EmbodiEd EnErgy of building matErials

MATERIAL EMBODIED ENERGY OF BUILDING MATERIALS INTRODUCTION MATERIAL What is Embodied Energy? Embodied energy is defined as the total energy inputs consumed throughout a product’s life-cycle. Initial embodied energy represents energy used for the extraction of raw materials, transportation to factory, processing and manufacturing, transportation to site, and construction. Once the material is installed, recurring embodied energy represents the energy used to maintain, replace, and recycle materials and components of a building throughout its life.   Embodied energy is typically expressed in MJ/kg, where a megajoule (MJ) is equal to 0.948 kBtu or 0.278 kWh. The embodied energy values in Material LIFE have been converted to MJ per construction unit (i.e. ft2 for flooring, LF for studs, etc.) and are listed for the cradle-to-gate portion of the product’s life cycle, as highlighted in green in the diagram below. HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS CRADLE-TO-GATE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS Raw material extraction INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS Energy used to operate machinery REFERENCES  Transportation of raw material to factory   Transportation of finished product to site  Type of vehicle used and distance traveled affect embodied energy Product manufacturing Using raw materials and recycled materials Type of vehicle used and distance traveled affect embodied energy Building construction Energy used to operate machinery Building life-cycle Energy associated with maintaining and cleaning materials Material disposal Removal and disposal at end of material life-cycle © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. INTRODUCTION 1 INTRODUCTION MATERIAL Why Is Embodied Energy Important? Energy is embodied in everything we use every day: from food to clothing to cars, as well as buildings and all materials used in them. In the United States, 6% of all energy consumed is used to manufacture and transport building materials (EIA 2009). The architecture and engineering professions continue to drive down the energy buildings consume in their operations through initiatives like the AIA 2030 Commitment. As buildings consume less energy in operations, the energy embodied in the building’s materials will become increasingly important as a percentage of a building’s total energy footprint. Academic studies have illustrated that embodied energy accounts for the majority of a building’s energy footprint for approximately the first 15-20 years of a building’s life-cycle. The bar chart below illustrates how reducing operational energy use extends the point at which operational energy adds up to equal embodied energy. INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES EMBODIED ENERGY EMBODIED ENERGY OF CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS CUMULATIVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY CUMULATIVE OPERATIONAL ENERGY (EFFICIENT BUILDING) 43% 6% BUILDING OPERATIONS BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS 23% 28% INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING (INCLUDING TRANSPORTATION) Annual Total Energy Consumed in the United States by Use Type (2009 Data) Source: Architecture 2030 and Richard Stein (1977) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. YR 1 YR 15-20 YR 25-30 YR 50 Comparison of operational and embodied energy over the life-cycle of a typical building 2 INTRODUCTION MATERIAL What Can We Do to Reduce Embodied Energy? Architects, interior designers, and engineers need to be conscious of the embodied energy of the materials specified on projects so that they can select products that help reduce the overall energy footprint of buildings. Given that the envelope and structure alone account for approximately 50% of a building’s total embodied energy, we can reduce the footprint of our designs by selecting existing buildings for interior build-outs, renovations, or adaptive reuse projects. Interior finishes account for approximately 13% of a building’s embodied energy, so adaptive reuse or interior build-out projects have an overall smaller energy footprint that new construction. A study conducted by Preservation Green Lab examined the impacts on climate, resource, human, and ecosystem associated with renovation and reuse projects. The study found that a building that is 30% more efficient than an average-performing existing building will take 10-80 years to overcome the negative climate change impacts related to the construction process. However, selecting a renovation/reuse project is not enough; the quantity and type of materials used in the project is also important. For the most positive impact, we need to select materials with lower embodied energy, higher durability, lower levels of toxicity, and overall favorable life-cycle impacts. INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 26% 24% ENVELOPE STRUCTURE 6% 13% SITE WORK FINISHES 24% SERVICES 7% CONSTRUCTION Average initial embodied energy of an office building Source: Cole and Kernan study (1996) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 3 INTRODUCTION MATERIAL Embodied Energy of Transportation Though Material LIFE focuses on the cradle-to-gate embodied energy of building materials, it is important to remember that large amounts of energy are then required to transport these materials to a project site. The Regional Material credit in LEED begins to address the issue of embodied energy associated with transportation by limiting the distance from which building materials are manufactured and shipped to 500 miles. However, the mode of transportation should also be considered because different transport types have varying energy consumption per mile. The figure below illustrates the energy consumed in megajoules per ton of material shipped a distance of 1 mile (data from Argonne National Laboratory). The most efficient transportation methods are ocean shipping and rail transport. INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS LONG HAUL AIRCRAFT - KEROSENE 9.49 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS MJ/ton-mile (6.5 MJ/tonne-km) REFERENCES 15 TON TRUCK - DIESEL (14 TONNE) 2.19 MJ/ton-mile (1.5 MJ/tonne-km) 35 TON TRUCK - DIESEL (32 TONNE) 1.37 MJ/ton-mile (0.94 MJ/tonne-km) COASTAL SHIPPING - DIESEL 0.39 MJ/ton-mile (0.27 MJ/tonne-km) RAIL - DIESEL 0.37 MJ/ton-mile (0.25 MJ/tonne-km) OCEAN SHIPPING - DIESEL 0.23 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. MJ/ton-mile (0.16 MJ/tonne-km) 4 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE MATERIAL How to use Material LIFE Material LIFE provides values for the cradle-to-gate embodied energy of common building materials and finishes (from extraction to factory gate). The document is organized into sections according to ASTM Uniformat categories and provides comparisons of materials based on their application in a building. The current version of Material LIFE covers Interior Construction: Partitions and Doors; and Interior Finishes: Walls and Floors. Additional sections will be added once data is calculated for the following ASTM categories: Interior Finishes - Ceilings; Superstructure; Exterior Closure; Roofing; Staircases; and Furnishings. Each section begins with an ‘Summary’ comparison graph similar to the one below, followed by a list of detailed values for each material type and dimension. The comparison graph shows the embodied energy range for each material type and marks the mean value with a bubble. Once you have compared different material types using the summary graph, refer to the subsequent ‘Values’ table to find more specific data points based on material type (i.e. natural vs. synthetic) or dimensions. Materials are organized in alphabetical order except for partitions and doors, which are organized according to type or tag. Additional graphs are provided for materials with more detailed characteristics. For example, carpet has a graph in the ‘Interior Finishes: Floors’ section to compare fabrics, type, dye method, and backing options. Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 Material 150 EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) Embodied energy is shown as a range for two reasons. First, each material includes different types of the specific material (i.e. virgin vs. recycled), as well as different dimensions (i.e. 1/4” glass vs. 1” glass). Second, not all materials are manufactured using the same process, so the embodied energy can vary from one manufacturer to the next. In most cases, a +/-30% range was used to account for these differences. 100 Acrylic sheet (1/4” thick) 44.2 - 82.1 Acrylic sheet (3/8” thick) 66.3 - 123.1 Acrylic sheet (1/2” thick) 88.4 - 164.1 Acrylic sheet (3/4” thick) 132.6 - 246.2 Acrylic sheet (1” thick) 176.7 - 328.2 Brick (clay) 38.6 - 71.8 Ceramic Tile (1/16” thick) Ceramic Tile (1/4” thick) 50 M AT E RI AL # #2 M AT E RI AL 1 AL # RI M AT E 3 0 Sample ASTM category summary graph © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 2.6 - 4.8 10.3 - 19.2 Ceramic Tile (5/16” thick) 12.9 - 24.0 Cork Tile (6 mm thick) 4.94 - 9.18 Cork Tile (painted, 6 mm thick) 6.09 - 11.32 Glass block, primary (3” thick) 185.8 - 345.1 Glass block, recycled (3” thick) 142.5 - 264.6 Glass sheet, primary (1/4” thick) 15.5 - 28.8 Glass sheet, primary (3/8” thick) 23.2 - 43.1 Glass sheet, primary (1/2” thick) 31.0 - 57.5 Sample ‘Values’ table for Wall Finishes 5 INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: MATERIAL PARTITIONS INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS 350 SUMMARY Single material assembly Multimple material assembly VALUES 300 CANNON DESIGN PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS 200 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) REFERENCES 150 100 50 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. TI T RA ION TE D N- NO GY PS UM PA R TI T RA ION TE D PA R UM GY PS NO GY PS UM P PA R SO H UM IT W GY PS SO AR UN TIT D IO AT N TN . UN TIT D IO AT N TN . ON TI TI PA R U CM GL A PA SS RT SH IT EE IO T N GL A PA SS RT BLO IT C IO K N 0 6 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Material Emb. Energy Material Emb. Energy HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS CMU block (4” x 8” x 16”) 15.9 - 23.8 MJ/block CMU block (6” x 8” x 16”) 24.7 - 37.0 MJ/block CMU block (8” x 8” x 16”) 33.4 - 50.2 MJ/block CMU block (10” x 8” x 16”) 42.2 - 63.3 MJ/block CMU block (12” x 8” x 16”) 51.0 - 76.5 MJ block Glass block, primary (3” thick) 185.8 - 345.1 MJ/sf Glass block, recycled (3” thick) 142.5 - 264.6 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1/4” thick) 15.5 - 28.8 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (3/8” thick) 23.2 - 43.1 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1/2” thick) 31.0 - 57.5 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (3/4” thick) 46.5 - 86.3 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1” thick) 61.9 - 115.0 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1-1/8” thick) 69.7 - 129.4 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1-1/4” thick) 77.4 - 143.8 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1-3/8” thick) 85.2 - 158.2 MJ/sf Glass sheet, primary (1-1/2” thick) 92.9- 172.6 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1/4” thick) 11.9 - 22.1 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (3/8” thick) 17.8 - 33.1 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1/2” thick) 23.7 - 44.1 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (3/4” thick) 35.6 - 66.2 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1” thick) 47.5 - 88.2 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/8” thick) 53.4 - 99.2 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/4” thick) 59.4 - 110.2 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1-3/8” thick) 65.3 - 121.3 MJ/sf Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/2” thick) 71.2 - 132.3 MJ/sf © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Gypsum + R.M.1 (1/2” regular) Gypsum + R.M.1 (5/8” regular) Gypsum + R.M.1 (1/2” type X) Gypsum + R.M.1 (5/8” type X) Gypsum + R.M.1 (1” shaftliner) Gypsum + S.C.2 (1/2” regular) Gypsum + S.C.2 (5/8” regular) Gypsum + S.C.2 (1/2” type X) Gypsum + S.C.2 (5/8” type X) Gypsum + S.C.2 (1” shaftliner) Insulation, cotton (1-1/2”) Insulation, cotton (2”) Insulation, cotton (3-1/2”) Insulation, mineral fiber (1-1/2”) Insulation, mineral fiber (2”) Insulation, mineral fiber (3”) 1 2 2.8 - 5.3 MJ/sf 3.5 - 6.5 MJ/sf 2.8 - 5.3 MJ/sf 3.5 - 6.5 MJ/sf 5.7 - 10.5 MJ/sf 2.9 - 5.4 MJ/sf 3.5 - 6.6 MJ/sf 2.9 - 5.4 MJ/sf 3.6 - 6.6 MJ/sf 5.7 - 10.6 MJ/sf 1.3 - 2.4 MJ/sf 1.7 - 3.2 MJ/sf 3.0 - 5.6 MJ/sf 0.9 - 1.7 MJ/sf 1.2 - 2.3 MJ/sf 1.9 - 3.5 MJ/sf R.M. = ready mix S.C. = setting compound 7 SUMMARY VALUES CANNON DESIGN PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Material Emb. Energy Steel Stud, 25 gauge (1/2” R) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (7/8” H) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (1” Z) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (1-1/2” Z) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (1-5/8”) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (2” Z) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (2-1/2”) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (3-5/8”) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (4”) Steel Stud, 25 gauge (6”) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (2-1/2”) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (2-1/2” CH) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (3-5/8”) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (4”) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (4” CH) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (6”) Steel Stud, 20 gauge (6” CH) Wood Stud (2” x 2”) Wood Stud (2” x 3”) Wood Stud (2” x 4”) Wood Stud (2” x 6”) Wood Stud (2” x 8”) Wood Stud (2” x 10”) 1.2 - 2.2 MJ/LF 1.7 - 3.2 MJ/LF 1.3 - 2.5 MJ/LF 1.6 - 2.9 MJ/LF 2.0 - 3.7 MJ/LF 1.8 - 3.3 MJ/LF 2.4 - 4.4 MJ/LF 2.9 - 5.4 MJ/LF 3.1 - 5.7 MJ/LF 4.0 - 7.4 MJ/LF 3.8 - 7.0 MJ/LF 6.4 - 11.9 MJ/LF 4.6 - 8.6 MJ/LF 4.9 - 9.1 MJ/LF 7.1 - 13.2 MJ/LF 6.4 - 11.8 MJ/LF 9.0 - 16.7 MJ/LF 1.0 - 1.9 MJ/LF 1.7 - 3.2 MJ/LF 2.4 - 4.5 MJ/LF 3.8 - 7.1 MJ/LF 5.0 - 9.3 MJ/LF 6.4 - 11.9 MJ/LF HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. SUMMARY VALUES CANNON DESIGN PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 8 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Cannon Design Partition Emb. Energy 2 MJ/f t Cannon Design Partition Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS 10 (1-10-MAS-3-5/8) 11 (1-11-MAS-5-5/8) 12 (2-12-MAS-5-5/8) 13 (2-13-MAS-7-5/8) 14 (3-14-MAS-7-5/8) 15 (4-15-MAS-7-5/8) 20 (20-MAS-3-5/8) 21 (21-MAS-5-5/8) 22 (22-MAS-7-5/8) 23 (23-MAS-9-5/8) 24 (24-MAS-11-5/8) A1 (1-A1-GWB-2SIDE-3-5/8-4-7/8-NONE) A2 (1-A2-GWB-2SIDE-3-5/8-4-7/8-INSUL) A3 (1-A3-GWB-2SIDE-4-5-1/4-NONE) A4 (1-A4-GWB-2SIDE-4-5-1/4-INSUL) A5 (1-A5-GWB-2SIDE-6-7-1/4-NONE) A6 (1-A6-GWB-2SIDE-6-7-1/4-INSUL) B1 (1-B1-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/2-NONE) B2 (1-B2-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/2-INSUL) B3 (1-B3-GWB-2SIDE-5-7/8-NONE) B4 (1-B4-GWB-2SIDE-5-7/8-INSUL) B5 (1-B5-GWB-2SIDE-7-7/8-NONE) B6 (1-B6-GWB-2SIDE-7-7/8-INSUL) C1 (2-C1-GWB-2SIDE-6-1/8-NONE) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 2.4 34.7 34.7 47.0 47.0 47.0 22.4 34.7 47.0 59.4 71.7 16.6 19.5 17.0 19.9 19.1 22.0 21.6 24.5 22.0 24.9 24.1 27.0 26.6 C2 (2-C2-GWB-2SIDE-6-1/8-INSUL) C3 (2-C3-GWB-2SIDE-6-1/2-NONE) C4 (2-C4-GWB-2SIDE-6-1/2-INSUL) C5 (2-C5-GWB-2SIDE-8-1/2-NONE) C6 (2-C6-GWB-2SIDE-8-1/2-INSUL) D1 (3-D1-GWB-2SIDE-7-3/8-NONE) D2 (3-D2-GWB-2SIDE-7-3/8-INSUL) D3 (3-D3-GWB-2SIDE-7-3/4-NONE) D4 (3-D4-GWB-2SIDE-7-3/4-INSUL) D5 (3-D5-GWB-2SIDE-9-3/4-NONE) D6 (3-D6-GWB-2SIDE-9-3/4-INSUL) E1 (4-E1-GWB-2SIDE-8-5/8-NONE) E2 (4-E2-GWB-2SIDE-8-5/8-INSUL) E3 (4-E3-GWB-2SIDE-9-NONE) E4 (4-E4-GWB-2SIDE-9-INSUL) E5 (4-E5-GWB-2SIDE-11-NONE) E6 (4-E6-GWB-2SIDE-11-INSUL) F1 (1-F1-GWB-SHAFT-3-1/8-NONE) F2 (1-F2-GWB-SHAFT-3-1/8-INSUL) F3 (1-F3-GWB-SHAFT-4-5/8-NONE) F4 (1-F4-GWB-SHAFT-4-5/8-INSUL) F5 (1-F5-GWB-SHAFT-6-5/8-NONE) F6 (1-F6-GWB-SHAFT-6-5/8-INSUL) G1 (2-G1-GWB-SHAFT-3-3/4-NONE) 29.5 27.1 29.9 29.1 32.0 36.7 39.5 37.1 39.9 39.2 42.0 46.7 49.6 47.1 50.0 49.2 52.0 22.3 23.7 23.3 26.2 26.0 28.8 27.3 SUMMARY VALUES CANNON DESIGN PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 9 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Cannon Design Partition Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 Cannon Design Partition Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS G2 (Basic Wall 2-G2-GWB-SHAFT-3-3/4-INSUL) G3 (Basic Wall 2-G3-GWB-SHAFT-5-1/4-NONE) G4 (Basic Wall 2-G4-GWB-SHAFT-5-1/4-INSUL) G5 (Basic Wall 2-G5-GWB-SHAFT-7-1/4-NONE) G6 (Basic Wall 2-G6-GWB-SHAFT-7-1/4-INSUL) H1 (Basic Wall 1-H1-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-NONE) H2 (Basic Wall 1-H2-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-INSUL) H3 (Basic Wall 1-H3-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-NONE) H4 (Basic Wall 1-H4-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-INSUL) J1 (Basic Wall J1-GWB-1SIDE-1-1/2-NONE) J2 (Basic Wall J2-GWB-1SIDE-1-5/8-NONE) J3 (Basic Wall J3-GWB-1SIDE-2-1/8-NONE) J4 (Basic Wall J4-GWB-1SIDE-2-5/8-NONE) K1 (Basic Wall K1-GWB-1SIDE-1-1/8-NONE) L1 (Basic Wall L1-GWB-1SIDE-2-1/4-NONE) L2 (Basic Wall L2-GWB-1SIDE-3-1/8-NONE) L3 (Basic Wall L3-GWB-1SIDE-4-1/4-NONE) M1 (Basic Wall M1-GWB-1SIDE-2-1/4-NONE) M2 (Basic Wall M2-GWB-1SIDE-3-1/8-NONE) M3 (Basic Wall M3-GWB-1SIDE-4-1/4-NONE) N1 (Basic Wall N1-GWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-NONE) N2 (Basic Wall N2-GWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-INSUL) N3 (Basic Wall N3-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-NONE) N4 (Basic Wall N4-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-INSUL) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 28.7 28.3 31.1 31.0 33.8 15.4 18.3 16.6 19.5 7.5 6.9 7.2 7.6 6.7 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.3 10.3 12.0 14.1 17.0 14.4 17.2 N5 (Basic Wall N5-GWB-2SIDE-7-1/4-NONE) N6 (Basic Wall N6-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-INSUL) P1 (Basic Wall P1-BWB-2SIDE-3-3/4-NONE) P2 (Basic Wall P2-BWB-2SIDE-3-3/4-INSUL) P3 (Basic Wall P3-BWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-NONE) P4 (Basic Wall P4-BWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-INSUL) P5 (Basic Wall P5-BWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-NONE) P6 (Basic Wall P6-BWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-INSUL) R1 (Basic Wall R1-GWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-NONE) R2 (Basic Wall R2-GWB-2SIDE-4-7/8-INSUL) R3 (Basic Wall R3-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-NONE) R4 (Basic Wall R4-GWB-2SIDE-5-1/4-INSUL) R5 (Basic Wall R5-GWB-2SIDE-7-1/4-NONE) R6 (Basic Wall R6-GWB-2SIDE-7-1/4-INSUL) S1 (Basic Wall S1-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-NONE) S2 (Basic Wall S2-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-INSUL) S3 (Basic Wall S3-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-NONE) S4 (Basic Wall S4-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-INSUL) T1 (Basic Wall T1-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-NONE) T2 (Basic Wall T2-GWB-CHASE-2-1/2-INSUL) T3 (Basic Wall T3-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-NONE) T4 (Basic Wall T4-GWB-CHASE-3-5/8-INSUL) X2 (Basic Wall X2-GWB-1SIDE-3-1/8-NONE) 15.7 18.5 13.4 16.3 14.1 17.0 14.4 17.2 14.1 17.0 14.4 17.2 15.7 18.5 13.4 16.3 14.1 17.0 13.4 16.3 14.1 17.0 8.4 10 SUMMARY VALUES CANNON DESIGN PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: MATERIAL DOORS INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS SUMMARY VALUES 2500 WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/DOOR) 2000 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 1500 1000 500 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. ET AL M HO LL OW W OO D HO LL OW SO LI D W OO D 0 11 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Cannon Design Door Type Single Fixed Emb. Energy MJ/door HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Type F Type FG Type HG Type N Single Fixed w/ 1 Sidelight Type F Type FG Type HG Type N Single Fixed w/ 2 Sidelight Type F Type FG Type HG Type N Double Fixed Type F Type FG Type HG Type N Double Fixed w/ 1 Sidelight Type F Type FG Type HG Type N Double Fixed w/ 2 Sidelight Type F Type FG Type HG © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Type N SOLID WOOD Single Fixed - Type F Single Fixed - Type FG Single Fixed - Type HG Single Fixed - Type N Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N Double Fixed - Type F Double Fixed - Type FG Double Fixed - Type HG Double Fixed - Type N Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 504.9 483.8 491.4 502.3 737.2 716.0 723.7 734.6 969.4 948.3 956.0 968.5 1,009.7 967.5 982.9 1,007.8 1,242.0 1,199.8 1,215.2 1,240.1 1,474.3 1,432.1 1,447.4 1,472.4 12 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS SUMMARY VALUES WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Cannon Design Door Type Emb. Energy MJ/door Cannon Design Door Type Emb. Energy MJ/door HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS HOLLOW WOOD Single Fixed - Type F Single Fixed - Type FG Single Fixed - Type HG Single Fixed - Type N Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N Double Fixed - Type F Double Fixed - Type FG Double Fixed - Type HG Double Fixed - Type N Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 168.6 400.1 320.3 207.2 400.9 632.4 552.6 439.5 633.1 864.7 784.9 655.1 337.1 800.3 640.6 381.1 569.4 1,032.5 872.9 613.4 801.7 1,264.8 1,105.2 845.7 S.D. HOLLOW METAL - KRAFT-PAPER HONEYCOMB Single Fixed - Type F 596.7 Single Fixed - Type FG 546.6 Single Fixed - Type HG 564.9 Single Fixed - Type N 590.6 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 829.0 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 778.9 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 797.1 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 822.9 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 1,061.3 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,011.2 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,029.4 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 1,059.0 Double Fixed - Type F 1,193.4 Double Fixed - Type FG 1,093.3 Double Fixed - Type HG 1,129.7 Double Fixed - Type N 1,188.9 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 1,425.7 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 1,325.6 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 1,362.0 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 1,421.2 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 1,658.0 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,557.9 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,594.3 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 1,653.4 13 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS SUMMARY VALUES WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Cannon Design Door Type Emb. Energy MJ/door Cannon Design Door Type Emb. Energy MJ/door HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS S.D. HOLLOW METAL - POLYSTYRENE CORE Single Fixed - Type F 686.0 Single Fixed - Type FG 589.2 Single Fixed - Type HG 624.4 Single Fixed - Type N 674.3 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 918.3 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 821.5 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 856.7 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 906.6 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 1,150.6 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,053.8 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,089.0 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 1,146.2 Double Fixed - Type F 1,372.1 Double Fixed - Type FG 1,178.4 Double Fixed - Type HG 1,248.8 Double Fixed - Type N 1,363.3 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 1,604.4 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 1,410.6 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 1,481.1 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 1,595.7 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 1,836.7 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,642.9 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,713.4 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 1,827.9 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. S.D. HOLLOW METAL - POLYURETHANE CORE Single Fixed - Type F 827.0 Single Fixed - Type FG 656.3 Single Fixed - Type HG 718.4 Single Fixed - Type N 806.3 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 1,059.3 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 888.6 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 950.7 Single Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 1,038.6 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 1,291.6 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,120.9 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,183.0 Single Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 1,283.8 Double Fixed - Type F 1,654.1 Double Fixed - Type FG 1,312.6 Double Fixed - Type HG 1,436.8 Double Fixed - Type N 1,638.5 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type F 1,886.3 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type FG 1,544.9 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type HG 1,669.1 Double Fixed w/ 1 sidelight - Type N 1,870.8 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type F 2,118.6 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type FG 1,777.2 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type HG 1,901.4 Double Fixed w/ 2 sidelight - Type N 2,103.1 14 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS SUMMARY VALUES WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS Solid wood door Hollow wood door SUMMARY 2500 VALUES WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/DOOR) 2000 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 1500 REFERENCES 1000 500 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. DO 2 UBL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T DO 1 UBL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T D XE FI LE DO UB SI N 2 GL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T SI N 1 GL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T SI NG LE FI XE D 0 15 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS Hollow metal door - Kraft-paper honeycomb core Hollow metal door - polystyrene core Hollow metal door - polyurethane core 2500 SUMMARY VALUES WOOD DOOR STANDARD DUTY HOLLOW METAL EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/DOOR) 2000 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 1500 REFERENCES 1000 500 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. DO 2 UBL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T DO 1 UBL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T D XE FI LE DO UB SI N 2 GL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T SI N 1 GL SI E DE F LI IXE GH D T SI NG LE FI XE D 0 16 INTERIOR FINISHES: MATERIAL WALLS INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS 340 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS Tackable 320 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS Directly applied to wall Applied to wall w/ adhesive or cement SUMMARY 200 Mechanically attached to wall or on frame VALUES 180 GLASS EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) 160 METAL PANEL 140 PAINT 120 STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 100 REFERENCES 80 60 UNKNOWN 40 20 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. PL AS TI C PA N PA N EL EL S AS M ET AL GL C AC RY LI VI NY L (N R AT UB UR BE AL R ) (S YN R U TH B ET BER I ST C) O NE TI LE K RA M TI IC LE CE IC BR BO O PA HA NE RD L( W SO OO PA H LID D NE A ) L ( RD VE WO PA NE O IN ER D T ) (2 LA YE RS ) BA M M AS HO CO RK OT E 0 17 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Acrylic sheet (1/4” thick) Acrylic sheet (3/8” thick) Acrylic sheet (1/2” thick) Acrylic sheet (3/4” thick) Acrylic sheet (1” thick) Bamboo1 Brick (clay) Ceramic Tile (1/16” thick) Ceramic Tile (1/4” thick) Ceramic Tile (5/16” thick) Cork Tile (6 mm thick) Cork Tile (painted, 6 mm thick) Glass block, primary (3” thick) Glass block, recycled (3” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1/4” thick) Glass sheet, primary (3/8” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1/2” thick) Glass sheet, primary (3/4” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1-1/8” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1-1/4” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1-3/8” thick) Glass sheet, primary (1-1/2” thick) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 44.2 - 82.1 66.3 - 123.1 88.4 - 164.1 132.6 - 246.2 176.7 - 328.2 unknown 38.6 - 71.8 2.6 - 4.8 10.3 - 19.2 12.9 - 24.0 4.94 - 9.18 6.09 - 11.32 185.8 - 345.1 142.5 - 264.6 15.5 - 28.8 23.2 - 43.1 31.0 - 57.5 46.5 - 86.3 61.9 - 115.0 69.7 - 129.4 77.4 - 143.8 85.2 - 158.2 92.9- 172.6 Glass sheet, recycled (1/4” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (3/8” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1/2” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (3/4” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/8” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/4” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1-3/8” thick) Glass sheet, recycled (1-1/2” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (1/8” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (3/16” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (1/4” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (5/16” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (5/8” thick) Hardwood panel, solid (3/4” thick) Hardwood panel, veneer (1/8” thick) Hardwood panel, veneer (5/32” thick) Hardwood panel, veneer (3/16” thick) Hardwood panel, veneer (1/4” thick) 11.9 - 22.1 17.8 - 33.1 23.7 - 44.1 35.6 - 66.2 47.5 - 88.2 53.4 - 99.2 59.4 - 110.2 65.3 - 121.3 71.2 - 132.3 1.39 - 2.57 2.08 - 3.86 2.77 - 5.15 3.46 - 6.43 6.93 - 12.86 8.31 - 15.44 3.4 - 6.4 4.3 - 7.9 5.1 - 9.5 6.8 - 12.7 1 Though cradle-to-gate embodied energy of bamboo is typically low (exact value unknown), building products using bamboo are typically manufactured and shipped from Asia and therefore have a high transportation embodied energy. 18 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS SUMMARY VALUES GLASS METAL PANEL PAINT STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Homasote, no cover (1/2” thick) 3.8 - 7.1 Homasote, no cover (5/8” thick) 4.8 - 8.9 Homasote, no cover (3/4” thick) 5.7 - 10.6 Homasote, polyester cover (1/2” thick) 13.6 - 25.3 Homasote, burlap cover (1/2” thick) 3.4 - 6.3 Metal panel, primary aluminum (0.063”) 70.0 - 105.0 Metal panel, primary aluminum (0.09”) 100.0 - 150.0 Metal panel, primary aluminum (0.125”) 138.9 - 208.3 Metal panel, typical aluminum (0.063”) 49.8 - 74.7 Metal panel, typical aluminum (0.09”) 71.1 - 106.7 Metal panel, typical aluminum (0.125”) 98.8 - 148.1 Metal panel, recycled aluminum (0.063”) 9.3 - 14.0 Metal panel, recycled aluminum (0.09”) 13.3 - 20.0 Metal panel, recycled aluminum (0.125”) 18.5 - 27.7 Metal panel, galvanized steel (14 ga) 23.2 - 43.1 Metal panel, galvanized steel (19 ga) 13.5 - 25.0 Metal panel, galvanized steel (24 ga) 8.2 - 15.2 Metal panel, stainless steel (14 ga) 22.8 - 42.4 Metal panel, stainless steel (19 ga) 12.8 - 23.7 Metal panel, stainless steel (24 ga) 7.3 - 13.6 Paint, solventborne (2 layers) 1.89 - 3.52 Paint, waterborne (2 layers) 1.15 - 2.14 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Plastic panel, polycarbonate (1/2” thick) Plastic panel, HDPE (1/4” thick) Plastic panel, HDPE (3/8” thick) Plastic panel, HDPE (1” thick) Rubber, natural (2 mm thick) Rubber, natural (2.5 mm thick) Rubber, natural (3 mm thick) Rubber, natural (1/8” thick) Rubber, natural (5/32” thick) Rubber, synthetic (2 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (2.5 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (3 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (1/8”) Rubber, synthetic (5/32” thick) Stone panel, granite (3/8” thick) Stone panel, granite (1/2” thick) Stone panel, limestone (3/8” thick) Stone panel, marble (10 mm thick) Stone panel, sandstone (3/8” thick) Vinyl, sheet (0.08” thick) 75.0 - 139.3 10.0 - 18.5 12.1 - 22.5 34.9 - 64.7 6.5 - 12.1 8.1 - 15.1 9.8 - 18.1 10.3 - 19.2 12.9 - 24.0 11.7 - 21.7 14.6 - 27.1 17.5 - 32. 18.5 - 34.4 23.2 - 43.1 18.4 - 34.2 24.5 - 45.6 2.0 - 3.8 7.4 - 13.8 1.4 - 2.7 6.7 - 12.4 19 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS SUMMARY VALUES GLASS METAL PANEL PAINT STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL GLASS INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS SUMMARY 350 VALUES Primary glass 300 GLASS Recycled glass METAL PANEL EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) 250 PAINT STONE 200 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 150 100 50 0 Glass Sheet varying thickness © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Glass Block 3” block 20 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL METAL PANEL INTRODUCTION The range for primary aluminum is listed below to highlight the energy-intensive process used to produce aluminum. However, the worldwide average recycled content of aluminum is 33%, so an aluminum product rarely has 100% primary aluminum. If exact properties of aluminum are unknown, use “Typical” range. HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS 220 SUMMARY 200 VALUES GLASS 180 METAL PANEL 160 EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) PAINT 140 STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 120 REFERENCES 100 80 60 40 20 0 Aluminum primary © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Aluminum typical Aluminum recycled Steel galvanized Steel stainless 21 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL PAINT INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS SUMMARY 6 VALUES Solventbased Waterbased GLASS 5 METAL PANEL EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) PAINT 4 STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS REFERENCES 3 2 1 0 1 layer © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 2 layers 3 layers 22 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS MATERIAL STONE INTRODUCTION The embodied energy of stone is low because very little process energy is involved: the stone is quarried and then cut at the factory. However, since it is a heavy material, the energy embodied in the transportation of the stone is high. Selecting regional quarries can reduce carbon emissions and the embodied energy of transportation. Values collected for granite had a wide range, so the graph below may not accurately represent the embodied energy of granite. Numbers will be updated as more data becomes available. HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS SUMMARY 35 VALUES GLASS 30 METAL PANEL PAINT EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) 25 STONE INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 20 REFERENCES 15 10 5 0 Granite © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Limestone Marble Sandstone 23 INTERIOR FINISHES: MATERIAL FLOORS INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Carpet Hard surface flooring INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS Resilient flooring 50 INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 45 SUMMARY 40 VALUES EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) 35 CARPET STONE 30 REFERENCES 25 20 15 UNKNOWN 10 5 YN R TH UB ET BER IC ) VI NY L/ VC T (S (N R AT UB UR BE AL R ) LI NO LE UM CO RK ZZ O RR A CE © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. TE (E HA NG R IN DW EE OO RE D D) HA RD (S WO OL O ID D ) ST ON ET IL E* RA M TI IC LE O BO BA M CA RP ET 0 24 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS MATERIAL VALUES INTRODUCTION Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 Material Emb. Energy MJ/ft2 HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Bamboo 1 Carpet (modular, Nylon 6) Carpet (modular, Nylon 6,6) Carpet (broadloom, Nylon 6,6) Ceramic Tile (1/16” thick) Ceramic Tile (1/4” thick) Ceramic Tile (5/16” thick) Cork Tile (6mm thick) Hardwood, engineered (3/8” thick) Hardwood, engineered (1/2” thick) Hardwood, engineered (9/16” thick) Hardwood, engineered (5/8” thick) Hardwood, solid (5/16” thick) Hardwood, solid (3/8” thick) Hardwood, solid (3/4” thick) Linoleum (1/10” thick)1 Rubber, natural (2 mm thick) Rubber, natural (2.5 mm thick) Rubber, natural (3 mm thick) Rubber, natural (1/8” thick) Rubber, natural (5/32” thick) Rubber, synthetic (2 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (2.5 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (3 mm thick) Rubber, synthetic (1/8”) © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. unknown 7.6 - 13.4 11.5 - 45.5 13.6 - 36.4 2.6 - 4.8 10.3 - 19.2 12.9 - 24.0 4.9 - 9.2 5.2 - 9.6 6.9 - 12.8 7.7 - 14.4 8.6 - 16.0 1.3 - 2.4 1.6 - 2.9 3.1 - 5.8 5.0 - 11.0 6.5 - 12.1 8.1 - 15.1 9.8 - 18.1 10.3 - 19.2 12.9 - 24.0 11.7 - 21.7 14.6 - 27.1 17.5 - 32.5 18.5 - 34.4 Rubber, synthetic (5/32” thick) Stone tile, granite (3/8” thick)2 Stone tile, granite (1/2” thick)2 Stone tile, marble (10 mm thick) Terrazzo tile (1/2” thick) Terrazzo tile (5/8” thick) Terrazzo tile (7/8” thick) Terrazzo slab (1-1/4” thick) Vinyl, VCT (1/8” thick) Vinyl, sheet (0.08” thick) 23.2 - 43.1 18.4 - 34.2 24.5 - 45.6 7.4 - 13.8 2.0 - 3.8 2.5 - 4.7 3.5 - 6.6 5.1 - 9.4 6.1 - 11.3 6.7 - 12.4 1 Though cradle-to-gate embodied energy of bamboo, cork, and linoleum is low, these materials are typically manufactured and shipped from Europe (cork and linoleum) or Asia (bamboo) and therefore have a high transportation embodied energy. 2 Large range of values for granite; may not be accurate estimate. 25 INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS SUMMARY VALUES CARPET STONE REFERENCES INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS MATERIAL CARPET INTRODUCTION Several factors can affect the embodied energy of carpet: - carpet type (broadloom vs. modular) - face material (i.e. PET, wool, nylon 6, nylon 6,6) - dye method (solution-dye vs. piece-dye) - pile weight - backing type/material HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS The graphs below and the following page show the variation in embodied energy calculated from EPDs (Environmental Product Declarations) published by Bentley Prince Street and InterfaceFLOR. The following conclusions can be made from these comparisons: - Carpet that is piece-dyed has 15-25% more embodied energy than the same carpet that is solution-dyed. - Nylon 6 has a lower embodied energy than Nylon 6,6; PET has similar embodied energy as Nylon 6. - GlasBacRE, which is made from recycled materials, has a lower embodied energy than GlasBac. - Embodied energy increases with pile weight. 50 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS SUMMARY VALUES CARPET 50 STONE 45 REFERENCES Solution-dyed carpet 45 40 40 35 35 EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) Piece-dyed carpet 30 25 20 30 25 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 Broadloom Nylon 6,6 Modular Nylon 6,6 Modular Nylon 6 Modular PET GlasBac GlasBacRE High PerformancePC NexStep Cushion These are trademarked carpet backings used by InterfaceFLOR and Bentley Prince Street. © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 26 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS MATERIAL CARPET INTRODUCTION Manufacturer-Specific Embodied Energy Values HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE Use table to select carpet type, yarn type, dye method, backing, and pile weight to get estimated embodied energy value per square foot of material. Exact values will vary based on manufacturer. INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS MANUFACTURER CARPET TYPE Broadloom Modular InterfaceFLOR InterfaceFLOR YARN TYPE Nylon 6 Nylon 6,6 DYE METHOD S o l u ti o n BACKING PILE WEIGHT GlasBacRE GlasBac Bentley Prince Street InterfaceFLOR GlasBacRE High PerformancePC GlasBac 441 g/m 712 g/m2 8.75 MJ/ft 2 High: 949 g/m2 9.79 MJ/ft 2 Low: 441 g/m 2 11.21 MJ/ft 2 Medium: 712 g/m2 12.35 MJ/ft 2 2 2 441 g/m2 11.53 MJ/ft 2 Medium: 712 g/m2 15.13 MJ/ft 2 High: 949 g/m 2 18.29 MJ/ft 2 Low: 576 g/m2 13.61 MJ/ft 2 2 2 Medium: 1017 g/m High: 1492 g/m2 27.32 MJ/ft 2 Low: 441 g/m2 15.05 MJ/ft 2 712 g/m 2 18.55 MJ/ft 2 1424 g/m 2 27.76 MJ/ft 2 576 g/m 2 17.69 MJ/ft 2 Medium: 1017 g/m 2 26.68 MJ/ft 2 High: 1492 g/m2 36.36 MJ/ft 2 576 g/m 2 25.54 MJ/ft 2 1017 g/m 2 31.94 MJ/ft 2 1492 g/m 2 38.84 MJ/ft 2 576 g/m 2 30.42 MJ/ft 2 1017 g/m2 37.67 MJ/ft 2 2 45.49 MJ/ft 2 Medium: Low: Bentley Prince Street NexStep cushion Medium: High: Low: Bentley Prince Street NexStep cushion Medium: High: © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 15.36 MJ/ft Low: Low: High PerformancePC 1424 g/m 7.57 MJ/ft 1492 g/m 20.20 MJ/ft INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS 2 Medium: High: Bentley Prince Street 2 Low: High: InterfaceFLOR EMBODIED ENERGY Pie c e INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS SUMMARY VALUES CARPET STONE REFERENCES 27 INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS MATERIAL STONE INTRODUCTION The embodied energy of stone is low because very little process energy is involved: the stone is quarried and then cut at the factory. However, since it is a heavy material, the energy embodied in the transportation of the stone is high. Selecting regional quarries can reduce carbon emissions and the embodied energy of transportation. Values collected for granite had a wide range, so the graph below may not accurately represent the embodied energy of granite. Numbers will be updated as more data becomes available. HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS 35 SUMMARY VALUES 30 CARPET STONE EMBODIED ENERGY (MJ/FT2) 25 REFERENCES 20 15 10 5 0 Granite © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. Limestone Marble Sandstone 28 REFERENCES MATERIAL REFERENCES INTRODUCTION HOW TO USE MATERIAL LIFE EMBODIED ENERGY DATABASES INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: PARTITIONS Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, Product Life Cycle Inventory Studies LCI reports and white papers on construction materials in North America. INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION: DOORS INTERIOR FINISHES: WALLS greenspec Summary table of embodied energy and density of common construction material (based mostly on ICE) INTERIOR FINISHES: FLOORS Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. / Institute Construction and Environment e.V. Database of European Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). REFERENCES Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE), G.P. Hammond and C.I. Jones, University of Bath (2008) Comprehensive inventory of embodied energy and embodied carbon of construction materials. UL Environment Database of Validated and Certified Products Searchable database of EPDs (among other certifications) that is updated as more EPDs become available. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 2030 Challenge for Products: Critical Points, Architecture 2030 Report summarizing the 2030 Challenge for Products, which includes guidelines on how to meet the challenge. HOW CAN YOU HELP? If you find Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) or Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs), start a discussion on the JIVE Sustainability page and provide the link or document so that we can add it to our Materials Resources library. Ask product representatives and manufacturers if they have EPDs and/or LCAs for their products. Contact Marion Lawson: mlawson@cannondesign.com, 312.960.8382 © 2013 Cannon Design. All Rights Reserved. 29