Jackfruit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization

Vegetos: An International Journal of Plant Research & Biotechnology Research Article Jackfruit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization Antony Allwyn Sundarraj and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan* Abstract The present paper reviews the taxonomy, history, production, uses, and the waste utilization of jackfruit. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus integer, commonly known as the jackfruit tree and belonging to the family Moraceae, is an exotic tree originally native to the Western Ghats of India. Jackfruit is commonly grown in home gardens of tropical and subtropical countries. The fruits are an important source of carbohydrates, fibers, minerals and vitamins. The bark, roots, leaves, and fruit are mainly used as food and food additives, medicinal properties and textile industry. Jackfruit is considered to be an underutilized fruit where most of the fruits get wasted due to unawareness, lack of post harvest technology and gaps in supply chain systems. A wide gap in the marketing of jack fruits and its wastes can be processed value added products which can be fulfilled for additional income as well as food security. Keywords Artocarpus, Jackfruit, Artocarpus integer, Moraceae, Waste Utilization. Introduction Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan Vegetos 31(1) March, 2018 Doi: . / . . . Page No: 67-73 A SOCIETY FOR PLANT RESEARCH PUBLICATION Taxonomy The name Artocarpus originated from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Forster and Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard the HMS Resolution on James Cook's second trip. In the most recent change of Artocarpus, the highly variable species A. communis is a complex of three species of breadfruit: A. altilis, A. mariannensis and A. camansi. Artocarpus species Artocarpus family includes a number of costeffective species (Grin 2010). Numerous species of the genus bear edible fruit eg. breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), cempedak (Artocarpus integer), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), kwai muk (Artocarpus hypargyreus), anjily (Artocarpus hirsutus) etc. Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated extensively in tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Sub Genera Modern phylogenetic research, based on leaf collection, leaf anatomical characters and stipules specify the existence of two subgenera in the genus Artocarpus (Forst and Forst 2010): Subgenus 1. Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate. Artocarpus Artocarpus is a genus of nearly 60 trees and shrubs Subgenus 2. Pseudojaca: Perianth entirely connate. of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin belong to the mulberry family, Moraceae (Zerega and Motley 2001). In the latest review of Artocarpus, highly variable species A. communis is a complex of three species namely A. altilis, A. mariannensis and A. camansi. Description All Artocarpus species are lactiferous trees that are collected of leaves and stems capable of produce a milky sap. The fauna type is monoecious and produce unisexual flowers; in addition, both sexes are present in the same plant. The plants generate small, greenish female flowers that grow on tiny, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow up into a syncarpous fruit capable of rising into huge sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large (Forst and Forst 2009). Corresponding author: Department of Food Processing and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore – 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: srivarahe@gmail.com Received: 26.9.2017, Revised: 14.1.2018, Published: 31.3.2018 A. altilis Fosberg - Breadfruit, A. heterophyllus Lam. - Nangka, Jackfruit A. integer (Thunb.) Merr. - Cempedak A. rigidus Blume - Monkey Jackruit and so on The wild jackfruit tree, Artocarpus is significant in tropical and sub-tropical regions, mainly in South and Southeast Asia. Jackfruit has been in cultivated in India from ancient times. It was possibly taken by Arab traders to the East African coast, and now it has extended all over the tropical regions. It is thought that jackfruit originates in the Western Ghats region of India but whether it is found wild or not is still debatable. Some establishment thinks there are associated wild resources in the Andaman All articles published in Vegetos: International Journal of Plant Research are the property of SPR, and is protected by copyright laws. Copyright © 2018, SPR, All Rights Reserved. Citation: Antony Allwyn Sundar raj and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan. J ackfr uit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization. Vegetos 31(1) March, 2018. / . . . Doi: . Islands; others have considered that jackfruit originate in Fig 1. Annual Pr oduction of J ackfr uit in India Malaysia (Barrau 1976). Few Artocarpus species bear edible fruits that are capably valuable (Wester 1921). Jackfruit is eaten fresh, as are fruits of A. integer (Thumb.). Merr., the chempedak, which is truly cultivated and locally essential in Malaysia and Indonesia. Jackfruit is regard as a species worthy of research attention because of its wider possible use in nutrition and it’s possible to increase local incomes when grown in homegarden systems. It is locally sometimes of high value (Rehm and Espig 1991) and has proved valuable when introducing to other parts of the world where it is fairly extensively cultivated in suitable climates. Jarrett (1959) have studied the subdivided subgenus Artocarpus further into two sections mostly on characters of the inflorescence, include those of the embryo and into several series based primarily, on the distinct, capitate hairs on the leaves. The inflorescence of A. heterophyllus has a basal annulus formed by the improvement of the top of the peduncle into a narrow flange. The series also include A. integer. The fruit of the jack (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the accepted fruits in India, where the total area under this fruit is about 13,460 ha. The outer peel (rind), which is mostly fibrous and fairly rich in calcium and pectin, constitute about 59% of the ripe fruit (Chandha 1985). Moraceae Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of the most remunerative and main fruits of India. It belongs to the family Moraceae. It is the largest among the edible fruits. In the beginning jackfruit is a very native of India and currently cultivate all over the tropical regions in both the hemispheres. In India, it is mainly grown in top ten states in production such as Kerala, Assam, West Bengal, Chattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, TamilNadu, Tripura and Karnataka as shown in (Figure. 1) (*source: A PEDA agriXchange / India Production) and so on. In other parts of the country, it is rarely grown in plantation but chosen very much in homesteads. The largest area under jackfruits in India is in Assam where surface area is about 8,000 hectares. In Bihar, the area is roughly 4,000 hectares and in South India trees dwell in an area of about 2000 hectares. In northern India, jackfruit is grown-up in the foothills of Himalayas. It grows all over South India up to an elevation of 2,400 meters. The Moraceae family contain over 50 genera and over 800 species which are regularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Most of the family members are trees and shrubs but all contains latex. Genera which have stipules leaving amplexicaul scars when they drop off and ovules near the top of the ovary are included in the sub-family Artocarpoideae. This includes Artocarpus. The fusion of individual fruits to make a syncarp is seen not only in Artocarpoideae but in numerous genera in other sub- Annual Production of Jackfruit in South India families of Moraceae (Zerega and Motley 2001). In South India, the jackfruit is a trendy food ranking next to the mango and banana in total annual World Wide Production of Jackfruit production. There are more than 100,000 trees in Jackfruit is held to be indigenous to the rainforests backyard and grown for shade in betel nut, coffee, pepper of the Western Ghats. It is cultivate at low elevations all and cardamom plantations. The total area planted to over India, Burma, Malaysia and the East Indies. It is jackfruit in all grown to a limited extent in Queensland and Mauritius (Ghosh 1996). While planted in Hawaii prior to 1888, it is India is calculate at 14,826 acres (26,000 ha). Government still rare there and in other Pacific islands, as it is in most horticulturists help the planting of jackfruit trees along of tropical regions in America and the West Indies to be highways, waterways, and railroads to add to the country's reported by Haq (2003). Bangladesh produces 1.5 million food supplies. Karnataka state with highest density in tons of fruits from 160,000 hectares of land, with about Wayanad plateau in the Western Ghats. In Kerala state 30% of fruits being produce from jack plantations. In jackfruit which was regard as heavenly fruit in the ancient India, the entire area under jackfruit farming is thought to periods is grown in an area of 97536 ha with a yearly be roughly 26,000 hectares, of which, an approximate production of 348 million nos. Jack is grown-up in 100,000 trees are grown-up in backyards and as intercrops farmhouse mainly without any management practices. between other trade crops in south India. Jackfruit is also Although there are a large number of indigenous varieties grown commercially in Sri Lanka over of an area of about of jack grown in the state, organized records concerning 11,000 acres (4,452 ha) planted to jackfruit for mostly for the varieties are yet to be done. timber, with the fruit a much-acceptable by-product. TamilNadu State Production of Jackfruit in India Annual Production of Jackfruit in India Jackfruit or kathal is India’s most abandoned fruit. Vegetos 31 (1) March, 2018 68 Citation: Antony Allwyn Sundar raj and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan. J ackfr uit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization. Vegetos 31(1) March, 2018. / . . . Doi: . Fig 2. J ackfr uit (Cempedak) tr ee Fig 3. Pudukkottai Distr ict Map Except in Panruti. This quiet coastal taluk in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu, India is the heaven of jackfruit. It produces the best jackfruits in the country – fat, sweet and tasty. The onset of summer indicates the arrival of the Mukkanis - Maa, Palaa, Vaazhai - (Mangoes, Jackfruits, and Bananas). Of course, bananas are accessible all over the year. The other two are not as plenty as bananas. The Jackfruit, called ‘Palaa Pazham’, in Tamil is the second of the Mukkani. The sweetness of the Jackfruit is a trademark of its recognition. The Jackfruit is accessible during the summer season and once the rain arrives, the jackfruits are not offered and the onset of rain decreases the taste in the fruit and is not tasty as the ones in the midsummer. In Panruti, Cuddalore district, TamilNadu, the Jackfruit farming is more. The biggest jackfruit in Panruti weighs over 70 kg which essentially makes it a hot challenger for the "Guinness Book of Records". A Hawaiian jackfruit, at a mere 34 kg holds the title at present. By not staking a claim, Panruti is depriving itself of a world record title every year. Other districts produce Jackfruits are Pudukkottai, Pattukottai, Chidambaram, Nagerkovil, etc. Chempedak is a wild and also generally cultivated fruit tree of Malaysia and Indonesia. The tree grows to 20 meters (m) in height, in wet tropical regions in lowland and montane forests to 1200 m a.s.l. (4000 ft.). Even though balanced and conical in shape in nature, in development it is often uneven (Chandlee 1988); all parts of the tree contain latex. In appearance, chempedak fruit is related to jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), to which it is directly related, in a sub-group of the breadfruit genus (Anon 1986). Compare with jackfruit, chempedak is sweeter and has less acidity. It has a strong aroma. Customers like its light and delicate texture. The seeds, 15 -25 mm across, are also edible, and a marvelous resource. Artocarpus integer (Thumb.). Taxonomy Artocarpus integer, generally known as cempedak (pronounced "chem-pe-dak"), is a species of tree in the family Moraceae, and in the same genus as breadfruit and jackfruit. It is indigenous to southeast Asia, from Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula to the island of New Guinea. It is also grown-up and eaten in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states of India (Verheij and Coronel 1991). Description Cempedak trees are large, evergreen trees is shown in (Fig 2). They can cultivate to a height of 15 - 20 m, although most only reach a dozen meters. The trees are monoecious, with male and female flowers rising on the same tree. There are many varieties, even though few are named. The vigorously rising tree can bear heavy crops of fruit once or twice a year. Vegetos 31 (1) March, 2018 Agronomy The chempedak tree is fast growing and does not require a lot of care except in the early farming phase, where microclimate control is suggested. Bor (1980), when a few metres tall, however, full sun is recommends, since trees overshaded will cultivate too tall for easy harvest. The smaller version fully-grown tree is 9-12m tall and bears most of its fruit on the lesser branches and trunks. Chempedak varies in yield; nevertheless, very heavy crops are common. Ecology A. integer is an under stor ey tr ee usually originate rising in secondary and occasionally primary forests in lowland tropical regions in the rainforest areas up to 500 m altitude or occasionally higher, where there is no separate dry season (Lamprecht 1989). TamilNadu State Production of Cempedak/Artocarpus integer Cempedak (Malay) / Nattu palam ((Pala Palam) in Tamil language) always available all climatic conditions throughout the year in Vamban village, Pudukkottai District, TamilNadu, and also available in some places of AndraPradesh, India. This is very rare cultural hybrid variety of Jackfruit grown in all climatic conditions and it is cultivate only red loamy soil. In Malaysian country, Artocarpus interger (Thumb.). called as – Cempedak 69 Citation: Antony Allwyn Sundar raj and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan. J ackfr uit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization. Vegetos 31(1) March, 2018. / . . . Doi: . (variety name). season lasts about 6 weeks, but different districts may come into season before or later depending on latitude and In 2017, Jackfruit cultivators in Alangudi taluk, altitude. Pudukkottai district are expect a bumper harvest, this season with the fruit arrival picking up at the wholesale Future market. The fruit trees are raised Kothamangalam, Kulamangalam, Panangulam, Vadakadu and Sendhankudi Chempedak has great assure as a "new" tropical in the taluk - Pudukkottai district (Fig 3), TamilNadu fruit outside its current area of circulation. It has where about 500 hectares had been covered. Groundwater heretofore been eclipse by its better-known "big brother," potential has been considerable. The last year 2016, the jackfruit. Still many of those who know jak will delay in getting fruits hit farmers but this year it has been instantaneously be attracted to chempedak. As a backyard timely because of the absence of rain during the North or orchard tree, it can provide valuable carbohydrates, East monsoon. Farmers and wholesale dealers are protein, and vitamins. As a tree crop, it can replace a confident that the yield would be appreciable this season. portion of the starch and protein in one’s diet otherwise “Last year, farmers incurred a huge loss due to delayed requiring yearly cropland (Streets 1962). Coronel (1983) arrival,” they said. The jackfruit cultivation is harvested considers it as natural hybridization interference to rapid during March-April, coinciding with Tamil month breeding of chempedak and popularization of its culture," ‘Panguni. and suggest potential clonal transmission. Although Panruti is noted for jackfruit, similar quality fruit is available in Alangudi, Neduvasal and nearby places. A large number of market sellers have set up the wholesale market at every connection in and around Alangudi taluk. About 500 fruits are being despatched from this unit every day. The price ranged between Rs. 50 and Rs. 200 depending on the size of the fruit. The wholesale dealers purchase the fruits from the farmers after inspecting the fruits at the farm (*source:www.thehindu.com/TamilNadu/ Jackpotforjackfruitcultivators). Biophysical Limits of Vamban village, Pudukkottai District, TamilNadu Uses In Borneo, the skin of the cempedak can be process into food called mandai. Mandai is prepared by peeling the fruit until it looks white, and then soaked in brine to protect and soften the texture. The fruit may be sopping for a few hours. Mandai is generally consumed by frying until brown (Jansen 1997). Other Products Food: The unr ipe fr uit is used as a vegetable; r ipe fr uit is eaten fresh or preserved in syrup. A. integer seeds are rich in starch and are eaten. It is situated at an altitude of 40 - 60 m with a mean yearly Fibre: The bar k can be used for r ope manufactur e. temperature of 25 - 37 0C and mean yearly rainfall of 600 mm. Gum or resin: A r esin exudates fr om the tr ee is used as a varnish substance and as birdlime. Soil type Latex or rubber: The latex fr om A. integer has no Uneroded, well-drained soils with high silica and worth (Hong et al. 1996). aluminum contents are essential for the growth of A. integer. The trees are well adapted to the temporary Tannin or dyestuff: The bar k contains tannin. With waterlogging (Lamprecht 1989). alum, the extraction of heartwood provides a yellow dye that is fairly fast on silk. This dye is used in Documented Species Distribution coloring the saffron - colored robes of Buddhists. Native: India, Sr i Lanka Utilization of Jackfruit Waste Exotic: Indonesia, J amaica, Malaysia, Myanmar , Celebrity American Chefs and Pinterest Netizens Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam might have acknowledged jackfruit as one of the “hottest food trends” of 2017, but the jackfruit is still an underdog Harvest in India when compare to the beloved Mango. When you take a stroll in the farm and backyard of coastal According to Orwa et al. (2009), if there is an over households in Karnataka, you may encounter heaps of -supply; the fruit may be picked early and consumed as a jackfruits going rotten. It is reported that almost Rs 2,000 vegetable like a jackfruit. For ripe consumption, softness crore value of Jackfruit goes to waste annually in of skin in some cultivars, change of skin color, and Karnataka state alone (*source:www.thebetterindia.com/ yellowing of the fruit stem are all guides to ripeness. The jackfruit). fruit stem will easily break at the dehiscing point and the harvest fruits, with their long thin peduncles, stored for According to some resources, Kerala state wastes later market sale. Cool room storage will extend life. The approximately 35 crore jackfruits every year. An accurate Vegetos 31 (1) March, 2018 70 Citation: Antony Allwyn Sundar raj and Thottiam Vasudevan Ranganathan. J ackfr uit Taxonomy and Waste Utilization. Vegetos 31(1) March, 2018. / . . . Doi: . Fig 4. J ackfr uit Waste data is not available in the area under jackfruit cultivation, let alone the wastage and is shown in (Figure. 4) (*source: www.healthyliving.natureloc.com). sulphuric acid and sodium hexametaphosphate to assess its possible as a substitute resource of economic pectin have been reported by Begum et al. (2014). Among the varied solvents, extraction with sodium hexametaphosphate gave the highest yield, but it contains high ash and lowest solubility. Noranizan et al. (2014) have studied the Microwave-assisted isolation of pectin from Jackfruit wastes using different power levels were 450, 600 and 800 W. Water-based extraction technique was performed with the extraction period for typical isolation. The highest yield of pectin is obtained from conventional isolation (14.59%) and microwave isolation (17.63%). Microwave isolation requires shorter time than conventional isolation in isolating the quality of pectin from jackfruit wastes. Lokhande et al. (2016) have investigated the extraction of pectin from various peels of Magnifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus finds major marketable use as a gelling agent and stabilizer in various food factories. The powdered pectin was studied for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of methoxyl, anhydrouronic acid contents and degree of esterification. The mango and jackfruit peels found to be a good source of pectin with a yield of 10.33% for mango and 7.33% for jackfruit wastes. Moorthy et al. (2017) have studied the 4 factors 3 level face-centered Central composite Design and to optimize the various effect of process variables such as, liquid-solid ratio (10:1-2:1 ml/g), pH (1-2), sonication time (15 - 30 minutes) and isolation temperature (50 - 70°C) on the maximum isolation yield of pectin from Artocarpus heterophyllus peel using ultrasound-assisted isolation techniques. Jackfruit wastes, which include perianths of unfertilized fruits, have been generally process to make syrups and jellies due to its good basis of pectin and cellulose. Rinds along with other waste parts of the fruits are utilize as a beneficial feed for livestock (Feili 2014). To optimize the digestibility has to be provided. Thus, molasses-urea cake is fed along with the jackfruit waste for cattle for a better digestibility (Haq, 2006). Nevertheless, it only composes about 16% of the total fruit width. The fruit matures, the latex amount in the core increase, however, it is compact as the fruit ripens Rahman et al. (2014) have investigated the (Moncur, 1985). isolation of cellulose from various agro-wastes, such as the outer skin of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus The carbon prepared from jackfruit wastes has Lam.), non-edible part of jackfruit, the inner stick of been used for the removal of malachite green dye (Inbaraj jackfruit, skins of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and and Sulochana 2002), rhodamine-B, a basic dye (Inbaraj skins of lotkon (Baccaure aramiflora Lour.) Cellulose and Sulochana 2006), methylene blue dye (Ismadji et al. acetate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have been 2008a) and (Foo and Hameed 2012), cationic dye prepared from those isolated cellulosic materials. The (Hameed 2009) and its efficiency in removing metal ions prepared cellulose derivatives are characterized by FTIR like Cd(II) (Sulochana and Inbaraj 2004), Hg(II) (Inbaraj spectrum analysis, and titrimetric technique analysis, and Sulochana 2001), Cu(II) (Inbaraj and Sulochana considerably which can be used for various commercial and industrial purposes. 2000) from aqueous solution. The effects of activation temperature and impregnation ratio on the pore structure and surface chemistry of an activated carbons derived from Artocarpus heterophyllus wastes with chemical activation techniques using phosphoric acid as activator to be reported by Ismadji et al. (2008b). Selvaraju and Bakar (2017) have studied by the manufacture of a new industrially viable green-activated carbon from Artocarpus integer fruit processing wastes and estimation of its physicochemical properties. Jackfruit waste is an abundant in Indonesia make it potentially as one of the green refinery feedstock for the production of bio-fuel. As intermediate of bio-fuel, jackfruit peel is processed into bio-oil (Ismadji et al. 2014). Conclusion Artocarpus species contributes to the valuable nutrition of the people in each and every country as a source of vitamins, minerals and calories. Jackfruit has food value with various culinary uses. The wood of the tree is used for making melodious instruments and furniture's. Many activated carbons and dyes preparing from jackfruit peel to avoid environmental issues. Proper utilization of jackfruit wastes can increase economic value of the jackfruit and to reduce cost of waste disposal. Farmers and market sellers, when making decision about the cultivation of jackfruit in particular areas, and to offer information about customer behaviour towards characteristics of fresh fruits in a general way. 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Exotic forest trees in the British Commonwealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Vegetos 31 (1) March, 2018 Author Affiliations Department of Food Processing and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore – 641 114, TamilNadu, India.  Submit your manuscript at www.vegetosindia.org/ submission Follow us on  Facebook: www.facebook.com/vegetosindia  Twitter: www.twitter.com/vegetosindia  Instagram: www.instagram.com/vegetosindia  Linkedin: www.linkedin.com/in/vegetosindia 73