Synthesis about Cheops pyramid building

Results in Engineering, 2020

The aim of this paper is to forecast the methodology by which Cheops Pyramid as a historic building was built, based on notions of modular patterns discovered within the following planar illustrations, starting at the apex and descending to its grand base. Some of Cheops’ heritage in terms of form and function has existed for millennia, as its mark was recapped with a front line that was constructed thousands of years before. Such a voyage through the missing captures of the building techniques wouldn’t have occurred without the incidental outcome that resulted from overlaying the various pixelated plans of block arrangements on the floor maps of Cheops. This building is believed to exhibit norms similar to those governing the balance between matter and void in the universe. By assessing this historical masonry structure of Giza, we have come to find some regulatory approaches concerning how to asses the construction of such a building by predicting their interiors, spatial definitions, customs, and layouts. As there are no major records of their plans, the best practice anticipated in this paper is to modularize the figurative appearance of such buildings, by imitating themes of the repetitive patterns of past regional Egyptian architecture seen as pixels. This led to the fundamental solution to such a dilemma in building construction.

The Cheops pyramid should have been built first like a degree pyramid with massive heigths found using three different methods...

The aim of this article is to determine if Cheops pyramid has been first built like a degree pyramid before being transformed into a smooth pyramid as suggested in the litterature

Journal of Architectural Engineering

Always more evidence against the official theory. When a web surfer, with the best of intentions, would like to read something in order to understand how the ancient Egyptians of the IV Dynasty were able to raise the Great Pyramid, they must inevitably face plenty of web sites, whether official or not, and they have to get out of many hypothesis, some of them bold, others ridiculous. If the surfer is lucky, 1965 study by Maragioglio (Egyptologist) and Rinaldi (civil engineer) called " L'architettura delle piramidi menfite " can be found. They dedicated an entire volume to the Pyramid of Cheops (fourth part of their research). In their preliminary note they write " We consider this pyramid just as king Cheops' grave, second sovereign of the IV dynasty. Therefore, we will not take in consideration conjectures made by Piazzi Smith, the Edgar brothers and abbot Moreux, or by others who have followed the same ideas ". Now, it is true that Smyth, Egar e Moreux aren't very credible, but with such an introduction, Rinaldi and Maragioglio's work seems to be caged in the classic Egyptology since the beginning. In the very first part of the book, there is a mention to the carriage of monoliths of the king and queen's chamber, which I quote: " The problem of the construction of the pyramids, namely the ways and the artifice used for this purpose, is all in this huge monument. In fact, they had to lift up big stone blocks with a volume greater than 1 cube mt and more than 2500 kg heavy. Not to mention the granite beams of the crypt and the unloading rooms and the beams for the coverage of the " chamber of the Quenn " and the last unloading room. Some of those beams are heavier than 25000 kg and they are more than 70 mt above the foot of the building. The issue, however, can be discussed only when all the pyramids will be studied, therefore we reserve to do it in a " general approach matter " at the end of this work ". Skimming the pages up to the end, page 185, I find the " general approach matter " chapter: Enthusiast I read the whole paragraph but it is only about the aeration of the inner chambers. No more chapters after this one, only the bibliography. So not even a hint about the huge problem of how they could move and lift so heavy monoliths. In almost 100 pages of research, you can find very accurate geometrical descriptions with detailed planimetries and drawings (12 tables) along with historical data, numbers, measurement, names, etc, and yet no technical drawings with indications of physics and mechanics, no vectorial calculations, no scientific demonstrations, etc. In this prestigious work, which is a reference point to all those who study this matter, we can find much information about the great pyramid, having the same axiom as starting point. This axiom is in common to all the official hypothesis accepted in the academic environment: " The pyramids of Giza have been raised by the Egyptians of the IV dynasty ". We would have expected to see a multidisciplinary approach, because of the engineer Rinaldi. Unfortunately, it seems to be a history book or an architecture one, rather than a technology book. This example is important for us to understand that if we are stuck in the fundamental axiom, even a worldwide known researcher like Rinaldi, can't come to conclusions other than the official ones. It doesn't exist an eminent web site that could specify all the building techniques that are officially valid , so it is easy for the web surfer to bump into misleading information. Whether it is about the spiral ramps or internal ramps, all the hypotheses try to explain how the Egyptians have been able to take overhead the biggest part of the 2.300.000 blocks that make the great pyramid. Namely, those whose weight is under the 4 tons (98% of the blocks). As an example, here is a drawing that shows proportions and percentage of the blocks. In As a matter of fact, with blocks of 1-3 m and of 1-3 tons, it is possible to express several plausible hypotheses, some of them not very credible, in my opinion. We find the real problem when we try to analyze the " heart " of the great pyramid: the so-called " Chamber of the King " , made up by pink granite monoliths of Assuan that weigh tens of tons. The blocks that make the so-called Zed weigh about 70 tons and are at about 50 mt from the base of the pyramid, according to the most reliable assessments. The following images suggest the dimensions and the location of the Zed. Fig.1 Fig. 1 (From " In the construction site of the great pyramid " og M.V. Fiorini): 10% of the blocks weigh more than 1 ton (like a new petrol-powered Fiat Panda); while only 2% goes above the 4 tons with peaks of 70 tons. The third block (down) conveys the idea of the size of the blocks that make the chamber of the King. Please note the man figure, so that it will be all clear.

The objective of this paper is to propose a framework for the development of design projects for the base of the pyramid (BoP). Throughout this research, it is intended to give answer to the following working hypothesis: from design perspective, what does it means to develop products, services and services systems (PSS) for the BoP, with superior quality with respect to sustainable development values? What kind of strategies and design methodologies should be adopted for the design and development of this kind of projects? What is their profile taking into account functional, aesthetics, economic, cultural and environmental performance premises involved? A proper answer to those questions may facilitate guidelines definition for project development. Also, it will be possible to identify a set of proper tools and methods, as well as precise assessment criteria and evaluation systems, in terms of environmental and social impact. KEYWORDS: sustainable product design; design for the bas...

2019

This is an article issued from my website nomarque.wordpress.com

For many researchers, engineers, architects and modern builders, it is a "infeassible work" being done by the ancient Egyptian civilization. In this book "The Feasible Pyramid" is analyzed the constructive evolution experienced, which made possible the realization of this masterpiece. The opinion of leading specialists in the field is developed so that the reader with an overview of the subject. Enlightening techniques are formulated in areas that have not been elucidated yet, as is the elevation block high and the layout and orientation of the pyramid. It is a textbook that allows a comprehensive understanding of the construction and design of this wonder ancient Egyptian pyramids.

The results of experimental tests of a novel method for moving large (pyramid construction size) stone blocks by rolling them are presented. The method is implemented by tying 12 identical rods of appropriately chosen radius to the faces of the block forming a rough dodecagon prism. Experiments using a 1,000 kg block show that it can be moved across level open ground with a dynamic coefficient of friction of less than 0.06. This value is a factor of five lower than that obtained for dragging the block, and the best values reported for dragging by others, at 0.3. the results are more dramatic than those obtained on smaller scale experiments on a 29.6 kg block, also reported here. For full scale pyramid blocks, the wooden "rods" woudl need to be posts of order 30 cm in diameter, similar in size to those used as masts on ships in the Nile.