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2018, Gems & Jewellery
Carl Linnaeus succeded in culturing freshwater Pearls in Sweden in the 1740s but the Discovery did not result in any production and the Pearls are now in the Collections of the Linnaean society in London.
Gems and Jewellery
Spherical cultured pearls: the early days2012 •
A brief discussion on the introduction of spherical cultured pearls in Britain in the early twentieth century, how prices fell and how this new product was viewed by the press.
Pearlproduction in Scandinavia from the late iron age until the mid 16th century lacks historical sources and few attempts have been made to describe the potential improtance small scale pearlfishing might have had during the medieval times for Scandianvian farmers and people who did not own land as a seasonal means for income. From the 1530s the Crown shows more interrest in the business and pearl fishing becomes an interrest for the whole nation.
Gems & Gemology
Saltwater Pearls from the Pre- to Early Columbian Era: A Gemological and Radiocarbon Dating StudyPearl-forming molluscs, both freshwater and marine, have been identified from the South African archaeological record.However, no pearls have been recorded.The lack of pearls in the archaeological record and the fact that many Bantu-languages use derivatives of the Afrikaansword ‘pêrel’or have no termfor pearls at all, suggests that these had no (or very little at best) role in South African societies in prehistoric times. Pearls are generally scarce under natural conditions, and this might have been a reason why no pearls have been found in the South African archaeological record.The state of preservation of pearls over long periods of time, particularly in the acidic soils of the subcontinent, is unknown.
Freshwater pearls from Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758), also called the ‘European pearl mussel’, are part of European cultural history. The mussels live in cool, clean, oxygenated waters, and formerly ranged from the northwestern Iberian Peninsula to north-western Russia. During the last century, populations have largely diminished due to environmental influences, and the species is listed as endangered in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List; harvesting them for pearls is prohibited. In northwestern Russia, particularly from 18th and 19th centuries until 1917, they were commonly incorporated into embroideries, traditional headdresses, jewellery and various objects of religious significance. Interest in pearls waned after the Russian Revolution, and interviews conducted during the 2000s with people in former pearling centres showed an almost complete lack of awareness of pearls.
Cultured pearls are harvested from wild and hatchery-reared mollusks of various Pinctada species in many parts of the world. Today, most of the oysters that form these cultured pearls are raised in hatcheries, and only a few pearl farms still operate using wild oysters. On the Indonesian island of Lombok, the farming procedures follow the industry norm. Some of the authors had the opportunity to visit a Lombok farm in early 2013 to observe the opening and, in some cases, the reseeding/re-nucleation of numerous P. maxima oysters (predominantly gold-lipped). During the one-day visit, we saw a limited number of bead-cultured pearls and even fewer non-bead-cultured pearls (“keshi”) recovered from oysters that were opened by the farm owners for the benefit of this research trip. Photos of the recovery and the samples collected, as well as the results of their subsequent analysis, are shared so that information on samples of known origin is available in the gemological literature. Analysis of known samples recovered and recorded in this way removes all doubt and gives unequivocal data that can be used with full confidence.
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