The pace of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) drug development in recent years has accelerated dramatically. But, for patients to benefit from these impressive advances, practitioners (i.e.
“us”) need to know the most recent and accurate data on the diagnosis and treatment. In 2013,
The American Association for Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) and the Infectious Disease
Society of America (IDSA), put together web-based guidelines, ...Read more
LIVER RESEARCH Open Journal http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/LROJ-2-e003 Liver Res Open J ISSN 2379-4038 Page e2 HCV Genotype 4 • Daily fxed-dose combination of ledipasvir (90 mg)/sofosbuvir (400 mg) for 12 weeks. • Daily fxed-dose combination of paritaprevir (150 mg)/ritonavir (100 mg)/ombitasvir (25 mg) and weight-based RBV for 12 weeks. • Daily sofosbuvir (400 mg) and weight-based RBV for 24 weeks. HCV Genotype 5&6 • Daily fxed-dose combination of ledipasvir (90 mg)/sofosbuvir (400 mg) for 12 weeks. Whom to Initiate HCV Therapy? Treatment is recommended for all patients with chronic HCV infection, except those with short life expectancies owing to comorbid conditions. Immediate treatment is assigned the highest priority for those patients with advanced fbrosis (Metavir stage F3), those with compensated cirrhosis (Metavir stage F4), liver transplant recipients, and patients with severe extrahepatic hepatitis C. REFERENCES 1. AASLD/IDSA/IAS–USA. Recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Available at: http://www.hcvguide- lines.org 2011; Accessed September 1, 2015. 2. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2009; 49: 1335-1374. 3. Armstrong GL, Wasley A, Simard EP, et al. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144(10): 705-714. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004 4. Soriano V, Perelson AS, Zoulim F. Why are there different dynamics in the selection of drug resistance in HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses? Antimicrob Chemother. 2008; 62(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn175 5. Rousseau CM, Ioannou GN, Todd-Stenberg JA, et al. Racial differences in the evaluation and treatment of hepatitis C among veterans: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Public Health. 2008; 98(5): 846-882. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.113225
Various studies point out that, in the school digital sphere, the same inequalities are (re)produced as in offline spaces. Given this reality, the article explains the results of an action research project for the building of active digital citizenship, which seeks to overcome these gaps through a democratic digital perspective. The field work was carried out in a school situated in a disadvantaged area of a large town (50,000 inhabitants), near Barcelona (Spain). The results were obtained through questionnaires, interviews and discussion groups with 236 families, 30 teachers and 97 pupils. These results indicate that, in order to reduce inequalities, it is important to: a) recognise the diversity of needs, skills and digital access of the teachers, families and pupils in the decision-making process; b) design and articulate different participatory school spaces: formal and informal, physical and virtual; c) promote the participation of all school agents in the digital spheres and guarantee the acquisition of skills and digital access to the whole school community. The article concludes that in order to build an active digital citizenship, processes and actions that are explicitly designed towards this end and that are methodologically consistent with a democratic and inclusive perspective are required.
Recently, there has been some debate among scholars concerning a rather crucial aspect of Aristotle's teleology; namely whether Aristotle held the view that there is a wider and even a hierarchical teleology at work within his conception of the cosmos. This debate has caused the formation of broadly two interpretative camps. 1 One camp, primarily focusing on Aristotle's biological works, argues that Aristot-le indeed held a teleological view of nature, but that this view is largely confined to explaining the teleological aspects concerning the development and actualization of an individual member of a particular species. 2 The reasons for Aristotle holding such a view have themselves been a subject of some controversy; but be that as it may, it is generally agreed upon within this interpretive camp that this internal te-leology was the extent to which Aristotle conceived the world as teleological. 3 On the other hand, the second camp has argued that one cannot avoid acknowle...
Artykuł stanowi zarys problematyki regulacji bazującej na wynikach, regulacji pułapem cenowym w kontekście transformowania sektora telekomunikacyjnego z tego opartego na podejściu monopolistycznym do podejścia opartego na konkurencji (deregulacji). Zaprezentowane treści obejmują cechy charakterystyczne regulacji bazującej na wynikach, regulacji pułapem cenowym, mechanizm tej regulacji, oraz rolę wiarygodności regulacyjnej w procesie konstrukcji planów regulacyjnych opartych na silnych bodźcach
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La sedimentación de la planicie estuárica rioplatense modifica el paisaje de las reservas naturales costeras de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Estas reservas se generaron a partir de la construcción artificial de terraplenes que polderizaron sectores de la costa y dieron lugar a ecosistemas de humedales. Esta contribución tiene como objetivo estudiar los paleoambientes y las tasas de acreción vertical de la Reserva Ecológica Ciudad Universitaria - Costanera Norte, una pequeña albufera antropogénica construida en la década de 1970. Para ello, se extrajeron dos núcleos sedimentarios de entre 60 y 80 cm de largo: uno en la boca de la albufera y el otro en su interior. En submuestras sedimentarias se analizó el tamaño de grano, la humedad, la materia orgánica y el contenido micropaleobiológico y de artefactos. El registro obtenido se separó en dos unidades: en la base, una unidad de arenas masivas interpretadas como la planicie estuárica activa existente antes de la polderización d...
In view of the increasing complexity of both cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and patients in the current era, practice guidelines, by necessity, have become increasingly specific. This document is an expert consensus statement that has been developed to update and further delineate indications and management of CIEDs in pediatric patients, defined as ≤21 years of age, and is intended to focus primarily on the indications for CIEDs in the setting of specific disease categories. The document also highlights variations between previously published adult and pediatric CIED recommendations and provides rationale for underlying important differences. The document addresses some of the deterrents to CIED access in low- and middle-income countries and strategies to circumvent them. The document sections were divided up and drafted by the writing committee members according to their expertise. The recommendations represent the consensus opinion of the entire writing com...
The possibility of utilization of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) in animal feed was investigated. Samples of maize hybrids ZP 548 and ZP 655b, and DDGS obtained from hybrids ZP 548 and ZP 548c were used as components of the feed. The total protein content ranged from 12.42% to 31.18%, moisture from 5.49% to 9.55, and ash content from 1.85% to 4.37%. The contents of NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose fibers ranged from: 13.90% to 48.13%; 2.9% to 20.69%; 0.27% to 2.44%; 10.69% to 30.17%, 2.62% to 18.32%, respectively. In vitro, dry matter digestibility ranged from 55.20% to 89.76%. It was concluded that the samples of DDG obtained from red and yellow maize hybrids kernel are very suitable as components for the preparation of animal feed.
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