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STUDIA ETHNOLOGICA PRAGENSIA, 2023
Interview by Richard Kerazik about the past, present and future of ethnicity research.
FAO Land and Water Discussion Paper, 2018
Feeding the future world population sustainably and satisfactorily requires, among others, accessibility to water resources of adequate quantity and quality. Yet, conventional interventions solely based on ‘hard’ engineering solutions and infrastructural development have provided valuable lessons as they can compromise various ecosystem services that are required for stable water flows. Hence, calls for a shift in water management paradigms are justified and should prioritize in the political agendas. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) offer a promising contribution on how to enhance the availability and quality of water for productive purposes and human consumption, while simultaneously striving to preserve the integrity and intrinsic value of the ecosystems. Implementing successful NBS for water management, however, is not an easy task since many ecosystems are already severely degraded, and exploited beyond their regenerative capacity. Furthermore, ecosystems are large and complex and the impact of interventions can only be assessed and analysed at a system-wide level. As a rule, many stakeholders are involved, as owners, users or caretakers, each with their own set of interests and values and it is not an easy task to reconcile these complex objectives and interests into a coherent set of principles and procedures. Simple market-based solutions such as partitioning of an ecosystem, attributing property rights and applying the polluter-pays-principle are often not sufficient for devising viable strategies. Implementation of NBS requires a structured and comprehensive approach that starts with the valuation of the services provided by the ecosystem. The whole set of use and non-use values, in monetary terms, provides a factual basis to guide the implementation of NBS, which ideally is done according to transdisciplinary principles, i.e. complemented with scientific and case-specific knowledge of the eco-system in an adaptive decision-making process that involves the relevant stakeholders. To maximize intended sustainability and scale of NBS results, a system-wide, country-driven capacity enhancement approach needs to be applied that independently empowers people, strengthens organizations, institutions, multi-stakeholder processes as well as the enabling policy environment based on assessed needs. In this discussion paper, twenty-one case studies of water management processes are analysed, using a non-representative literature survey, and checked to what extent they meet the requirements of the NBS implementation based on the criteria presented. It emerges that transdisciplinarity, stakeholder involvement, and well-designed funding schemes are important elements for successful implementation of NBS. Often, lengthy periods to organize participatory and transdisciplinary platforms are needed, which makes this process costly and as a result, complete implementation is often strained by funding shortages. Another common challenge in the surveyed examples is the minor role given to valuation of ecosystem services, an area for which the literature is still developing guidance while available valuation methods remain scattered, incomplete or imprecise. The less successful water management projects tend to suffer from inadequate factual and scientific basis and uncoordinated or insufficient stakeholder involvement. Successful case studies point to a satisfactory understanding of the functioning of ecosystems and the importance of multi-stakeholder platforms, well- identified funding schemes, and realistic monitoring and evaluation systems.
Zimbabwe was formed on 18 April 1980 after a four year protracted civil war against the British Colonial Masters who colonised the country in 1890. In 1980 Robert Mugabe won the majority vote by garnering 63% and his ruling party, ZANU PF won 57 seats out of 120 in Parliament. The rest of the votes were divided amongst other contesting political parties. Since 1980, Robert Mugabe was the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, according to the requirements of the Lancaster House Constitution of Zimbabwe, which was negotiated at Lancaster House in Britain, from 10 September to 15 December with 47 plenary sessions. In 1987 the constitution was amended in order to abolish the Prime Minister post and endorse Robert Mugabe as the President. Although there was political competition in Zimbabwe, the opposition parties were not so strong to challenge the legitimacy of Robert Mugabe’s government. In early 1990s Robert Mugabe adopted the IMF structural adjustment policies which were unfavourable to the country’s economic growth. This resulted in civil uprising in 1998 when prices of basic commodities started to rise and the government cuts in public expenditure. This ignited the formation of the strongest opposition Party known as Movement for Democratic Change, led by Morgan Tsvangirai. From this point, Robert Mugabe was accused of skewing the electoral process in his favour in order to retain power as the President of Zimbabwe. This scenario motivated the author of this thesis to analyse the electoral legislation and show that it has gaps which gives politicians opportunities for manipulation. The aim of this thesis is to show that the design of the electoral laws and framework within which elections take place, provides space for manipulation by incumbent political parties. In order to successfully carry out the objectives set out in this thesis, library desk based research was done through the use of secondary data sources such as journal articles, reports, books and newspapers. The secondary data helped to link academic theories which help to explain the electoral manipulation in Zimbabwe. A comparative analysis was also done in order to learn best practices from Ghana and Kenya and see if they can be replicated in Zimbabwe, so that the legislation can be improved. The research concludes that the Electoral Act of Zimbabwe (2:13), provides space for ruling political parties to manipulate the electoral process in their favour. Even if the ZANU PF led government changes, any elected political party has higher changes of replicating the same methods of electoral manipulation. To this end this thesis recommends that the Electoral Act should be amended because a complete overhaul may not be feasible due to the costs of resources required for making new public policies.
Rome, IAI, April 2024, 6 p. (IAI Commentaries ; 24|19), 2024
The debate on the EDIS is the debate on the most important building block thus far of a collective approach to European defence. At stake is the Union’s ability to “get its act together” on defence and adequately support Ukraine in pursuit of its own security interests – or, in other words, its credibility as an independent geopolitical actor.
Journal of Lumbini Engineering College
British Journal of Cancer, 2013
Revista chilena de nutrición, 2012
Fisheries Research, 2015
Green Chemistry, 2012
Science of The Total Environment, 2019
PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art, 2014
La Vida & la Historia, 2020
Anais do IV International Symposium on Immunobiological e VII Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico de Bio-Manguinhos, 2019