International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2017; 5(5): 43-48 E-ISSN: 2347-5129 P-ISSN: 2394-0506 (ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62 (GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549 IJFAS 2017; 5(5): 43-48 © 2017 IJFAS www.fisheriesjournal.com Received: 24-07-2017 Accepted: 25-08-2017 Armina Sultana Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Apu Chandra Sarker Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Mrityunjoy Kunda Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Sabuj Kanti Mazumder Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Correspondence Sabuj Kanti Mazumder Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh Present status and threats to fish diversity of wetlands of Chhatak, Bangladesh Armina Sultana, Apu Chandra Sarker, Mrityunjoy Kunda and Sabuj Kanti Mazumder Abstract The present study was conducted for a period of one year from April 2016 to March 2017 to identify the present status and threats to fish diversity in the wetlands of Chhatak, Bangladesh. A total of 71 fish species, including prawn under 11 orders and 25 families were recorded from the wetlands. Cypriniformes (32.38%) was the most dominant order, followed by Siluriformes (25.35%), Perciformes (19.72%), Synbranchiformes and Channiformes (5.63%), Clupeiformes (4.23%), Decapoda (4.23%), Beloniformes (2.82%), Osteoglossiformes (2.82%), Tetraodontiformes (1.41%) and Cyprinodontiformes (1.41%). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family contributing 20 species. The recorded species were categorized on the basis of availability into four statuses and found as available (40.85%), less available (29.58%), rare (14.08%) and very rare (15.49%). The present study suggested that use of appropriate fishing gears, establishment of the sanctuary, community based fisheries management, stocking of commercially important fish species, implementation of fishing laws and regulation, Government support and fishermen’s awareness can save the valuable fish diversity of the study area. Keywords: Fish, Diversity, Wetlands, Chhatak, Management 1. Introduction Bangladesh, a floodplain delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers is endowed with a vast expanse of enormous and globally famous wetlands. The country possesses 46,99,387 hectares of inland waters in the form of permanent rivers and streams (8,53,863 ha), estuarine and mangrove swamps (1,77,700 ha), beels (1,14,161 ha), Kaptai Lake (68,800 ha), baors (5,488 ha), floodplains (27,02,304 ha), small ponds and tanks (3,71,309 ha), shrimp farms (2,75,274 ha) and seasonal culture ponds (1,30,488 ha) [1]. Wetlands can be defined as “areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres” [2]. Haors and beels are specially considered for supporting major subsistence and commercial fisheries, while the seasonally flooded lands support major rice-growing activities, and the abundant aquatic vegetation provides rich grazing for domestic livestock as well as fuel and fertilizers for the local people [3] . Chhatak is supporting a huge waterbody as wetlands and famous for its rich fish diversity. Wetlands are known to provide a large range of benefits including provision of food, fiber, fuel, flood control, ground water replenishment, support to biodiversity, recreation and cultural values. These goods and services support livelihoods of large communities, particularly the poorest of the poor who depend on wetland resources for sustenance [4]. More than 50% of the world’s wetlands have been altered, degraded, or lost in the last 150 years [5]. Wetlands are under threat due to unsystematic utilization, encroachments and reclamation, urbanization and drawbacks from agricultural development and flood control actions [6-8]. The decline in wetlands has resulted in more than 40% of freshwater fish species being classed as threatened [9]. Before undertaking any fisheries management tool, the fish diversity in the water must be known [10] but there is no published literature on fish diversity of wetlands of Chhatak. Considering the above mentioned situation, the study was carried out to identify the present status and threats to the fish diversity of wetlands of Chhatak, Bangladesh for proper management. ~ 43 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies Bahadurpur, Jointapur, Binoyonpur and Poroshpur under Kalaruka, Noarai, Dakshin Islampur, Saidergaon and Dakshin Khurma union. The secondary information about status and threats to fish diversity were collected from upazila fisheries office, district fisheries office (DFO) of Sunamganj, books and journals. After collecting the data through questionnaire interviews and FGDs, it was cross-checked through interviews of upazila fisheries officer (UFO), district fisheries officer (DFO), local leaders, fish traders and NGO workers in the study area. The fish and prawn species were categorized into 4 groups on the basis of availability as- available (A): species found available throughout the year; less available (LA): species found infrequently; rare (R): species found periodically; and very rare (VR): species found fortuitously. Finally data were analyzed using Microsoft office excels 2010. 2. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted on wetlands of Chhatak under Sunamganj district, Bangladesh for a period of one year from April 2016 to March 2017. Chhatak is located in between 24°49' and 25°06' north latitudes and in between 91°27' and 91°49' east longitudes [11] (Fig. 1). Fishermen of the study area were engaged in fishing in Surma river, Chela river, Katakhali khal, Mirza khal, Pekuar haor, Nandir haor, Doniar haor and Talir haor. Both primary and secondary sources were considered to interpret the results during data collection. Primary data about present status of fish and threats for fish diversity were collected by 80 questionnaire interviews (QI) from randomly selected fishermen. Besides, a total of 10 focus group discussions (FGDs) were done to collect data in which each group consisting 12-15 members. QI and FGDs were made in ten (10) villages named Kalaruka, Shongkorpur, Tengargaon, Loxmibaor, Goneshpur, Jamura, Fig 1: Map showing Chhatak (Yellow box) and study area (Black circles) (Source: Banglapedia, 2014) species of fish under 9 orders and 24 families from Padma distributary of the Ganges River, Northwestern Bangladesh. Azadi and Alam [19] found a total of 93 species of Ichthyofauna (finfish and shellfish) from River Halda. Chowdhury et al., [20] reported 98 fish species in the Naaf river, Islam et al. [21] recorded a total of 114 fish species under 12 orders and 36 families from Payra River that indicate higher fish diversity than this study. Mohsin and Haque [22] reported 56 fish species in the Mahananda river, Galib et al., [23] reported 63 species of fish in the Choto jamuna river, Nabi et al., [24] reported 35 species of fish in the Bakkhali river these findings are lower than the present study. In comparison with the mentioned Haor and river, the wetlands of Chhatak is very rich in fish diversity. Bhuiyan et al., [25] recorded 73 species from Padma river near Rajshahi which support the present findings. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Present status of fish diversity in wetlands of Chhatak A total of 71 fish species and prawn species of 11 orders and 25 families were recorded from the wetlands of Chhatak (Table 1). Nuruzzaman [12] recorded 141 species of fish from Tanguar haor in Sunamganj district. Mahalder and Mustafa [13] recorded 126 fish species from 39 families in the Sunamganj haor area that indicate higher fish diversity than the present study. Mazumder et al., [14] recorded a total of 54 fish species belonging to the 6 orders, 19 families and 39 genera from Hail haor. Saha and Hossain [15] recorded a total of 40 species of fish including exotic species from Salda beel. Nath et al., [16] found 47 species in Borulia haor which were lower than the present study. Paik and Chakraborty [17] recorded 75 species different aquatic habitat (pond, lake, canal, river and paddy field) which was more or less same to the present findings. Rahman et al., [18] recorded a total of 80 ~ 44 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies Table 1: Present status of fish diversity in wetlands of Chhatak Sl. No. Family Local name 1 2 Beloniidae Hemiramphidae Kakila Ek thota 3 4 5 6 Channidae Channidae Channidae Channidae Taki Cheng Shol Gozar 7 8 9 Clupeidae Clupeidae Clupeidae Ilish Chapila Katchki 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cobitidae Cobitidae Cobitidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae 16 Cyprinidae 17 18 19 20 21 Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Gutum Bou rani Maitta rani Catla Rohu Mrigal Common carp Gonia Grass carp Kalibaush Silver carp Bata 22 Cyprinidae Chela 23 24 25 26 27 Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Mola Darkina Dhela Tit punti Teri punti 28 Cyprinidae Jat punti 29 30 31 32 Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Shar punti Raj punti Along Banshpata 33 Aplocheilidae Kanpona 34 35 Notopteriidae Notopteriidae Chital Foli 36 Ambassidae 37 38 39 40 41 42 Ambassidae Ambassidae Anabantidae Cichlidae Gobiidae Nandidae 43 Osphronemidae 44 Osphronemidae 45 Osphronemidae Lamba chanda Lal chanda Gol chanda Koi Tilapia Bele Meni Boro khalisha Choto khalisha Lal khalisha 46 Bagridae Gulsha 47 Bagridae Bujuri 48 Bagridae Tengra 49 Bagridae Ayre English name Scientific name Beloniformes Fresh water gar fish Xenentodon cancila Wrestling halfbeak Dermogenys pusilla Channiformes Spotted snakehead Channa punctatus Asiatic snakehead Channa orientalis Snakehead murrel Channa striatus Giant snakehead Channa marulius Clupeiformes Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha Indian river shad Gudusia chapra Ganges river sprat Corica soborna Cypriniformes Guntea loach Lepidocephalichthys guntea Bengal loach Botio dario Hora loach Botia dayi Indian major carp Catla catla Indian major carp Labeo rohita Indian major carp Cirrhinus cirrhosus Common carp Cyprinus carpio Kuria labeo Labeo gonius Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Black rohu Labeo calbasu Silver carp Hypophthalmicthys molitrix Bata Labeo bata Fine scale razor Chela cachius belly minnow Mola Carplet Amblypharyngodon mola Flaying barb Esomus danricus Cotio Osteobrama cotio Ticto barb Puntius ticto One spot barb Puntius terio Spot fin swamp Puntius sophore barb Olive barb Puntius sarana Java barb Puntius gonoinotus Bengal barb Megarasbora elanga Sind danio Devario devario Cyprinodontiformes Blue panchax Aplocheilus panchax Osteoglossiformes Clown knifefish Notopterus chitala Bronze Featherback Notopterus notopterus Perciformes Elongated glass Chanda nama perchlet Indian glass perchlet Parambasis lala Indian glass fish Parambassis ranga Climbing perch Anabas testudineus Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus Tank goby Glossogobius giuris Gangetic leaffish Nandus nandus Habitat Present status IUCN status Haor and Beel Haor and Beel LA R LC LC Haor and Beel Haor and Beel Haor and Beel Haor and Beel A LA A LA LC LC LC EN River River, Haor and Beel River LA LA LA LC VU LC Haor and Beel River River River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel LA LA VR A A A LC EN EN LC LC NT River, Haor and Beel A EX River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel River River, Haor and Beel A A A R A NT EX LC EX LC River, Haor and Beel R VU River, Haor and Beel Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel Haor and Beel Haor and Beel LA LA R A A LC LC NT VU LC Haor and Beel A LC River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel River River R LA VR VR LC EX EN LC Haor and Beel VR LC River River and Haor VR R EN VU River, Haor and Beel LA LC River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel River, Haor and Beel Haor and Beel Haor and Beel Haor and Beel VR A A R LA A LC LC LC EX LC NT Striped gourami Colisa fasciatus Haor and Beel A NO Honey gourami Colisa chuno Haor and Beel A NO Haor and Beel VR NO Mystus cavasius River, Haor and Beel LA NT Mystus tengra Haor and Beel A LC Mystus vittatus River, Haor and Beel A LC Mystus aor River and Haor LA VU Dwarf gourami Colisa lalia Siluriformes Long whiskered catfish Long bled catfish Striped dwarf catfish Long whiskered ~ 45 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Bagridae Clariidae Heteropneustidae Pangasiidae Schilbeidae Schilbeidae Schilbeidae Rita Magur Shing Pangus Bacha Garua Kajuli catfish Whale catfish Walking catfish Stinging catfish Yellowtail catfish Batchwa vacha Garua Bachcha Gangetic ailia 57 Schilbeidae Batasi Indian potasi 58 59 60 61 Schilbeidae Siluridae Siluridae Siluridae Rita rita Clarius batrachus Heteropneustes fossilis Pangasius pangasius Eutropiichthys vacha Clupisoma garua Ailia coila Pseudeutropius atherinoides Silonia silondia Wallago attu Ompok pabo Ompok bimaculatus River and Haor Haor and Beel Haor and Beel River River River River LA A A VR R VR R EN LC LC EN LC EN LC Haor and Beel LA NT Shillong Silond catfish River VR LC Boal Freshwater shark River, Haor and Beel A VU Pabda Pabo catfish Haor and Beel A CR Kani pabda Butter catfish Haor and Beel LA EN Madhu Pabdah catfish Ompok pabda Haor and Beel A EN 62 Siluridae pabda 63 Sisoridae Baghair Dwarf goonch Bagarius bagarius River VR CR Synbranchiforme 64 Mastacembelidae Boro Baim Zig-zag eel Mastacembelus armatus River, Haor and Beel LA EN 65 Mastacembelidae Guchi Barred spiny eel Macrognathus pancalus Haor and Beel A LC 66 Mastacembelidae Tara Baim Lesser spiny eel Macrognathus aculeatus Haor and Beel A NT 67 Synbranchidae Kuchia Mud eel Monopterus cuchia Haor and Beel R VU Tetraodontiformes 68 Tetraodontidae Potka Ocellated pufferfish Tetraodon cutcutia Haor and Beel LA LC Shellfish species: Decapoda Monsoon river Macrobrachium Haor and Beel A NO 69 Palaemonidae Kalo icha prawn malcolmsonii 70 Palaemonidae Sada icha Prawn Macrobrachium sp. Haor and Beel A NO Macrobrachium River R NO 71 Palaemonidae Golda Prawn rosenbergii A: available, LA: less available, R: rare, VR: very rare, CR: critically endangered, EN: endangered, VU: vulnerable, NT: near threatened, NO: not threatened, LC: least concern and EX: exotic species. Mazumder et al., [14], Nath et al., [16], De et al., [26], Giri et al., [27] , Mohan and Singh [28], Mohsin et al., [29] recorded maximum number of finfish species under the family Cyprinidae which support the findings of the present study. Among 25 families recorded during the study period Cyprinidae was the most dominant family contributing 20 species followed by Bagridae, Schilbeidae, Siluridae, Channidae, Ambassidae, Cobitidae, Mastacembelidae, Palaemonidae, Osphronemidae and Notopteriidae (Table 1). Fig 2: Order basis percentage composition of recorded fish species in the study area The order basis percentage analysis of the recorded fish species on the basis of availability showed the highest occurrence from the order Cypriniformes (32.38%), followed by Siluriformes (25.35%), Perciformes (14.09%), Synbranchiformes (5.63%), Channiformes (5.63%), Clupeiformes (4.23%), Decapoda (4.23%), Beloniformes (2.82%) and Osteoglossiformes (2.82%). Tetraodontiformes and Cyprinodontiformes the same and lowest percentage (1.41%) of the total number of species (Fig. 2). Rahman et al., [18] found Cypriniformes as most dominant order constituting 35% of the total fish population followed by Siluriformes, Perciformes, Clupeiformes, Synbranchiformes, Osteoglossiformes, Beloniformes, Mugiliformes and Tetraodontiformes. Cypriniformes and Siluriformes (18 species each) were recorded as the most dominant fish in the Hail haor Mazumder et al., [14]. These results support the present results. The present finding showed the rich status of fishes of the wetlands of Chhatak, but this is also representing the declining trends of wetland fishes of Bangladesh. Among the total species found during the study, 29 species ~ 46 ~ International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies al., [30] found the same declining causes which support the present results. were available (40.85%), 21 species were less available (29.58%), 10 species were rare (14.08%) and 11 species were very rare (15.49%) (Fig. 3) based on availability status. 4. Conclusion Wetland resources form the basis of economy of Bangladesh and it is essential for the survival and balance of nature and human welfare. Destruction of habitat of many important fish species is the current alarming issue and thus its conservation and management is the only solution. Present study suggested some recommendations i.e. use of illegal fishing gears must be stopped and banned, catching of juvenile and brood fish should be stopped, katha and dewatering fishing must be stopped, number of fish sanctuaries should be increased, community based fisheries management, stocking of economically important fish species, dredging of wetlands, create public and fishermen’s awareness and proper implementation of existing fishing laws and regulations. Besides, financial support from government to create alternative livelihood opportunities to reduce fishing pressure on wetlands. Finally, since the fish and fisheries of the study area supports livelihood of large number of poor fishermen, government should take necessary steps to conserve the fish diversity for sustainable production from the wetlands of Chhatak. Fig 3: Present status of recorded fish species in the study area According to the respondents, very rare species as Maitta rani (Botia dayi), Along (Megarasbora elanga), Banshpata (Devario devario), Kanpona (Aplocheilus panchax), Chital (Notopterus chitala), Lal chanda (Parambasis lala), Lal khalisha (Colisa lalia), Pangus (Pangasius pangasius), Garua (Clupisoma garua), Shillong (Silonia silondia) and Baghair (Bagarius bagarius) were available for at least 10-20 years ago. But now-a-days these species are facing high risk of extinction. Islam et al., [21] recorded available (43.86%), less available (29.82%), rare (18.42%) and very rare (7.89%) from Payra river. Flowra et al., [30] recorded available (45%), less available (33.33%), rare (13.33%) and very rare (8.33%) from Baral River, Natore, Bangladesh. This supports the present findings. According to the red list of IUCN [31], a total of 64 species are threatened in Bangladesh among them only 20 species were found from the present study. The IUCN [31] status of these 20 threatened species were 2 critically endangered (out of 9 species), 11 endangered (out of 30 species) and 7 vulnerable. Center for Natural Resource Studies (CNRS) [32] found 32 species as threatened from Hakaluki haor. Pandit et al., [33] found 20 species as threatened from the Soma Nadi Jalmohal. Sandha River is a habitat of 26 threatened species Hanif et al., [34] . Azadi and Alam [19] found 3 critically endangered, 9 endangered and 8 vulnerable species. These results are similar to the present results. 3.2 Threats to fish diversity Some natural and manmade factors consequently destroying the spawning, feeding and nursing grounds of many economically important wetland species. Main threats to the fish diversity in the wetlands of Chhatak were overfishing, use of illegal fishing gears, siltation and sedimentation, katha fishing, fishing by dewatering/irrigation, low water depth, low current, increasing fishermen and fishing pressure, catching of SIS by moshari (Net) jal, catching of brood fish, use of chemical fertilizers and over doses of insecticides and pesticides in agricultural land adjacent to wetlands, creation of barrier and making obstacle in natural movement of fishes, sand and stone collection from river, drought in summer, dust from crusher mill adjacent to river and loss of connection of river with khal, beel etc. The findings clearly represent the declining trends of fish diversity in the study area which warning the gradual declination of fish diversity of wetlands of Bangladesh. Stoddard et al., [35], observed similar decline causes of fish diversity of inland water bodies of Bangladesh. 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