Pollution
It is undesirable state or change in the state of environment and surrounding particularly in air water,
soil, which has in adverse impact over human health.
Environmental Pollution
Point source
Source/factor
Mobile
Area source
Pollutant
Point source
Stationary
Area source
Pollutant
Degradable
Non-degradable
Domestic waste
organic substances
Plastic
Pollutant
Primary
Secondary
Coming directly from source
Formed from a primary pollutant
A
B
(Synergistic effect)
More potent than primary
Air Pollution
1. Sulphur Oxide and Nitrogen Oxide
Sulphur dioxide
Source :
Burning of fossil fuel coal
and petroleum
Thermal power plants
Smelting of metal (Fe, Cu)
Volcanic gas
Impact :
Humans skin and eye
irritation.
Plants : Destruction of
cholorphyll
Formation of black spots
on leaves is also called
chlorosis of plant
Nitrogen Oxide
Source :
Burning of fossil fuel.
Impact :
Humans :Respiratory
problem, skin irritation.
Plants : Premature
death of plant parts also
called as Necrosis,
Defoliation of plants.
Acid Rain
SOx + NOx + water vapour Acid rain (H2SO4 + HNO3)
Impact of Acid Rain :
Rainfall : Slightly acidic
(6.4–6.8)
PH < 5.6
(i)
(ii) Skin irritation and loss of hairs
(iii) Decolouration of the paints
Acid rain
(iv) Yellowing up of marbles
Sulphur Shower :
Temperate
Regions
Vegetation
Spuing time
Damage of cholorophyll
PINUS
Seed
(v) Metal rusting and corrosion
Yellow
(vi) Loss of paint over iron bridges
(vii) Excess bleaching of the textiles
Wide spread dispersed in forest area
(viii) Increase in the soil acidity and
loss of productivity etc.
Sulphur/Yellow shower
Methane
Impact :
Source :
(i) Coal mines
(ii)
Green House
Gas and Global
Warming
Coal mining
(iii) Urban dumpfills
(iv) Rice field
(v) Marshylands
(vi) Wetlands
(vii) Incomplete burning of fossil fuels
(viii) Cattles
(ix) Glacier breakdown or polar methane
CO2
Source :
Impact :
(i)
Burning of fossil
fuels
(i)
Green House Gas
and Global Warming
(ii)
Volcanic eruption
(ii)
Biosphere turns a net
carbon source
(iii) Tectonic release
(iv) Break down of
glaciers
(iii) Positive impact
increase in
vegetation
(v) Fracturing of rocks
and shells in
oceans
(iv) Oceanic acidification
Urban Heat Islands
Oceanic Acidification
Oceans and saline water bodies has pH range which is slightly alkaline. With the increase in
concentration of CO2 in atmosphere, the dissolution of CO2 in oceans at polar and sub-polar region
increases this decreases the pH of oceans which is called oceanic acidification.
In 2015 it is reported that the pH of the oceans on earth has reduced from 8.25 to 8.14 in the last 19
years.
Impacts of Oceanic Acidification
(i)
Decolouration and death of corals called as coral bleaching. Mass scale extinction and death of
coral due to bleaching is called as echolocation.
(ii)
Habitability of the fishes and marine life is affected adversely.
(iii) Breakdown of shells and rock which releases more CO2 in water.
(iv) Heat capture of the water is increases; hence temperature of water bodies is increases.
Urban Heat Islands
Urban Heat Islands (UHI) :
Suffocation and trapping up of CO2
Leaves
Loss of vegetation
Trap CO2
Causes heating
Stomata
Transpiration
UHI
Neutralization of heating
effect is cut down
Loss of water
(thermal balance
near plants)
Increase in temperature
of urban colonies
Localized warming
UHI : Mitigation
(1)
White paint of building and roof top.
(2)
Ventilation must be maintained.
(3)
Urban green cover must be increased.
CO
Source :
Incomplete combustion
of fossil fuels and
biomass.
Impact :
CO + heamoglobulin
(Hb) = Carboxy-Hb
causes suffocation and
death due to
asphyxation
Chloro Fluro Carbon
CFC (Chloro Fluro Carbons) :
R8/R10 gases Freons Coolent + Fire extinguisher
Refrigerator
AC
Jet engines
Leakage
Movement towards poles
Accumulation at poles
Sun light = CFC + VOC (Volatile organic compound) Cl nascent
Polar spring
O3 + Cl OCl
+ O3
–
–
O + OCl
+ O3
–
O2 + OCl
Ozone depletion
Ozone hole
Effect : UVB and C escapes
Skin cells
damage
Skin cancer
Plants
chlorophyll
damage
North pole
50 km diameter
Decrease in productivity
South pole
200 km diameter
Vienna Convention
It was a global initiation to protect the state of ozone layer.
Montreal protocol
It was signed under the venna convention to restrict the use of ozone depleting substance.
Hydro Fluro Carbon (HFC) and Per Fluro Carbon (PFC)
HFC and PFC are the chemical which were introduced as non-zone depletion agent but are more
potent Green House Gases.
Kigali Amendment (2015)
It is signed to phase out HFC and PFC.
Particulate Matter
Gaseous – Aerosols
Liquid – Smog
Solids – Dust, Dirt, Gravel, Shoot
Particulate Matter :
Suspended
Settlable
10µm size
PM 10
PM
PM 2.5
1µm–3µm
5–10µm
1week–10days
settle within
24–48 hrs
Sources :
(1) Dust, mist, silica particles
–10
–2.5
52%
(2) Biomass and coal burning (Soot)
(3) Petroleum products
Diesel
Kerosene
Petrol
(4) House hold activities
4%
1 µm or less
Aerosol
Fossil fuel burning
SO2 mixed sulphur aerosol
Biomass
SOOT
CO
(incomplete combustion)
‘Ash’
CO2
SOOT
Carbon Black carbon
Fly ash
1–1.7 µm
27%
12%
Impact of Particulate Matter
1. Classical Smog or London Smog or Grey Air
(London smog)
Smog Smoke + Fog
‘Classical smog’
(Grey air)
Impact
Visibility
reduction
Suffocation
Breathing
problems
Accidents
2. Photo Chemical Smog
PM
(Smoke)
+
NOx
Aldehydes and Ketones
Per Acyl Nitrates (PAN)
Per Benzyl Nitrates (PBN)
Sunlight
Condensation
Forms brown cloud or Air
Photochemical smog or Tropical smog
or Los Angeles smog
Impact
Corrosive in nature
Increase in Albedo
(Reflection of light)
Radiative heat is trapped
At poles
Detoriation of paints,
vegetation and civil
structure
Global Diming
Increases temperature of
lower atmosphere
Formation polar brown
clouds
Reduction in
productivity
Localized warming
Increases heat
Disturbance in rainfall
and season cycle
Glacier melt down
Minor Pollutants
Pollutant
Source
Impact
1. Lead
Automobile exhaust
metallurgical operation
Mental retard-ness
2. Cadmium (Cd)
Mining and metallurgy, burning
of plastic, cigarette smoking
Damage to liver heart and
kidney
3. Nickel (Ni)
Combustion of fossil fuel coal
and diesel
Respiratory problem and long
cancer
4. Mercury (Mg)
Combustion of fossil fuel coal,
mining of coal and iron and gold
and smelting
Damages to nervous system
kidney and liver
5. Beryllium (Br)
Ceramic industry rocket motor
testing nuclear power plant
combustion of coal
Damages to eye or long or
Berylliosis disease
6. Asbastos
Mica industry
Damage to long or asbastos
disease
7. Cotton dust
Textile, cotton farms
Damage to lung or byssynosis
disease
8. Coal dust
Coal mine, thermal power plant
Damage to lungs or black lung
disease
9. Benzopyrene
Sigrate smoking
Lung cancer
10. Radioactive pollutant
Redon, stroncium and
ptotonium
Damage of DNA cancer
Water Pollution
Pollutant
Source
Impact
1. Papers pulp
Pulp industry
Release of suspended
particulate and substance like it,
mecaplanes and cellulose
2. Textiles
Textile industry
Release of cellulose which
causes anaerobic degradation
and eutrofication
3. Organic substance like
phenols and alcohol
Refinaries, smelter distalaries,
sugar industry
Degradation of water quality
and eutrofication
4. Flurides 1.2 mg/lit
Fracturing up of make under
ground water reserve.
Industries involved with
detergents bleaching textile etc.
Flurosis of blackning of teeths
stiffness of muscles
5. Arsinic 0.05 mg/lit
(i) Hydraulic facturing of rock
Accumulation in the skin legs
and hand cattled black foot
disease
(ii) Solvents used in plywood
industry
(iii) As solid waste from poletry
or arsinopinite
(iv) Coal mining, gold mining
and processing
(v) Insectiside and pesticide
6. Mercury 0.001 mg/l
(i) Coal mining, gold mining
(ii) Paper industries
(iii) Plastic industries, paint
manufacturing swelting of Fe
(iv) Minting of copper
Accumulation in the nervous
system dementia and minimata
disease
(v) Pharmacetical equipments
cosmatics etc.
(vi) CFLs LCD monitor
7. Cd (cadmium) 0.001 mg/l
Electroplating industries
battaries, electromic goods and
material pesticide
Accumulation in the museles
causes mascular stiffness and
disease called as Itai-Itai
disease (Ouch-Ouch disease)
and also failure of liver heart
and kidney
8. Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l
Battaries, di ink industry paints
cosmetic, automobile exhaust,
metal smelting pesticides, pen
and pencil
Damages to liver and kidney
breakdown of the blood cells
reduction in IQ level loss of
nervous cells
9. Selenium
Pesticides
Loss of hairs damage to skin
and cancer
10. Nickle 0.01 mg/l
Combustion of fossil fuel Fe and
steel industry burning of plastic
and vanspati ghee-industry
Damage to liver and kidney
affects lung and skin
11. Magnese
Magnese industries involving
smelting
Damage to lung and maganic
pheunonea
Eutrophication
Organic Matters
(Domestic waste
and Sewage)
Added in
water bodies
Attracts microorganisms like
Cynobacteria, Bacteria and Algae
Attracts fishes and
water animals
Biological load on water increases
Chemical oxygen demand
(Accumulative demand of
oxygen by organic and
inorganic substances)
BOD and COD
increases
Biological components demand
oxygen for metabolic processes
(BIOCHEMCIAL OXYGEN
DEMAND (BOD))
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
in water decreases
Inorganic substances
demand oxygen for oxidation
Microorganism initiate
anaerobic metabolism
Faul smelling
substance is
formed
Growth of
microorganism
prosper
Algal bloom or Pond scum is
formed which covers the
surface of water body
If sedimentation is continues
Water body becomes shallow
EUTROPHICATION
Fishy or murshy
ocour of water
Ganges and Eutrophication :
Added in Ganga water
Alaknanda + Bhagirathi
Glacier
Phages
Bacterio phage
Virus against
micro organism
Cyano phage
+ Micro bacteria
Algae phage
Bolello vibrios
Thermal Pollution of Water
Water
Pollution
Thermal
Pollution
Mining up of
cold/hot water
Temperature of ocean
Biodiversity
Weather/climate
Cycle disturbance
Streams
Elnino
La nina
Temperature increases
South atlantic ocean
Peru and
ecqudor
current
Air temperature increases
Cold current
Pressure decreases
Every 4th or 5th year
Heat current
Every 3 year
Depletion of rainfall
Marine Upwelling
Near the poles
Lower layer of
water lags due
to inertia
45° lift of lower
layers due to
inertial resistance
and EKMAN’S
FORCE
Lower layers
exposed to
surface
Moves with
wind current
Upper layer of
water in oceans
Temperature
variation
Nutrients from bottom are
upwelled at surface
Take U turn
at poles due
to CORIOLLIS
FORCE
Negative impact
Positive impact
Marine Pollution
Causes :
(1) Oil spill
(2) Plastic
(3) Agricultural runoff
(4) Industrial effluents
(5) Municipal waste dumping or sewage
(6) Ports, shipyards
Radioactive Pollution of Water :
It is because of background, radiation of lithosphere and addition of substances thodium, radon, etc.
Nuclear processing plant and their waste compulses of deplected uranium, plutonium, strontium etc.
Nuclear power plants and their waste comprising of cranium, uranium carbide, plutonium carbide.
pharmaceutical and diagnostic processing which may release substances like cobalt 60, strontium or
odin.
Water Testing Parameters
Most Probable Number (MPN)
defines the no. of coliforms as bacteria like E-coli present the water.
With the help of MPN test the No. of coliforms e.g., E-coli can be defined which come in drinking
water due to chance mixing of sewage with drinking water.
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Defines the amount of salt of solid dissolved in water.
TDS(mg/l)
Purpose of water
0-50
ideal for drinking
50-170
hard water
170-300
acceptable for industrial purposes
300-500
water coming from natural spring
500-550
mountains etc.
BOD, TOD and COD
If defines the amount of carbon present in water bodies using titrimatric quantification driven by
oxidation of dichromates.
BOD (mg/l)
Use
1–2
Very good eg used in water supply for drinking purposes
2–5
Modercitely fair can be used in industrial purposes
6–9
100 Eg more
Contamination e.g., pollution
Completely Eupecephoid water non use full for any human purposes.
Soil Pollution
1. Factors of soil degradation
2. Solid waste material
3. Municipal organic waste
4. Insecticides and pesticides
5. E–waste (electronic waste) — Hazardous Waste Material. Pollution of ground water reserve due
to trickling from soil.
Pollutant
Source
1. Lead and lead oxide
Printed
Impact
circuit
boards
CRT
Nervous system and brain
monitors
2. Beryllium
Motherboards and circuits
Lung and skin
3. Mercury (Hg)
Switches
Brain, skin and nervous system
4. Ozone depleting substance
and
flat
screen
monitor, LCD, CFL
problem
As a coolant in refrigerators
Respiratory system and skin
5. Cadmium (Cd)
Computer batteries
Kidney and liver
6. PCB Poly Chlorinated bi
Rubbers and plastic capacitors
Immune
phenyl
transformers
hormonal disturbance nervous
system
disturbance
system
7. Brominated flame retardants
Rubber
and
plastic,
printed
Hormonal system disturbance
circuit boards
Plastic and insulation
8. PVC (Poly Venil Choloride
Immune System Problem and
loss of fertility
Rubber and plastic coatings
9. Pthalate plasticizers
Hormonal
imbalance
cancer
10. Barium (Ba)
Displays and monitors
Heart and lung
11. Bromine (Br)
Circuit boards, solvents
Hormone disturbance
6. Bio Medical Waste
Bio Medical Waste
Non-Biodegradable
Recyclable
hard setting
Biodegradable
Pathogenic
Human organ & product
Devices instrument
Types & problems
sgring /plastic Proper sterdization & Recycling
HIV, Hepatitis-C
Hard setting : accumulation and processing
Pathogenic : Bacteria, virus ladder product
Human organ : Tissue, Blood, sputum cough
Devices : Needles, scissors, knives — sterilization and Recycling, HIV and Hepatitis-C
and
Treatment
Screening isolation
Low temperature
(157°C & below)
high temperature
(70°C & above)
incinerate (20 kg)
hydro claving
(melt in presence of steam)
Auto claving sterilizations
121°C @ 21PSI
Microwaving
Biomedical Waste Management Rules (2016)
Rules formed in 1998 and amended in 2011 and 2016
Presently bio mechanical waste is categorize in 4-categories and their separation is to be done in
containers of 4 colours.
Category
Colour
Category-1
1. Black containers
Material
Plastic
bags,
human
organs,
discarded
medicine or incinerated ash
Category-2
2. Blue and white
Solid waste cotton banded and sharp materials
Category-3
3. Red
Micro biological and solid waste
Category-4
4. Yellow
Human and animal organs and Liquid waste
Noise Pollution
It is state of disturbance due to excess sound produced.
Sound 20 to 20000 Hz is audible to human less than less than 20 infrasonic, more than 20000 Hz
ultrasonic.
25–40 dB
Produced in whispering
45–50 dB
Normal verbal conversation
60–70 dB
Loud conversation or in area with high back ground noise
80 dB >
Termed as noise
90 dB
In busy urban streets
110 dB
Automobiles at near distances
125 dB
Automobile on thunderclap, jet take off at distance more than 150 m
130 dB
Jet take off at 100 m
150 dB
Jet at 25 m
Impacts of Noise Pollution
Anxiety and, damage to nervous system
Increased heart beat and cardiac output
Mental Retardness
High pitch voice
Loss of vision and colour blindness
Radioactive Pollution
It is release of radioactive substances like cobalt, strontium, plutonium, Raton, Uranium or Thorium.
Unit to measure radioactivity in the background Bq = Becquerel
Sources of Radioactive Pollution :
1. Cosmic interference.
2. Solar flares
3. Mining of radioactive substances.
4. Nuclear meltdown, release of radioactivity from nuclear power plant.
5. Nuclear bombs, weapons.
6. Radiotracer technique in diagnosis and signifier research
7. Unsafe disposal of nuclear material using in x-ray
8. Background radioactivity due to reserve of radioactive material
Impacts
Breakdown of body cells, blood and metabolic intermediates.
Breakdown of DNA and genotoxicity
Skin burn out and leasions which remain perpetual
Alteration in the DNA composition or mutation.
Inheratance of mutated DNA and formation of deformates in subsequent generation.
Climate Change
Global Climate Change
Natural cause
Man made (Anthropogenic cause)
Torrential impact
Global warming due to CO2, CH4, CCl4, CFC, HFC, PFC, SF6, SCl6 , SF2Cl4, SCl2F4
Change in ellipse of earth orbit
Smog due to black carbon, trophospheric ozone, fly ash etc.
Change in eccentricity of earth orbit
Urban heat island
Axial tilt
Brown carbon
Wobbling of the earth
Solar flares
Techtonic movement
Volcanic duct
Global Warming Potential
CO2
35-40 years
1 time
CH4
14 years
81 times
NOx
35-40 years
56 times
CFC
141 years
400-600 times
HFC
212 years
800-1400 times
PFC
256 years
2100 times
Major impact of global warming :
(1)
Glacier melt down / shrinkage : Polar ice sheets may melt
(2)
Increase in the water level of the ocean
(3)
Increase in temperature and heat waves :
(4)
Extinction of marine species
(5)
Frequency of flood and drought increases
(6)
Monsoon cycle may alter
(7)
Frequency of hunger, malnutrition and poverty increases
(8)
Agriculture productivity reduces by 19-24%
(9)
Frequency of vector borne diseases like malaria increases
(10) More people suffer from displacement
(11) Oceanic temperature increases
(12) Oceanic acidity may increase which may lead to coral bleaching
(13) Climatic phenomena gets alter completely
(14) Earth may enter into catastrophe or completely finish
(15) Frequency of oceanic current like Elnino may increase
(16) Chances of soil erosion due to excessive flooding may increase and acidity due to acid rain and
soil salination.
(17) Deforestation