Energy and Environment Ecology

Energy and Environment Ecology Ecology is the reciprocal relationship between living and surrounding. It study the relationship based on biotic factor and abiotic factors. Living (biotic) Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecology Surrounding (abiotic) Ecological Factors Biotic factors (Living interacting with surrounding) Produces e.g., bacteria, cyno-bacteria, blue-green algae, green algae and plants Abiotic factors (SWATS) Soil water, air, temperature and sun light Consumer e.g., animals, amoeba etc. De-composers e.g., bacteria, fungus Ecological Hierarchy Ecological heirarchy Biotic heirarchy Abiotic heirarchy Individual Unit of ecology Species Group of similar individuals + Always in-breed Niche Micro-habitat Exclusive space of a species + Maximum resources Maximum availability of individual + Many species co-exist Population Group of many species Habitat Area of maximum activity + Many species co-exist, Many species occupy same habitat play different function Biotic Community Group of many populations Range Maximum geographical area of movement of a spaces + Factors are limiting beyond this Eco system Terrestrial  (forest, grass lands etc.) Aquatic  (fresh water, marines etc.) Land scape Biosphere Living beings + Atmosphere + Lithosphere + Hydrosphere Biotic Factor Interactions Biotic Factor Interactions Positive A B (Benefits) Symbiosis Mutulism (Beneficial, obligatory) 1. Rhizobium and leguminous plant (biological nitrogen fixation) Negative Protocoperation (Beneficial, non-obligatory) e.g., Ergit (bird) and Cattle A Ammensalism (Loss of one mediated by chemicals) Commensalism (One is benefited without others benefit or loss) 1. Antibiotics 1. Ecoli and Humans) 2. Tusli plant 2. Epiphytes 3. Weed parthenium shows Allelopathy 3. Shark and Pilot fish and Succer fish 2. Lichens (algae + fungus) B (Loss) 3. Jackal or Hyena and Tiger or lion 3. Micorhizza (plant + fungus) 4. Cattles and cellulose digesting bacteria Parasitism Predation 1. Virus 1. Carnivores 2. Bacteria 2. Omnivores 3. Fungus 4. Protozoa 5. Amarbel (casusta) 6. Sandal wood (bamboo parasite) 4. Cattles and cellulose digesting bacteria 5. Myrmecophilly (Ant + Green plant) Important Examples of Biotic Interactions Biological Nitrogen Fixation Biological Nitrogen Fixation : It is the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammoniaand then into compounds of nitrogen like nitrate and nitrates with the help of microorganisms like bacteria.The bacteria which help in this process are ammoniafying and nitrifying bacteria respectively. Rhizobium Pea, chick pea grain Niff genes Ro ot no du les Legumes Pigment [leg-heamoglobin] air/O2 capture Leguminous plant Nitrogenase enzyme Atmospheric nitrogen Nitrate Lichens Lichens Fungus Protection + Algae (Food + Nutrition) SO2 Pollution indicator Usnea Start forestation in already occupied areas or burnt forest areas Forest fire Usnic acid + highly inflamable Mycorhizza Mycorhizza = Plant root + Fungus Plant root (provide food) Fungus (bring water from soil) Epiphytes Epiphytes Trees growing over trees for mechanical strength and sun light In tropical ever green forest because of dense forest and stratification Food Chain Food Chain : it is a series in ecological heirarety which creates a pattern of exchange of carbon and energy between biotic factors through a mode of nutrition. Types of Nutrition Types of Nutrition Auto trophic (synthesize theiroum food) Hetro-trophic (depends on others for food) Hetrotrophic Holotrophism (Kill & eat) Parasitism (Eat & kill) Holozoic Holophytic Saprotrophism e.g., Virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoa and plants. Eat dead and decaying e.g., decomposer Animals e.g., Carnivores Plants e.g., Herbivores Types of Food Chain Food chain Apex interaction of biotic factor Types Predator Parasitic Detritus or saprotrophic Predation dependent Parasitism dependent Dependent on saprotrophism Longest food chain, maximum trophic level 3 to 4 Food chain of varying length Smallest food chain Predator Food Chain Organism Green plant & algae Trophic level (Level of nutrition) Producer B Herbivorous Primary consumer C Carnivorous Secondary consumer D Omnivorous Top consumer Consumer A Significance of Food Chain 1. Food web : Network of food chain linked over any trophic level. Food chain-1 Food chain-2 Plant Plant Deer Goat Tiger Large fish Small fish Food chain-3 Algae Food web maintains the availability of nutrients in many eco-system together or help in flow of nutrients from one eco-system to another. It improves the overall productivity of the ecosystem. 2. Productivity of ecosystem : Flow of energy across food chain levels. Sun (100% energy) 46-48% reaches earth surface Green plants or algae synthesize glucose as the outcome of photosynthesis Gross Primary Productivity Glucose (Major Energy Substrate) 50% of it(23% of total) used in photosynthesis called as Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Used by producers in food synthesis (52 to 56% or 12 to 13% total) Net Primary Productivity Used by consumers by predation (10%) Lost in respiration (90%) (Used by plants in respiration, 90% of total) Secondary Productivity 3. Ecological pyramids : Graphical representation of ecosystem, composition and function based on food chain. Top consumer (always as top of pyramid) Secondary consumer Primary consumer Types of pyramid Pyramid of energy  always upright Generally upright Pyramid of number  Bell or urn shape in large tree ecosystem Generally upright Pyramid of biomass  Inverted in small pond ecosystem Producer (Always at base of pyramid) Bell shape pyramid Top consumer Inverted Producer Pyramid of number in large tree ecosystem Pyramid of biomass in small pond ecosystem 4. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Bioaccumulation : Accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like pesticides and insecticide over the food chain across different trophic level is called as bioaccumulation. Biomagnification : It is increasing accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like pesticides and insecticide over the upper trophic level of food chain. Maximum accumulation is at highest trophic level. Organism of food chain Number of individuals Amount of pesticide per individual Plant 10 thousand 0.1 g per individual Insect 1 thousand 1 g per individual Chickens 100 10 per individual Humans 10 100 per individual 1000 grams Biomagnification Amount of pesticide added Maximum impact on highest trophic level Extinction of Vultures in India Oxytocin help in child birth Used in dairies Unfertile cattle Milk production Pain Beef Milk production Diclofenac Pain killer Bones get porous due to diclofenac Vulture Extinct now 5. Biological control Biocentral : It is a method developed by certain alteration in the food chain in such a way that if the number of organism any tropic level is increased beyond a threshold limit then it shows an impact over the number of organisms present in the earlier tropic level of the food chain in such a way that it is decreased. It is used in development of biopesticides in organic farming. Plant Insect (Number decreased) Fungus (Number increased) Organic Farming (farming without chemicals) Organic phosphates  bone meals Anaerobic Composting–organic matters digestion Biofertilizers Vermicomposting Earthworms Organic matter microbes Ammonia nitrate rich substance N2 rich substance Soil aeration Enrich organic matter after death N2 fixing microorganisms Bacteria  Rhizobium, Nitrosonomas, Nitrobactor, Nitrococcus Algae Cyonobacteria like spinsllina Anabeana Nostoc etc. Biopesticides – Dependent on biological control Fungus – Trichodema, Beuveria – There are pathogens of insects like, bacteria, fungus & virus etc. Bacteria – Bacillus thuringenesis Virus Abiotic Factors 1. Sun light : Sun light ,X-rays, UV Electro magnetic waves VIBGYOR IR Heating spectrum ,X-rays Micro Radio Non heating spectrum Very high energy spectrum No ecological importance C B A UV VIBGYOR High energy No ecological importance Low energy Fat metabolism & vitamin D synthesis Photosynthesis Photolysis of water H2O Chlorophyll (Mg. containing, Mg most abundant) Red and Blue light Glucose IR Maximum photosynthesis + ve ecological phenomina CO2 + H2 + O2 Maintain habitability Heat waves CO2, water vapour, CH4, CFC Absorb IR Lower atmosphere heats up Green house effect Atmosphere Atmosphere : 5 layers Reflection of , X-ray 0.04% CO2 20.8% O2 + trace exosphere Thermopause Ionosphere 640 kms Mesosphere Stratopause 1 movement of jet planes Ozone layer present Stratosphere Climatic activity, rainfall, cloud formation, wind current Tropopause Troposphere O3 Temperature 78% N2 64 kms 12 kms O3 + O– O3 layer UVB1C Descipation Poles Height Thickness Heating of Earth Sun 12–16 km Equator Height 23–25 km 2–4 km Thickness 1–2 km , X-ray Ionosphere EMW UV1V1BGYOR, IR, MW, Radio UV, B, C  desipation Ozone layer UVA, VIBGYOR, IR, MW, Radio Heats earth surface UVA and VIBGYOR, EARTH Lo Eff ng ec wa t ve rad iat ion in IR Co ol su s ea rfa rth ce Reflection of VIBGYOR Gr ee nH ou se 2 to –96°C –57 to 2°C 15 to –57°C 3. Water : 3% Fresh water 97.5% marine 96.6% Oceans 0.9% Salt water lake and wetlands 1.56% glaciers, frost snow 0.08 rivers, ponds and lakes 0.04% soil and under ground water Water as Habitat Pond  Lentic River  Lotic Between river and land  ripparian between river and oceans  esturine Away from sea sure littoral On the sea sure  nerictic Organisms Limnetic Plankton 200 meters Profundal Benthos Photic Neustons Necktons Benthic 4. Soil Soil Grizons O Organic matter humus A Microorganisms B Water absorption, plant growth C Gravels Bed rock D Soil Degradation 1. Soil erosion (a) Sheet erosion  weathering of upper layer of soil by wind or water e.g., agriculture runoff (b) Rill erosion : erosion in channels 1 m deep form rills (c) Gulley erosion : Deep rills e.g., Chambal etc. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Soil acidification Nutrient runoff Salinization Desertification Water logging Organic substances coming from municipal industries waste 8. Weathering and nutrient leaching 9. Basic of accumulation Soil Conservation 1. Forestation (a) Afforestation ® unplanned (b) Reforestation ® Planned 2. Crop rotation : Legumenous and other crops into seasons. 3. Mixed cropping : More than one type of crops a filled in a season. 4. Strip cropping : Cropping in different strips of difference crops. 5. Deep ploughing and aeration 6. Organic farming 7. Counter – binding 8. Tarrace farming 9. Mulching 10. Preventation of shifting cultivation (Jhumming) 11. Improvement in irrigation like drip irrigation. 5. Temperature Temperature : Polar 90° N/S–81° N/S Sub polar zone 69° N/S–79.5° N/S Temperate 45° N/S–65° N/S Tropical 0° N/S–40° N/S Cold Blood Organism or Poikilo Terms e.g., Forgs, Snakes, Lizzards, Dinosoras Worm Blooded Organism or Homoisotherms e.g., Mammels and Human Hibernation or Winter Sleep e.g., Frog Aestivation or Summer Sleep e.g, Polar Bear