Views On Scythian Historical Sources

Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1st CONGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL EASTERN EUROPEAN STUDIES (CIEES) Editors Prof. Dr. Yücel Öztürk Prof. Dr. Nuri Kavak Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1st CONGRESS OF INTERNATIONAL EASTERN EUROPEAN STUDIES (CIEES) 2018 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies Editors Prof. Dr. Yücel Öztürk Prof. Dr. Nuri Kavak ISBN 978-605-65052-2-5 Eskişehir, December-2018 www.piees.org Copyright © 2018 Platform of International Eastern European Studies (www.piees.org). All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials on these pages are copyrighted by the Platform of International Eastern European Studies (www.piees.org). All rights reserved. No part of these pages, either text or image may be used for any purpose other than personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission. PREFACE The International Eastern European Studies Platform is an academic research platform established in 2017 by a group of Turkish academicians. The platform is one of the most important consequences of Turkey’s it is mainly history-oriented Eastern European studies and organizes academic activities such as congresses, workshops, journals, conferences, panels. The first congress was organized by PIEES on 21 - 23 September 2018 at Taras Sevchenko National University in Kiev. The theme of the congress was devoted to the sources and methodology of Eastern European History, and it hosted approximately 100 speakers. The proceedings of the congress consist of 36 papers selected from the congress papers. PIEES is happy and proud of carring out all the works planned to implement just after its establishment in 2017. We are also proud of presenting the current book, Proceedings of the 1th Congress of International Eastern European Studies (CIEES), one of the most important works of the PIEES, as a contribution to the world of science and the fruit of the congress. We would like to thank the Turkish Historical Society, Taras Shevchenko National University, Sakarya University and Eskişehir Osman Gazi University for their supports. We are deeply thankful to all the academicians who applied for the congress and to their contributions and the publication of the congress proceedings. The PIEES secretariat is the most important part of this product with their voluntary and altruistic work. We are grateful to the referees, who spent their valuable time for evaluating the papers. The main staff of the PIEES is the real owner of this work. Prof. Dr. Yücel Öztürk – Prof. Dr. Nuri Kavak 1 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies Organizing Committee Prof. Dr. Azmi ÖZCAN Turkey, Sakarya University Prof. Dr. Ivan PATRYLAK Ukraine, Taras Shevchenko National University Of Kyiv Prof. Dr. Mehmet İNBAŞI Turkey, Kayseri Erciyes University Prof. Dr. Mustafa ÖZTÜRK Turkey, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Nuri KAVAK Turkey, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Prof. Dr. Orhan KILIÇ Turkey, Fırat University Prof. Dr. Yaroslav KALAKURA Ukraine, Taras Shevchenko National University Of Kyiv Prof. Dr. Yuriy KOÇUBEY Ukraine, ‘National Academy of Sciences’ Agatangel Crimean Institute of Oriental Studies Prof. Dr. Yücel ÖZTÜRK Turkey, Sakarya University Prof. Dr. Ferhad TURANLY Ukraine, National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hacer Topaktaş ÜSTÜNER Turkey, İstanbul University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serkan ACAR Turkey, Ege University Assoc. Prof. Dr. V’yaçeslav STANISLAVSKIY Ukraine, ‘National Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Ukraine History 2 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE Secretariat Erim Vatansever Eskişehir Osmangazi University Mehmet Kerim Sakarya University Sema Aktaş Sarı Sakarya University 3 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies 4 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE CONTENTS Eastern Europe in the Description of the Famous Ottoman Geographer Katib Çelebi Ahmet ÜSTÜNER .................................................................................................... 11 Role of Hajduks and Cossacks in 16th and 17th Century Hungarian and Ukrainian Society Beata VARGA ......................................................................................................... 25 The Concept of ‘Cold War’ Behçet Kemal YEŞİLBURSA ...................................................................................... 39 The Other Face of the Medallion: Pursuit of Truth from the Samples of Two Archives about Ottoman-Dubrovnik Relations Cihan YEMİŞÇİ ...................................................................................................... 67 The Reflection of Historical Reality in “Przedwiośnie” (Pre-Spring) of Żeromski Emrah GAZNEVİ ..................................................................................................... 83 Evliya Celebi’s Travel Book As A Source Book Of The History Of Eastern Europe Ayşe Gül HÜSEYNİKLİOĞLU ................................................................................... 95 Some Points on Scientific Work, Methodology, Practice and Experiences Entela MUÇO ....................................................................................................... 117 Reflection of the History of the Crimean Ulus in the Crimean-Tatar and Turkish written sources and Historiography Ferhad TURANLY ................................................................................................. 127 How a Polish Diplomat Describes the Ottoman Balkans in 1780’s? Example of Kajetan Chrzanowski Hacer TOPAKTAŞ ÜSTÜNER ................................................................................. 139 Some Discussions About The Existence Of The Eastern European Turks İbrahim TELLİOĞLU ............................................................................................. 163 The Price Of The Dream: Losses Of The Ukrainian Population And The Liberation Movement During 1939–1950 Ivan PATRYLIAK .................................................................................................. 161 Ukrainian-Turkic Frontier Under the Conditions State Borders Formation: New vs Old Models of Everyday Life of the Population (18 – Beginning of the 19 cc.) Svitlana KAIUK ..................................................................................................... 183 5 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies The Istanbul Memories of a Future Ecclesiastic– Jan Gnatowski’s ‘Letters from Constantinople’ (1883) Maciej MIELNIK ................................................................................................... 197 Pechenegs In The Historiography Of The Russian Empire Mualla UYDU YÜCEL ........................................................................................... 207 Eastern European Turk Studies And Archaeological Resources Iskites And Kurgan Culture Muhammet Beşir AŞAN .......................................................................................... 225 Geopolitics Of Eastern Europe Mustafa ÖZTÜRK .................................................................................................. 241 An Evaluation Of The Administrative Division Of Eastern Europe In The Ottoman Period On Archive Resources Orhan KILIÇ ........................................................................................................ 251 Some Aspects of the Etymology, Ontology and Genesis of the Methodologies of Historical Cognition Olga BORYSOVA .................................................................................................. 275 Documents of Hetmans as the Source for the Research of the Ethnoconfessional Relations in Ukraine during the second half of the XVII century Vasyl OSTAPENKO .............................................................................................. 286 Vushtrri Town At The Time Of Fatih Sultan Mehmed Rahman ŞAHİN .................................................................................................... 293 Sejm Constitutions as Sources for the History of Ruthenian cities of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Tetiana HOSHKO ................................................................................................. 317 The Importance of Kadi Records in Depicting Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Ottoman Empire: Seventeenth Century Istanbul Jewish Community Sample Vesile TANINMIŞ .................................................................................................. 333 Features Of The In Fluence Of Dualistik Religious Representations On The Trends Of SocioCultural Life And The Formation Of a Sacred Type Of State Authority On The Territory Of Eastern Europe Viacheslav MORDVINTSEV, Alisa LUKASHENKO ................................................... 343 6 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE Reflection the stage formulation of the Turk ethnos “burjān” in the information of the erudites of Arabian Khalifat of the ІХth – Хth centuries Viktor KRJUKOV ................................................................................................. 359 Cultural Axes And Socio-Political Borders Of Eastern Europe Yücel ÖZTÜRK ..................................................................................................... 371 The Sharia Court Records (Seriye Sicils) Between The Basic Resources Of Eastern European Works Nuri KAVAK ......................................................................................................... 387 How South Eastern Europe Map is Changing by Russian Propaganda and Deedsof European War Correspondents During the 1877-78 Turkish-Russian War? Aytaç YÜRÜKÇÜ .................................................................................................. 403 The Concept Of “Commercial Law” In The Golden Horde State According To Archical Resources Emel KILIÇ .......................................................................................................... 433 The Genesis of the Phenomenon of the Ukrainian Cossacks Larysa PRITSAK ................................................................................................... 467 The Reflection Of The Underground And Political Organization On The Polish Identity in XIXth Century Mehmet Enver ERBİL ............................................................................................. 493 The notions of “state-building” and “state-creation” in historical and law studies, devoted to the Ukrainian revolution (1917-1921): comparative aspect Kapeliushnyi Valeriy PETROVYCH, Chubata Marina VALERIIVNA ............. 519 Views On Scythian Historical Sources Murat ÖZTÜRK .................................................................................................... 529 Sino-European Relations During The Yuan Dynasty Nebil KARADUMAN ....................................................................................................................... 541 The Post-Soviet Methodology Of The Ukrainian Historiography: A Transition From The Formative To The Civilisational Conception Of The Historical Process Yaroslav KALAKURA ..................................................................................................................... 563 Use of Environmental History Approach in Crimean Khanate Studies:The Results of Climate Change in Crimea in the Little Ice Age: Famine, Migration and Slavery Sema AKTAŞ SARI................................................................................................. 577 7 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies The Cuvash People In The Light Of Archeological Discoveries Gülnara ERGAN .................................................................................................... 603 Relations between Ukraine and Quadrupole Alliance on the Course of First Peace Agreement of World War I Ender KORKMAZ ............................................................................................................................ 629 8 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE Views On Scythian Historical Sources Murat ÖZTÜRK Introduction The early Iron Age (Ist millenium BC) was a kind of “golden age” not only in the history of the World’s great civilizations such as Greece, , Persia and China, but also in the history of their northern neighbours. Nomadism as a particular, mobile type of cattle-breeding economy originated from the turn of the IInd and Ist millenia BC and spread rapidly across broad swathe of the steppes and foothills of Eurasia that stretched for thousands of kilometers, tightly pulling together a huge area of plains from Central Asia in the east to Central Europe in the west 1. Most of the historians agree that the Scythians who began to be seen north of the Black Sea from the VIIth century, are afro Inner Asian society. There was a complex appearance in Inner Asia before the Scythians came to the north of the Black Sea. The Hsiung-nu, who battled against Chinese, moved to the northwest of China2. With the arrival of Hsiung-nu societies in this region, northwest of China, get moved and Scyhtians who battled with Massagets, has chosen to immigrate to the West. There are almost no sources about Massagets. But the reason why Massagets put pressure on the Scythians may be the movement of the Hsiung-nu towards the northwest. The area where the Scythians are located in the north of the Black Sea is named as Scythia. From the beginning, Scythia is placed on the steppe line between Danube and Don in Ukraine as a geographical settlement area. Assyrian sources and Greek written sources belonging to VIIth and VIth centuries associate Scythia with Caucasus. As a matter of fact, this view occupies an important place in terms of historical reality3. It is known that the Scythians reigned strongly in this region for at least four centuries. Handicaps Of Written Historical Sources There are very few written sources about the Scythians, and these written sources are not belong to the Scythians themselves. History researches are open to subjective evaluations. Especially written sources and copyrighted works can always contain personal opinions. In particular if the history of a nation is told by other nations, it is necessary to approach these  Assist. Prof. Dr. Inonu University Faculty of Science and Literature Department of History Malatya/TURKIYE, e-mail: murat123tr@yahoo.com 1 Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings in The Hermitage Collection, The State Hermitage Publishers, St. Petersburg 2012 p.9 2 Eberhard Wolfram, Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ankara 1995, p. 37-38 3 Grakov, Boris N., İskitler, Çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, Istanbul 2006, p.33 529 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies studies more cautiously. For instance, the only known written sources about the Hsiung-nu are Chinese annuals. Although these sources are the most valuable sources for the experts of this field, the same experts agree that these sources should be analysed cautiously. Because the Chinese and the Huns are enemies and a nation cannot be expected to praise the enemy or objectively describe the facts between each other. This is the main handicap of Chinese written sources about Hsiung-nu. Besides, if we keep going on the same example, another handicap of Chinese sources is to write about Hsiung-nu as much as they see the Hsiung-nu. The Chinese did not mention in detail the inner parts of the Hsiung-nu territory, because they did not know these regions very well, they did not see all of region. Another example is the period called lost sixteen years in Shan-yü Mao-tun period. During these sixteen years, written Chinese sources did not mention Mao-tun. It is thought that Mao-tun did not have any contact with China (Han State) during these 16 years, and he had committed battle against the Yüeh-chi in the west. These examples are important in terms of revealing the missing aspects of written sources describing the history of another nation. Handicaps of Chinese sources describing the Hsiung-nu can be obsedrved in all similar sources. Written Historical Sources About Scythians Written sources about Scythians are very diverse. These were inscribed by Assyrians, Persians, Ancient Greeks and Arabs. But it goes without saying that the ethnic history of Scythian age is known to us only in general terms and is mostly devoid of detail 4. In fact, this situation is related to the shortcomings of the written sources that we mentioned before. There is no deep enmity between the Scythians and the nations writing their histories as between the Hsiung-nu and China. For this reason, hostile statements are not seen in these sources, but of course there are no praises. Besides, written sources about Scythians are not as detailed as Chinese sources. All of these sources tell Scythians as much as they see them. They all tell fragments of Scythian history, they do not describe the history of Scythians as a whole. However, when all the information in these sources are combined, a partial amount of information can be obtained. 4 Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings, p.9 530 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE Greek Sources Greek sources come at the beginning of written sources about Scythians. The Greek sources contain detailed information about the Scythians, but if they are to be compared, they do not contain details as much as the Chinese sources about the Hsiung-nu. Regular relations of the Greeks with the North of Black Sea started from VIIth and VIth century and with these relations, the interest of the Greek travelers and traders to the newly discovered region has showed itself. Literature including little or no fragmentary information were born out of this interest5. Some of this information is also mixed with mythological legends. We come across the first information about the Scythians in Iliad, who did not neglect to give their name. Iliad speaks of them as honest men milking a mare and drinking milk. One of the poets of that period was Aristeas informed about the trade routes. Aristeas mentioned the Scythians last expeditions that they attacked the Cimmerians' lands. As seen these informations in the Greek sources are fragmentary. In the sixth century, the information in these sources is a little more elaborated. At this point, Hekataios from Milet and his work The Depiction of the Earth are need to be mentioned. Hekataios cognize many indigenous tribes. His book contains important information about the different places where Greeks settled on the coastline. The most important Greek source about Scythians is Heredot's History. Although the birth year of Heredot is unknown, it is thought that he was born in 490 BC in the city of Karia Halicarnassus. He lived in a distinguished environment. He began to be known when he was in his thirties. His entire work has survived and has been translated into many languages. The fourth chapter of his book is devoted to Scythians. He talked about the geography of Scythia, its borders, the formation of the Scythians, their customs, religions, the northeastern caravan road, and the lives of the peoples of the north who live close to the Scythian lifestyle. What is described here clearly demonstrates the relationship between the Scythians and Inner Asia. Heredot does not tell the whole history of Scythian’s. Heredot began to be known between 468 and 467 and after this date, Scythians continued their existence for more than one hundred and fifty years. Heredot's work, like any other written source, has also some lacks, but the most detailed written source about Scythians is Heredot's History. In general, Herodot bases the origin of Scythians on various legends. Some Scythians are typical Central Asian settlers engaged in animal husbandry, some of them are farmers and some of them are merchants and go forward in mining. Heredot reports that the Farmers Scythians are on the banks of the 5 Grakov, Boris N., İskitler, p.15 531 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies Dnieper (Ozi) River. He does not tell the political events in chronological order. This part is a little complicated. Thukydides, the contemporary of Herodotus, has written a valuable work called “Scythia”, which does not reach our present day. Some parts of the work have survived. Thukydides knew both the European part of Scythia and its extension beyond the Don River. According to the author, the inventor of iron is Scythians6. His work "On Weather Water and Places" is quite important among the many original works of Hippocrat, the great doctor of ancient times. He also mentions the external appearance and life styles of the Scythians and the effects of climates on physical structures of people7. In the fourth century there was a decrease in the interest in Scythia until the wars of Philip and Alexander of Macedonia ended. The Scythians have already begun to weaken after these wars. Most of the ancient Greek sources have been translated into many languages, including Turkish. Other Written Resources Written sources other than Greek sources do not contain detailed information, such as Greek sources. Assyrian sources include notable information among these sources. The Assyrians had the opportunity to meet with the tribes in Anatolia, the Caucasus and Iran, settling in the north of Mesopotamia. The Assyrians also met the Scythians. Scythian name is first encountered in Assyrian sources in King Asarhaddon period. The sources in this period are cuneiform tablets8. These cuneiform tablets describe the arrival of the Scythians in Anatolia and their expeditions westbound to Egypt. The most important Persian source about the Scythians and analyse them in three groups is the Behistun inscription belonging to the Persian King Darius. The Persians call them Scythians Sakai. There is also a variety of information about the Scythians in Arab sources. But the information here is very limited and is not regular. Some nations have called all the steppe communities as Scythians. This situation creates a confusion. It is not possible for all the communities mentioned in different national sources to be Scythian. All sources should be carefully evaluated in history researches but especially it Grakov, Boris N., İskitler, p.18 Grakov, Boris N., İskitler, p.18 8 Çay Abdulhalik, İlhami Durmuş, İskitler, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Vol 1, pp: 575-596 p. 578, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara 2002 6 7 532 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE is necessary to evaluate the written sources except the Greek, Persian and Assyrian sources carefully, and it is not correct to call all the steppe communities as Scythians in a hasty manner. Archeological Sources Written sources are not sufficient to examine the Scythians as well as all ancient history areas. Essentially, historical research cannot be based on a single source. The researcher should endeavor to examine all the sources related to the subject being studied. For example, when conducting a study on the history of Scythian, both written sources and archaeological evidence should be used together. In order to understand the archaeological data, it is necessary to examine both this material and publications related to the excavations. Most of the Scythian territories are within the borders of Russia and Ukraine today. Study of Scythian history in Russia began XVIIth century. As for archeological antiquities, the state authorities in Russia showed interest in them in the early XVIIIth century. Peter I signed the first memoranda and orders prescribing the search for and description of various antiquities, especially those that seemed surprisingly and unusual or had, for example, inscriptions. At that time, in connection with the beginning of the large scale scientific exploration of the eastern lands of Russian Empire, Scythian antiquities aroused very great interest, particularly the gold objects depicting animals and people from the Scythian era. Most of these, which had plundered by robbers from the ancient barrows called “bugrovshchiks” in Siberia, were brought to the capital and delivered to Peter I personally. They started the formation of the Emperor’s personal collection, which was transferred after his death to the Kuntskamera (Kuntskammer) he had founded in 1714, so becoming Russia’s first museum collection. In the mid XIXth century this collection from the Academy of Sciences was transferred to the Imperial Hermitage, where it was called Peter I’s Siberian Collection”9. As seen, there is a long history of archeology and Scythian researches in Russia. Scythian archaeological antiquities are made of various metals such as gold, silver, bronze and iron. In addition to these mines, there are also items made of various stones and timber. But in all of these materials, gold has a special place and gold antiquities are of great interest. These golds may be the reason of increasing interest in the Scythians and Scythian antiquities in Russia. Whatever the reason, the Scythian researches in Russia has been rapidly raging since the XVIIth century. 9 Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings, p.17 533 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies In the second half of XVIIIth century, during the Catherina II’s reign, extensive territories in the Northern Black Sea steppes, the Lower Dnepr, Crimea the area around Kuban were annexed by Russia. These events besides their important political and economic consequences for Russian history, also led to the beginnig of Russian archeology as a science 10. After this date, both Scythian’s and other ancient steppe communities’ archaeological antiquities within the borders of Russia began to emerge quickly. Today most of the Scythian materials are exhibited in the Hermitage Museum. Excavations still continue and new materials are added to the Hermitage collection almost every day. Archeological exploration on the Northern Black Sea coast did not cease after the outbreak of World War I. In 1918, after the October revolution, the final Archaeological Commission Report was published in Petrograd, containing information on excavations from 1912 to 1915. The main part of the Hermitage’s Scythian collection was therefore formed before 1917, after which there was a long break in the exploration of Scythian antiquities. By that time most of the Scythian pieces were already in the Hermitage and on general display in several rooms, which were then called theNicopol and Kerch rooms, and the Room of Antiquities from the South of Russia11. Today, the most wealthy museum has the Scythian findings is the Hermitage Museum. These antiquities here have significantly illuminates the Scythian history and largely consistent with the Heredot’s History from written sources. Other important museums exhibiting the Scythian finds within the borders of Russia are the Novosibirsk National History Museum and the Kyzyl History Museum. Especially in the Tuva National History Museum in Kyzyl, important antiquities found in Arzhan 1 and Arzhan 2 barrows are exhibited. Constructions of the barrows are also exhibited here as a model. The earliest known barrow on earth was found in the Arzhan 2 excavation in the early 2000s. During 2001, a Russian-German research project discovered the Arzhan-2 monument in the Uyuk hollow, about 7 km from the Arzhan-1 barrow. Arzhan-2 is unique because it has not been robbed or otherwise disturbed and appears untouched since its construction. The abundance and variety of well-preserved archaeological material in this monument has no equal among Eurasian Scythian monuments. Consequently, Arzhan-2 plays an important role in understanding the history of the Eurasian Scythian nomads. Concerning Scythian cultures, major questions concerning their origin, development, spread, and ways of life still need to be 10 11 Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings, p.17 Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings, p.23 534 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE answered12. This archaeological area at Turan Plateau, which is 70 km north of the Kyzyl city, has gained great importance especially with excavation of Arzhan barrows. The golden artifacts found in this barrow reveal the inner Asian origins of the Scythians. These figures and gold craftsmanship shows great similarities with the findings in west. In addition to these museums, there is also an important museum where Scythian gold antiquities are exhibited. This museum is the Ukrainian Treasures Museum located in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine. Scythian golds found in excavations in the territory of Ukraine are exhibited in this museum. To be able to interpret archaeological sources, of course, it is necessary to see them. However, examining may not be enough to understand what they want to say. Publications related to excavations should be followed for this. It takes a long time for the archaeological excavations to be finalized and publications about the excavation published. In addition, a large number of excavations still continue in the areas where Scythians live and new ones are likely to start. New finds and new publications will continue to come as new excavations are concluded. The most important written sources of excavations made until today are among the publications of the Hermitage Museum. At the beginning of these, Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold of Scythian Kings in The Hermitage Collection, The State Hermitage Publishers, St. Petersburg 2012 comes. This book is also written in Russian and English and tells history of Scythian Archeology and contains many pictures of Scythian antiquities. Besides, Archaeological Articles, which is among the publications of the Hermitage Museum, should be followed not to keep clear from Scythian researches. As a result, the sources of Scythian history are limited and it is not possible to illuminate the Scythian history alone due to their variety of poverties. Besides, although they are very rich, archaeological sources need both written sources and interpretations of those who bring them to light. It should also be noted that history and archeology always conceive new results and that is why we should always avoid certain expressions. 12 Zaitseva G.I. and 10 others, Chronological Studies of Arzhan-2 Scythian Monument in Tuva, Radiocarbon, January 2004, Vol: 46, pp, 277-284, p. 277 535 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies Pic 1: Arrow Head (Arzhan 2 Barrow-Hermitage Collection) Pic 2: Phiale With Depictions Of Animals Being Thorn Apart (Solokha Barrow- Hermitage Collection) 536 CIEES 2018, KIEV-UKRAINE Pic 3: Plaque In The Form Of A Predatory Cat (First Kelermes Barrow-Hermitage Collection) Pic 4: Gorytos Cover (Melitopol Barrow-Ukraine Treasures Museum Collection) 537 Concepts, Sources and Methodology in Eastern European Studies Pic 5: Headdress Adornment (Burial Mound “Three Brothers”-Ukraine Treasures Museum) Bibliography Alexeyev Andrey, The Gold Of The Scythian Kings In The Hermitage Collection, The State Hermitage Publishers, St. Petersburg, 2012 Çay Abdulhalik, İlhami Durmuş, İskitler, Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Vol 1, pp: 575-596, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara 2002 Eberhard Wolfram, Çin Tarihi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 3. Baskı, Ankara 1995 Grakov Boris Nikolayeviç, İskitler, çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2006 Heredotos, Tarih, çev. Müntekim Ökmen, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, 10. Basım, İstanbul 2014 Zaitseva G.I. and 10 Others, Chronological Studies of Arzhan-2 Scythian Monument in Tuva, Radiocarbon, January 2004, Vol: 46, pp, 277-284 538