patient
with carcinomatosis was excluded (since all cells present in
CSF were malignant rather than inflammatory). The mean
number of white blood cells was 17/μL (range, 0-76/μL) in
the reference group and 3/μL (range, 0-27/μL) the control
group. In the reference group, 12 (92%) of 13 patients had a
predominance of lymphocytes in CSF, while this occurred in
only eight (57%) of 14 controls. None of the CSF specimens
was bloody.
❚Table 2❚ shows the results of syphilis tests performed
on CSF from both groups. CSF-VDRL was reactive in 12
482 Am J Clin Pathol 2015;143:479-484
DOI: 10.1309/AJCPWSL3G8RXMCQR
(85.7%) of 14 patients in the reference group, with titers ranging from 1:1 to 1:32. None of the patients in the control group
had a positive CSF-VDRL test. Trep-Sure was performed on
all 32 specimens, INNO-LIA on 31, TP-PA on 30, and MaxiSyph on 28. Of the 14 patients in the reference group, 13 CSF
samples tested positive by Trep-Sure, including two patients
who were CSF-VDRL nonreactive; 10 of 12 tested were
positive by TP-PA; 12 of 13 by INNO-LIA; 10 of 10 by MaxiSyph; and 2 of 10 by PCR. Reextraction and concentration of
DNA from CSF did not yield any additional positives by PCR.
Of the two patients with nonreactive VDRL but reactive
Trep-Sure specimens, one was the 41-year-old HIV-positive
man with possible neurosyphilis who had tinnitus and loss of
vision and also had reactive CSF with TP-PA, INNO-LIA,
and Maxi-Syph. The other patient was a 50-year-old woman
with HIV infection who had a cerebrovascular accident and
whose CSF tested positive by the Maxi-Syph EIA.
The CSF-VDRL missed two patients in the reference
group, giving a sensitivity of 85.7% a specificity of 100%,
a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 89.5%. One patient in the reference group
tested negative by Trep-Sure EIA, giving a test sensitivity
of 92.9%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value
of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 94.7%. All 10
samples tested were reactive by the Maxi-Syph EIA, giving
100% sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. As with Trep-Sure, INNO-LIA missed one
patient in the reference group, giving a sensitivity of 92.3%,
a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%,
and a negative predictive value of 94.7%. The TP-PA missed
two patients in the reference group, giving a sensitivity of
83.3%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of
100%, and a negative predictive value of 90%.
Discussion
Our results indicate that Trep-Sure, Maxi-Syph EIA,
TP-PA, and INNO-LIA performed on CSF could be useful
for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis when the CSF-VDRL is
nonreactive, which is particularly problematic in patients
with asymptomatic neurosyphilis who are coinfected with
HIV.2,3,12,13 In our evaluation, there were three probable
cases of neurosyphilis, including two HIV-positive patients
with negative CSF-VDRL. One patient had decreased hearing, tinnitus, and loss of vision, and all treponemal tests
on CSF were positive, while the other patient had altered
mental status and a cerebrovascular event with only positive EIA treponemal tests on CSF. Our data suggest that it
may be useful to perform treponemal tests in CSF of HIVpositive patients when the CSF-VDRL is nonreactive but
neurosyphilis is suspected.
© American Society for Clinical Pathology
AJCP / Original Article
Treponemal tests performed on CSF showed good sensitivity and specificity in our study. Previous studies using
treponemal tests on CSF specimens have primarily used
FTA, FTA-ABS, TP-PA, and a T pallidum hemagglutination assay.14-19 A systematic review of these publications
showed that the performance was difficult to assess due to
the heterogeneity of the populations tested and the methods
used to assess diagnosis.20 Recently, INNO-LIA has been
used in CSF specimens, although the authors advocate the
use of an IgG and IgM serum CSF index to define central
nervous system involvement.19,21 It should be noted that
when serum CSF indexes are proposed for diagnoses of a
variety of conditions, obtaining the serum specimen may be
neglected, leading to lack of usage of these indexes. Publications regarding performance and use of Trep-Sure and
the INNO-LIA assay are available for serum, showing good
sensitivity and specificity.11,21-24
Consideration should be given to the possibility of the
passage of antisyphilis IgG antibodies from serum to CSF
when using serum treponemal tests for the evaluation of CSF
infection.25 Although we did not address this question, one
of the patients in the reference group had a negative CSFVDRL with a reactive RPR of 1:128, lymphocytic pleocytosis, and reactive treponemal tests, which likely indicate central nervous system involvement; however, a breach in the
blood-brain barrier cannot be ruled out. On the other hand,
one could argue that if treponemal tests in CSF are positive
because of the passage of antibodies through the blood-brain
barrier, both cases in this series with nonreactive CSFVDRL should be considered to have possible neurosyphilis.
PCR positivity in our study was lower than the 25% to
60% range reported in other studies.9,25,26 Reported sensitivity for PCR performed in swabs of primary and secondary
syphilitic lesions is 82%, with a specificity of 95%, compared with dark-field microscopy. When performing PCR
on plasma or serum, the sensitivity decreases to around 16%
and is lower in the later stages of syphilis, suggesting there
are few treponemes circulating in peripheral blood.27 Freezedrying CSF concentrates the sample and improves PCR sensitivity.25 Currently, the utility of CSF PCR to detect T pallidum is not well established since the presence of DNA does
not necessarily indicate disease activity but the residual presence of nucleic acids.28 The low PCR-positive rate observed
in our study can be attributed to using CSF specimens that
had been refrigerated rather than frozen immediately.
There are several limitations to this study. Clinical
information was retrospective, and control group specimens
were selected randomly so not all clinical parameters were
available. Not all tests could be performed in each sample
because we used spent samples and the volume varied. Last,
the conformation of the reference group requiring two or
more reactive/positive treponemal, nontreponemal, or PCR
© American Society for Clinical Pathology
CSF tests likely increased the calculation of sensitivity and
specificity. Of the patients included in the reference group,
the 50-year-old HIV-positive woman with a stroke was the
only patient who could be considered in either group. We
elected to place her in the reference group because she had
antibodies against syphilis in CSF, which likely reflect the
presence of antibodies in serum, particularly in a patient who
frequently refused care.
In summary, our study shows that serum treponemal
tests performed on CSF may be useful to diagnose neurosyphilis where there is high clinical suspicion but the CSFVDRL is nonreactive. The advantages of EIA platforms
(Trep-Sure and Maxi-Syph) include the presence of instruments that can perform the tests in most clinical laboratories
and technologists’ familiarity with EIAs; however, validation of the sample type will need to be conducted in each
laboratory. Although our results are preliminary due to the
small sample size, they support the use of an algorithm in
which serum treponemal tests are performed in CSF specimens once clinicians communicate with the laboratory that
the CSF-VDRL was nonreactive but the patient has signs
and symptoms compatible with neurosyphilis.
Address reprint requests to Dr Guarner: Emory University
Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322; jguarne@emory.edu.
Supported in part by the NIH/NIAID (Emory CFAR P30
AI050409). The findings and conclusions in this report are those
of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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