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Researching the World’s Beads: An Annotated Bibliography. Archaeometric Analysis -- Updated 7/7/24
Researching the World’s Beads: An Annotated Bibliography. Archaeometric Analysis -- Updated 7/7/24
Researching the World’s Beads: An Annotated Bibliography. Archaeometric Analysis -- Updated 7/7/24
Researching the World’s Beads: An Annotated Bibliography. Archaeometric Analysis -- Updated 7/7/24
Researching the World’s Beads: An Annotated Bibliography. Archaeometric Analysis -- Updated 7/7/24
Karlis Karklins2024, Society of Bead Researchers website
This portion of the bibliography deals with the determination of the chemical properties and composition of beads of all materials from around the world, as well as their dating and sourcing.
Related Papers
BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
Dussubieux and Gratuze -- Chemical Composition of 16th- to 18th-Century Glass Beads Excavated in Paris2012 •
Dating from the 16th-18th centuries, 63 glass artifacts (mostly beads) recovered from two sites in Paris, France, were investigated using chemical analysis in an attempt to determine their place of origin. The late-16th-century material from the Jardins du Carrousel consisted of small, monochrome drawn beads with a soda-lime composition. Attributed to the 17th and 18th centuries, the beads recovered at the adjacent site of the Cours Napoléon were more diverse in shape, color, and composition. Although provenance attribution was difficult due to a lack of comparative data, it was possible to identify an increasing variety of glass recipes after the 16th century that revealed a growing interest in glass beads in Europe.
This paper provides a new review of archaeometric research carried out on glass found in China, set in an archaeological context, from its earliest occurrence to the Song dynasty. It is set within a broad geographical context taking the terrestrial and maritime Silk Road contacts into account. We discuss chemical and isotopic compositional contrasts in glasses from different periods found in different parts of China, the glasses that were almost certainly made in China and those that were imported. A theme that runs through the paper is the problem of provenancing glass found in China, along with a lack of evidence for primary glass-making sites and minimal evidence for secondary glass production. We discuss the glass artefacts that are of typical Chinese types and contrast these with imports; the structure reflects this contrast. We discuss potential new scientific and archaeological approaches to Chinese glass.
Journal of Archaeological Science
Glassy faience from the Hallstatt C period in Poland: a chemico-physical study2014 •
Three-hundred-and-sixty glass beads from 19 archaeological sites in southern Africa dating between about the 8th and 16th centuries AD were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS,determining 47 chemical elements. The eight different bead series, previously defined on morphological characteristics, possess different glass chemistries .Some bead series were made from plant-ash glasses, others from soda-alumina glasses. Zhizo series beads of the late 1st millennium AD were probably made from Iranian glass. Later bead series were made of glass probably manufactured in South Asia, though there are changes through time in both South Asian glass recipes and bead morphologies.
Minerals
Changes in the Signature of Cobalt Colorants in Late Antique and Early Islamic Glass Production2018 •
Prior to the eighteenth century, cobalt was exclusively employed as a colouring agent for vitreous materials, and its use appears to be concurrent with the earliest large-scale production of glass during the Late Bronze Age (LBA). LBA cobalt deposits with a distinctive elemental signature have been identified in the oases of the western Egyptian desert, while cobalt mines in Kashan (Iran) and in the Erzgebirge (Germany) are known to have been exploited during the later Middle Ages. For most of the first millennium BCE and CE, however, the identity of cobalt sources and their supply patterns remain elusive. The aim of this study is to characterise the chemical composition of cobalt colorants used during the first millennium CE. Compositional variations indicate the use of different raw materials and/or production processes, which in turn has implications for the underlying exchange networks. Using mainly correlations between cobalt, nickel and zinc as discriminants, our results show that the compositional signature of cobalt underwent two major changes. An increase in the CoO/NiO ratios occurs between the late fourth and the beginning of the sixth century, while a new zinc-rich source of cobalt begins to be exploited during the second half of the eighth century in the Islamic world.
2014 •
Over the past few decades, several new analytical techniques have been used to determine the composition and the likely production centers of glass beads found at archaeological sites around the world. Made since antiquity, glass beads are important artifacts which can provide much more information than their small size suggests. This article reviews the most common analytical techniques used to study glass beads – optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and Raman spectroscopy – and discusses their potential, limitations, and what results may be expected.
2020 •
Excavations at the stone sarcophagus burial site of Pangkung Paruk on Bali have yielded the largest collection of Roman gold-glass beads in early Southeast Asia found to date, together with elaborate gold ornaments and two Han Chinese bronze mirrors. Unprecedented in Island Southeast Asia, these artefacts find parallels at Oc Eo in Vietnam, at other sites in the Mekong Delta and on the Thai-Malay Peninsula. Analyses of these new finds and comparison with others from across the region provide insights into the early to mid first-millennium AD trans-Asiatic networks that linked Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Roman world and China.
RESEARCHING THE WORLD’S BEADS:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Compiled by Karlis Karklins
Society of Bead Researchers
Revised and Updated 1 July 2024
ARCHAEOMETRIC ANALYSIS
This portion of the bibliography deals specifically with the determination of the chemical
properties and composition of beads of all materials from around the world, as well as their
dating and sourcing.
Abe, Yoshinari, Ayana Nakamura, Shusaku Suzuki, Kriengkamol Tantrakarn, Izumi
Nakai, Judit Zöldföldi, and Peter Pfälzner
2019 Use of Variscite as a Gemstone in the Late Bronze Age Royal Tomb at Qatna, Syria.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27, 101994;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101994.
Analysis of a number of greenstone objects identified several beads and pendants as being made
of variscite. This is the first scientific evidence of the use of this material for personal ornaments
during the Lower Bronze Age in the Middle East.
Abel, Timothy J., James W. Bradley, and Lisa Anderson
2019 Rediscovery and Analysis of Copper Beads from Two Iroquoian Sites in Jefferson
County, New York. The Bulletin: Journal of the New York State Archaeological
Association; https://www.academia.edu/38042171/.
XRF analysis of four copper beads – some of which were believed to be European – revealed
that they are all made of native copper, confirming that there is no verifiable evidence of
European trade goods among the precontact Iroquoian people of northern New York.
Abel, Timothy J. and Adrian L. Burke
2014 The Protohistoric Time Period in Northwest Ohio: Perspectives from the XRF Analysis
of Metallic Trade Materials. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 39(2):179-199.
Concludes that, while not precise enough to source native coppers, XRF is a cheap,
nondestructive method for differentiating native copper from its European counterparts at 16thand 17th-century Late Woodland sites. The analyzed material included beads and pendants.
Acevedo, Natalia, Marion Weber, Antonio García-Casco, Joaquín Antonio Proenza,
Juanita Sáenz, and Agustín Cardona
2016 A First Report of Variscite Tairona Artifacts (A.D. 1100-1600) from the Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta, Colombia, and its Implications for Precolumbian Exchange Networks in
the Region. Latin American Antiquity 27(4):549-560;
https://www.academia.edu/75749072/.
Archaeometric analyses (Raman Spectroscopy Analysis, X-Ray Diffraction, and Electron
Microprobe Analysis) of greenstone beads have revealed that they are made of variscite-group
minerals.
Acevedo, Natalia, Marion Weber, Joaquín Antonio Proenza, Antonio García-Casco, and
Juanita Sáenz-Samper
2021 Provenance Study of the Variscite Artifacts of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Colombia and Approach to Routes of Pre-Hispanic Exchange. Journal of Archaeological
Science 136, 105511; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105511.
Provides a detailed characterization of the texture, mineralogy, and chemical composition of
variscite beads which belong to the Nahuange (AD 100-1000) and Tairona (AD 1000-1600)
societies of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region of northern Colombia.
Adrimi-Sismani, Vassiliki, Maria Filomena Guerra, and Philippe Walter
2009 La tombe mycénienne de Kazanaki (Volos) et le mythe de la Toison d’or / The
Mycenaean Tomb of Kazanaki (Volos) and the Myth of the Golden Fleece.
ArcheoSciences 33:135-141; https://www.academia.edu/40109979/.
Reports on the compositional analysis and production techniques of gold necklace beads found
at a Mycenaean tholos tomb at Volos, Greece, and dated to 1350 BC.
Agha-Aligol, Davoud, Moslem Jafarizadeh, Mehdi Rahbar, and Mahmoud Moradi
2019 Elemental Composition of Glass Beads Excavated from Saleh Davoud Tombs in Susa by
Micro-PIXE: Evidences of Trade of Glass Artifacts during the Parthian Period. Journal
of Research on Archaeometry 5(1):143-166;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337693144.
Reports on the composition of bead and glass vessel fragments from a site in Iran. In Arabic with
English summary.
Agua, F., J.F. Conde, U. Kobyliñska, Z. Kobyliñski, M. García-Heras, and M.A. Villegas
2017 Chemical-Physical Characterisation of Early Iron Age Glass Beads from Central Europe.
Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 56(3).
The main objective was to attain information on the production technology and conservation
state of mostly decorated beads from sites (6th-4th centuries BC) in west Poland and south
Germany.
Aguilar-Melo, Valentina, Alejandro Mitrani, Edgar Casanova-Gonzalez, Mayra D.
Manrique-Ortega, Griselda Pérez-Ireta, José Luis Ruvalcaba-Sil, Alejandro TovalinAhumada, Julia Leticia Moscoso-Rincón, Alejandro Seshenña-Hernández, and Josuhé
Lozada-Toledo
2019 Molecular and X-ray Spectroscopies for Noninvasive Characterization of Mayan Green
Stones from Bonampak, Chiapas. Applied Spectroscopy;
https://www.academia.edu/40386033/.
Several spectroscopic techniques were used in a complementary way to characterize a number of
greenstone beads found with a burial of the classical period (4th-9th centuries AD) located in the
southern state of Chiapas, Mexico.
Aldenderfer, Mark and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Sources of Glass Beads from the High Himalayas: 1200 BCE-CE 650. In The Elemental
Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure
Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 197-220. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.15.
The compositional analysis of glass beads from three sites in north-central Nepal that span the
period from 450 BCE to 880 CE provides insights into the directionality and intensity of trade
relationships in the high Himalayan valleys.
Allen, Lindy, Sarah Babister, Elizabeth Bonshek, and Rosemary Goodall
2018 Finding the Signatures of Glass Beads: A Preliminary Investigation of Indigenous
Artefacts from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Anthropological Society
of South Australia 42:48-80; https://www.academia.edu/38426780/.
Presents the results of chemical analysis of a sample of beads on objects from the collections at
Museums Victoria in Melbourne, as well as a comparative set of beads on objects from
neighboring Papua New Guinea. Done to gain a broader understanding of possible pathways
along which beads and beaded objects made their way into the Pacific during the colonial and
pre-colonial eras, and to consider the possibility of common origins with those found in
Aboriginal objects.
Amrein, Heidi and Sophie Wolf
2011 Les perles en verre de l’âge du fer provenant de la nécropole de Giubiasco: Apport des
analyses et réflexions sur l’artisanat du verre. Bulletin de l’Association Française pour
l’Archéologie du Verre, 2011:43-45.
Reports on the chemical composition of Iron Age glass beads from the Giubiasco necropolis in
Switzerland.
Anderson, K.B. and W. Bray
2006 The Amber of El Dorado: Class Ib Archaeological Ambers Associated with Laguna
Guatavita. Archaeometry 48(4):633-640; https://www.academia.edu/28314337/.
Geochemical analysis of pre-Columbian beads collected from a lake in central Colombia
establishes that they are fabricated from Class Ib amber, possibly from a unique local or regional
source.
Angelini, Ivana
2008 Archaeometry of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Italian Vitreous Materials: A Review.
In Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May
2008, Siena, Italy, edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp. 17-23. Springer.
On the evolution of faience to glass in Italy during the Bronze Age. The study is based mainly on
the analysis of ornamental beads of faience and glass.
Angelini, I., G. Artioli, P. Bellintani, Valeria Diella, Mauro Gemmi, A. Polla, and Antonella
Rossi
2004 Chemical Analyses of Bronze Age Glasses from Frattesina di Rovigo, Northern Italy.
Journal of Archaeological Science 31:1175-1184; https://www.academia.edu/990976/.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass scrap and beads recovered from Frattesina. They
represent the only evidence of Final Bronze Age (1200-1000 BC) glass working processes in
Europe.
Angelini, I., G. Artioli, P. Belliantani, V. Diella, A. Polla, G. Recchia, and G. Residori
2003 Materiali vetrosi da Grotta Manaccora e Coppa Nevigata: inquadramento archeologico e
archeometrico nell’ambito della civiltà del Bronzo italiana. In Il vetro in Italia
meridionale e insulare, Secondo Convegno Multidisciplinare, edited by C. Piccioli and
F. Sogliani, pp. 127-138. Tipografia Zaccaria, Naples.
https://www.academia.edu/31903573/.
A typological and archaeometric study of the glass and faience beads recovered from two sites in
southern Italy within the context of the Italian Bronze Age civilization. Much comparative
material.
Angelini, I., G. Artioli, P. Bellintani, and A. Polla
2005 Protohistoric Vitreous Materials of Italy: From Early Faience to Final Bronze Age
Glasses. Annales du 16e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du
Verre, pp. 32-36.
On the evolution of faience to glass during the Bronze Age. Many of the samples were beads.
Angelini, Ivana and Paolo Bellintani
2005 Archaeological Ambers from Northern Italy: An FTIR-DRIFT Study of Provenance by
Comparison with the Geological Amber Database. Archaeometry 47(2):441-454;
https://www.academia.edu/991620/.
Analysis of amber beads from sites dating from the Middle Bronze Age to the Iron Age in
northern and southern Italy reveals that all but five of the 35 specimens are composed of Baltic
succinite amber.
Archeometria della ambre protostoriche: dati acquisiti e problemi aperti. Atti della
XXXIX Riunione Scientifica, Firenze 2004 III:1477-1493.
Reports on the infrared spectroscopic investigation of 57 bead samples from 16 Italian sites,
DRIFT technique. Most samples were Baltic but a small amount of non-Baltic amber was used
in both the Bronze and Iron ages, probably from as yet unidentified local deposits. A unique case
is Poggiomarino (Naples area), where 7 of the 12 samples were not Baltic (p. 1489). Summaries
in French and English.
2006
Angelini, Ivana, Cinzia Bettineschi, and Bernard Gratuze
2020 Vaghi e bracciali in vetro: studio archeologico-archeometrico. In Le Ceneri degli Statielli
La Necropoli della Seconda età del Ferro di Montabone, edited by Marica Venturino, pp.
171-194. De Ferrari, Genoa.
Analysis of 56 glass ornaments (beads included) from the necropolis of Montabone (late 3rd-late
2nd century BC) in northern Italy revealed they comprise glasses of Celtic typologies.
Angelini, Ivana, Cinzia Bettineschi, Alessandra Menegazzi, Gianmario Molin, and Paola
Zanovello
2013 Tra scienze e archeologia: le indagini archeometriche degli ornamenti da Tebtynis
nell’ambito delle ricerche sulle collezioni egizie del Museo di Scienze Archeologiche e
d’Arte (Università di Padova). Museologia Scientifica Memorie 11:102-106;
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/94783/94783.pdf.
Analysis of a sample of beads recovered from Tebtynis, a city in Lower Egypt established during
the 12th dynasty, revealed that most of them were made of faience.
Angelini, Ivana, Bernard Gratuze, and Gilberto Artioli
2019 Glass and Other Vitreous Materials through History. EMU Notes in Mineralogy
20(Chapter 3):87-150; https://www.academia.edu/68841446/.
The nature and properties of vitreous materials are summarized briefly, with an eye to the
historical evolution of glass production in the Mediterranean world. Focus is on the evolution of
European, Egyptian, and Near East materials. The most common techniques of mineralogical
and chemical characterization of vitreous materials are also described.
Angelini, I., C. Nicola, G. Artioli, R. DeMarinis, M. Rapi, and M. Uboldi
2008 Chemical, Mineralogical and Textural Characterisation of Early Iron Age Vitreous
Materials from the Golasecca Culture (Northern Italy). In Proceedings of the 37th
International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, edited by
Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp. 25-32. Springer.
Aims at defining the chemical chronology for vitreous materials during the transition from the
Bronze Age to the Iron Age in northern Italy. Beads constituted the samples tested.
Angelini, I., A. Polla, and G. Artioli
2007 Archaeometric Investigation of Ornamental Faience Beads from Lavagnone (BS). Notizie
Archeologiche Bergomensi 10:285-299.
Chemical analysis of beads from the Bronze Age pile dwellings of Lavagnone in northern Italy.
Angelini, Ivana, Cinzia Bettineschi, and Bernard Gratuze
2019 Vaghi e bracciali in vetro: Studio archeologico-archeometrico. In Le ceneri degli statielli.
La necropoli della seconda età del Ferro di Montabone, edited by Marica Venturino, pp.
171-194. Aquae Statiellae, Studi di Archeologia 4.
Reports on the compositional analysis 56 glass beads and bracelets recovered from the
necropolis of Montabone, northern Italy, and dated from the end of the 3rd to the end of the 2nd
century BC. The collection comprises glasses of Celtic typologies.
Angelini, I., A. Polla, B. Giussani, P. Bellintani, and G. Artioli
2009 Final Bronze-Age Glass in Northern and Central Italy: Is Frattesina the Only Glass
Production Centre? In Proceedings 36th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 2-6
may 2006, Quebec City, Canada, edited by Jean-François Moreau, Réginald Auger
Jacques Chabot, and Anja Herzog, pp. 329-337. Cahiers d’archéologie du CELAT 25,
Série archéométrie 7. https://www.academia.edu/991170/.
Analysis of glass ingot fragments, beads, and other ornamental objects found at Frattesina
reveals the glass invariably belongs to the low-magnesium, high-potassium (LMHK) mixedalkali glass group that is generally considered typical of protohistoric European glass production.
Anikeeva, O.V. , R.R. Ruslanova (Tamimdarova), and R.Kh. Khramchenkova
2013 Óêðàøåíèÿ èç ñòåêëà è êàìíåé ãîðîäèùà Óôà-II [Jewelry of Glass and Stones of the
Fortress Ufa-II]. In The Urals and the Vastness of Eurasia through Centuries and
Millennia: Scientific Publications Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of N.A. Mazhitova,
edited by A.N. Sultanova, pp. 86-108. Bashkir State University, Ufa.
https://www.academia.edu/11282506/.
Describes a wide variety of stone, amber, glass, and coral beads. The chemical composition of
some of the glass beads is provided.
Apolinarska, Karina and Aldona Kurzawska
2020 Can Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Oxygen be Used to Determine the Origin of
Freshwater Shells Used in Neolithic Ornaments from Central Europe? Archaeological
and Anthropological Sciences 12:15; https://www.academia.edu/41606325/.
This study aims to determine the origin of disc shell beads excavated in Poland by analyzing, for
the first time, their carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions and comparing the results
with C and O isotope ratios in modern shells sampled in central Poland.
Arai, Saki, Shinsuke Baba, Izumi Nakai, Kazuyuki Nakamura, and Naoya Tsukad
2018 Chemical Composition Analysis of Glass Beads Excavated from Sites in Southern Part of
Hokkaido at Ainu Cultural Period. Research Reports of National Institute of Technology,
Hakodate College 52:20-38; https://doi.org/10.20706/hakodatekosen.52.0_20.
Dating to the 15th-19th centuries, the beads can be classified into two types: lead-potash-silicate
glass (K2O-PbO-SiO2) and potash-lime-silicate glass (K2O-CaO-SiO2). Japan. In Japanese.
Arletti, Rossella, Erica Bertoni, Giovanna Vezzalini, and Davide Mengoli
2011 Glass Beads from Villanovian Excavations in Bologna (Italy): An Archaeometrical
Investigation. European Journal of Mineralogy 23(6):959-968.
Fifteen blue, turquoise, and dark green glass beads of the 8th-7th centuries BC were analyzed.
Chemical analyses of major and minor elements were obtained by EMPA, whereas trace
elements were determined on selected samples by LA-ICP-MS.
Arletti, Rossella, Daniela Ferrari, and Giovanna Vezzalini
2012 Roman Glass from Mozia (Sicily-Italy): The First Archaeometrical Data. Journal of
Archaeological Science 39(11):3396-3401.
Presents the results of an archaeometrical investigation performed on a series of opaque preRoman glass objects including beads, pendants, and a spindle-whorl dating from the 6th-4th
centuries BC. All were found to be silica-soda-lime glass produced with natron. Opaque
decorations were made by using Sb-based opacifiers.
Arletti, Rossella, C. Maiorano, D. Ferrari, G. Vezzalini, and S. Quartieri
2010 The First Archaeometric Data on Polychrome Iron Age Glass from Sites Located in
Northern Italy. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(4):703-712.
Samples of highly decorated beads, spindle whorls, and vessels of the “Mediterranean Group I”
from Etruscan contexts (Bologna and Spina [FE] necropoleis) dating between the 6th and 4th
centuries BC were analyzed to determine whether these different artifacts were produced at the
same manufacturing site. While the vessels almost certainly originate from Greece, the beads
could derive from a more ancient local production ascertained at the site of Frattesina (Rovigo,
Italy) and dated to the Bronze Age.
Arnoldussen, Stijn, Hans Huisman, Pepijn van de Geer, Jos Kleijne, and Bertil van Os
2023 Shiny and Strange: The Introduction of Glass in Dutch Later Prehistory. Metaaltijden
10:115-140; https://www.academia.edu/108455829/.
Contextualizes glass ornaments from Dutch later prehistory (2000-12 BCE; Bronze Age up to
the Late Iron Age) with special attention to chronology, the ways in which glass was used in
ornament traditions, the state and context of their deposition, and shifts in composition and glass
technology.
Ashkenazi, D., H. Gitler, A. Stern, and O. Tal
2017 Metallurgical Investigation on Fourth Century BCE Silver Jewellery of Two Hoards from
Samaria. Scientific Reports 7, 40659; https://www.academia.edu/30990531/.
This report gives us a better understanding of technological abilities in the province of Samaria
during the late Persian period as regards the production of beads and other ornaments. Includes
compositional data. Israel.
Ašperger, Danijela, Sena Jorgiæ, Anita Rapan Papeša, Stjepko Faziniæ, and Marija Trkmiæ
2018 Destructive and Non-Destructive Methods in the Analysis of Glass Jewellery from the
Archaeological Site Nuštar. In The Historical Glass: A Multidisciplinary Approach to
Historical Glass III, edited by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, pp. 119-123. Slovak
Archaeological Society at SAV, Bratislava. https://www.academia.edu/38267813/.
Reports the results of two different methods used for analyzing selected glass beads from an
Avar-period cemetery at the Nuštar Dvorac site in Croatia.
Astrup, E.E. and Arnfinn G. Andersen
1987 A Study of Metal Foiled Glass Beads from the Viking Period. Acta Archaeologia 58:222228.
On the structure and composition of beads from Kaupang and Birka, Sweden, examined by
Scanning Electron Microscope and chemical analysis (ICP).
Atasayar, Z., Ö.O. Öztürk, M. Bakiler, and O. Destanoðlu
2021 The Provenance of Iron Age Glass Beads: A Chemical and Isotopic Approach. Paper
presented at the 3rd International Congress on Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,
22-26 March, Elazýð, Turkey.
Aims to identify the recipe used to make glass beads recovered from the Mound of Van Fortress
in Urartu, eastern Turkey, using ICP-MS technology.
Aurisicchio, Carlo, Alessia Corami, Sylvana Ehrman, Giorgio Graziani, and Stella
Nunziante Cesaro
2006 The Emerald and Gold Necklace from Oplontis, Vesuvian Area, Naples, Italy. Journal
of Archaeological Science 33(5):725-734; https://www.academia.edu/15865815/.
EPMA and microFTIR analysis of the emerald beads, dating from the 1st century AD, suggests
they are of Egyptian origin.
Azemar R., Y. Billaud, G. Costantini, and B. Gratuze
2000 Les perles protohistoriques en verre de l’Aveyron. Cahiers d’Archéologie Aveyronnaise
14:75-88.
On the chemical analysis of protohistoric glass beads found at Aveyron in southern France.
Baba, Shinsuke, Kazuya Yanase, Aiko Imai, Izumi Nakai, Yasukazu Ogawa, Kenichiro
Koshida, and Kazuyuki Nakamura
2017 Chemical Compositional Analysis of Ainu-Glass Beads Excavated from Hokkaido.
Research Reports of National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College 51:48-67.
Belonging to the period from the mid 14th to the 19th century AD, the beads are of two types:
lead-potash silicate glass and potash-lime silica glass. In Japanese with English abstract. Japan.
Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde
2017 Ancient History of Technology in West Africa: The Indigenous Glass/Glass Bead
Industry and the Society in Early Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Black Studies;
https://www.academia.edu/35776288/.
Drawing from archaeological and historical evidence from Ile-Ife, in tandem with the result of
compositional analysis, this article examines the first recognized indigenous Sub-Saharan
African glass technology dated to early 2nd millennium AD or earlier.
Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, Laure Dussubieux, and Susan Keech McIntosh
2015 Glass Beads from Igbo Olokun, Ile-Ife: Chemical Composition, Production, and Regional
Interaction. Paper presented at the 80th annual meeting of the Society for American
Archaeology, San Francisco. https://www.academia.edu/12570678/.
Provides new data supporting the case for primary glass production at Igbo Olokun, Nigeria, and
summarizes what is known of the regional and trans-regional distribution of this high-alumina
glass.
Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, Laure Dussubieux, Susan Keech McIntosh, and Thilo
Rehren
2018 Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Igbo Olokun, Ile-Ife (SW Nigeria): New Light
on Raw Materials, Production, and Interregional Interactions. Journal of Archaeological
Science; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322542368.
Analysis of 52 beads has revealed that none matched the chemical composition of any other
known glass-production area in the Old World, including Egypt, the eastern Mediterranean, the
Middle East, and Asia. Rather, the beads have a high-lime, high-alumina (HLHA) composition
that reflects local geology and raw materials.
Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, Susan Keech McIntosh, Laure Dussubieux, and Thilo
Rehren
2017 Ile-Ife and Igbo Olokun in the History of Glass in West Africa. Antiquity 91(357):732750.
The recovery of glass beads and associated production materials from a site in Nigeria has
enabled compositional analysis of the artifacts and preliminary dating of the site, which puts the
main timing of glassworking between the 11th and 15th centuries AD.
Babalola, Abidemi and Thilo Rehren
2016 The11th-15th Century AD Glass Crucibles from Ile-Ife, Southwest Nigeria. Paper
presented at the 23rd biannual Society of Africanist Archaeologists conference,
Toulouse, France. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306017012
Presents the results of the classification, macro/microstructural, and compositional analyses
carried out on glass-working and possibly glassmaking crucibles excavated at Igbo Olokun, IleIfe. Drawn-bead production waste was also recovered.
Some Thoughts on Glass in African Archaeology: An Introduction. African
Archaeological Review 40; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-023-09528-7.
Introduces and outlines the five articles on research (including elemental analysis) on glass beads
in Sub-Saharan Africa which appear with this article.
2023
Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde, Thilo Rehren, Akinlolu Ige, and Susan McIntosh
2018 The Glass Making Crucibles from Ile-Ife, SW Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology
16:1-29.
Provides an in-depth examination of numerous crucible fragments recovered from 11th to 15thcentury deposits in order to understand the quality of the crucibles, their typology, and their
functions in glassworking/making. Compositional analysis of a sample of the thousands of
excavated glass beads indicates that the crucibles were used to melt the glass used for their
production.
Baehre, Oliver, Gert Kloess, Dietrich Raue, Tom Muenster, and Alexandra Franz
2019 From Talc to Enstatite: Archaeometric Investigations on an Ancient Egyptian Whitish
Bead. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11:1621-1629;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00785-9.
Bagdzevièienë, J., C. Niaura, E. Garškaitë, J. Senvaitienë, J. Lukšënienë, and S. Tautkus
2011 Spectroscopic Analysis of Lead Tin Yellow Pigment in Medieval Necklace Beads from
Kernavë-Kriveikiškës Cemetery in Lithuania. Chemija 22:2016-222.
Various analytical methods were used to identify the chemical composition and characterize the
pigments of glass beads dating back to the 13th-14th centuries.
Bagherpour Kashani, Natascha
2022 Depositional Practices at the Natural Sanctuary of Veshnaveh, Central Iran. Jewellery
and Watery Caves. Verlag Marie Leidorf, Bochum.
https://www.academia.edu/74606881/.
A special rural sanctuary of pre- and early Zoroastrian cults yielded a variety of glass, stone,
amber, and metal beads and pendants. Their typology, production techniques, and chemical
composition are discussed.
Bagherpour Kashani, N., K. Roustaei, and T. Stöllner
2011 Iron Age Amber Beads from Vešnave/Iran. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und
Turan 43:71-78.
Various bead forms were recovered. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the beads originated in
the Baltic region.
Bahadori, Roya and Davoud Agha-Aligol
2018 Labratorial Studies on the Blue and Green Beads Used in the Prehistoric Ornaments of
National Museum of Iran. Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran 8(18):45-62;
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2508_en.html.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass beads forming personal ornaments recovered from
Tepe Hissar, Damghan (3rd millennium BC) and Tepe Nesfi, Gilan (1st millennium BC).
Bajnóczi, Bernadett, Krisztián Fintor, Máté Szabó, and Mária Tóth
2018 Preliminary Micro-XRF Study of Mosaic Face Beads Found in an Early Sarmatian Grave
Excavated at Dunakeszi – Implications for the Base Glass Composition and Colourants.
In “Hadak útján.” 26th Conference of Young Scholars on the Migration Period,
Budapest, 2016. november 3-4, edited by Zsófia Rácz, István Koncz, and Bence Gulyás,
pp. 33-44. Dissertationes Archaeologicae, Supplementum 2.
http://dissarch.elte.hu/index.php/dissarch/article/view/338/311.
Analysis revealed that the glass beads were produced, at least partially, using a plant-ash alkali
flux.
Bajnóczi, Bernadett, Gabriella Schöll-Barna, Nándor Kalicz, Zsuzsanna Siklósi, George H.
Hourmouziadis, Fotis Ifantidis, Aikaterini Kyparissi-Apostolika, Maria Pappa, Rena
Veropoulidou, and Christina Ziota
2013 Tracing the Source of Late Neolithic Spondylus Shell Ornaments by Stable Isotope
Geochemistry and Cathodoluminescence Microscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science
40(2):874-882; https://www.academia.edu/2031773/.
Stable isotope analysis combined with cathodoluminescence microscopy was performed on
ornaments (beads, bracelets) made of Spondylus shells excavated at the Aszód-Papi Földek site
in Hungary to define their origin.
Bandama, Foreman
2013 The Archaeology and Technology of Metal Production in the Late Iron Age of the
Southern Waterberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis. Department of
Archaeology, University of Cape Town.
Despite the title, this thesis also deals with the beads of glass, mollusc shell, ostrich eggshell, and
bone recovered from two sites: Rhenosterkloof 1 and Tembi 1. The glass specimens are
attributed to the Khami Series (14th-17th centuries). Compositional analysis is included.
Bandama, Foreman, Shadreck Chirikure, Simon Hall, and Christel Tinguely
2018 Measly but Motley and Manifest: The Typological and Chemical Characterisations of
Glass Beads from the Southern Waterberg, Limpopo Province of South Africa. Journal
of Archaeological Science: Reports 18:90-99;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.047.
Reports on 25 glass beads dating to the 15th-19th centuries recovered from two sites:
Smelterskop and Rhenosterkloof 1.
Bãrbat, Ioan Alexandru, Tudor Tãmaº, and Simona Cîntã Pînzaru
2021 Greenstone Beads in the Early Neolithic of Transylvania? An Interdisciplinary Approach
to Study a Small Prehistoric Adornment Discovered in Lunca Târnavei, Romania.
Banatica 31:15-47; https://www.academia.edu/70834103/.
Analysis of a greenish stone bead using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectrometry revealed the
object is carved from a metamorphic rock, probably a green schist or chlorite schist.
Barfod, Gry H., Claus Feveile, and Søren M. Sindbæk
2022 Splinters to Splendours: From Upcycled Glass to Viking Beads at Ribe, Denmark.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, 180; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520022-01646-8.
Reports on the LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass recovered from two bead-making workshops in the
8th-century trading emporium of Ribe.
Baron, Anne, Adrian L. Burke, Bernard Gratuze, and Claude Chapdelaine
2016 Characterization and Origin of Steatite Beads Made by Northern Iroquoians in the St.
Lawrence Valley During the 15th and 16th Centuries. Journal of Archaeological Science:
Reports 8:323-334; https://www.academia.edu/35613409/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis revealed the use of steatite from only carbonate rocks and not steatite
hosted in ultramafic rocks, which is different from most previous studies. Moreover,
relationships between a limited number of sources and some archaeological artifacts have been
identified.
Barroso Bermejo, Rosa, Carlos P. Odriozola, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, Rodrigo Villalobos
García, Rodrigo Balbín Behrmann, and José María Martínez Blanes
2021 Mineral Adornments at Chalcolithic Sites in Inland Iberia: Variscite Beads at Valle de las
Higueras (Huecas, Toledo) Spain. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry
21(3):177-203; https://www.academia.edu/73009092/.
This study reports on the morphology and mineral composition of a quadrangular pendant and
341 stone beads, most of which are made of variscite, a mineral that became especially important
for adornments on the Iberian Peninsula in the 3rd millennium BC.
Bar-Yosef Mayer, Daniella E. and Naomi Porat
2013 Beads. In Peqi’in: A Late Chalcolithic Burial Site, Upper Galilee, Israel, edited by Dina
Shalem, Zvi Gal, and Howard Smithline, pp. 337-364. Kinneret Academic College,
Institute for Galilean Archaeology, Israel.
Describes the typology of the stone and shell beads and assesses their possible sources. Includes
archaeometric analysis.
Basa, K.K, I.C. Glover, and J. Henderson
1991 The Relationship between Early Southeast Asian and Indian Glass. Bulletin of the IndoPacific Prehistory Association 10:366-385.
Includes new analytical results comparing early Indian glass beads and those from Ban Don Ta
Phet, Thailand, and Sembiran, Bali, Indonesia.
Basilia, Pauline A.
2013 Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) on Archaeological Residue from Microperforated Cut Shell
Beads. Paper presented at the International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology,
Burapha University, Saen Suk, Thailand. https://www.academia.edu/5953925/.
This project analyzes microperforated cut shell beads to reconstruct the manufacturing process
based only on the final form of the artifact and surviving traces from the production process. The
shell beads are from the Intensive Burial Phase (ca. 2000-200 BP) at the Ille Site, Northern
Palawan, Philippines.
2014
Examining Residue Morphology of the Microperforated Cut Shell Beads from Ille Site,
el Nido Palawan. In Proceedings of the Philippine Association of Microscopists, Inc.
(MICROSPHIL) Annual Scientific Conference and General Assembly, Taguig City, Vol
7, Ch 1, pp. 40-43; https://www.academia.edu/7887738/.
Four Metal Age shell beads exhibiting unique residues (black, yellow, red, and high-fiber) were
examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), revealing that the appliqués included
plant fibers and were applied as a viscous material and allowed to dry.
Bassett, Madeleine Gunter, Christopher M. Stevenson, and Laure Dussubieux
2019 Re-Examining Trade Networks in Late Woodland Virginia (900-1600 CE): An LA-ICPMS Analysis of Copper Artifacts. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27;
https://www.academia.edu/40744627/.
The data suggest that much of the native copper that circulated through interior trade networks
came from more-distant deposits (e.g., Michigan), rather than from sources in the Blue Ridge
Mountains of Virginia.
Bayley, Justine
2000 XRF Analysis of the Beads. In Dunadd: An Early Dalriadic Capital, by A. Lane and E.
Campbell, pp. 217-218. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Glass beads; Scotland.
Becerra, María Florencia, Beatriz N. Ventura, Patricia Solá, Mariana Rosenbusch,
Guillermo Cozzi, and Andrea Romano
2021 Arqueomineralogía de cuentas de los valles orientales del norte de Salta, Argentina.
Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 26(1):93-112;
https://www.academia.edu/49999662/.
On the archaeomineralogy of beads from the Eastern Valleys of Northern Salta, Argentina.
Beads made of turquoise, sodalite, opal tuff, slate, glass, and shell. Includes the archaeometric
analysis of 27 stone beads using SEMK-EDX and XRD.
Beck, Curt W.
1996 Spectroscopic Identification of “Amber” and “Black Resin” from Asine. In Asine III:
Supplementary Studies on the Swedish Excavations 1923-1930, edited by R. Hagg, G.C.
Nordquist and B. Wells, pp. 91-92. Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae 4°, XLV
fasc. 1.
Mycenaean beads described as “black resin” proved on analysis to be Baltic amber, probably
exposed to fire. Greece.
Beck, Curt W. and Y. Lily
1995 Analysis and Provenience of Minoan and Mycenaean Amber, V: Pylos and Messenia.
Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 36(2):119-135.
The beads are nearly all Baltic amber but a few are probably Sicilian simetite.
Beck, Curt W. and S. Shennan
1991 Amber in Prehistoric Britain. Oxbow Monograph 8.
Definitive and indispensable study with a catalog of the beads (with many drawings and
sections), spectrographic analysis results, and a discussion of manufacturing techniques, social
significance, and chronology.
Beck, Curt W., Raquel Vilaça, and E.C. Stout
2002 Provenience Analysis of Prehistoric Amber Artifacts in Portugal. Madrider Mitteilungen
43:61-78.
Behar, Adi Eliyahu, Shira Albaz, Itzhaq Shai, Aren M. Maeir, and Haskel J. Greenfield
2016 Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 7:609-613; https://www.academia.edu/80432963/.
The beads were subjected to analysis by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy
and materials used for their production. The materials identified include faience, carnelian,
steatite, and shell.
Bellintani, Paolo
2015 Bronze Age Vitreous Materials in Italy. Annales du 19e Congrès de l’Association
Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Piran 2012, pp. 15-21.
On the chemical composition of glass and faience beads dating to the 21st-9th centuries BC.
Also discusses Bronze Age “glass routes” in the central Mediterranean.
Bellintani, Paolo, Ivana Angelini, Gilberto Artioli, and Angela Polla
2007 Villaggio delle Macine: le più antiche perle in vetro e ambra dell’Italia centrale. In
Strategie di insediamento fra Lazio e Campania in età preistorica e protostorica, Atti
della XL Riunione Scientifica dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria, 30
Novembre - 3 Dicembre 2005, Roma, Napoli, Pompei, pp. 891-895.
Presents the archaeometrical characterization of an amber bead (Baltic succinite) and a glass
bead (high-magnesium glass) found in layers dated to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age at
a site at Lago di Albano, Rome, Italy.
Beltsios, Konstantinos G., Artemios Oikonomou, Nikolaos Zacharias, and Pavlos
Triantafyllidis
2012 Characterization and Provenance of Archaeological Glass Artifacts from Mainland and
Aegean Greece. In Obsidian and Ancient Manufactured Glasses, edited by Ioannis
Liritzis and Christopher M. Stevenson, pp. 166-184. University of New Mexico Press,
Albuquerque. https://www.academia.edu/10842984/.
SEM-EDS analysis was used for the compositional characterization of two ancient glass bead
collections, a late 7th-century BC Archaic collection from Rhodes Island and an Archaic to
Hellenistic collection from mainland Greece (Thebes).
Bente, Klaus, Christoph Berthold, Melanie Keuper, Axel Gerdes, Jörg Ansorge, and
Andreas König
2017 Die Korallenperlenkette aus Greifswald von um 1300 – archäometrische Untersuchungen
an Corallium rubrum aus einer mittelalterlichen Hansestadt. Archäologische Berichteaus
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 24:69-79; https://www.academia.edu/34924930/.
Analysis of a coral necklace from a medieval Hanseatic town in Germany revealed it was
genuine red coral from the Mediterranean Sea, and corresponding trade routes towards central
Europe can therefore be suggested. See also Ansorge and Kaute (1999) in the Europe section.
Bente, Klaus, Christoph Berthold, Richard Wirth, Anja Schreiber, and Andreas König
2022 Multi-methodological Characterisation of Medieval to Early Modern Coral Beads from a
Cesspit of the “Fronerei auf dem Schrangen” in Lübeck (Germany). Metalla 26(1):25-36;
https://doi.org/10.46586/metalla.v26.2022.i1.25-36.
Analysis confirms that the beads are made of red precious coral, identical with modern
Corallium rubrum from the Mediterranean.
Bente, Klaus, Marco Schrickel, Jörg Frase, and Alexandra Franz
2012 3D-tomographische und Röntgenbeugungsstudienan latènezeitlichen Fibeln mit
Perlenbesatz. In Technologieentwicklung und –transferin der Hallstatt- und Latènezeit.
Beiträge zur Internationalen Tagung der AG Eisenzeit und des Naturhistorischen
Museums Wien, Prähistorische Abteilung - Hallstatt 2009, edited by Anton Kern et al.,
pp. 189-192. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas 65.
https://www.academia.edu/2593839/.
Analysis of a bead-decorated fibula (called Mitteldeutsche Korallenfibeln and dating to the Early
Iron Age) excavated near Hänichen in east-central Germany, reveals that the beads may be fossil
material and not necessarily coral.
Bentz, Marc, Frank Falkenstein, Christoph Herbig, Ulrich Himmelmann, Christof Kneisel,
Stephanie Mildner, and Nils Ostermeier
2018 Der Hohenberg zwischen Annweiler und Birkweiler in der Sudpfalz. Ausgrabungen und
Prospektionen in einer befestigten Höhensiedlung der Urnenfelderzeit 2016 und 2017.
Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz 115:11-81;
https://www.academia.edu/38218652/.
Section 5 reports on the chemical composition of the glass beads recovered from a hilltop
settlement of the Urnfield culture in southwestern Germany.
Berón, Mónica Alejandra
2012 Cuentas de collar verdes: materias primas, contextos y significación en un cementerio de
cazadores-recolectores de La Pampa (Argentina). In El jade y otras piedras verdes:
Perspectivas interdisciplinarias e interculturares, edited by Walburga Wiesheu and
Gabriela Guzzy, pp. 197-226. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico DF;
https://www.academia.edu/3626194/.
Investigates the raw materials, contexts, and significance of green necklace beads recovered
from a hunter-gatherer cemetery in central Argentina.
Bertini, Martina
2012 Beads of Time: Analyzing Our Past. Chemistry Review 21(3):19-23.
A collection of beautiful glass beads discovered in Scotland was analyzed. The results point “to
an ancient form of glass recycling between the Romans and the Iron Age Caledonians.”
2012
Novel Application of Micro- and Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques for the
Analysis of Iron Age Glass Beads from North-Eastern Scotland. Ph.D. dissertation.
Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
Bertini, Martina, Andrei Izmer, Frank Vanhaecke, and Eva M. Krupp
2013 Critical Evaluation of Quantitative Methods for the Multi-Elemental Analysis of Ancient
Glasses Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Journal
of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 28:77-91.
Describes a fully quantitative method used for the investigation and characterization of a large
set of Roman and late Iron Age glasses used in the making of Iron Age British beads (see Bertini
et al. 2011).
Bertini, Martina, Rajmund Mokso, and Eva M. Krupp
2014 Unwinding the Spiral: Discovering the Manufacturing Method of Iron Age Scottish Glass
Beads. Journal of Archaeological Science 43:256-266.
The innovative application of X-ray micro-computed-tomography (µCT) with synchrotron light
permitted the identification of characteristic features and markings typical of specific low
temperature glass working techniques, and also added to the evidence for local manufacture.
Bertini, Martina, Andrew Shortland, Karen Milek, and Eva M. Krupp
2011 Investigation of Iron Age North-Eastern Scottish Glass Beads Using Element Analysis
with LA-ICP-MS. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(10):2750-2766;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.019.
Class 13 and 14 Iron Age Scottish glass beads are a group of highly decorated beads of British
origin or design, dating indicatively to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Their distinctive stylistic
characteristics and geographical segregation render them ideal for the investigation of whether
the glasses employed in their manufacture were imported rather than produced locally, and for
the assessment of the technology used in the production of the deep colors. Scotland, United
Kingdom.
Bertolotti, Giulia, Maria Secchi, Maurizio Mattarelli, Roberto Dal Maschio, and Stefano
Gialanella
2013 Glasses & Diamond: Issues Related to the Archaeometric Investigation of an
Archaeological Bead. Procedia Chemistry 8:11-19.
Attempts to determine if a glassy bead recovered from the Palaeolithic rockshelter of Riparo
Dalmeri in Italy is of artificial or natural origin.
Bettineschi, Cinzia, Ivana Angelini, Elisabetta Malaman, and Bernard Gratuze
2020 Composizione e provenienza dei vetri punici dalla necropoli di Nora. Quaderni Norensi
8:231-240; https://www.academia.edu/84070013/.
Discusses the forming techniques, the raw materials, and the provenance of the base glass of
beads recovered from Tomb 9 at the Punic Nora Cemetery on Sardinia, Italy.
Bettineschi, Cinzia, Alessandra Menegazzi, Gianmario Molin, and Paola Zanovello
2014 Tra scienze e archeologia: le indagini archeometriche degli ornamenti da Tebtynis
nell’ambito delle ricerche sulle collezioni egizie del Museo di Scienze Archeologiche e
d’Arte (Università di Padova). Museologia Scientifica Memorie 11:104-108;
https://www.academia.edu/48315612/.
Reports on the identification of the materials composing beads recovered from Tebtynis
(Fayyum) in Ancient Lower Egypt. Most of the specimens are made of faience but there are also
examples of stone and shell beads.
Bhardwaj, H.C. (ed.)
1987 Archaeometry of Glass. Indian Ceramic Society, Calcutta.
A basic source for analytical data on Asian glass beads, especially for India.
Bichlmeier, S.
1997 Untersuchung merowingerzeitlicher Glasperlen unterschiedlicher Farbgruppen und
Fundorte mit Hilfe der energiedispersiven Röntgenflureszenzanalyse zur Bestimmung
der Glasmatrix. Diplom-Arbeit Darmstadt.
Reports on the investigation of Merovingian glass beads of different color groups and localities
by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the glass matrix.
Bichlmeier, S., M. Heck, and P. Hoffmann
1999 Non-Destructive Glass Matrix Determination of Beads of the Merowings Time. In
Proceedings of the European Conference on Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectrometry,
Bologna, 7.-12.6.1998, pp. 311-315.
On Merovingian glass bead composition.
Biek, Leo
1997 Gold-in-Glass Beads Rediscovered. Current Archaeology 13(7):268-269.
How gold- and silver-in-glass beads were identified using neutron activation when too decayed
to be identified as such, even using a microscope.
Biermann, Felix, Andreas Kieseler, Ernst Pernicka, and Jasper von Richthofen
2020 Hacksilberschätze im Oder-Neiße-Gebiet aus archäologischer und archäometrischer
Perspektive – das Beispiel Mahnau (Maniów) in Niederschlesien. In Burg, Herrschaft
und Zentralörtlichkeit im nördlichen westslawischen Raum, edited by Felix Biermann,
Thomas Kersting, and Anne Klammt, pp. 351-372. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte
Mitteleuropas 92. https://www.academia.edu/62039914/.
Hacksilver material from the Oder-Neisse area of Lower Silesia, Germany, includes filigree
beads which are examined from an archaeological and archaeometric perspective.
Billaud, Y. and B. Gratuze
1998 Analyses chimiques de perles en verre de l’âge du Bronze final en domaine RhodanoAlpin. Bulletin de liaison de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie
10(1):5-6.
Chemical analysis of Late Bronze Age glass beads of the Rhodano-Alpine area of France.
Billeck, William T. and Meredith P. Luze
2019 Glass Bead Sequence for South America Based on Collections from Brazil and Guyana.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 31:100-117;
https://www.academia.edu/41612354/.
Glass trade beads recovered at nine sites in Brazil and Guyana during the 1940s-1950s can be
readily dated using bead chronologies developed in North America. The assemblages date to
multiple time periods ranging from the early17th to the mid-20th century. Compositions were
determined using pXRF.
Billeck, William T. and Kendra McCabe
2018 pXRF Analysis of Opacifiers Used in White Drawn Glass Beads in the 17th to 19th
Century in the Plains and Midwest. Paper presented at the 76th Plains Anthropological
Conference, San Antonio. https://www.academia.edu/41349474/.
A pXRF study of 485 beads from 14 sites demonstrates that while white beads look highly
similar, their chemical composition changes over time due to the use of different opacifiers.
Biron, Isabelle, Valérie Matoïan, Julian Henderson, and Jane Evans
2009 Scientific Analysis of Glass Beads from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria). Annales du 18e
Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki 2009, pp.
29-34; https://www.academia.edu/33688138/.
On the composition of glass beads discovered in a ceramic jug from a Late Bronze Age context.
Blackwell, Alice and Susanna Kirk
2015 Seventh Century or Seventeenth Century? Identifying Glass Beads from Scotland.
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 145:371-399.
Reconsiders glass beads that have hitherto been regarded as early medieval in date and proposes
a manufacture date for them between the 17th and 19th centuries on the basis of typological
parallels and XRF and SEM-EDS surface analysis of the glass composition.
Blair, Elliot H.
2017 An XRF Compositional Analysis of Opaque White Glass Beads from 17th-Century
Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, Georgia. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead
Researchers 29:31-48; https://www.academia.edu/43646618/.
XRF analysis of 783 specimens of four varieties of drawn white glass beads from burial contexts
at the mission demonstrate that “opacifer-dating” is applicable to Spanish colonial sites in the
southeastern United States.
Blair, Elliot H. and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Simple Blue (IIa40) Beads from 17th Century Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Dating,
Origins, and Elemental Composition. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads:
Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather
Walder, pp. 81-100. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press,
Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.9.
Discusses the results of LA-ICP-MS analysis of 20 type IIa40 beads recovered from 17thcentury Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, St. Catherines Island, Georgia, considering the
temporality and origins of these artifacts.
Blair, Elliot H., Richard W. Jefferies, and Christopher R. Moore
2021 Itineraries and Networks of the Mission San Joseph de Sapala Beads. In Personal
Adornment and the Construction of Identity: A Global Archaeological Perspective,
edited by Hannah V. Mattson, pp. 115-134. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Examines the probable source of the beads recovered from a 17th-century mission site in
Georgia based on compositional analysis, and investigates their biographies from production
center to consumer.
Blanco, J., M.A. Lopez Alonso, M. Edo, and J.L. Fernandez Turiel
1996 Estudio analítico de determinación y de composición quimico de las cuentas de collar de
calaíta y otras materia del yacimiento de La Peñas (Quiruelas de Vidriales, Zamora).
Rubricatum 1:227-237.
On the chemical composition of callainite necklace beads and other materials from the site of La
Peñas, Spain.
Blankenship, Sarah A., Bruce Kaiser, and Michael C. Moore
2013 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Two Metal Beads from the David Davis Farm Site
(40HA301), Hamilton County, Tennessee. Tennessee Archaeology 7(1):78-82;
https://www.academia.edu/9714058/.
Analysis of the beads – indicative of direct or indirect Spanish contact – revealed they were
manufactured from a lead-bismuth alloy plated with silver.
Blasco, A., M. Edo, J.L. Fernandez-Turiel, D. Gimeno, Feliciano Plana Llevat, and María
Josefa Villalba
1992 Aplicación de técnicas geologicas al estudio de materiales arqueológicos: el ejemplo de
las cuentas variscita catalanas y el complejo minero Neolítico de Can Tintorer (Gava,
Barcelona). Cuaternario y Geomorfología 6:71-80.
The present work shows the advantages of the application of geological methods to the study of
archaeological materials, in this case the study of Catalonian variscite beads and their
relationship to the Neolithic mining complex at Can Tintore, Spain.
Blomme, A., P. Degryse, E. Dotsika, D. Ignatiadou, A. Longinelli, and A. Silvestri
2017 Provenance of Polychrome and Colourless 8th-4th Century BC Glass from Pieria,
Greece: A Chemical and Isotopic Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 78:134146; https://www.academia.edu/36275841/.
The combined use of multiple analytical techniques allowed the elemental and isotopic
characterization of a sample of polychrome and colorless glass artefacts (beads included) in
order to examine their provenience.
Bo, Ma, Gan Fuxi, Feng Xiaoni, Gao Menghe, and Shen Shifang
2009 Study of the Ancient Glasses Found in Chongqing. In Ancient Glass Research along the
Silk Road, edited by Gan Fuxi, Robert H. Brill, and Shouyun Tian, pp. 439-456. World
Scientific, Singapore.
Reports the results of PIXE analysis of glass beads from sites in southwestern China that date
from the Warring States to the Six Dynasties period.
Bo, Wang and Lipeng Lu
2009 Glass Artifacts Unearthed from the Tombs at the Zhagunluke and Sampula Cemeteries in
Xinjiang. In Ancient Glass Research along the Silk Road, edited by Fuxi Gan, Robert H.
Brill, and Tian Shouyun, pp. 299-329. World Scientific, Singapore.
On the glass beads recovered from two cemeteries in western China including chemical analysis.
Bondár, Mária, Attila Demény, Péter Németh, Máté Karlik, Krisztián Fintor, and Mária
Tóth
2021 Különleges „gagát” gyöngy egy különleges késõ rézkori sírból / Special “Jet-Like” Bead
from a Special Late Copper Age Grave. Archeometriai Mûhely XVIII(2):143-156;
https://www.academia.edu/89902379/.
The burial of an 8/9-year-old child uncovered in southwestern Hungary was accompanied by a
bracelet of almost pure copper, a black bead at the neck, and a bead hammered from sheet
copper. Archaeometric analysis of the black bead indicates it is made from a carboniferous coal,
most likely from Spain or France.
Bonneau, Adelphine, Réginald Auger, and Jean-François Moreau
2013 Rapport d’analyses sur les perles blanches de ClFi-10. In Revue des Laboratoires
d’archéologie de l’Université Laval, Vol. 1, edited by Anne-Marie Faucher and Stéphane
Noël, pp. 1-40.
Analysis of ten white glass beads from an Amerindian site in Quebec, Canada, dating to the
period ca. 1600-1830 using microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, LA-ICP-MS, and neutron
activation have proved to be complementary and brought new perspectives for understanding the
manufacture of glass beads and their dissemination on the North American continent.
Bonneau, Adelphine, Jean-François Moreau, Réginald Auger, R.G.V. Hancock, and
Bertrand Émard
2013 Analyses physico-chimiques des perles de traite en verre de facture européenne: quelles
instrumentations pour quels résultats? Association des archéologues du Québec,
Archéologiques 26:109-132; https://www.academia.edu/5832388/.
Presents the findings of previous bead studies as well as the results of an analysis of white glass
beads from site ClFi-10 in Quebec, Canada, carried out by microscope, SEM-EDS, X-ray
florescence, Raman spectrometry, neutron activation, and LA-ICP-MS.
2014
Investigating the Influence of Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis on European
Trade Glass Beads. Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium for Archaeometry,
Leuven (2012), edited by Rebecca B. Scott, Dennis Braekmans, Mike Carremans, and
Patrick Degryse, pp. 180-185. Centre for Archaeological Sciences, Leuven.
https://www.academia.edu/6896797/.
Ten beads recovered from an Amerindian site in Quebec were analyzed using microscopy,
Raman spectroscopy, and instrumental neutron activation analysis to evaluate possible impacts
of neutron activation on glass, and to assess the feasibility of Raman analyses after INAA.
Bonneau, Adelphine, Jean-François Moreau, and R.G.V. Hancock
2012 Les perles en verre de couleur du poste de traite de Chicoutimi: contribution à la datation
des occupations des “premiers contacts.” Archéologiques 25:84-105;
https://www.academia.edu/5832337/.
Neutron activation studies of monochrome and bichrome royal blue, turquoise, black, and red
beads from the trading post at Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada, were conducted to determine if they
are of the same time period (early 17th century) as the white beads excavated at the site.
Bonneau, Adelphine, Jean-François Moreau, Ron G.V. Hancock, and Karlis Karklins
2014 Archaeometrical Analysis of Glass Beads: Potential, Limitations, and Results. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 26:35-46;
https://www.academia.edu/11496639/.
Reviews the most common analytical techniques used to study glass beads – optical microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), instrumental neutron activation
analysis (INAA), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS),
and Raman spectroscopy – and discusses their potential, limitations, and what results may be
expected.
Bonomo, Mariano, Edgardo D. Cabanillas, and Ricardo Montero
2017 Archaeometallurgy in the Paraná Delta (Argentina): Composition, Manufacture, and
Indigenous Routes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 47:1-11;
https://www.academia.edu/31536441/.
Concludes that the metal pendants and beads recovered from 12th-15th-century sites in the
Paraná Delta were manufactured from copper by casting in open molds and hammering.
Boonruang, C., K Won-in, and P. Dararutana
2021 SEM-EDS, PIXE and Raman Spectroscopies Analysis of Khlong Thom Ancient Glass
Bead, Southern Thailand. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1963, 012038;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353468415.
Analysis of several colors of glass beads revealed that most of them have alkali-based matrices.
Boschetti, Cristina, Bernard Gratuze, Marco Cavalieri, Sara Lenzi, and Nadine Schibille
2021 Production or Consumption? Glass Beads from the Roman Villa of Aiano, Tuscany.
European Journal of Archaeology; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355370629.
A glass-recycling furnace at the site in northern Italy was originally interpreted as a bead
workshop. A detailed study of the typology, technology, and chemical composition of the
associated beads clearly excludes local production.
Boschetti, Cristina, Bernard Gratuze, and Nadine Schibille
2020 Commercial and Social Significance of Glass Beads in Migration-Period Italy: The
Cemetery of Campo Marchione. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 39(1);
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342918558.
Discusses the provenance, economic value, and social significance of glass beads from a
cemetery in northern Italy utilized from ca. 570 to the end of the 7th century AD). The different
chemical compositions and specific forming technologies have identified European, Egyptian,
Mesopotamian and Asian specimens.
Bottman, Tobin C.
2006 Stable Isotope Analysis to Determine Geographic Provenience of Olivella biplicata Shell
Beads Excavated from Archaeological Sites in the Northern Great Basin: Implications for
Reconstructing Prehistoric Exchange. M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology,
University of Oregon, Eugene.
Braje, Todd J., Torben C. Rick, and Jon M. Erlandson
2008 AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Giant Rock Scallop (Hinnites multirugosus) Artifacts from
San Miguel Island, California, USA. Radiocarbon 50(2):223-231;
https://www.academia.edu/48278742/.
Direct accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of one giant rock scallop
ornament and two beads from San Miguel Island extends the use of this shell for personal
adornment to at least 8000 cal BP.
Brasser, Jan Paul
2015 Jet Artifacts from Two Neolithic Sites on the Dutch Coast: An Experimental Approach.
M.S. thesis. Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden.
Attempts to source the jet used to produce various ornaments, including beads, and to determine
whether the polish on these objects is intentional or the result of use. Netherlands.
Braziewicz, Janusz, Maciej Karwowski, and Marian Jaskó³a
1996 Zastosowanie rentgenowskiej analizy fluorescencyjnej do okreœlania stê¿enia
pierwiastków w szkle zabytków celtyckich z Polski. Archeologia Polski 41:39-63;
https://www.academia.edu/5360189/.
Applies X-ray fluorescence analysis to the determination of element concentrations in Celtic
glass artifacts from Poland, beads included. English summary.
Breschini, Gary S. and Trudy Haversat
2001 AMS Radiocarbon Dates on Type G1 and K1 Olivella Shell Beads from CA-MNT-1701,
Carmel Valley, Monterey County, California.
http://www.californiaprehistory.com/reports01/rep0004.html, accessed 12 March 2014.
Breukel, T.W. and C.G. Falci
2017 Experimental Reproduction of Wear Traces on Shell, Coral, and Lithic Materials from
the pre-Colonial Caribbean. In Proceedings of the 26th Congress of the International
Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by C.B. Velasquez and J.B. Haviser.
SIMARC Heritage Series15.
Reports on the experimental replication of techniques used for splitting, abrading, carving, and
perforating a variety of shell species and rock types using tools made of flint, bone, coral, coarse
and fine-grained sandstone, and shell.
Brill, Robert H.
1987 Chemical Analyses of Some Early Indian Glasses. In Archaeometry of Glass, edited by
H.C. Bhardwaj, pp. 1-25. Indian Ceramic Society, Calcutta.
https://www.cmog.org/library/chemical-analyses-some-early-indian-glasses.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass samples (mostly beads of the 200 BC-AD 200
period) recovered from sites in India.
Chemical Analyses of Early Glasses: Vol. 1, The Catalogue; Vol. 2, The Tables. The
Corning Museum of Glass, Corning.
http://d3seu6qyu1a8jw.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/collections/50/5052FA17-E769478E-A9B4-0F89C6458478.pdf.
Results of a lifetime’s research on glass from all areas and periods. Invaluable database for all
interested in glass technology.
1999
Brill, Robert H., I. Lynus Barnes, Stephen S.C. Tong, Emile C. Joel, and Martin J.
Murtaugh
1991 Laboratory Studies of Some European Artifacts Excavated on San Salvador Island. In
Proceedings of the First San Salvador Conference: Columbus and his World, edited by
Donald C. Gerace, pp. 247-292. College of the Finger Lakes, Bahamian Field Station,
Fort Lauderdale. http://www.geraceresearchcentre.com/1stColumbus.html
Presents the results of compositional analysis of the small green-glass beads recovered from a
site possibly visited in 1492 by Christopher Columbus.
Brill, Robert H. and John H. Martin (eds.)
1991 Scientific Research in Early Chinese Glass. The Corning Museum of Glass, Corning,
New York.
An important contribution to our knowledge of the chemical composition of ancient Chinese
glass, including beads. Contains 12 papers presented during the Archaeometry of Glass Sessions
of the 1984 International Symposium on Glass in Beijing, plus seven supplementary papers. See
Sprague (1992) for a review.
Brill, Robert H., S. Shap Chow Tong, and Zhang Fukang
1989 The Chemical Composition of a Faience Bead from China. Journal of Glass Studies
31:11-15.
Found in Shaanxi Province, China, the blue faience bead dates to the 11th-10th centuries BC.
Brill, Robert H., Robert D. Vocke, Jr., Wang Shixiong, and Zhang Fukang
1991 A Note on Lead-Isotope Analyses of Faience Beads from China. Journal of Glass Studies
33:116-118.
A follow-up to the previous article.
Bruni, Y., F. Hatert, P. George, and D. Strivay
2020 The Reliquary Bust of Saint Lambert from the Liège Cathedral, Belgium: Gemstones and
Glass Beads Analysis by pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Archaeometry 62(2):297-313.
Dating to the early 15th century, the bust is adorned with various stones and glass beads. The
latter have a soda-lime composition, confirming that they are contemporary with the bust and
imported from Venice.
Buc, Natacha, Romina Silvestre, Alejandro Acosta, and Daniel Loponte
2017 Compositional Analysis on Lithic Beads: The Case of the Lower Paraná Wetland,
Argentina. In The Exploitation of Raw Materials in Prehistory: Sourcing, Processing and
Distribution, edited by Telmo Pereira, Xavier Terradas, and Nuno Bicho, pp. 250-264.
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
https://www.academia.edu/34829945/.
Aims to geochemically characterize green lithic beads made by Late Holocene hunter-gatherer
groups in order to determine if they are made of copper-rich rocks and to evaluate their sources.
Bugoi, Roxana, Andrei Mãgureanu, Despina Mãgureanu, and Quentin Lemasson
2020 IBA Analyses on Glass Beads from the Migration Period. Nuclear Instruments and
Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
478:150-157; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342214144.
Reports the PIXE-PIGE data obtained at AGLAE accelerator on 135 glass beads discovered at
Sãrata Monteoru and Bratei, Romania, dated to 6th-7th centuries AD.
Bugoi, R., A. Târlea, V. Szilágyi, I. Harsányi, L. Cliante, and Z. Kasztovszky
2022 Colour and Beauty at the Black Sea Coast: Archaeometric Analyses of Selected Small
Finds from Histria. Romanian Reports in Physics 74(1).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357653480.
Reports on the chemical composition of a small group of glass beads of various dates from a site
in Romania.
Bulbeck, F.D., Bagyo Prasetyo, J.N. Miksic, D. Barham, and R.G.V. Hancock
2006 Analysis of Glass from Luwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. In Archaeology – Indonesian
Perspective: R.P. Soejono’s Festschrift, edited by Truman Simanjuntak, pp. 268-281.
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta.
Presents a thorough neutron activation analysis of 58 glass samples, mostly beads, which date to
the 1st-17th centuries.
Buntem, Radchada, Blythe McCarthy, and Chawalit Khaokhiew
2016 Morphological Studies on Microstructure of Thai Ancient Glass Beads. Key Engineering
Materials 702:8-12); https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.702.8.
Various glass beads dating to around 2500-1200 BP housed in the Banraiprachasawan museum
were studied to determine their elemental compositions and morphology.
Burgess, Laurie E. and Laure Dussubieux
2007 Chemical Composition of Late 18th- and 19th-Century Glass Beads from Western North
America: Clues to Sourcing Beads. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
19:58-73; https://www.academia.edu/39080229/.
The Sullivans Island (Washington) glass bead collection contains over 56,000 beads which date
from the late 18th to late 19th centuries. Many of the beads conform to varieties that have been
attributed to Bohemia, Venice, and China, three of the main bead-producing centers for this time
period. Over 100 beads were subjected to LA-ICP-MS analysis to see if the chemical
composition of the glass would be correlated with a place of origin. The results revealed several
distinct compositional groups, some of which could be linked to geographical areas.
Burns, Gregory Robert
2019 Evolution of Shell Bead Money in Central California: An Isotopic Approach. Ph.D.
dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis.
Isotopic evidence suggests most Olivella beads used in Central California during the
Middle/Late Transition (930-685 BP) were manufactured at small, dispersed production centers
from local shell sources.
Bursalý, A., H. Özbal, R. Özbal, G. ªimºek, B. Yaðcý, C. Yýlmaz Akkaya, and E. Baysal
2017 Investigating the Source of Blue Color in Neolithic Beads from Barcýn Höyük, NW
Turkey. In The Exploitation of Raw Materials in Prehistory: Sourcing, Processing and
Distribution, edited by Telmo Pereira, Xavier Terradas, and Nuno Bicho, pp. 492-505.
Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Reports on the analysis of turquoise-blue beads found at the 7th-millennium Neolithic site of
Barcýn Höyük in northwestern Anatolia (Turkey), and explores the way in which the social
desire for ownership of the color blue in the seemingly egalitarian and homogenous Neolithic
period may have functioned.
Cagno, Simone, Peter Cosyns, Veerle Van der Linden, Olivier Schalm, Andrei Izmer,
Isolde Deconinck, Frank Vanhaecke, Anna Nowak, Barbara Wagner, Ewa Bulska, Karin
Nys, and Koen Janssens
2013 Composition Data of a Large Collection of Black-Appearing Roman Glass. Open Journal
of Archaeometry 1(e22):104-108.
The collected data show that a change in the black-glass production process occurred about AD
150, involving coloration of raw glass made with iron in the secondary workshops. Furthermore,
from the 4th century on there is a change in the type of raw glass used, while the coloring
process was maintained.
Callmer, Johan and Julian Henderson
1991 Glassworking at Åhus, S. Sweden (Eighth Century AD). Laborativ arkeologi 5:143-154;
https://www.academia.edu/82037452/.
Examines the beadmaking technology and chemical composition of the recovered beads.
Calo, Ambra, Peter Bellwood, James W. Lankton, Andreas Reinecke, Rochtri A. Bawono,
and Bagyo Prasetyo
2020 Trans-Asiatic Exchange of Glass, Gold and Bronze: Analysis of Finds from the Late
Prehistoric Pangkung Paruk Site, Bali. Antiquity 94(73):110-126;
doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.199.
Excavations at a stone sarcophagus burial site on Bali, Indonesia, have yielded the largest
collection of Roman gold-glass beads in early Southeast Asia found to date. Analyses of these
finds and comparison with others from across the region provide insights into the early to mid
1st-millennium AD trans-Asiatic networks that linked Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Roman
world, and China.
Calo, Ambra, Bagyo Prasetyo, Peter Bellwood, James W. Lankton, Bernard Gratuze,
Thomas Oliver Pryce, Andreas Reinecke, Verena Leusch, Heidrun Schenk, Rachel Wood,
Rochtri A. Bawono, I Dewa Kompiang Gede, Ni L.K. Citha Yuliati, Jack Fenner, Christian
Reepmeyer, Cristina Castillo, and Alison K. Carter
2015 Sembiran and Pacung on the North Coast of Bali: A Strategic Crossroads for Early
Trans-Asiatic Exchange. Antiquity 89(344):378-396;
https://www.academia.edu/12110362/.
Provides data on the composition of both glass and gold beads recovered from burials dated to
the late 2nd century BC. The findings suggest strong links with the Indian subcontinent and
Mainland Southeast Asia from the late first millennium BC, some 200 years earlier than
previously thought.
Campbell, Roberto, Hugo Carrión, Valentina Figueroa, Ángela Peñaloza, Maria Teresa
Plaza, and Charles Stern
2018 Obsidianas, turquesas y metales en el sur de Chile. Perspectivas sociales a partir de su
presencia y proveniencia en Isla Mocha (1.000-1.700 d.C.) [Obsidian, Turquoise, and
Metals in Southern Chile. Social Perspectives from their Presence and Provenance in
Mocha Island (AD 1000-1700)]. Chungara Revista de Antropología Chilena;
https://www.academia.edu/36494575/.
Compositional analyses performed on obsidian pieces, turquoise beads, and metallic artefacts
from Mocha Island suggest a high mobility scenario for these goods for the last 1000 years in
Southern Chile.
Campbell, Stuart and Elizabeth Healey
2017 The Sources of Some Obsidian Beads Found at Kish, Southern Iraq. In The Exploitation
of Raw Materials in Prehistory: Sourcing, Processing and Distribution, edited by Telmo
Pereira, Xavier Terradas, and Nuno Bicho, pp. 538-548. Cambridge Scholars Publishing,
Newcastle upon Tyne. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341909478.
While technological analysis suggests that 105 obsidian beads found in a tomb of the Early
Dynastic period (ca. 2700 BC) at Kish, southern Iraq, were made locally and have limited
stylistic variation, pXRF analysis shows that the beads were made of obsidian that originated
from four different and diverse sources. Other exotic raw materials such as carnelian and lapis
lazuli are also discussed.
Cao, Shiyuan, Yongan Wang, Rui Wen, Feng Sun, and Yubo Ren
2024 A Possible Production Area of Chinese Fience? Reference to Beads Decorating Coffins
from Shijia Yucun Site, Gansu Province. Archaeometry 66(3):517-533;
https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12936.
Reports on the composition of faience beads used as personal ornaments and coffin decoration at
a settlement of the Zhou period (1046-221 BCE) in northwestern China.
Cao, Shiyuan, Rui Wen, Chun Yu, Wangdue Shargan, Tsering Tash, and Dong Wang
2021 New Evidence of Long-distance Interaction across the Himalayas: Faience Beads from
Western Tibet. Journal of Cultural Heritage 47:270-276;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2020.09.010.
Analysis of Faience beads from the Gebusailu site in western Tibet dating back as far as the
second half of the 2nd millennium BC revealed that their structure was formed on a cylindrical
core and glazed by cementation. Their composition suggests that they were imported from Egypt
or somewhere impacted by Egyptian faience production technology.
Cardoso, João Luís, S. Domínguez-Bella, and J. Martínez López
2012 Ocorrência de contas de fluorite no Neolítico Final e no Calcolítico da Estremadura
(Portugal). Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 19:35-42.
Examination of a large bead from the Chalcolithic settlement of Leceia (Oeiras) by
estereomicroscopy and direct X-ray diffraction revealed it is made of fluorite.
Carter, Alison K.
2010 Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a
Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory
Association 30:178-188; https://www.academia.edu/1801206/.
Presents the results of compositional analysis of glass beads from six Iron Age sites in
Cambodia. Using LA-ICP-MS, it was possible to determine the presence of at least two glass
bead-trading networks in Cambodia during the Iron Age.
Garnet Beads in Southeast Asia: Evidence for Local Production. In Crossing Borders in
Southeast Asian Archaeology. Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference of
the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Berlin, edited by Mai Lin
Tjoa-Bonatz, Andreas Reinecke, and Dominik Bonatz, pp. 91-114. NUS Press,
Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/2025021/.
Focuses on the analysis of two distinct types of garnet beads found at Iron Age sites in
Cambodia. SEM examination and LA-ICP-MS analysis reveal that the two types are distinct
from one another.
2012
2015 Beads, Exchange Networks and Emerging Complexity: A Case Study from Cambodia
and Thailand (500 bce-ce 500). Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25:733-757;
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/27798/S0959774315000207.
Examines beads from 12 sites in Cambodia and Thailand. Morphological and compositional
analyses using LA-ICP-MS resulted in the identification of different bead types that were
circulated in distinct exchange networks.
Determining the Provenience of Garnet Beads Using LA-ICP-MS. In Recent Advances in
Laser Ablation ICP-MS for Archaeology, edited by Laure Dussubieux, Mark Golitko, and
Bernard Gratuze, pp. 235-266. Springer, Berlin.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307854806.
Two different types of garnet beads have been identified at several Iron Age sites across
Southeast Asia. Analysis of a representative sample as well as geological source samples from a
variety of places confirm that the material for two bead types came from distinctly different
sources, although their locations remain unknown.
2017
Carter, Alison, Elliot H. Blair, Carla Klehm, and Lee M. Panich
2022 Glass Beads and Human Pasts. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology,
Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 37-53.
Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://www.academia.edu/88248199/.
Reviews a variety of case studies that demonstrate how glass beads in particular have been used
to examine trade and economic systems, intercultural interactions and colonialism, social
identity, and technological practices.
Carter, Alison Kyra, Barbie Campbell Cole, Quentin Lemasson, and Willemijn van Noord
2018 Tracing the Trade of Heirloom Beads across Zomia: A Preliminary Analysis of Beads
from the Upland Regions of Northeast India and Mainland Southeast Asia. In The
Archaeology of Portable Art: Southeast Asian, Pacific, and Australian Perspectives,
edited by Michelle Langley, Mirani Litster, Duncan Wright, and Sally K. May, pp. 49-67.
Routledge, London. https://www.academia.edu/38733181/.
Aims to determine the types of glass used to produce the beads and contextualize them within
the broader bead exchange taking place within the region.
Carter, Alison K. and Laure Dussubieux
2016 Geologic Provenience Analysis of Agate and Carnelian Beads Using Laser AblationInductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): A Case Study from Iron
Age Cambodia and Thailand. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6:321-330;
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/27801.
The study reveals that many of the beads were produced from raw material derived from the
Deccan Traps, India, and that there is not yet strong evidence for bead production using a
Southeast Asian source.
Carter, Alison K., Laure Dussubieux, and Nancy Beavan
2015 Glass Beads from 15th-17th Century CE Jar Burial Sites in Cambodia’s Cardamom
Mountains. Archaeometry 58(3):401-412; https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.1218.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of 74 beads revealed the presence of several glass types, including two
subtypes of high-alumina mineral soda glass, and lead-potash glass.
Carter, Alison, Laure Dussubieux, Thomas R. Fenn, Thanik Lertcharnrit, and T.O. Pryce
2022 The Exchange of Beads in Central Thailand in the Protohistoric Period: Glass Objects
from Phromthin Tai. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology
and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 161-176. Studies in
Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://www.academia.edu/88248295/.
The composition of glass beads from a multi-component site occupied from the Late Bronze Age
through the mid/late 1st millennium is used to begin connecting Phromthin Tai to existing glass
exchange networks.
Carter, Alison, Laure Dussubieux, Martin Polkinghorne, and Christophe Pottier
2017 Glass Artifacts at Angkor: Evidence for Exchange. Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 11:1013-1027; https://www.academia.edu/79866596/.
Presents the results of an analysis of 81 glass beads and artifacts from the 9th-century royal
capital of Hariharâlaya and later (12th-14th centuries) contexts from the walled city of Angkor
Thom, Cambodia.
Carter, Alison Kyra, Laure Dussubieux, Miriam T. Stark, and H. Albert Gilg
2021 Angkor Borei and Protohistoric Trade Networks: A View from the Glass and Stone Bead
Assemblage. Asian Perspectives 60(1):32-70;
https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/handle/1794/27810.
Reviews data from earlier studies and adds new data on glass and stone beads from the Vat
Komnou cemetery in Cambodia, as well as glass compositional analyses from the nearby site of
Oc Eo, Vietnam.
Carter, Alison and James Lankton
2012 Analysis and Comparison of Glass Beads from Ban Non Wat and Noen U-Loke. In The
Origins of Angkor, Volume 6: The Iron Age: Summary and Conclusions, edited by
Charles Higham and Amphan Kijngam, pp. 91-114. Fine Arts Department of Thailand,
Bangkok. https://www.academia.edu/7172300/.
Examines the glass beads from two Iron Age sites in northeast Thailand.
Carter, Alison, Dougald O’Reilly, Louise Shewan, and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Northwest Cambodia and the Mekong Interaction Sphere: Glass and Stone Beads from
Lovea, Prei Khmeng, and Sophy. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
34:77-95.
Discusses the beads recovered from burial contexts dating to the Iron Age or protohistoric period
(500 BCE-500 CE), including their typology, production technology, and chemical composition.
The latter reveals that most of the glass beads are made from a high-alumina mineral-soda glass,
while the stone beads were likely produced from Indian raw materials using South Asian
production techniques.
Cassedy, Daniel F., Paul A. Webb, and James Bradley
1996 The Vanderwerken Site: A Protohistoric Iroquois Occupation on Schoharie Creek.
NYSAA Bulletin 111/112:21-34; https://www.academia.edu/29218824/.
Presents a detailed analysis of a rolled-copper bead derived from Basque sources in Europe
found at a protohistoric (ca. 1575-1600) Mohawk site in east-central New York state. The
composition is compared to 28 other yellow-metal samples.
Castelo Ruano, R., C. Gutiérrez Neira, J. Barrio Martín, J. Hurtado Aguña, A.I. Pardo
Naranjo, A. López Pérez, and R. García Giménez
2011-2012
Estudio arqueohistórico y analítico de un conjunto de vidrios de la villa romana
de El Saucedo (Talavera La Nueva, Toledo). CuPAUAM 37-38:687-703.
A group of selected glasses, including several distinctive beads, from the early and late imperial,
and Visigoth epochs at a site in Spain, were analyzed using MEB-EDX to determine their
composition.
Cattin, Florence, Philippe Curdy, Barbara Guénette-Beck, Adrian Wichser, Andrea
Utrich, Vera Hubert, Katja Hunger, Marie Wörle, Kathrin Hametner, Detlef Günther,
Carmela Chateau-Smith, Igor M. Villa, and Marie Besse
2014 The Copper-Based Artefacts from Sion/Petit-Chasseur (Valais, Switzerland) during the
Late Neolithic, the Bell Beaker Period and the Early Bronze Age (3200–1550 BC). In
Around the Petit-Chasseur Site in Sion (Valais, Switzerland) and New Approaches to the
Bell Beaker Culture, edited by Marie Besse, pp. 59-75. Archaeopress Archaeology,
Oxford. https://www.academia.edu/9599396/.
Reports on the analysis of various artifacts, including tubular beads.
Cavalieri, Marco and Alessandra Giumlia-Mair
2009 Lombardic Glassworking in Tuscany. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24:10231032.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass beads found in a glass workshop of the 6th-7th
centuries in Tuscany, Italy.
Cerdeño, M.ª Luisa, José Antonio Martínez, Fernando Agua, Teresa Sagardoy, and
Manuel Monasterio
2013 Ámbar en la Meseta Oriental durante el Bronce Final: yacimientos locales e
importaciones bálticas / Amber in East Meseta during the Late Bronze Age: Local Sites
and Baltic Imports. Trabajos de Prehistoria 69(2):375-384.
Analysis reveals that two amber beads of the Late Bronze Age from the Herrería II cemetery at
Molina de Aragón, Guadalajara, Spain, are of Baltic origin.
Èerná, Eva, Václav Hulínský, Kateøina Tomková, and Zuzana Cílová
2005 Early Medieval Glass Beads from Prague Castle and its Surrounding – Typological and
Chemical Classification of the Finds. Annales du 16e Congrès de l’Association
Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, London 2003, pp. 335-339.
Èerná, Eva, Kateøina Tomková, and Václav Hulínský
2015 Promìny skel od 11. do konce 13. století v Èechách [The Glass Transformation in
Bohemia between the Eleventh Century and the End of the Thirteenth Century].
Archeologické rozhledy LXVII:79-108; https://www.academia.edu/16391480/.
Addresses the transformation of glassworking and glassmaking technology between the 11th and
13th centuries, in comparison with that of the 10th century. The use of non-destructive EPMA –
SEM-EDS enabled the definition of several chemical types which testify to the divergent
technologies and provenance of both the raw glass and artifacts, including beads. In Czech with
English summary.
Chafe, Anne, Ron Hancock, and Ian Kenyon
2009 A Note on the Neutron Activation Analysis of 16th- and 17th-century Blue Glass Trade
Beads from the Eastern Great Lakes. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
21:18-20. Reprinted from The Bead Forum 9:13-18 (1986).
https://www.academia.edu/39087830/.
The beads formed two groups, those colored with cobalt and those colored with copper.
Chapon, Linda, Juan Jesús Padilla-Fernández, Alberto Dorado-Alejos, and Antonio
Blanco-González
2024 Iron Age Connectivity Revealed by an Assemblage of Egyptian Faience in Central Iberia.
European Journal of Archaeology; https://www.academia.edu/116476993/.
Macroscopic and chemical analyses demonstrate that faience beads and a Hathor amulet
recovered from a 7th-century BC village in northwestern Spain were likely manufactured in
Egypt during the Middle and New Kingdoms (2nd millennium BC), attesting to a far-reaching
Phoenician maritime network that connected both ends of the Mediterranean.
Chase, Brad, Randall Law, Franklin Hobbs, and Huifang Xu
2021 Faking It? X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Beads from Kotada Bhadli Reveals Evidence
for Imitation Steatite in Harappan Gujarat. In Culture, Tradition, and Continuity:
Disquisitions in Honour of Prof. Vasant Shinde, edited by Prabodh Shirvalkar and Esha
Prasad, pp. 175-183. B.R. Publishing, Delhi. https://www.academia.edu/60610231/.
Analysis suggests that several beads that look like typical whitened steatite beads are actually
made of unfired smectitic clay (perhaps nontronite) containing quartz and anatase.
Chen, Dian, Qingshuo Zeng, Chao Li, Baotong Qiao, and Wugan Luo
2024 Exotic Treasures or Local Innovation: Gold and Silver Beads of Han Dynasty Excavated
from Nanyang City, Henan Province, Central China. Journal of Archaeological Science
161,105903; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105903.
Analysis of glass beads decorated internally with gold and silver foil applied through foil-fusion
revealed that the gold beads originated from different sources, whereas the silver ones likely
originated from the Central Plains region.
Cheng, Qian, Jin-Long Guo, Bo Wang, and Jian-Feng Cui
2012 Characteristics of Chemical Composition of Glass Finds from the Qiemo Tomb Sites on
the Silk Road. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 32(07):1955-1960;
http://www.gpxygpfx.com/EN/abstract/abstract5728.shtml.
Glass beads dating between the 1st and 6th centuries AD found in the Zagunluke tomb in
Xinjiang, western China, had chemical composition very similar to typical soda-lime glass
which indicates they were imported from the West. The glasses form two groups based on the
flux: natron glass and plant ash glass. In Chinese.
2016
Scientific Analysis of a Glass Vessel and an Eye Bead from the Zhagunluke and the
Shanpula Sites from the Overland Southern Line of the Silk Road. In Recent Advances in
the Scientific Research on Ancient Glass and Glaze, edited by Fuxi Gan, Qinghui Li, and
Julian Henderson, pp. 193-206. World Century Publishing, Hackensack, NJ, and World
Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
Chemical composition of objects uncovered in Xinjiang, China.
Cheng, Qian, Jin-Long Guo, Huajie Zhang, and Bo Wang
2014 The Colourful Hub of the Silk Road: A Study of Glass Beads Excavated from Two
Shanpula Tomb Sites in the Khotan Area of Xinjiang, China. Studies in Conservation
59(S1):S25-S27; https://doi.org/10.1179/204705814X13975704317471.
Analysis revealed three different types of glass: natron and plant-ash types of soda-lime-silica
glass from the West and a high-potash glass with a potassium-rich flux.
Cheng, Qian, Xueyan Zhang, Jinlong Guo, Bo Wang, Yong Lei, Guangzhao Zhou, and
Ya’nan Fu
2019 Application of Computed Tomography in the Analysis of Glass Beads Unearthed in
Shanpula Cemetery (Khotan), Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Archaeological
and Anthropological Sciences 11:937-945; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0582-6.
Demonstrates how CT technology contributes to the study of the manufacture of archaeological
glass beads based on the study of two polychrome specimens.
Cherel, Anne-Françoise, Bernard Gratuze, and Patrick Simon
2018 Les perles en faïence et en verre de l’âge du Bronze découvertes en Bretagne : Nouvelles
données, nouvelles approches : Étude typo-chronologique, composition, provenance.
Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 115(2):327-360;
https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_2018_num_115_2_14893.
Presents new data on faience and glass beads of the Bronze Age found in Brittany, France,
including typo-chronological and compositional evidence.
2018
Les perles en verre du premier âge du Fer et du début du second âge du Fer en Bretagne :
étude typo-chronologique et composition. In Céramiques gauloises d’Armorique. Les
dessiner, les caractériser, les dater, edited by Yves Menez, pp. 471-488. Presses
Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes.
A typo-chronological and composition study of glass beads of the first Iron Age and the
beginning of the second Iron Age in Brittany, France.
Childs, S. Terry
2011 Copper Remains on Cape Cod: A Metallurgical Analysis of Two Objects. In Chapters in
the Archeology of Cape Cod, IV: Faunal Analysis and Metallurgical Analysis from the
Cape Cod National Seashore Archeological Survey, edited by Francis P. McManamon,
pp. 65-80. Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Wellfleet, MA.
One of the objects is a rolled copper bead from a prehistoric site in Massachusetts.
Chung, Kwang Yong, Hyung Tae Kang, Min Jeong Koh, and Hwa Jung Kim
2011 Chemical Compositions of Glass Beads from Tombs of Bupwha-ri Site, Yeongdong.
Journal of Archaeological Science 27(3):243-250;
https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=401.
Beads of the Joseon dynasty (Korea) were found to belong to the potash-glass system (K2OCaO-SiO2) with HCA (High CaO and Al2O3) and a high concentration of MgO.
Ciarlo, Nicolás C., Patricia Solá, and Cristina Bellelli
2010 Caracterización de cuentas líticas provenientes del valle del río Manso (Provincia de Río
Negro). In La arqueometría en Argentina y Latinoamérica, edited by Silvana Bertolino,
G.R. Cattaneo and A.D. Izeta, pp. 159-164. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades,
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba. https://www.academia.edu/5536198/.
Microscopic and analytical examination reveal that two prehistoric stone beads found in central
Argentina are made of a fine-grained metamorphic rock, possibly phyllite or slate.
Cissé, Mamadou
2010 Archaeological Investigations of Early Trade and Urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali). Ph.D.
thesis. Department of Anthropology, Rice University, Houston.
https://www.academia.edu/50662804/.
Dating to the period AD 700-1100, the site yielded a variety of ceramic, stone (mostly
carnelian), bone, faience, and glass beads. Two appendices by Laure Dussubieux present LAICP-MS analysis of the glass beads.
Claassen, Cheryl
1989 Sourcing Marine Shell Artifacts. In Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference,
edited by Charles F. Hayes III, pp. 17-23. Rochester Museum and Science Center,
Research Records 20.
Presents an introduction to the sourcing of shell on the basis of its geochemical signature.
Sources of chemical variation in shell are explored, and it is suggested that species, age, and
locale of collection can be determined by chemical signatures.
Coccato, Alessia, Mafalda Costa, Anastasia Rousaki, Bernard Olivier Clist, Karlis
Karklins, Koen Bostoen, Ana Manhita, Ana Cardoso, Cristina Barrocas Dias, António
Candeias, Luc Moens, José Mirão, and Peter Vandenabeele
2017 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and Complementary Techniques (hXRF, VP-SEM-EDS, ìFTIR and Py-GC/MS) Applied to the Study of Beads from the Kongo Kingdom
(Democratic Republic of the Congo). Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 48(11):1468-1478;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313582731.
Various analytical techniques were used to determine the chemical composition of glass beads
recovered from archaeological excavations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Colomban, Philippe
2016 Identification non-destructive des agents colorants. Applications aux peintures rupestres
et aux perles de verre d’Afrique australe. In Les couleurs dans les arts d'Afrique. De la
Préhistoire à nos jours, edited by Manuel Gutierrez, Michèle Ballinger, Manuel
Valentin, and Mathilde Buratti, pp. 15-33. Editions des archives contemporaines, Paris.
In that colorants used in the production of glass beads vary chemically and/or technologically
over time and according to the productions site, their identification can be used as a
chronological marker or exchange-network tracer. In this study, glass beads from Late Iron Age
sites in the upper Limpopo Valley of South Africa are assessed.
Colomban, Philippe, Grégory March, Léo Mazerolles, Tijani Karmous, Naceur Ayed,
Abdelmajid Ennabli, and Hédi Slim
2003 Raman Identification of Materials Used for Jewellery and Mosaics in Ifriqiya. Journal of
Raman Spectroscopy 34:205-213; https://www.academia.edu/8804684/.
Beads, rings, and mosaic tessarae from Tunisia (Carthage and Utica, 1st centuries BC and AD;
El Djem, 2nd-3rd centuries; and Mahdia, 10th century) were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy to
differentiate the various types of glasses (most have Si- and Na/Ca-rich compositions, some
others contain lead).
Colomban, Philippe, Gulsu Simsek Franci, and Farahnaz Koleini
2021 On-Site Raman Spectroscopic Study of Beads from the Necropolis of Vohemar, Northern
Madagascar (>13th C.). Heritage 4(1):524-540; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010031.
Carnelian and glass trade beads were analyzed using a mobile Raman spectrometer. The results
are compared with those obtained from beads excavated at different sites in Southern Africa and
on Mayotte Island, and it appears that most of the beads come from southern Asia and Europe.
Conte, Sonia, Rossella Arletti, Julian Henderson, Patrick Degryse, and Annelore Blomme
2016 Different Glassmaking Technologies in the Production of Iron Age Black Glass from
Italy and Slovakia. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences DOI 10.1007/s12520016-0366-4.
Presents the results of an archaeometrical investigation performed on 75 black-glass beads dated
to the 9th-5th century BC coming from sites in Italy and Slovakia. The analysis provides
evidence for two different production technologies in Iron Age black glass found in Italy (natron
glass, probably produced in Egypt) and Slovakia (wood ash glass, probably produced in Europe).
Conte, Sonia, Rossella Arletti, Francesca Mermati, and Bernard Gratuze
2016 Unravelling the Iron Age Glass Trade in Southern Italy: The First Trace-Element
Analyses. European Journal of Mineralogy 28; https://www.academia.edu/40984120/.
Analysis of 72 glass beads from Sarno, Cuma, and Capua (Campania, southern Italy), dated to
the 9th-6th centuries BC, reveals a complex picture as regards both the chemical composition of
the glass and the trade routes of Early Iron Age Campania.
Conte, Sonia, Ilaria Matarese, Simona Quartieri, Rossella Arletti, Reinhard Jung, Marco
Pacciarelli, and Bernard Gratuze
2015 Bronze Age Vitreous Materials from Punta di Zambrone (Southern Italy). European
Journal of Mineralogy 27(3):337-351; https://www.academia.edu/26052924/.
Presents the results of an archaeometrical investigation of a set of samples (9 faience beads, 1
glassy bead) from approximately 1200 BCE (Recent Bronze Age).
Conte, Sonia, Ilaria Matarese, Giovanna Vezzalini, Marco Pacciarelli, Teodoro Scarano,
Alessandro Vanzetti, Bernard Gratuze, and Rossella Arletti
2019 How Much is Known about Glassy Materials in Bronze and Iron Age Italy? New Data
and General Overview. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11:1813-1841;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0634-6.
Presents physical-chemical data for 61 vitreous beads and pendants from 11 southern Italian sites
dated from the beginning of the Bronze Age up to the Archaic period (22nd-6th centuries BC).
Cooper, Anwen, Duncan Garrow, Catriona Gibson, Melanie Giles, and Neil Wilkin
2022 Grave Goods: Objects and Death in Later Prehistoric Britain. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
http://books.casematepublishing.com/Grave_Goods.pdf.
Beads are mentioned throughout the volume which deals with the period from ca. 4000 BC to
AD 43. See “Beads” in the index.
Cooper, H. Kory, Kenneth M. Ames, and Loren G. Davis
2015 Metal and Prestige in the Greater Lower Columbia River Region, Northwestern North
America. Journal of Northwest Anthropology 49(2):143-166;
https://www.academia.edu/17773566/.
Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to determinere the chemical composition of
yellow-metal specimens (including tubular copper beads) recovered from the Meier and
Cathlapotle archaeological sites, two Chinookan sites occupied from approximately AD 14001820 and AD 1450-1833, respectively.
Costa, Mafalda, Ana Margarida Arruda, Luís Dias, Rui Barbosa, José Mirão, and Peter
Vandenabeele
2018 The Combined Use of Raman and Micro-X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in the Study of
Archaeological Glass Beads. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy;
https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5446.
Proposes a new nondestructive methodology that combines micro Raman spectroscopy and
micro-X-ray diffraction (ì-XRD), complemented by variable pressure scanning electron
microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, to determine the composition of
glass artifacts and the manufacturing techniques employed in their production.
Costa, Mafalda, Pedro Barrulas, Ana Margarida Arruda, Rui Barbosa, Peter
Vandenabeele, and José Mirão
2022 New Approaches for the Study of Faience Using Beads from Southern Portugal. Journal
of Archaeological Science: Reports 46, 103703;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103703.
Thirty faience beads recovered from the Iron Age necropolis of Vinha das Caliças 4 (Beja,
Portugal) were analyzed to identify their production technology and provide insights into their
possible provenance.
Costa, Mafalda, Pedro Barrulas, Ana Margarida Arruda, Luís Dias, Rui Barbosa, Peter
Vandenabeele, and José Mirão
2021 An Insight into the Provenance of the Phoenician-Punic Glass Beads of the Necropolis of
Vinha das Caliças (Beja, Portugal). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 13,
149; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01390-5.
Analysis of the Iron Age beads revealed that all were composed of soda-lime-silica natron-based
glass. This suggests the beads may have originated in glass workshops in the Levant and Egypt.
Costa, Mafalda, Pedro Barrulas, Luís Dias, Maria da Conceição Lopes, João Barreira,
Bernard Clist, Karlis Karklins, Maria da Piedade de Jesus, Sónia da Silva Domingos, Luc
Moens, Peter Vandenabeele, and José Mirão
2020 Determining the Provenance of the European Glass Beads of Lumbu (Mbanza Kongo,
Angola). Microchemical Journal 154, 104531;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337953557.
Trace element analysis, and rare earth element pattern analysis in particular, established that
most of the European trade beads were produced in Venice, and the glass beads from types 26
and 28 have been assigned to the Bohemian glass industry.
Costa, Mafalda, Pedro Barrulas, Luís Dias, Maria da Conceição Lopes, João Barreira,
Bernard Clist, Karlis Karklins, Maria da Piedade de Jesus, Sónia da Silva Domingos, Peter
Vandenabeele, and José Mirão
2019 Multi-Analytical Approach to the Study of the European Glass Beads Found in the
Tombs of Kulumbimbi (Mbanza Kongo, Angola). Microchemical Journal 149, 103990;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334093803.
Analysis revealed the various colorants and opacifiers used in the production of the glass as well
as suggesting the place of manufacture of some of the bead types.
Costa, Mafalda, Pedro Barrulas, Maria da Conceição Lopes, João Barreira, Maria da
Piedade de Jesus, Sónia da Silva Domingos, Peter Vandenabeele, and José Mirão
2023 Personal Adornments in West-Central Africa – The Case Study of a Talc Bead from the
Kongo Kingdom (Mbanza Kongo, Angola). Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 15, 22; https://www.academia.edu/102832264/.
A multi-analytical study suggests that this gold-colored talc bead constitutes the first evidence of
local production of personal ornaments in the Kongo kingdom and one of the first examples of
craft specialization for such purposes in central and southern Africa since prehistoric times.
Costa, Marcondes Lima da, Anna Cristina Resque Lopes da Silva, Rômulo Simões
Angélica, Herbert Pöllmann, and Walter Schuckmann
2002 Muyrakytã ou muiraquitã, um talismã arqueológico em jade procedente da Amazônia:
uma revisão histórica e considerações antropogeológicas. Acta Amazonica 32(3):431448; https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43922002323490.
Mineralogical and chemical analyses of ten muiraquitãs (frog-shaped talisman pendants) from
the lower Amazon reveal they are made of a variety of local stones, disproving the belief that the
stones originated in Asia.
Cosyns, Peter and Bernard Gratuze
2005 La composition chimique des perles en verre de la tombe à char de la nécropole de
Neufchâteau-Le Sart par LA-ICP-MS. Arduinna 63:1-7.
On the chemical composition of glass beads from the necropolis at Neufchâteau-Sart, Belgium.
Courcier, A., A. Gasanova, and A. Hauptmann
2008 Ancient Metallurgy in the Caucasus during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age:
Recent Results from Excavations in Western Azerbaijan. Metalla (Bochum) 15(1):21-34.
Reports the chemical composition of beads composed of silver and gold from the Soyuq Bulaq
kurgan in western Azerbaijan. One of the silver examples had a steatite bead as its core.
Craig, Jennifer
2021 Refining the Chronology and Distribution of Mid-Fifteenth to Mid-Seventeenth Century
Indian Ocean World Glass. Antiquity 95(384); https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.155.
Reports on the morphological and compositional analysis of glass beads from three shipwrecks
located off the Philippines: Pandanan (1460-1487), Santa Cruz (1488-1505), and Royal Captain
Shoal Wreck 2 (1573-1620).
Craig, Jennifer and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Shifting Patterns of Glass Bead Cargo of 15th-17th Century Philippines Shipwrecks. In
The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited
by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 177-196. Studies in Archaeological
Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.14.
Compositional analysis of 85 glass beads recovered from three shipwrecks is combined with an
examination of the ceramic and glass cargo patterns of the wrecks to help recreate ancient
exchange routes.
Cruz, Mario da and Bernard Gratuze
2016 Perles de verre préromaines de Conimbriga (Portugal). Bulletin de l’AFAV, 2016:7-9;
afaverre.fr/pdf/bull2016/2016-01-da%20cruz.pdf.
Presents the chemical analysis of a group of pre-Roman glass beads found at a major Roman
settlement in Portugal. They date from the Iron Age to the 1st century AD.
Cui, Jianfeng, Chuankun He, Kehong Liu, and Xiaohong Wu
2008 Scientific Analysis of Some Ancient Glass Beads Unearthed from Taiwan.
Nanfangwenwu (Cultural Relics of Southern China) 4:109-114.
Eighteen ancient glass beads unearthed from Taiwan Province are analyzed using laser ablation.
Cui, Jianfeng, Xiaohong Wu, and Baoling Huang
2011 Chemical and Lead Isotope Analysis of Some Lead-Barium Glass Wares from the
Warring States Period, Unearthed from Chu Tombs in Changde City, Hunan Province,
China. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(70):1671-1679.
Analysis reveals that all samples are PbO-BaO-SiO2 glasses; i.e., traditional ancient Chinese
glasses. The results suggest that all Bi wares may either share a common source or were
produced according to similar recipes. In turn, the eye beads tested have a different chemical
composition.
Cultraro, Massimo
2007 Evidence of Amber in Bronze Age Sicily: Local Sources and the Balkan-Mycenaean
Connection. In Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders, edited
by Ioanna Galanaki, Helena Tomas, Yannis Galanakis, and Robert Laffineur, pp. 377387. Aegaeum 27. https://www.academia.edu/39678843/.
Surveys the finds (mostly beads) of Sicilian amber (simetite) and reports on its chemical
composition.
Dadiego, Danielle Lynn
2020 Beads, Bullets, and Brokerage: Exploring Economic Agency in Eighteenth-Century West
Florida. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa
Cruz. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8qm5q59w.
Explores the effectiveness of Spanish economic institutions in a borderland region based on
archival research, traditional artifact analysis, and LA-ICP-MS isotopic analysis of glass beads.
2021
A Chemical Comparison of Black Glass Seed Beads from North America and Europe.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 33:54-63;
https://www.academia.edu/74271216/.
Explores the elemental composition of black seed beads from three 18th-century sites in
Pensacola, Florida, and compares the assemblage to a small sample of similar glass beads
recovered from three sites in the United States as well as four potential glass production
locations in Europe.
Dadiego, Danielle L., Alyssa Gelinas, and Tsim D. Schneider
2021 Unpacking the Bead: Exploring a Glass Bead Assemblage from Mission Santa Cruz,
California, Using LA-ICP-MS. American Antiquity 86(2):413-424;
https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2020.110.
Focuses on the morphometric and elemental analysis of white glass beads collected from an
adobe structure at Mission Santa Cruz which operated between 1791 and the 1830s in the
colonial province of Alta (upper) California.
Daggett, Adrianne, Marilee Wood, and Laure Dussubieux
2021 Learning from Glass Trade Beads at Thabadimasego, Botswana. In African Archaeology
Without Frontiers: Papers from the 2014 PanAfrican Archaeological Association
Congress, edited by Karim Sadr, Amanda Esterhuysen, and Chrissie Sievers, pp. 127142. Wits University Press, Johannesburg. https://www.academia.edu/56868738/.
Reports the results of recent laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
analysis (LA-ICP-MS) of an assemblage of glass beads from an Early Iron Age site in northeast
Botswana. The indication that the site participated in some of the earliest manifestations of the
vast Indian Ocean trade network.
Dalton-Carriger, Jessica N.
2016 New Perspectives on the Seventeenth-Century Protohistoric Period in East Tennessee:
Redefining the Period through Glass Trade Bead and Ceramic Analyses. Ph.D.
dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
https://www.academia.edu/29303019/.
Examines new fields of evidence and employs new dating methods in order to fully understand
the protohistoric period in East Tennessee. Using both pXRF and LA-ICP-MS analyses of the
glass trade beads, this study creates a chronological sequence of chemical patterns corresponding
to Native American habitation.
Dalton-Carriger, Jessica N. and Elliot H. Blair
2014 Search for the Protohistoric Period in East Tennessee: Answering Chronological
Questions via pXRF and LA-ICP-MS Analyses. Paper presented at the 71st Annual
Meeting of the Southeaster Archaeological Conference, Greenville, South Carolina.
https://www.academia.edu/9394078/.
Analysis of 282 glass trade beads from eastern Tennessee and surrounding states has revealed
trends in their chemical composition which can be correlated to date ranges.
2022 Glass Trade Bead Analysis at Upper Hampton Farm (40RH41): A Case Study for 17th
and 18th Century Non-Cherokee Habitation in East Tennessee Valley. In The Elemental
Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure
Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 101-118. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.10.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of a small sample of IIa40 glass beads from the site suggests a significant
17th-century occupation of the site, a finding that does not conform to the standard ideas of
abandonment and Cherokee re-occupation and instead hints at a continued 17th- century
occupation of the lower East Tennessee Valley.
d’Ambrosio, Beatrice and S. Sfrecola
1987-1988
Le collane eneolitiche e del Bronzo Antico della Liguria: materie prime e fonti di
approvigionamento. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 41:331-344.
Analysis of Eneolithic beads by X-ray diffraction identified 12 raw materials (mostly stone) and
suggests possible provenance in and around Liguria, Italy.
Damick, Alison and Marshall Woodworth
2015 Steatite Beads from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: A Case Study in Early Bronze Age
Technology in Northern Coastal Lebanon. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
3:603-614; https://www.academia.edu/15767268/.
SEM/EDX and XRD analysis of seven small stone beads revealed that six were made from fired
steatite (synthetic enstatite) while the seventh was formed of quartz-based faience or frit.
Dardeniz, Gonca and Aliye Öztan
2020 Acemhöyük Fayans ve Frit Eserleri Üzerine Arkeolojik ve Arkeometrik
Deðerlendirmeler [Archaeological and Archaeometric Investigations of Acemhöyük
Faience and Frit Artefacts]. Türk Tarih Kurumu Belleten 84(301):837-886;
https://www.academia.edu/44692584/.
Elemental analysis of faience beads and other objects suggests at least two different workshops
for the Acemhöyük vitreous materials during the early 2nd Millennium BC. In Turkish with an
English abstract.
Dardeniz, Gonca, T. Yildirim, C. Yildirim, and E. Çiftçi
2021 Techniques of Blue, Green, and White Faience Bead Production Used at the Early
Bronze Age Central Anatolian Site of Resuloðlu (Turkey). Archaeometry 63(2):327-342;
https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12606.
Analysis of the microstructure and chemical compositions of 26 morphologically similar,
colored beads revealed local faience bead production using efflorescence and cementation
glazing techniques.
Daszkiewicz, Ma³gorzata and Miriam Lahitte
2013 Possibilities and Limitations of Using pXRF for Analysis of Ancient Beads. An Example
from Gala Abu Ahmed, Sudan. In Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2013, edited by
Andreas Hauptmann, O. Mecking, and Matthias Prange, pp. 269-273. Metalla,
Sonderheft 6.
Daszkiewicz, Ma³gorzata, Miriam Lahitte, and Rudolf Naumann
2021 Analysis of Ancient Beads from Gala Abu Ahmed, Sudan, Using pXRF and XRD. In
Using pXRF for the Analysis of Ancient Pottery: An Expert Workshop in Berlin 2014,
edited by Morten Hegewisch, Ma³gorzata Daszkiewicz, and Gerwulf Schneider, pp. 241248. Edition Topoi, Berlin. https://www.academia.edu/46890616/.
Analysis of beads of various materials revealed that pXRF results could be used to group the
beads, but additional analyses, such as XRD and SEM-EDX, are required to accurately
determine what materials are.
Davin, Laurent, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, and Julien Navas
2023 Plant-Based Red Colouration of Shell Beads 15,000 Years Ago in Kebara Cave, Mount
Carmel (Israel). PloS ONE 18(10), e0292264; https://www.academia.edu/108582369/.
SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy analyses of 10 red-stained shell beads enabled the detection
of a colorant made of Rubiaceae plant roots to color personal adornments by the first sedentary
hunter-gatherers in the Levant.
Davis, Mary and Ian C. Freestone
2018 Trading North: Glass-working beyond the Edge of the Empire. In Things that Travelled:
Mediterranean Glass in the First Millennium CE, edited by Daniela Rosenow, Matt
Phelps, Andrew Meek, and Ian Freestone, pp.107-133. UCL Press, London.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21c4tb3.12; https://www.academia.edu/90305312/.
Reports on the chemical composition of a unique assemblage of glass beads and glass fragments
from Culduthel, an Iron Age site in northeast Scotland.
Davis, Mary, Fraser Hunter, and Alec Livingstone
1995 The Corrosion, Conservation and Analysis of a Lead and Cannel Coal Necklace from the
Early Bronze Age. Studies in Conservation 40(4):257-264.
Discusses a two-strand necklace of lead and cannel coal beads found around the neck of a small
child in southeast Scotland. The beads represent the earliest known use of metallic lead in
Britain and Ireland.
Davri, Konstantina A., Yorgos Facorellis, and Georges P. Mastrotheodoros
2023 The SEM/EDS and XRF Non-Destructive Analysis of 30 Neolithic Beads from the
Sarakenos Cave, Boeotia, Greece. In The Sarakenos Cave at Akraephnion, Boeotia,
Greece. From the Middle Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age, Vol. IV, edited by Adamantios
Sampson and Tonia Tsourouni, pp. 287-312. Spanos Bibliophilia, Athens.
https://www.academia.edu/107104461/.
The beads analyzed were of stone and shell.
Dayet, Laure, Rudolph Erasmus, Aurore Val, Léa Feyfant, Guillaume Porraz
2017 Beads, Pigments and Early Holocene Ornamental Traditions at Bushman Rock Shelter,
South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 13:635-651.
The ostrich-eggshell, giant land-snail, and marine-shell beads recovered from the site were
subjected to a technological and use-wear study with chemical analyses (SEM-EDS and Raman
analyses) of the colored residues they bear.
Dìd, Jiøí, Estelle Ottenwelter, and Ludmila Šejvlová
2015 Early Medieval Silver Pearl from Lumbe’s Garden Cemetery at Prague Castle:
Composition, Manufacture, Deterioration and Conservation. Studies in Conservation
61:174-183; https://www.academia.edu/15346392/.
Presents a detailed study of an openwork silver bead found with the burial of a wealthy female
interred during the 9th century. Czechia.
de Ferri, Lavinia, Francesco Mezzadri, Roberto Falcone, Valeria Quagliani, Fabio Milazzo,
and Giulio Pojana
2020 A Non-destructive Approach for the Characterization of Glass Artifacts: The Case of
Glass Beads from the Iron Age Picene Necropolises of Novilara and Crocefisso-Matelica
(Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29, 102124;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102124.
Provides new insights into the composition of glass beads recovered from sites along Italy’s
Adriatic coast that have not been investigated previously from an archaeometric perspective.
Dekówna, Maria
1993 Les perles en verre de la nécropole du 7ème dt du 9ème siècle à Zalakomar (Hongrie).
Annales du 12e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Vienne
- Wien, 26-31 août 1991, pp. 271-278.
On the composition of glass beads from a necropolis in Hungary of the 7th-9th centuries.
2010
The Glass from Cösitz (Zörbig), Sachsen-Anhalt, and the Origins of Non-Alkaline LeadSilica Glass from European Finds. The State of Research in Outline. Archaeologia
Polona 48:269-287.
Delves into the origins of lead-silica glass in early medieval Europe, spurred by the finding of a
bead made of high-quality PbO-SiO2 glass found at a medieval (9th century) stronghold in
eastern Germany.
2018
Bead Variety of Dark Glass Decorated with Glass Thread. Problems of Origin and
Chronology. In The Historical Glass: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Historical Glass
III, edited by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, pp. 127-144. Slovak Arts Council,
Bratislava. https://www.academia.edu/38557041/.
Discusses distinctive wound beads found at sites of the late Roman and early medieval times in
central Europe. Includes chemical analysis.
Dekówna, Maria and Tomasz Purowski
2012 Znaleziska zwi¹zane ze szklarstwem oraz okazy z kwarcu ze stanowiska Janów Pomorski
1 [Glass and Quartz Finds from Janów Pomorski Site 1]. In Janów Pomorski Stan. 1 /
Site 1. Wyniki ratowniczych badañ archeologicznych w latach 2007-2008, edited by
Mateusz Bogucki and Beata Jurkiewicz, vol. 1:3, pp. 65-260. Muzeum ArcheologicznoHistoryczne w Elbl¹gu, Elbl¹g. https://www.academia.edu/6783223/.
Presents a detailed study of the forms and chemical composition of glass beads from contexts
ranging from the Hallstatt period to the Early Middle Ages at a site in north-central Poland.
2019
Bi¿uteria szklana z cmentarzyska w Dziekanowicach [Glass Jewellery from the
Dziekanowice Cemetery]. In Groby z bi¿uteri¹ wczesnoœredniowiecznego cmentarzyska
w Dziekanowicach, edited by Jacek Wrzesiñski, pp. 237-360. FONTES. Lednica Studies
Library, series B1, 8:1. https://www.academia.edu/43022113/.
Discusses the glass beads recovered from an early medieval cemetery in west-central Poland,
including their chemical composition. English summary.
Delgado Robles, Alma A., Jose Luis Ruvalcaba Sil, Pieterjan Claes, Mayra D. Manrique
Ortega, Edgar Casanova González, Miguel Ángel Maynez Rojas, Martha Cuevas García,
and Sabrina García Castillo
2015 Non-Destructive in Situ Spectroscopic Analysis of Greenstone Objects from Royal Burial
Offerings of the Mayan Site of Palenque, Mexico. Heritage Science 3(20);
https://www.academia.edu/57382334/.
Several spectroscopic techniques, such as Raman, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray
fluorescence (XRF), and color measurements, were used to identify specific minerals used to
create beads and pendants during the period AD 600-850 and their sources.
Demarchi, Beatrice, Sonia O’Connor, Andre de Lima Ponzoni, Raquel de Almeida Rocha
Ponzoni, Alison Sheridan, Kirsty Penkman, Y. Hancock, and Julie Wilson
2014 An Integrated Approach to the Taxonomic Identification of Prehistoric Shell Ornaments.
PLoS ONE 9(6):1-12; https://www.academia.edu/7405538/.
Worked shell beads lose taxonomic clues to identification and this may be compounded by
taphonomic alteration. This article reports the use of bulk amino acid composition of the stable
intra-crystalline proteins preserved in shell biominerals to demonstrate that taxonomic
identification can be achieved at the genus level. The study is based on beads discovered at the
Early Bronze Age site of Great Cornard, United Kingdom.
Demény, Attila, Bernadett Bajnóczi, Sándor Kele, István Fórizs, Gabriella Barna, and
Zoltán Siklósy
2009 Stable Isotope Analysis of Carbonatic Ornaments from the Late Copper Age Cemetery at
Budakalász. In The Copper Age Cemetery at Budakalász, edited by Mária Bondár and Pál
Raczky, pp. 437-448. Pytheas, Budapest.
Concludes that stable isotope geochemistry, especially if used in combination with
cathodoluminescence microscopy, can be a useful tool for provenance studies. In the case of the
Budakalasz samples, analysis enabled the secure identification of the limestone and shell beads.
Hungary.
Denbow, James, Carla Klehm, and Laure Dussubieux
2015 The Glass Beads of Kaitshàa: New Insights on Early Indian Ocean Trade into the Far
Interior of Southern Africa. Antiquity 89:361-337; https://www.academia.edu/11868001/.
Using compositional analysis of glass beads from an Iron Age site in the central Kalahari Desert,
Botswana, the authors argue that the site exemplifies the role of heterarchy and indigenous
agency in the evolving political economy of the subcontinent.
Denbow, James, Jeannette Smith, Nonofho Mathibidi Ndobochani, Kirsten Atwood, and
Duncan Miller
2008 Archaeological Excavations at Bosutswe, Botswana: Cultural Chronology, PaleoEcology and Economy. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(2):459-480;
ttps://www.academia.edu/3776224/.
Reports the chemical composition of the copper and bronze beads recovered from Lose period
(AD 1200-1650) contexts.
d’Errico, Francesco, L. Doyon, J. Zilhão, and J. Baker
2023 Tooth in the Spotlight: Exploring the Integration of Archaeological and Genetic Data to
Build Multidisciplinary Narratives of the Past. OSF Preprints. https://osf.io/xgr95/.
An international team of researchers question the results of the extraction of human DNA from a
deer-tooth pendant discovered in Denisova cave, Siberia, published by Essel et al. (2023).
d’Errico, F., M. Vanhaeren, K. Van Niekerk, C.S. Henshilwood, and R.M. Erasmus
2014 Assessing the Accidental Versus Deliberate Color Modification of Shell Beads. A Case
Study on Perforated Nassarius kraussianus from Blombos Cave Middle Stone Age
Levels. Archaeometry 57(1):51-76.
Comparing modern shells experimentally heated in oxidizing and reductive atmospheres with
shell beads from the 72-ka-old Middle Stone Age levels of Blombos Cave, South Africa, reveals
that although some shell beads were heated, intentional heat treatment of shell beads is not
demonstrated.
Dias, M.I., Zs. Kasztovszky, M.I. Prudêncio, I. Harsányi, I. Kovács, Z. Szõkefalvi-Nagy, J.
Mihály, G. Káli, A.C. Valera, and A.L. Rodrigues
2018 Investigating Beads from Chalcolithic Funerary Cremation Contexts of Perdigões,
Portugal. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 20:434-442.
A set of burned beads of uncertain composition were found to be made of shell.
Dillis, Sarah, Alicia Van Ham-Meert, Peter Leeming, Andrew Shortland, GelaGobejishvili,
Mikheil Abramishvili & Patrick Degryse
2019 Antimony as a Raw Material in Ancient Metal and Glass Making: Provenancing
Georgian LBA Metallic Sb by Isotope Analysis. STAR: Science & Technology of
Archaeological Research 5(2):98-112; https://doi.org/10.1080/20548923.2019.1681138.
Focuses on the Caucasus as a case study by applying mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic
analysis to Georgian ores (mainly from the Racha-Lechkumi district) and Late Bronze Age
(15th-10th centuries BCE) metallic Sb objects (including beads) found at the sites of Brili and
Chalpiragorebi.
Dominguez-Bella, Salvador
2010 Objetos ornamentales en el Calcolítico del centro de la Península Ibérica. Estudio
analítico de las cuentas de collar de los enterramientos prehistóricos del Valle de las
Higueras. In Minerales y Rocas en las Sociedades de la Prehistoria, edited by S.
Dominguez-Bella, J. Ramos Muñoz, J.M. Gutiérrez López, and M. Pérez Rodríguez, pp.
275-285. Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz.
Reports on the analytical study of necklace beads accompanying Chalcolithic burials of the
central Iberian Peninsula, Spain.
Domínguez-Bella, Salvador, M.A. Álvarez Rodríguez, and J. Ramos Muñoz
2001 Estudio analítico de las cuentas de collar de ámbar del dolmen de Alberite (Villamartín,
Cádiz). Naturaleza química y mineralógica e implicaciones sobre su origen. In III
Congreso Nacional de Arqueometría (Sevilla 1999), edited by B. Gómez Tubío, M.A.
Respaldiza, and M.L. Pardo, pp. 621-630. Seville.
Presents the analytical study of an amber bead necklace from the Alberite dolmen, Villamartin,
Cádiz, Spain.
Domínguez-Bella, Salvador and María José Bóveda
2011 Variscita y ámbar en el Neolítico gallego. Análisis arqueométrico del collar del túmulo 1
de Chousa Nova, Silleda (Pontevedra, España). Trabajos de Prehistoria 68(2):369-380;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273550225.
Presents the results of the archaeometrical analysis of a necklace composed of variscite and
amber beads that accompanied a female Galician-Neolithic burial in Spain.
Domínguez-Bella, Salvador and Morat-Céspedes
1995 Aplicación de las técnicas mineralógicas y petrológicas a la arqueometría: Estudio de
materiales del dolmen de Alberite (Villamartín, Cádiz). Zephyrvs XLVIII:129-142;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43600690.
Reports on the composition of stone beads (variscite) recovered from the Alberite dolmen in
southwestern Spain. They date to the 5th millennium BC.
Domínguez-Bella, S., J. Ramos Muñoz, M.A. Álvarez, and M. Forteza
1998 Neolithic Amber. Mineralogical and Chemical Characterization of Amber Necklace
Beads from Alberite Dolmen. Villamartín, Cádiz, Spain. Libro de Abstracts del World
Congress on Amber Inclusions, p. 155. Vitoria.
Domínguez-Bella, Salvador, Guirec Querré, Thomas Calligaro, and Javier Martinez López
2019 Iberian Variscite: ICP-MS-LA and Pixe Analysis of Recent Prehistory Beads et Pendants
from Spain and Portugal. In La parure en callaïs du Néolithique européen, edited by
Guirec Querré, Serge Cassen, and Emmanuelle Vigier, pp. 201-240. Archaeopress
Publishing, Summertown, Oxford.
Domínguez-Bella, S. and M. Marta Sampietro Vattuone
2005 Collar Beads from the Tafí Culture, Tucumán (Argentina) (1 Millennium AD): Raw
Materials Characterization and Provenance. In Proceedings of the 33rd International
Symposium on Archaeometry, 22-26 April 2002, Amsterdam, edited by H. Kars and E.
Burke. Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies 3.
Discusses the composition of stone beads from sites in northwestern Argentina and their
probable source.
Dong, Junqing, Yunling Han, Jiwang Ye, Qinghui Li, Song Liu, and Donghong Gu
2014 In Situ Identification of Gemstone Beads Excavated from Tombs of the Han Dynasties in
Hepu County, Guangxi Province, China Using a Portable Raman Spectrometer. Journal
of Raman Spectroscopy 45(7); https://www.academia.edu/7558305/.
Beads from the beryl and quartz groups were identified with some thoughts on their origin. The
present research provides valuable information on the early trade between south China and South
Asia.
Dong, Junqing, Yongqing Hu, Song Liu, and Qinghui Li
2020 The Transition of Alkaline Flux of Ancient Chinese Faience Beads (1046-476 BC): A
Case Study on the Samples from Pingdingshan, Henan Province. Archaeological and
Anthropological Sciences 12, 267; https://www.academia.edu/110329205/.
SEM-EDX analysis of 11 beads provided information on their chemical composition and
microstructure, as well as the formation and glazing methods.
Dong, Junqing, Yang Yiming, and Feng Enxue
2007 Study on Glass Beads of Six Dynasties from Leijiaping Site. Jianghan Kaogu (Jianghan
Archaeology) 3(104):79-86.
Presents the results of XRD and XRFS analysis of the fine glass beads of the Six Dynasties
excavated from the Leijiaping site in eastern China and discusses their features as well as
material. In Chinese.
Douka, Katerina, Christopher A. Bergman, Robert E. M. Hedges, Frank P. Wesselingh,
and Thomas F. G. Higham
2013 Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by
Anatomically Modern Humans. PLoS ONE 8(9), e72931;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256614186.
The remains of two anatomically modern humans found at Ksar Akil are estimated to date
between 40.8-39.2 ka cal BP (68.2% prob.) and between 42.441.7 ka cal BP (68.2% prob.),
respectively, based on radiocarbon dates derived from marine shell beads.
Duckworth, Chloë N.
2011 The Created Stone: Chemical and Archaeological Perspectives on the Colour and
Material Properties of Early Egyptian Glass, 1500-1200 B.C. Ph.D. thesis. University of
Nottingham.
ToF-SIMS is used to investigate the origin of the colorant-opacifiers used in Egyptian glass
production, beads and amulets included. ToF-SIMS is used to investigate the origin of the
colorant-opacifiers used in Egyptian glass production, beads and amulets included. Also
examines color in Egyptian thought, the relative value of Lower Bronze Age glass, the
significance of the material properties of glass, and beadmaking technology.
Duckworth, Chloë N., A. Cuénod, and D.J. Mattingly
2014 Non-Destructive ìXRF Analysis of Glass and Metal Objects from Sites in the Libyan
Pre-Desert and Fazzan. Libyan Studies 45:1-20.
Reports on the composition of imported Roman glass beads from sites in Libya.
Duckworth, Chloë N., Julian Henderson, Frank J.M. Rutten, and Kalliopi Nikita
2012 Opacifiers in Late Bronze Age Glasses: The Use of ToF-SIMS to Identify Raw
Ingredients and Production Techniques. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:21432152; https://www.academia.edu/8016408/.
Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to study four samples of
opaque glass, two derived from beads.
Duckworth, Chloë N., David J. Mattingly, and Victoria C. Smith
2015 From the Mediterranean to the Libyan Sahara. Chemical Analyses of Garamantian Glass.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7:633-639;
https://www.academia.edu/57502930/.
Presents the results of electron microprobe analysis of 124 samples of glass (including eight
beads) from surface collection survey or unstratified contexts at two sites in the Fazzan region of
Libya, most from the Saharan oasis belt of the Wadi al-Ajal.
Dunster, Joanna
2016 Appendix A: Chemical Analysis of Beads from the Whitehorse Hill Cist. In Preserved in
the Peat: An Extraordinary Bronze Age Burial on Whitehorse Hill, Dartmoor, and its
Wider Context, edited by Andy M. Jones. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
On the composition of beads found with an Early Bronze Age burial in southwestern England
associated with an unparalleled range of artifacts. United Kingdom.
Dussubieux, Laure
2001 L’apport de l’ablation laser couplée à l’ICP-MS à la caractérisation des verres :
application à l’étude du verre archéologique de l’Océan Indien. Ph.D. dissertation.
University of Orléans, Orléans. https://www.academia.edu/103894317/.
Discusses the LA-ICP-MS analytical process and its application to the study of glass (beads
included) from sites in Central, Southern, and Southeast Asia. The time span covered extends
from the 4th century BC to beyond the first millennium AD.
Chemical Investigation of Some 17th-century French Glass Personal Ornaments. Journal
of Glass Studies 51:95-110.
Presents the chemical analysis of a small group of glass beads, buttons, and small ornaments
found in Rouen, France, and compares them to beads from glassmaking factories in Holland.
2009
2010 Glass Material from Singapore. Archipel 80:197-209.
Reports on the chemical analysis of glass beads and vessel fragments from 14th-century contexts
in Singapore using LA-ICP-MS.
Potash Glass: A View from South and Southeast Asia. In Recent Advances in the
Scientific Research on Ancient Glass and Glaze, edited by Fuxi Gan, Qinghui Li, and
Julian Henderson, pp. 95-111. World Century Publishing, Hackensack, NJ, and World
Scientific Publishing, Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/25089534/.
In South and Southeast Asia, between the 4th century BC and the 3rd century AD, two main
types of glass dominate and were used in bead manufacture: mineral soda-alumina (m-Na-Al)
and potash. This article stresses the latter as it has not been well discussed previously.
2016
2021
Elemental Compositions and Glass Recipes. In Ancient Glass of South Asia:
Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok Kumar Kanungo and
Laure Dussubieux, pp. 153-174. Springer Nature, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978981-16-3656-1_5.
A group of glass beads from the ancient city of Kish in Iraq with an uncertain chronology and
provenience was analyzed using LA-ICP-MS. Based on the elemental composition of the glass,
they are attributed to the 2nd-1st centuries BCE with South or Southeast Asia as the source.
South Asian Beads at the Site of Kish, Iraq. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads:
Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather
Walder, pp. 365-382. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press,
Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.23.
Kish was occupied from the Ubaid (6500-3800 BCE) to the Abbasid (750-1258 CE) period. The
compositions of the drawn glass beads excavated there confirm their South Asian origin and
reveal that bead circulation between India and the Middle East occurred over a long period,
showing a sustained glass connection between the two regions.
2022
Dussubieux, Laure and Bérénice Bellina
2017 Glass from an Early Southeast Asian Producing and Trading Centre. In Khao Sam Kaeo:
An Early Port-City between the India Ocean and the South China Sea, edited by
Bérénice Bellina, pp. 547-585. Mémoires Archéologiques 28.
https://www.academia.edu/79869561/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads and bracelets excavated at Khao Sam Kaeo, Thailand,
revealed two main glass types: a mineral soda-alumina glass and a potash glass.
2018
Glass Ornament Production and Trade Polities in the Upper-Thai Peninsula during the
Early Iron Age. Archaeological Research in Asia 13:25-36;
https://www.academia.edu/75278730/.
Khao Sek, located in the Upper-Thai Peninsula, yielded an impressive quantity of glass waste
and ornaments suggesting that glass bracelets and beads were manufactured at the site as early as
the 4th century BCE. This article discusses the recovered material using typological observation
as well as elemental analysis using LA-ICP-MS.
Dussubieux, Laure, Bérénice Bellina, Win Hsan Oo, U Maung Sun Win, Htet Myet Tut,
Kalayar Myat Myat Htwe, and Khinsandar Kyaw
2020 First Elemental Analysis of Glass from Southern Myanmar: Replacing the Region in the
Early Maritime Silk Road. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12(7), article
139; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342280987.
Analysis of glass beads and wasters recovered from two neighboring late prehistoric/
protohistoric sites using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry has
revealed two different patterns. There is a combination of potash and m-Na-Ca-Al glasses at Aw
Gyi, while at Maliwan the glass types are more diversified with some of them found generally
during the 4th-2nd centuries BC. It is possible that the beads are of local manufacture.
Dussubieux, L., M. Blet-Lemarquand, and B. Gratuze
2011 Innovation dans les techniques de coloration: les verres rouges et orange en Asie du Sud.
In Les Innovations verrières et leur devenir, Actes du deuxième Colloque International
de l’Association Verre & Histoire, Paris, edited by A.-L. Carré, S. Lagabrielle, C. Maitte,
and M. Philippe.
Discusses the composition of red and orange glass which was primarily used for the production
of beads and bracelets in Southeast Asia between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD.
Dussubieux, Laure, Thomas R. Fenn, Shinu Anna Abraham, and Alok Kumar Kanungo
2022 Tracking Ancient Glass Production in India: Elemental and Isotopic Analysis of Raw
Materials. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, 226;
https://www.academia.edu/91790217/.
To determine a more precise provenience attribution and the identification of regionally distinct
production centers for drawn Indo-Pacific beads in India, raw material samples were collected
from selected regions within the subcontinent and analyzed using LA-ICP-MS.
Dussubieux, Laure and Mark Golitko
2017 Scientific Analyses and Stone Beads. In Stone Beads of South and Southeast Asia:
Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok Kumar Kanungo,
pp. 389-400. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar.
Explains the different analytical methods used to determine the chemical composition of stone
beads, using lapis lazuli from sites around the world as a case study.
Dussubieux, Laure and Bernard Gratuze
2003 Nature et origine des objets en verre retrouvés à Begram (Afghanistan) et à Bara
(Pakistan). In De l’Indus à l’Oxus: Archéologie de l’Asie Centrale, edited by O.
Bopearachchi, C. Landes, and C. Sachs, pp. 315-323. Association Imago, Musée de
Lattes, Lattes.
Reports on the chemical composition and origin of glass objects, including glass beads, from two
sites which were occupied between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD.
2003 Non-Destructive Characterization of Glass Beads – An Application to the Study of Glass
Trade between India and Southeast Asia. In Fishbones and Glittering Emblems:
Southeast Asian Archaeology 2002, edited by A. Karlstrom and A. Kallen, pp. 135-139.
Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm.
Glass in Southeast Asia. In 50 Years of Archaeology in Southeast Asia: Essays in Honour
of Ian Glover, edited by B. Bellina, E.A. Bacus, T.O. Pryce, and C.J. Wisseman, pp. 247259. River Books, Bangkok.
Reports on the chemical composition of ancient glass. Data from beads are included.
2010
Chemical Composition of 16th- to 18th-Century Glass Beads Excavated in Paris. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 24:26-38;
https://www.academia.edu/12738152/.
Dating from the 16th to 18th centuries, 63 glass artifacts (mostly beads) recovered from two sites
in Paris, France, were investigated using LA-ICP-MS analysis in an attempt to determine their
source. Although provenance attribution was difficult due to a lack of comparative data, it was
possible to identify an increasing variety of glass recipes after the 16th century.
2012
Glass in South Asia. In Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical
Glass, Vol. I, edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 399-413. Wiley Online Library.
After describing the origins of glass in South Asia, the dominant compositions encountered
among the glass artifacts (mostly constituted of beads, bangles, and other personal ornaments) of
this region are described and attention is devoted to the finds encountered at Arikamedu and
related archaeological sites. India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
2013
Dussubieux, L., B. Gratuze, and M. Blet-Lemarquand
2010 Mineral Soda Alumina Glass: Occurrence and Meaning. Journal of Archaeological
Science 37:1645-1655; https://www.academia.edu/5075111/.
Data obtained using LA-ICP-MS compositional analysis on a large corpus of artifacts (including
beads) shows that at least five sub-groups of m-Na-Al glass can be identified using the
concentrations of calcium, magnesium, uranium, barium, strontium, zirconium, and cesium.
Dussubieux, Laure, Charles F.W. Higham, and T.O. Pryce
2024 Glass Circulation in Late Iron Age Southeast Asia: New Compositional and Isotopic Data
of Beads Found at Non Ban Jak in Northeast Thailand. Archaeological and
Anthropological Sciences 16, 47; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378597506.
Glass compositions show strong similarities with results from the neighboring sites of Ban Non
Wat and Noen-U Loke, and seem to share a strong connection during the Late Iron Age with
South India/Sri Lanka.
Dussubieux, Laure and Karlis Karklins
2016 Glass Bead Production in Europe during the 17th Century: Elemental Analysis of Glass
Material Found in London and Amsterdam. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
5:574-589; https://www.academia.edu/20594011/.
Compares the bead chemistries of glass beads recovered from 17th-century production sites in
London, England, and Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Dussubieux, L., C.M. Kusimba, and V. Gogte, S.B. Kusimba, B. Gratuze, and R. Oka
2008 The Trading of Ancient Glass Beads: New Analytical Data from South Asian and East
African Soda-Alumina Glass Beads. Archaeometry 50(5):797-821;
https://www.academia.edu/5075112/.
The occurrence of similar glass beads at archaeological sites in Africa and South Asia bears
witness to the trade relationship between the two continents. This paper reports elemental
analysis results from an in-depth LA-ICP-MS study of a group of archaeological glass beads
with a specific alumina-rich composition from East Africa, India, and Sri Lanka.
Dussubieux, L., J.W. Lankton, B. Bellina-Pryce, and B. Chaisuwan
2012 Early Glass Trade in South and Southeast Asia: New Insights from Two Coastal Sites,
Phu Khao Thong in Thailand and Arikamedu in South India. In Crossing Borders:
Selected Papers from the 13th International Conference of the European Association of
Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Volume 1, edited by Mai-Lin Tjoa-Bonatz, Andreas
Reinecke, and Dominik Bonatz, pp. 307-328. NUS Press, Singapore.
https://www.academia.edu/97978424/.
The composition of glass artifacts (beads included) recovered from Phu Khao Thong (ca. 2nd
century BC-4th century AD) is compared to that of beads from contemporary sites, especially
Arikamedu.
Dussubieux, Laure and Thomas Oliver Pryce
2016 Myanmar’s Role in Iron Age Interaction Networks Linking Southeast Asia and India:
Recent Glass and Copper-Base Metal Exchange Research from the Mission
Archéologique Française au Myanmar. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
5:598-614.
Presents a regionally original combination of elemental and isotopic analyses from glass and
copper-base metal grave goods (including glass beads) excavated at a series of Iron Age
cemeteries in the Samon Valley of central Myanmar.
Dussubieux, Laure, P. Robertshaw, and M.D. Glascock
2008 LA-ICP-MS Analysis of African Glass Beads: Laboratory Inter-Comparison with an
Emphasis on the Impact of Corrosion on Data Interpretation. International Journal of
Mass Spectrometry 284:152-161.
Dussubieux, Laure, Katharina Schmidt, Yorke M. Rowan, Alexander M.R. Wasse, and
Gary O. Rollefson
2018 Two Glass Beads from Wisad Pools in the Jordanian Black Desert. Journal of Glass
Studies 60:303-306; https://www.academia.edu/37483974/.
Discusses the chemistry of two blue-glass beads found in a tomb in eastern Jordan tentatively
dated to the Late Bronze Age IIA period (ca. 14th century BC). The composition corresponds to
an Iron Age glass quite probably using mineral soda.
Dussubieux, Laure and Ery Soedewo
2016 The Glass Beads of Kampai Island, Sumatra. Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 10(5):1129-1139; https://www.academia.edu/38688455/.
Glass beads dating from the 11th-14th centuries were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS. Results show
that the vast majority were produced in western India; some others in northeastern India and a
few in the Middle East.
Dussubieux, Laure and Heather Walder (eds.)
2022 The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange. Studies
in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2z9fzr0.
Provides a wide range of case studies in the investigation and interpretation of glass bead
composition, production, and exchange since ancient times. The individual articles are annotated
elsewhere in this bibliography.
Dussubieux, Laure, Menno Welling, Potiphar Kaliba, and Jessica C. Thompson
2022 European Trade in Malawi: The Glass Bead Evidence. African Archaeological Review
40(2):377-396; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-022-09486-6.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of beads from rock shelters revealed that all but one originated in Europe.
The exception had a composition typical of South Asia during the 15th-17th centuries.
Dussubieux, Laure and Marilee Wood
2021 Indian Glass: Chronology and Distribution in Eastern Africa. In Ancient Glass of South
Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok Kumar
Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux, pp. 511-532. Springer Nature, Singapore.
The elemental analysis via LA-ICP-MS of ancient glass beads from archaeological sites in
Kenya, Tanzania, and on the island of Mayotte revealed the presence of two different types of
mineral soda/high alumina (m-Na-Al) glasses that likely originated in India.
Eddy, John J.
2009 Source Characterization of Santa Cruz Island Chlorite Schist and its Role in Stone Bead
Ornament Exchange Networks. In Proceedings of the 7th California Islands Symposium,
edited by C.C. Damiani and D.K. Garcelon, pp. 67-79. Institute for Wildlife Studies,
Arcata, CA. https://www.academia.edu/75147057/.
Reports the preliminary results of southern California chlorite schist and soapstone/steatite LAICP-TOFMS chemical composition analysis as it relates to Middle to Late Holocene beads.
2013
The Early Middle Period Stone Bead Interdependence Network. M.A. thesis. Department
of Anthropology, California Sate University, Northridge.
https://www.academia.edu/5100654/.
Explores southern California early Middle period gifting and reciprocal exchange networks and
the underlying motivations responsible for the creation, maintenance, and possible rejection of
social relationships. LA-ICP-MS was used to identify soapstone source locations used in the
production of stone beads (Sierra Pelona).
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Gregory S. Herbert, Jeffrey S. Rosenthal, and Howard J. Spero
2005 Provenance Analysis of Olivella biplicata Shell Beads from the California and Oregon
Coast by Stable Isotope Fingerprinting. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(10):15011514.
This study examines the potential of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes to source Olivella beads
from the Pacific coast.
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Jeffrey S. Rosenthal, Howard J. Spero, Ryoji Shiraki, and Gregory S.
Herbert
2007 Shell Bead Sourcing: A Comparison of Two Techniques on Olivella biplicata Shells and
Beads from Western North America. In Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical
Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation, edited Michael D. Glascock, Robert J.
Speakman, and Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, pp. 167-193. American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC. https://www.academia.edu/1038695/.
Two methods are used to track the geographic source of Olivella biplicata beads along the
California and Oregon Pacific coast: bulk element composition by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes by isotope ratio-mass
spectrometry (IR-MS).
Eerkens, Jelmer W., J.S. Rosenthal, H.J. Spero, N.E. Stevens, R. Fitzgerald, and L. Brink
2009 The Source of Early Horizon Olivella Beads: Isotopic Evidence from CCO-548.
Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 23:1-11;
https://www.academia.edu/23467554/.
Analysis focused on a small sample of beads from an Early Horizon (ca. 4000 B.P.) site on
Marsh Creek in the California Delta as a test case. Results suggest production not on the Pacific
Coast, but in a protected bay or estuary with significant influx of freshwater.
Eerkens, Jelmer W., J.S. Rosenthal, N.E. Stevens, A. Cannon, E.L. Brown, and H.J. Spero
2010 Stable Isotope Provenance Analysis of Olivella Shell Beads from the Los Angeles Basin
and San Nicolas Island. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 5:105-119.
Examining the spatial distribution of bead types is one way to track beads to their locus of
production. Chemical and stable isotopic methods provide an additional and independent means
of testing hypotheses generated by spatial distributions. This study uses stable oxygen, carbon,
and strontium isotope data to reconstruct provenance zones for 18 Olivella biplicata beads from
southwestern California.
Ehrhardt, Kathy, Samuel K. Nash, and Charles P. Swann
2000 Metal-Forming Practices among the Seventeenth Century Illinois, 1640±1682. Materials
Characterization 45:275-288; https://www.academia.edu/23839144/.
A sample of 64 copper-based metal artifacts (including beads and pendants) excavated at the
Haas/Hagerman Site, Clark County, Missouri, were examined metallographically to determine
their composition and identify manufacturing techniques and technical processes employed by
the Illinois to produce these new forms.
Ekmen, H., C. Diker, F.G. Ekmen, and C. Tunoðlu
2020 New Evidence of Chalcolithic Age Steatite Beads from Inönü Cave: Typology and
Technology Aspects with Archaeometric Techniques. Mediterranean Archaeology and
Archaeometry 20(2):113-129; https://www.academia.edu/43123540/.
SEM-EDS analysis of seven beads was performed to understand steatite bead production
techniques during the Chalcolithic Age in western Turkey.
Eliyahu Behar, A., S. Elbaz, I. Shai, A.M. Maeir, and H.J. Greenfield
2015 Faience Beads from Early Bronze Age Contexts at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports; https://www.academia.edu/18846974/.
A group of faience beads securely dated to the Early Bronze Age III were subjected to analysis
by FTIR spectrometry in order to identify the mineralogy and materials used in their
manufacture.
Elson, Mark D.
2012 Where Did It Come From? Using X-ray Diffraction to Track Argillite Sources and
Artifacts. Archaeology Southwest 26(2):11.
Uses XRD analysis to determine the source of argillite beads from prehistoric sites in Gila
County, Arizona.
Eremin, Katherine, Patrick Degryse, Nathaniel Erb-Satullo, Monica Ganio, Joseph
Greene, Andrew Shortland, Marc Walton, and Lawrence Stager
2012 Iron Age Glass Beads from Carthage. In Historical Technology, Materials and
Conservation: SEM and Microanalysis, edited by Nigel Meeks, Caroline Cartwright,
Andrew Meek, Aude Mongiatti, pp. 30-35. Archetype Publications, London.
https://www.academia.edu/6475727/.
Presents the analysis of glass beads recovered from funerary urns at the Tophet of Carthage,
Tunisia. They date to the 8th-4th centuries BC.
Erlandson, Jon M., Michael E. Macko, Henry C. Koerper, and John Southon
2005 The Antiquity of Olivella Shell Beads at CA-ORA-64: AMS Radiocarbon Dated between
9420 and 7780 cal BP. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:393-398;
https://www.academia.edu/16970010/.
AMS analysis of the spire-removed Olivella beads produced a consistent series of Early
Holocene dates that includes some of the oldest securely dated shell beads in North America.
Essel, Elena, Elena I. Zavala, Ellen Schulz-Kornas, Maxim B. Kozlikin, Helen Fewlass,
Benjamin Vernot, Michael V. Shunkov, Anatoly P. Derevianko, Katerina Douka et al.
2023 Ancient Human DNA Recovered from a Palaeolithic Pendant. Nature;
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06035-2.
Application of a non-destructive method for the gradual release of DNA trapped in ancient bone
and tooth artefacts to an Upper Palaeolithic deer-tooth pendant from Denisova Cave, Siberia,
resulted in the recovery of ancient human and deer mitochondrial genomes, which allowed the
estimation of the age of the pendant at approximately 19,000-25,000 years BP. See d’Errico et al.
(2023) for a critique.
Falci, Catarina Guzzo
2015 Stringing Beads Together: A Microwear Study of Bodily Ornaments in Late pre-Colonial
North-Central Venezuela and North-Western Dominican Republic. M.A. thesis. Faculty
of Archaeology, Leiden University. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/35076.
A chaîne opératoire approach is integrated in order to assess technological choices, gestures,
techniques, toolkits, and skill levels.
Falci, Catarina Guzzo, Annelou Van Gijn, M. Magdalena Antczak, Andrzej T. Antczak,
and Corinne L. Hofman
2017 Challenges for Microwear Analysis of Figurative Shell Ornaments from pre-Colonial
Venezuela. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11:115-130.
Microwear analysis is used to assess production technologies and use-wear of figurative shell
beads and pendants from north-central Venezuela.
Fenn, Thomas R.
2011 Applications of Heavy Isotope Research to Archaeological Problems of Provenance and
Trade on Cases from Africa and the New World. Ph.D. dissertation. School of
Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Lead and strontium isotope analysis were made on archaeological materials from three different
contexts in both the Old and New Worlds including glass beads from late 1st millennium AD
Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.
Fenn, Thomas R., Laure Dussubieux, Heather Walder, and Douglas D. Anderson
2022 Glass Beads and Evidence for Early “Pre-Contact” Trade in Northwestern Alaska. In The
Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by
Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 137-158. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://www.academia.edu/88812052/.
Summarizes the results of compositional analysis of 13 glass beads recovered from the site of
Igliqtiqsiuvigruak near Kiana, northwestern Alaska, and places them within a historical context.
Fenn, Thomas R., Peter Robertshaw, Marilee Wood, John Chesley, and Joaquin Ruiz
2011 Glass Beads from Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria: Provenance and Long-Distance Trade in the Late
First Millennium AD. In Applications of Heavy Isotope Research to Archaeological
Problems of Provenance and Trade: Cases from Africa and the New World, by T.R.
Fenn. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arizona, Tucson.
The three analytical datasets presented suggest that the raw glass and beads were produced in
several regions: the Eastern Mediterranean/Levant, Middle East, and India.
Fertelmes, Craig M. and Chris Loendorf
2012 EDXRF Analysis of Disk Beads and Turquoise Artifacts from AZ U:9:90 (ASM),
Maricopa County, Arizona. Material Science Laboratory, Gila River Indian Community,
Cultural Resource Management Program, Sacaton, AZ. pXRF Analysis Report 2012-04.
https://www.academia.edu/43698161/.
Compositional analysis of shell and turquoise beads recovered from a Hohokam site in southcentral Arizona was used to verify visual identification of the raw materials.
Figueiredo, M.O., J.P. Veiga, and J.P. Mirão
2006 Modelling the Size of Red-Colouring Copper Nanoclusters in Archaeological Glass
Beads. Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 83(4):499-502.
A non-destructive X-ray absorption study was undertaken on the red layer from a singular fivelayered, twisted, square-sectioned chevron bead from a 16th-century archaeological context in
Lisbon, Portugal.
Figueiredo, M.O., J.P. Veiga, and Teresa P. Silva
2012 Chromophore Behaviour of Iron, Copper, Cobalt and Antimony in Ancient Tile, Faience
and Porcelain Glazes Plus Archaeological Glass Beads: An Overview on X-ray
Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy Studies. Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais
24(3/4):124-127; https://repositorio.lneg.pt/bitstream/10400.9/1690/1/35436.pdf.
Includes the chemical analysis of a five-layered, twisted, square-sectioned chevron bead from a
16th-century archaeological context in Lisbon, Portugal.
Fioretti, Anna Maria, Ivana Angelini, Maurizio Battisti, and Fabiana Zandonai
2016 18. Perlina anulare di enstatite: Caratterizzazione mineralogica e chimica e ipotesi su
tecnica di produzione e zona di provenienza. In Ricerche archeologiche a sant’andrea di
loppio (Trento, Italia) il castrum tardoantico-altomedievale, edited by Barbara Maurina,
pp. 687-695. Archaeopress Publishing, Oxford.
Micro-FTIR, micro-Raman, and XRD analyses indicate that a problematic bead is made of
synthetic enstatite. While found in a stratigraphic layer that may be dated to 5th-6th centuries
AD, based on comparisons with other prehistoric artefacts found in Loppio and the surrounding
areas the bead is likely to date ca. 3300-2300 BC.
Fischbach, Noémi, Anh-Tu Ngo, Philippe Colomban, and Martial Pauly
2016 Beads Excavated from Antsiraka Boira Necropolis (Mayotte Island, 12th-13th
Centuries): Colouring Agents and Glass Matrix Composition Comparison with
Contemporary Southern Africa Sites. ArchéoSciences: Revue d’archéométrie 40:83-102;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313164917.
Provides the chemical composition of glass beads excavated on Mayotte Island in the Indian
Ocean off the east coast of Africa. Most of the beads can be classified as “Indo-Pacific.”
Fischer, Alysia and W. Patrick McCray
1999 Glass Production Activities as Practiced at Sepphoris, Israel (37 BC - AD 1516). Journal
of Archaeological Science 26(8):893-906; https://www.academia.edu/4469301/.
Concentrates on glass vessels but Sepphoris also made glass beads and bracelets of a soda-limesilica type with manganese as a decolorizer. There is much consistency of composition over long
periods.
Fischer, P.M., M. Bichler, and V.M.F. Hammer
2008 Early Bronze Age Necklace from Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Jordan Valley. In Tell Abu alKharaz in the Jordan Valley, Volume 1: The Early Bronze Age, by P.M. Fischer, pp. 387389. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna.
https://www.academia.edu/21753487/.
Describes the results of various archaeometric methods applied to the glass and shell beads
comprising the necklace.
Fitzgerald, Richard T., Terry L. Jones, and Adella Schroth
2005 Ancient Long-Distance Trade in Western North America: New AMS Radiocarbon Dates
from Southern California. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(3):423-434;
https://www.academia.edu/15551246/.
Eleven Olivella biplicata spire-lopped shell beads from six inland in southern California
produced AMS dates between 11,200 and 7,860 cal BP. These findings represent some of the
earliest unequivocal evidence for long-distance trade in western North America and push the
antiquity of this important form of inter-group interaction back several thousand years earlier
than previously thought.
Fleming, S.J., L.A. Bedal, and C.P. Swann
1994 Glassmaking at Geoy Tepe (Azerbaijan) during the Early 2nd Millennium BC: A Study
of Blue Colourants Using PIXE Spectrometry. In Computer Applications and
Quantitative Methods in Archaeology 1993, edited by J. Wilcock and K. Lockyear, pp.
199-204. Tempus Reparatum, Oxford.
Reports on the chemical analysis of blue glass beads exhibiting surface devitrifation.
Flensborg, G. and C. Wagner
2015 Cuentas vítreas asociadas a entierros humanos en el curso inferior del río Colorado
(transición pampeano-patagónica oriental) [Glass Beads Associated with Human Burials
in the Lower Course of the Colorado River (Eastern Pampa-Patagonian Transition)].
Intersecciones en Antropología 16:481-489.
Presents the results of the morphological, microstructural and chemical analyses of glass beads
recovered from two archaeological sites on the lower Colorado River, Argentina, which
constitute the first record of this kind of evidence in the area.
Fórizs, István
2008 Üvegkészítés Magyarországon a kezdetektõl a XVIII. századig. A Miskolci Egyetem
Közleménye A sorozat, Bányászat 74:113-136.
Reviews glassmaking (including glass beads) in Hungary from its beginnings until the 18th
century as regards the raw materials and colorants used. English abstract.
Fórizs, I., A. Pásztor, G. Nagy, and M. Tóth
2000 Avar kori üveggyöngyök röntgendiffrakciós és elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálata.
Alapadatok az üveggyöngyök genetikájához III. Az üveggyöngyök zárványai? Heves
Megyei Régészeti Közlemények 2:147-171.
On X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis of inclusions in Avar glass beads,
Hungary.
2000
Avar kori üveggyöngyök röntgendiffrakciós és elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálata.
Alapadatok az üveggyöngyök genetikájához IV. Mibõl és hogyan? In Hadak útján (A
népvándorlás kor fiatal kutatóinak X. konferenciája, Domaszék, 27-30 November 1999,
edited by L. Bende, G. Lõrinczy, and Cs. Szalontai, pp. 321-340.
Reports on the X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe study of Avar glass beads; basic data
on how they were made and of what. Hungary.
2001
Avar és szarmata gyöngyök Csongrád megyébõ Az anyaguk is különbözik vagy csak a
típusuk? In A Wosinsky Mór Múzeum Évkönyve - Hadak Útján XXIII:69-89. Wosinsky
Mór Megyei Múzeum, Szekszárd.
Avar and Sarmatian glass beads from Csongrád County, Hungary: are only the styles different or
the material as well?
2006
Üveganyag újrafelhasználása az avar és szarmata kori üveggyöngyök mikroszöveti és
(geo)kémiai vizsgálata tükrében. Arrabona Múzeumi Közlemények 44(1):141-150.
Concerns the chemical composition of reused Avar and Sarmatian beads in Hungary.
Fórizs, I., A. Pásztor, M. Tóth, and G. Nagy
2001 Avar kori üveggyöngyök röntgen-diffrakciós és elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálata.
Alapadatok az üveggyöngyök genetikájához I. In Együtt a Kárpát-medencében – A
Népvándorlás kor Fiatal Kutatóinak VII, edited by M. Kiss and P. Lengvári, pp. 49-68.
Reports on the basic characteristics of Avar glass beads in Hungary using X-ray diffraction and
electron microprobe analysis.
Fórizs, I., M. Tóth, G. Nagy, and A. Pásztor
1999 Avar kori üveggyöngyök röntgendiffrakciós és elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálata.
Alapadatok az üveggyöngyök genetikájához II. Vörös opak üvegek. In A népvándorlás
kor fiatal kutatóinak 8. találkozójának elõadásai (Veszprém, 28-30 November 1997),
edited by Á. Perémi, pp. 87-110.Veszprém Megyei Múzeumi Igazgatóság, Laczkó Dezsõ
Múzeum, Veszprém.
Reports on the composition of opaque red Avar glass beads in Hungary determined by X-ray
diffraction and electron microprobe analysis.
Fox, William A., R.G.V. Hancock, and L.A. Pavlish
1995 Where East Met West: The New Copper Culture. The Wisconsin Archaeologist 76(34):269-293; https://www.academia.edu/853346/.
Artifacts (beads included) of Lake Superior native copper (15th-17th centuries) are compared
with assemblages of reworked European copper from 16th-century Ontario sites in an effort to
determine the degree of paradigmatic continuity evidenced in the manipulation of these
materials.
Frána, J., A. Maštalka, and N. Venclová
1987 Neutron Activation Analysis of Some Ancient Glasses from Bohemia. Archaeometry
29(1):69-89.
Includes results of analyses of 21 yellow beads with stratified blue/white eyes (Late Hallstatt Early La Tène Period) and 2 ring beads (Late La Tène Period).
Francis, Peter, Jr.
1998 Analyses of Indo-Pacific Beads. The Margaretologist 11(1):9-14;
https://beadresearch.org/resources/the-margaretologist/.
Reports the chemical composition of beads from several sites in South and Southeast Asia
analyzed using neutron activation.
Franjiæ, Ana
2020 Iron Age Glass Technology in South East Europe. Ph.D. thesis. University College
London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10110003/.
Presents a comprehensive study of Iron Age glass technology in southeast Europe, examining the
chemical composition of glass beads of the first millennium BCE from the territories of presentday Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia. Restricted access.
Franjiæ, Ana, Ian C. Freestone, Borut Križ, and Petra Stipanèiæ
2022 The Spectrometric Analysis of Iron Age Glass Beads from Novo Mesto, Slovenia. Studia
Universitatis Hereditati 10(1):23-29; https://www.academia.edu/101651778/.
This study indicates that raw glass was imported to Novo Mesto from eastern Mediterranean
centers and corroborates the existence of long-distance trade during the 1st millennium BCE.
Frantz, Tony, Dorothy H. Abramitis, Linda Borsch, and Mark T. Wypyski
2009 Roman Variscite Beads: In Situ Analysis by X-Ray Microdiffraction. Metropolitan
Museum of Art Bulletin 67(1):20-25.
Fraser, Sharon, Dave Polya, Paul Lythgoe, and Timothy Insoll
2005 Preliminary Work for the LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Carnelian Archaeological Artefacts.
In Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry: Current Trends and Future Developments, edited
by G. Holland and D.R. Bandura, pp. 213-224. RSC Publishing, Cambridge.
Investigates the use of LA-ICP-MS analysis to source carnelian using beads and raw material
from Gujarat, India, and beads from Mali.
Freestone, Ian C.
2006 An Indigenous Technology? A Commentary on Lankton et al. “Early Primary Glass
Production in Southern Nigeria.” Journal of African Archaeology 4(1):139-141.
A critique of Lankton, Ige, and Rehren (2006).
Freestone, I.C. and J.R.N. Peake
2014 Opaque Yellow Glass Production in the Early Medieval Period: New Evidence. In
Neighbours and Successors of Rome: Traditions of Glass Production and Use in Europe
and the Middle East in the Later 1st Millennium AD, edited by D. Keller, J. Price, and C.
Jackson, pp. 15 - 21. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Reports on the SEM analysis of several Anglo-Saxon yellow glass beads of the 5th-7th centuries
from Eriswell, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.
Frey, Annette and Susanne Greiff
2012 Early Medieval Glass Beads with Metal Tubes. Annales du 18e Congrès de l’Association
Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki 2009, pp. 373-378.
On unusual glass beads with a copper-tube core recovered from an early medieval graveyard in
Tiengen, near Freiburg, Germany. Includes chemical analyses.
Frînculeasa, Alin and Claudia Stihi
2012 Vitreous Beads Found at the Bronze Age Cemetery from Câmpina (Prahova). Annales
d’Université Valahia Targoviste, Section d’Archeologie et d’Histoire XIV(2):17-27.
Discusses the chronological position and chemical composition of beads recovered from a
funerary complex in Romania.
Furihata, Junko and Takayashu Koezuka
2005 Material Analysis of Dodama Beads Recovered from the Kofun Period. Nara National
Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Annual Bulletin 2005:42.
Japan; ca. 3rd-6th centuries.
Fürst, Sebastian, Katharina Müller, Liliana Gianni, Céline Paris, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet,
Christopher F.E. Pare, and Ina Reiche
2016 Raman Investigations to Identify Corallium rubrum in Iron Age Jewelry and Ornaments.
Minerals 6(2), article 56; https://www.academia.edu/48533313/.
Proposes a non-destructive multi-stage approach to identify archaeological corals among other
biominerals used as ornament during the central European Iron Age with emphasis on optical
examination and mobile Raman spectroscopy.
Fusco, Maria and Robert J. Speakman
2010 The Application of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry in the Characterization of
Glass Degradation in Beaded African Art. The Bead Forum 56:1, 3, 6-12;
https://beadresearch.org/the-bead-forum-archive/.
Discusses the potentials and limitations of XRF analysis in glass compositional analyses, coating
identification, and the detection of pesticide residue on ethnographic art.
Gak, E.I., R.A. Mimokhod, and A.A. Kalmykov
2014 Ñóðüìà â áðîíçîâîìâåêå Êàâêàçà è þãà Âîñòî÷íîé Åâðîïû [Antimony in the Bronze
Age of the Caucasus and Southeastern Europe]. Nartamongæ XI(1-2):87-132;
https://www.academia.edu/36999271/.
Discusses the various forms of metallic antimony beads and pendants and their distribution, as
well as their chemical composition. English summary.
Galibin, Valentin A.
1995 Data from the Analysis of Ancient Glass and the Problems of Interpreting Them. In Glass
Beads: Cultural History, Technology, Experiment and Analogy, edited by M. Rasmussen,
U.L. Hansen, and U. Näsman, pp. 89-91. Historical-Archaeological Experimental Center,
Studies in Technology and Culture 2.
Gallaga Murrieta, Emiliano and Emiliano Ricardo Melgar Tísoc
2020 Pasando la turquesa: Objetos Azules del Valle de Ónavas, Sonora, México / Turquoise
Passing by: Blue Items from the Onavas Valley, Sonora, Mexico. Clio Arqueológica
35(2):122-151; https://www.academia.edu/44535911/.
Reports on the composition, possible sources, and manufacturing techniques of 14 turquoise
pieces (including pendants, beads, and raw material) recovered during an archaeological survey
in northern Mexico. In English.
Gan, Fu-Xi
2009 The Glass and Jade Road – The Cultural and Technical Exchange of Silicate Based
Artifacts with Outside China Before Pre-Qin Period. Journal of Guangxi University for
Nationalities (Natural Science Edition) 41(4).
Concentrates on the origin of materials and production technology related to ancient Chinese
glasses including glass beads. The earliest glass beads unearthed from the Kiziltur cemetery in
Xinjiang Province, China, dating to the time of the West Zhou to Spring and Autumn periods
(1100-800 BC), were made locally; the glassmaking technology was obtained from West Asia.
2016
The Ancient Glass Road: The Cultural and Technical Exchange of Chinese Glass and
Faience with Outside China before the Han Dynasty (200 B.C.). In Recent Advances in
the Scientific Research on Ancient Glass and Glaze, edited by Fuxi Gan, Qinghui Li, and
Julian Henderson, pp. 1-16. World Century Publishing, Hackensack, NJ, and World
Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
Provides data on the chemical composition of faience beads, tubes, and pendants recovered from
various sites in China.
Gan, FuXi, HuanSheng Cheng, YongQing Hu, Bo Ma, and DongHong Gu
2009 Study on the Most Early Glass Eye-Beads in China Unearthed from Xu Jialing Tomb in
Xichuan of Henan Province, China. Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences
52(4):922-927.
The structure and the chemical composition of the eye beads were analyzed by X-ray diffraction
(XRD) and the Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. The results show that they
belong to the soda-lime silicate system (Na2O-CaO-SiO2). Comparing the decorative design and
the chemical composition of the samples with those from ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt, the
likelihood is that these ancient eye beads from Xichuan were imported from the West.
Gan, Fuxi, Qinghui Li, Donghong Gu, Ping Zhang, Huansheng Cheng, Bin Zhang, and Bo
Ma
2003 Study on Early Glass Beads Unearthed from Baicheng and Tacheng of Xinjiang. Journal
of the Chinese Ceramic Society 7:663-668;
http://www.cqvip.com/qk/90326x/200307/8150036.html.
Dating to around 1100-500 BC, the glass beads could be sorted into two groups: Na2O-CaO-SiO2
and Na2O-CaO-PbO-SiO2. In Chinese.
Garbacz-Klempka, Aldona, Józef S. Suchy, Janusz Kozana, Marcin Piêkoœ, Stanis³aw
Wilk, and Ma³gorzata Perek-Nowak
2017 Analysis of Eneolithic Copper Jewellery Artifacts from Ksi¹¿nice Cemetery in South
Poland. International Journal of Metalcasting 11(2):366-370;
https://www.academia.edu/32052739/.
Reports on the metallographic analysis of copper ornaments including two rolled copper beads.
See also Wilk and Garbacz-Klempka (2016).
García González, Julia, Alberto Dorado Alejos, Luis Mª Cobos Rodríguez, and Víctor
López López
2021 Cuentas de pasta vítrea y fayenza en contextos postalayóticos (siglos VII-II a. n. e.): el
conjunto de So na Caçana (Alaior, Menorca) / Glass Paste and Fayenza Beads in
Postalayotic Contexts (7th-2nd Centuries BC): A Set from So na Caçana (Alaior,
Menorca). CuPAUAM 47(2):123-149; https://doi.org/10.15366/cupauam2021.47.2.004.
Presents a thorough analysis of a set of beads that comprised a necklace, including their
chemical composition. Included are glass eye beads and faience melon beads.
García-Heras, Manuel, Fernando Agua, Hilario Madiquida, Víctor M. Fernández, Jorge de
Torres, María-Ángeles Villegas, and Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez
2021 Characterization of Glass, Shell, and Fishbone Beads on Ibo Island (Northern
Mozambique) in the Context of the Indian Ocean Trade. African Archaeological Review
38:297-318; https://www.academia.edu/56276303/.
The chemical composition of the glass beads and their chromophores, and the shell and fishbone
materials, are studied to understand the local and trading provenance of these items. They are
dated to the 11th and 12th centuries AD.
García-Heras, Manuel, Fernando Agua, Hilario Madiquida, Víctor M. Fernández, MaríaÁngeles Villegas, and Marisa Ruiz-Gálvez
2022 Archaeometric Characterization of Glass and a Carnelian Bead to Study Trade Networks
of two Swahili Sites from the Ibo Island (Northern Mozambique). Boletín de la Sociedad
Española de Cerámica y Vidrio; https://www.academia.edu/90301828/.
Four different glass types were identified: mineral-soda alumina glass from Western India,
vegetal-soda alumina glass from Central Asia, a conventional soda-lime silicate glass coming
probably from Europe, and a lead silicate glass of the PbO-SiO2 binary system most likely from
Venice.
García-Heras, M., J.M. Rincón López, A. Jimeno Martínez, and M.A. Villegas Broncano
2003 Estudio arqueométrico de cuentas de vidrio procedentes de la necrópolis de Numancia
(siglo II a.C.). Trabajos de prehistoria 60(1):173-181;
https://www.academia.edu/92087698/.
Reports on the archaeometric study of glass beads from the necropolis of Numantia (2nd century
BC), Spain.
2005
Pre-Roman Coloured Glass Beads from the Iberian Peninsula: A Chemico-Physical
Characterisation Study. Journal of Archaeological Science 32(5):727-738;
https://www.academia.edu/53771576/.
Presents results derived from a chemical and microstructural study of a representative sample of
glass beads from the 2nd-century BC Celtiberian necropolis of Numantia (Upper Duero Valley,
Spain). The evidence suggests that Numantian glass beads were the result of trade or exchange
practices rather than locally produced.
Garrido-Cordero, J.A., C.P. Odriozola, A.C. Sousa, and V.S. Gonçalves
2020 Fluorite and Translucent Beads in Iberian Late Prehistory. Materials and Manufacturing
Processes 35(13):1424-1430; https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1753069.
Reviews the use and social significance of translucent stone beads in the study area and provides
the results of their chemical analysis.
Gaut, Bjarne
2011 Vessel Glass and Evidence of Glassworking. In Things from the Town: Artefacts and
Inhabitants in Viking-Age Kaupang, edited by Dagfinn Skre, pp. 169-279. Kaupang
Excavation Project Publication Series 3. Norske Oldfunn XXIV.
https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/44036.
Small-scale beadmaking took place at this market town in southern Norway during the first
decade(s) of the 9th century. While no in situ workshop floors or furnaces have been preserved,
the waste material indicates that glass beads were made from imported soda glass, blocks of raw
glass, tesserae, and semi-manufactured rods.
Géza, Nagy, Pásztor Adrien, Fórizs István, and Tóth Mári
2010 Szarmata és avar kori üveggyöngyök elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálata [Investigation of
Sarmatian and Avar Glass Beads by Electron Microprobe]. Archeometriai Mûhely
2010/1:27-50; https://www.academia.edu/22482909/.
Nearly 200 glass beads found in Sarmatian (2nd-4th centuries AD) and Avar (6th-8th centuries
AD) graves in Hungary were subjected to instrumental analysis. English abstract.
Ghervase, Luminiþa, Ioana Maria Cortea, Roxana Rãdvan, and Corina Borº
2017 Non-Destructive Spectroscopic Investigation of Artefacts from Middle Hallstatt Period –
Case Study of a Stone Bead from Tãrtãria I Hoard, Romania. Archaeological and
Anthropological Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0502-9.
The highly heterogenous bead, found together with numerous bronze and iron objects, appeared
to be a variety of chalcedony rich in iron and copper impurities, still preserving clay minerals
from the sedimentary matrix in some of the areas.
Gianfrancisco, Maria Soledad
2017 Materia primas, contexto y procedencia de cuentas de collar en los sitios Alamito (Depto.
Andalgalá, Catamarca). Arqueologia Iberoamericana 36:10-22;
http://hdl.handle.net/11336/63064.
Physical and chemical analyses of stone necklace beads from Alamito sites in northwestern
Argentina suggest that these ornamental goods were acquired through trade, like many other
products that circulated through the interregional flow of goods in the southern Andes.
Gibson, Robert O. and Henry C. Koerper
2000 AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Shell Beads and Ornaments from CA-ORA-378. Journal of
California and Great Basin Anthropology 22(2):342-352;
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8r63z1wt.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates for nine shell beads and two shell ornaments are
used to test the application to Orange County of a temporal sequence developed for the Santa
Barbara Channel region.
Gilg, H. Albert, Joanna Then Ob³uska, and Laure Dussubieux
2024 Four Millennia of Garnet Trade in Northeast Africa – Chemical Analysis of Ancient and
Late Antiquity Beads from Lower Nubian Sites. Archaeometry;
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/arcm.12964.
Offers a mineralogical and geochemical characterization of 34 garnet beads from Lower Nubian
cemeteries in Sudan dating from late A-Group to Post-Meroitic (3200 BCE-600 CE).
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra
2011 Appendix B. Necklace No. 1: Evidence for Egyptian Influence in Mycenaean Jewelry
Production. In Mochlos IIC. Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery: The
Human Remains and Other Finds, edited by Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras, pp.
167-172. INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia.
XRF analysis of some of the faience and gold beads comprising the necklace indicates an
Egyptian origin for both the material and the production technique.
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra, Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence, and James D. Muhly
2017 Special Silver Alloys from the Pre- and Proto-Palatial Cemetery of Petras, Crete. In
Petras, Siteia: The Pre- and Proto-Palatial Cemetery in Context. Acts of a Two-Day
Conference Held at the Danish Institute at Athens, 14-15 February 2015, edited by
Metaxia Tsipopoulou, pp. 203-214. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 21.
https://www.academia.edu/52970441/.
Reports the results of XRF analyses of silver beads and pendants from an Early Minoan I Middle Minoan IIA cemetery.
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra, Susan C. Ferrence, Philip P. Betancourt, and James D. Muhly
2020 Silver and Silvery Alloys in Early Minoan IB Crete. Materials and Manufacturing
Processes 35(13):1476-1483; https://www.academia.edu/52969243/.
Presents the results of X-ray fluorescence on silver beads, pendants, and other objects from three
cemeteries dated to ca. 3000 to 2800 BC: Hagia Photia Siteias, Kephala Petras, and Livari
Skiadi.
Giumlia-Mair, Alessandra and Jeffrey Soles
2013 Egyptian Faience and Rose Gold at Mochlos, Crete. Surface Engineering 29(2):114-120.
A Mycenaean necklace found in a tomb at Mochlos, Crete, consists of faience beads and a
central gold bead, and is dated to the LM IIIA period (ca. 1400-1300 BC). Analysis of the beads
reveals a strong Egyptian technological influence.
Gliozzo, E., D.J. Mattingly, F. Cole, and G. Artioli
2014 In the Footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the Sources of Garamantian Carnelian from Fazzan,
South-West Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 52:218-241;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.07.029.
Fragments of chert, carnelian, and amazonite found at the two sites in the Fazzan region and
identified as raw materials associated with beadmaking were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS
combined with mineralogical data obtained by X-ray powder diffraction and Raman
spectroscopy.
Glover, I.C. and J. Henderson
1995 Early Glass in South and Southeast Asia and China. In China and Southeast Asia: Art,
Commerce and Interaction, edited by R. Scott and J. Guy, pp. 141-169. Percival David
Colloquies on Art and Archaeology in Asia 17.
Includes new analyses and argues, inter alia, for an early tradition of making high-potassium
glass in Southeast Asia and/or southern China.
Glover, Lauren and J.M. Kenoyer
2019 Overlooked Imports: Carnelian Beads in the Korean Peninsula. Asian Perspectives
58(1):180-201; http://hdl.handle.net/10125/76776.
Analyses of a sample of 68 carnelian and agate beads from Korea’s late Proto-Three Kingdoms
and Three Kingdoms period (C.E. 100-668) provide evidence for long distance exchange with
South Asia. Three Kingdoms period elites were rejecting locally made stone beads made of local
materials for stone beads obtained from long distance trade and made of non-local materials.
Gonçalves, A.P., Luís Cerqueira Alves, António M. Monge Soares, and José M. de Matos
Martins
2010 As “contas de colar” dos Ratinhos – II. Identificação duma conta preta de aspecto vítreo.
Métodos instrumentais de análise na desconstrução de uma inferência arqueológica. In O
Castro dos Ratinhos (Barragem do Alqueva, Moura). Escavaçoes num povoado protohistórico do Guadiana, 2004-2007, by L. Berrocal-Rangel and A.C. Silva, pp. 393-396.
O Arqueólogo Português, Suplemento 6. https://www.academia.edu/2626834/.
A black bead initially believed to be made of glass was identified as stone. This raises the
question whether other black beads from the proto-historical period that are identified as glass
are in fact made of that substance.
Gonçalves, A.P. and A.M. Monge Soares
2010 As “contas de colar” dos Ratinhos – I. As contas em pedra análise por Difracçao de Raios
X. In O Castro dos Ratinhos (Barragem do Alqueva, Moura). Escavaçoes num povoado
proto-histórico do Guadiana, 2004-2007, by L. Berrocal-Rangel and A.C. Silva, pp. 389392. O Arqueólogo Português, Suplemento 6. https://www.academia.edu/2626834/.
X-ray diffraction analysis of stone necklace beads from a proto-historical village in southern
Portugal identifies them as carnelian.
Gonçalves, A.P., A.M. Monge Soares, Maria José Oliveira, Luis Cerqueira Alves, Pedro
Valério, and João Luís Cardoso
2012 Caracterização de uma conta de vidro proveniente do povoado fortificado calcolíico da
Moita da Ladra (Vila Franca de Xira) [Characterization of a Glass Bead from the
Chalcolithic Fortified Settlement of Moita da Ladra (Vila Franca de Xira)]. Estudos
Arqueológicos de Oeiras 19:291-300.
A bead recorded as being from a Chalcolithic context was found to be glass and consequently
must be ascribed to the Late Bronze Age occupation recorded nearby and resulting from the
early Phoenician trade.
Gonçalves, A.P., A.M. Monge Soares, A.C. Silva, and L. Berrocal-Rangel
2011 Stone Beads from Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Settlements from South-Western
Portugal: Analyses by X-Ray Diffraction. In Proceedings of the 37th International
Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, edited by Isabella
Turbanti-Memmi, pp. 227-231. Springer. https://www.academia.edu/24798623/.
Gonçalves, A.P., P. Valério, A.M.M. Soares, and M.F. Araújo
2005 A Stone Bead from a SW Bronze Age Burial: Analysis by EDXRF and X-Ray
Diffraction. O Arqueólogo Português IV(23):257-264.
Portugal.
Gradmann, Rena, Marianne Hasenmayer, Christoph Berthold, and Ulrich Schüssler
2013 Funde von Chevronperlen in den frühneuzeitlichen Glashütten Neulautern und
Walkersbach im Schwäbisch-Fränkischen Wald. In Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege:
Jahrestagung an der Bauhaus Universität Weimar, 25.-28. September 2013, edited by A.
Hauptman, O. Mecking, and M. Prange, pp. 289-293. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum,
Bochum. https://www.academia.edu/22952298/.
Investigates the probable origin of seven-layer chevron bead production canes and beads as well
as blue canes with round and square sections likely dating to the 16th century found at two
glassworks in the Heilbronn district of southwestern Germany.
Gratuze, Bernard
1999 Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre de l’inhumation de Marmilhat (Lempdes 63).
IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux), Centre E. Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the glass beads associated with a Protohistoric burial at Marmilhat, France.
2000
Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre des dolmens de la Planaise de Sampzon (07)
conservées au Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon. IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche
sur les ArchéoMATériaux), Centre E. Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the Protohistoric glass beads from the dolmens at Planaise Sampzon (07) and held by
the Museum of Natural History, Lyon, France.
2001
Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre de tumulus de Mons (Saint Georges, 15).
IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux), Centre E. Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the Protohistoric glass beads found in the tumulus of Mons, France.
2001
Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre des dolmens d’Eyne – les Pascarets et la Borda
– et d'Enveitg – Bragnoli (Pyrenees Orientales). IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche sur les
ArchéoMATériaux), Centre E. Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the Protohistoric glass beads found in the dolmens at Eyne and Bragnoli, Eastern
Pyrenees, France.
2001
Étude de perles en verre provenant de la sépulture de Haute-Grève (Gouaix, 77). In
Gouaix “La Haute Grève” Nécropole du Bronze final. Archaeological assessment report.
Programme d’interventions archéologiques dans les carrières de la Bassée.
A study of the glass beads from the sepulture at Haute-Grève, France.
Étude des perles en verre et en faïence de l’Age du Bronze. In Fouille archéologique de
la Grande Rivoire à Sassenage (Isère): Rapport de fouille 2000-2003, edited by PierreYves Nicod, Régis Picavet, and Cyril Bernard, pp. 233-242. Département
d’anthropologie et d’écologie de l’Université de Genève, Conseil Général de l’Isère,
Genève and Grenoble.
A study of Bronze Age beads of glass and faience.
2003
2004
Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre du tumulus de Courtesoult (Haute-Saône).
Internal Analytical Report. IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux),
Centre E. Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the Protohistoric glass beads found in the tumulus at Courtesoult, France.
2005
Étude des perles protohistoriques en verre du Puech des Mus (Sainte-Eulalie-de-Cernon,
Aveyron). IRAMAT (Institut de Recherche sur les ArchéoMATériaux), Centre E.
Babelon, Orléans.
A study of the Protohistoric glass beads from Puech des Mus, France.
2013 Glass Characterisation Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry Methods. In Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical
Glass, Vol. I., edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 201-234. Wiley Online Library.
Objects studied include polychrome and gold- and silver-foil beads.
Provenance Analysis of Glass Artefacts. In Modern Methods for Analysing
Archaeological and Historical Glass, Vol. I., edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 311-343.
Wiley Online Library.
Glass trade beads.
2013
2017 Glass Characterization Using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometry Methods. In Recent Advances in Laser Ablation ICP-MS for Archaeology,
edited by Laure Dussubieux, Mark Golitko, and Bernard Gratuze, pp. 179-196. Springer,
Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118314234.ch9.
The accurate determination of archaeological glass sample composition is challenging due to
possible heterogeneity and post-production chemical alteration. Here, depth profiling using the
time resolved signal generated by LA-ICP-MS (DP-LA-ICP-MS) is applied to two case studies.
The first concerns corroded Late Bronze Age glass beads. While many varieties of ancient glass
beads are corrosion resistant, some recipes are particularly impacted by devitrification, and depth
profiling allows for analysis of un-corroded material reflecting original glass composition.
Gratuze, Bernard and Y. Billaud
1998 Analyses chimiques de perles en verre de l’âge du Bronze final en domaine RhodanoAlpin. Bulletin de liaison de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie
10(1):5-6.
On the chemical analysis of Late Bronze Age glass beads from the Rhône-Alpes region of
France.
2003
La circulation des perles en verre dans le Bassin Méditerranéen de l’Age du Bronze
moyen jusqu’au Hallstatt. In Echanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique.
Actes du colloque de l’AFAV, Aix-en-Provence Marseille 7-9 juin 2001, edited by D. Foy
and M.D. Nenna, pp. 11-15. Monographie Instrumentum 24.
The circulation of glass beads in the Mediterranean Basin from the Bronze Age to the Hallstatt
period.
2014
Inventaire des perles en verre et en faïence de l’Age du Bronze originaires des ateliers de
la région de Frattesina retrouvées en France. In Il vetro in età protostorica in Italia: Atti
delle XVI Giornate Nazionali di Studio sul Vetro, Adria (RO), Museo Archeologico
Nazionale, 12-13 maggio 2012, edited by Silvia Ciappi, Annamaria Larese, and Marina
Uboldi, pp. 25-37. Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre – Comitato
Nazionale Italiano, Venice. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269335283.
Presents an inventory of the Bronze Age glass and faience beads originating from the workshops
of the Frattesina region in France. Includes the results of LA-ICP-MS analysis.
Gratuze, Bernard and P. Cosyns
2007 La composition chimique des perles en verre de la tombe à char de la nécropole
laténienne de Neufchâteau-Le Sart par LA-ICP-MS. Arduinna 63:1-7.
The chemical composition of glass beads from a LaTène necropolis in France using LA-ICPMS.
Gratuze, Bernard and Laure Dussubieux
2001 Analyse de quatre perles en verre trouvées à Ban Wang Hai. In Ban Wang Hai, un
cimetière de l’âge du Fer en Thaïlande du Nord, edited by J.-P. Pautreau, P. Mornais,
and T. Doy-Asa, pp. 47-48. Silkworms Books, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Reports on the analysis of glass beads from an Iron Age site in northern Thailand.
Gratuze, Bernard, L. Dussubieux, and O. Bopearachchi
2000 Étude de perles de verre trouvées au Sri Lanka, IIIe s. av. - IIe s. ap. JC. Annales du 14e
Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venezia/Milano 1998,
pp. 46-50.
A study of glass beads found in Sri Lanka which date from the 3rd century BC to the 2nd
century AD.
Gratuze, Bernard, L. Dussubieux, J. Cesari, P. Nebbia, J. Magdeleine, A. Pasquet, J.-C.
Ottaviani, and Y. Billaud
2007 La circulation des objets de parure en verre dans le Bassin Méditerranéen au cours de la
Protohistoire. In Corse et Sardaigne préhistoriques – relations et échanges dans le
contexte méditerranéen: Actes du 128e Congrès national des Sociétés savantes, Bastia
2003, edited by André D’Anna, Joseph Cesari, Laurence Ogel, and Jean Vaquer, pp. 359369.
On the movement of glass ornaments in the Mediterranean Basin during the Protohistoric period
with emphasis on the origin of beads found at Bronze and Iron age sites on Corsica, Italy.
Gratuze, Bernard and Koen Janssens
2004 Provenance Analysis of Glass Artefacts. In Non-Destructive Micro Analysis of Cultural
Heritage Materials, edited by K. Janssens and R. Van Grieken, pp. 663-712. Elsevier
B.V., Amsterdam.
Describes a number of different case studies from various historical contexts and geographical
areas to illustrate the manner in which the chemical analysis of historical glasses can provide
information on trade and the provenance of glass artifacts (including beads) in different historic
periods.
Gratuze, Bernard, Marie-Pierre Koenig, Suzanne Plouin, and Jean-Michel Treffort
2013 Les perles en faïence et en verre de l’âge du Bronze: contextes archéologiques et analyses
pour l’Alsace et la Lorraine. Cahiers alsaciens d’archéologie d’art et d’histoire LVI:2152.
On the archaeological contexts and analysis of Bronze Age faience and glass beads from Alsace
and Lorraine, France.
Gratuze, Bernard and Françoise Lorenzi
2006 Les éléments de parure en verre du site de Lumaca (Âge du Fer, Centuri, Haute-Corse):
compositions et typochronologie. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française
103(2):379-384; https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_2006_num_103_2_13438.
Occupied from the Early Neolithic until modern times, the settlement at Lumaca, Upper Corsica,
France, produced eight glass beads. Analyses reveal that they were all manufactured with NearEastern soda glass and likely date to the Iron Age.
Gratuze, Bernard, C. Louboutin, and Y. Billaud
1998 Les perles protohistoriques en verre du musée des Antiquités nationales. Antiquités
nationales 30:11-24.
Protohistoric glass beads at the National Archaeological Museum, France.
Gratuze, Bernard, Inès Pactat, and Nadine Schibille
2018 Changes in the Signature of Cobalt Colorants in Late Antique and Early Islamic Glass
Production. Minerals 8(6); https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060225
Aims to characterize the chemical composition of cobalt colorants used during the 1st
millennium C.E. Compositional variations indicate the use of different raw materials and/or
production processes, which in turn has implications for the underlying exchange networks.
Merovingian and Viking glass beads are included in the analysis.
Gratuze, Bernard, Constantin Pion, and Torben Sode
2021 Indian Glass Beads in Western and North Europe in Early Middle Age. In Ancient Glass
of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok
Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux, pp. 427-450. Springer Nature, Singapore.
Chemical analyses of glass beads recovered from late Antique and Early Middle Age sites in
western and northwestern Europe have revealed the presence of two groups of glass beads with
unexpected compositions for these periods and geographic areas which exhibit several
similarities with South Asian glasses.
Gratuze, Bernard, J.N. Soulier, and J.N. Barrandon
1997 L’analyse chimique, un outil au service de l’histoire du verre; la Seube, une verrerie du
Sud de la France au XIVe siècle: fabrication locale et importation. Verre 3(1):37-40, 4243.
This study of the glass beads from a 14th-century glass works in southern France demonstrates
the usefulness of the chemical analysis of glass to show the relationship between the chemical
composition of glasses and the chronology of objects, glass trade, and glass recipes. It also
indicates that fast neutron analysis using a cyclotron and laser ablation ICMS complement each
other. La Seube was remarkable for its variety of glass, including beads.
Gregerová, M., M. Hložek, and P. Sulovský
2006 Pøirodovìdné analýzy fajánsového korálku z hrobu nitranské kultury ze Slatinic, okres
Olomouc [Die naturwissenschaftlichen Analysen der Fayenceperle aus dem Grab der
Nitraer Kultur aus Slatinice, Bezirk Olomouc]. Slovenská Archeológia LIV(1):33-40.
Presents the results of analyses of a faience bead found in an Early Bronze Age woman’s grave
of the Nitra Culture near Slatinice, Czech Republic. The results point to Egyptian import, not
local manufacture.
Gregor, Miloš, ¼ubomír Vanèo, Magdaléna Kadleèíková, and Juraj Breza
2013 Raman Spectroscopy of Gemstones on the Necklaces from Ancient Graves at the Castle
of Devín. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Applied Physics of
Condensed Matter (APCOM 2013), June 19-21, 2013, Štrbské Pleso, Slovak Republic,
edited by J. Vajda and I. Jamnický, pp. 42-45.
Stone beads from two necklaces found in ancient graves attributed to the 11th-12th centuries in
Slovakia were subjected to Raman and X-ray analyses.
Greiff, Susanne
2010 Analyses of Some Ancient Cambodian Glass Finds from Krek Village 10.8. In Glass
along the Silk Road from 200 BC to 1000 AD, edited by Bettina Zorn and Alexandra
Hilgner, pp. 153-162. Tagungen des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 9.
Reports on the analysis of four blue glass beads.
Greiff, Susanne and A. Banerjee
1993 Mineralogische Untersuchungen am Amulett der Ötztaler Gletscherleiche mit Hilfe der
Diffusen IR-Reflexionsspektroskopie. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 24(3):461467.
Describes the non-destructive method used to analyze the bead of Italian dolomite found with
the mummified Chalcolithic Ice Man in the Ötztal Alps between Austria and Italy. Chemical
analysis might pin down the source more exactly.
Greiner-Wronowa, El¿bieta, Dominika Zabiegaj, and Paolo Piccard
2013 Glass-Metal Objects from Archaeological Excavation: Corrosion Study. Applied Physics
A 113(4):999-1008.
Contributes to the investigations on history, technology, and degradation of Middle Age objects
(metallic rings with mounted glass beads) recently excavated under the Main Square in Krakow,
Poland.
Groza, Randall G.
2002 An AMS Chronology for Central California Olivella Shell Beads. M.A. thesis. San
Francisco State University, San Francisco.
Groza, Randall G., Jeffrey S. Rosenthal, John Southon, and Randall T. Milliken
2011 A Refined Shell Bead Chronology for Late Holocene Central California. Journal of
California and Great Basin Anthropology 31:135-154;
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mc2h5fk.
Based on the direct accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating of 140 stylistically distinct
Olivella shell beads, this report presents a refined late Holocene cultural chronology for central
California that replaces Bennyhoff and Hughes’ Scheme B.
Gruber, Christian, Sophie Hüdepohl, and Martin Mach
2019 Korallenperlen aus den spätrömischen Gräberfeldern von Guntia/Günzburg und ihre
archäometrische Analyse mittels Raman-Spektrometrie. Berichte der bayerischen
Bodendenkmalpflege 60:129-147; https://www.academia.edu/42978436/.
Discusses the archaeometric analysis of coral beads from Late Roman graves at Guntia
(Günzburg in southern Germany).
Gu, Zhou, J.M. Kenoyer, and Yimin Yang
2016 Investigation of Ancient Harappan Faience Through LA-ICP-AES and SR-ì CT. Journal
of Instrumentation 11:n.p.
Analysis confirms that the production of Harappan faience beads utilized the efflorescence
glazing method.
Gu, Zhou, Wugan Luo, Xiaochenyang Jiang, Nian Liu, Yanan Fu, Lili Zhang, Min Yang,
and Yimin Yang
2020 Copper-Red Glass Beads of the Han Dynasty Excavated in Yunnan Province,
Southwestern China. Journal of Glass Studies 62:11-22;
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26951070.
Five tiny opaque red beads found in Muyi Cemetery were analyzed to determine their production
technology and to explore their possible provenance. Chemical analysis revealed they are
composed of potash glass with higher CaO and Al2O2.
Gu, Zhou, Jian Zhu, Yaoting Xie, Tiqiao Xiao, Yimin Yang, and Changsui Wang
2014 Nondestructive Analysis of Faience Beads from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Excavated
from Peng State Cemetery, Shanxi Province, China. Journal of Analytical Atomic
Spectrometry 29:1438-1443; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264315679.
The beads could be divided into two types: glazed faience and glassy faience. It is inferred that
these beads were first formed on an organic cylinder and then glazed using the direct application
method. They appear to have an indigenous origin in China.
Guerra, M.F.
2000 A Report on the Composition of a Gold Bead from Gao (GAD 96 A 13). In Urbanism,
Archaeology and Trade: Further Observations on the Gao Region (Mali), The 1996
Fieldseason Results, edited by T. Insoll, pp. 153-155. British Archaeological Reports,
International Series 829.
Guilaine, J., B. Gratuze, and J.N. Barrandon
1991 Les perles de verre du chalcolithique et de l’âge du bronze. Analyses d’exemplaires
trouvés en France. In L’Age du Bronze Atlantique, Actes du 1er Colloque du parc
Archéologique de Beynac, 10-14 sept. 1990, edited by C. Chevillot and A. Coffyn, pp.
255-266. Association des musées du Sarladais, Beynac, and Cazenac.
Analysis of glass beads of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age found in France.
Guilaine, Jean, Guirec Querré, Serge Cours, Jacques Coularou, Hélène Vergély, Jean
Vaquer, and Muriel Gandelin
2023 The Variscite «Necklace» of the Salpêtre Cave, at Pompignan (Gard, France). Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 47, 103768;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103768.
A set of 17 variscite beads excavated in a cave in southeastern France constitutes a unique
Middle Neolithic ornament. PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) chemical analysis of the
beads and reference samples from possible sources indicates a mineral origin from the Gava
mines situated near Barcelona, Spain.
Gupta, Sunil
2000 New Analyses of Indo-Pacific Beads and Glass Waste from Arikamedu, India. Bead
Study Trust Newsletter 35:8-9;
https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/bead_study_trust.
Presents chemical composition data on twelve micro-bead and waste-glass samples surface
collected at Arikamedu in southeastern India.
Hadden, Carla S., Alexander Cherkinsky, Geoffrey M. Smith, Aaron P. Ollivier, and Hai
Pan
2017 Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Composition of Early Holocene Olivella Shell Beads from
the Northwest Coast, USA. Radiocarbon 2017:1-13;
https://www.academia.edu/34601197/.
Expands upon and re-examines the incremental carbon (14C and ä13C) and oxygen (ä18O) isotope
data from two shell beads from the LSP-1 Rockshelter, Oregon, to address two common
problems in dating marine shell trade goods: 1) the source region is large, adding to uncertainty
regarding the appropriate specification of ÄR, and 2) the 14C activity within individual specimens
is variable.
Hall, Mark E. and Leonid Yablonsky
1997 Chemical Analyses of Glass Beads found in Two Sarmatian Burials. Archaeometry
39:369-377; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229693307.
The chemical compositions of 14 glass beads from two Early Sarmatian-period burials were
determined. All the beads can be classed as low-magnesia soda-lime-silica glasses. The blue
glass beads examined in this study were colored with Co and Cu containing minerals. Cluster
analysis and principal-component analysis suggest that two distinct glass recipes were used to
manufacture these beads.
Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia. Journal of
Archaeological Science 25(12):1239-1245; https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1998.0294.
The chemical composition of 18 glass beads from Early Sarmatian period burials were
determined using electron probe microbeam analysis and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence.
Multivariate analysis of the major oxides suggests that there are five distinct glass recipes. These
indicate the involvement of the Sarmatians in exchange/trade networks linking the Eastern
Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and China.
1998
Han, Min Su
2017 Characteristic Analysis of Chemical Compositions for Ancient Glasses Excavated from
the Sarira Hole of Mireuksaji Stone Pagoda, Iksan. Journal of Archaeological Science
33(3):215-223; https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2017.33.3.06.
Chemical analysis of 11 glass beads recovered from a site in Korea reveal that they represent a
soda-glass group with high contents of SiO2 and Na2O; this can be further subdivided into sodaalumina groups (Na2O-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2).
Han, Min Su, Han Hyoung Lee, and Eun Jung Moon
2011 Characteristics of Chemical Compositions and Weathering of Glass Beads Excavated
from Andong Tumulus in Gildu-ri, Goheung. Journal of Conservation Science
27(3):323-332; https://www.e-jcs.org/m/journal/view.php?number=409.
Excavated in the southwest region of the Korean Peninsula, the beads date to the 4th-5th
centuries. In Korean with English abstract.
Hancock, R.G.V.
2005 Elemental Analyses of North American Glass Trade Beads. Beads: Journal of the Society
of Bead Researchers 17:52-57; https://www.academia.edu/27509077/.
Provides a good description of neutron activation analysis and summarizes the findings to date.
European Glass Trade Beads in Northeastern North America. In Modern Methods for
Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass, edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 459-471.
Wiley Online Library. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236650863.
Summarizes the chemical data for beads in the region and postulates origins.
2013
Hancock, R.G.V., S. Aufreiter, and I. Kenyon
1996 Preliminary Chemical Survey of White Glass Beads from the Rochester Museum and
Science Center. https://www.academia.edu/25807191/.
Eighty beads were analyzed to obtain maximum diversity of bead forms and to blanket the
period 1650-1690 in order to determine the earliest occurrence of Sb-rich white glass beads.
European White Glass Trade Beads as Chronological and Trade Markers. In Materials
Issues in Art and Archaeology V, edited by P.B. Vandiver et al., pp. 181-191. Materials
Research Society, Symposium Proceedings 462. https://www.academia.edu/13922142/.
The opacifiers in the glass used to manufacture white trade beads from the early 17th to 20th
centuries changed through time, making it potentially possible to date otherwise nondescript
“seed” beads by means of nondestructive chemical analysis.
1997
Hancock, R.G.V., S. Aufreiter, I. Kenyon, and M. Latta
1999 White Glass Beads from the Auger Site, Southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of
Archaeological Science 26(8):907-912.
A sample of 94 glass beads from the early 17th century was analyzed by instrumental neutron
activation. Four different glass chemistries were found, some shape specific. The beads are tin
rich.
Hancock, R.G.V., S. Aufreiter, J.-F. Moreau, and I. Kenyon
1996 Chemical Chronology of Turquoise Blue Glass Trade Beads from the Lac-Saint-Jean
Region of Quebec. In Archaeological Chemistry: Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical
Analysis, edited by Mary Virginia Orna, pp. 23-36. American Chemical Society
Symposium Series 625.
Reports on instrumental neutron activation analysis of 80 beads from 3 sites. Comparison with
the composition of well-dated beads from elsewhere now helps to date these sites.
Hancock, R.G.V., A. Chafe, and I. Kenyon
1994 Neutron Activation Analysis of Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century European Blue Glass
Beads from the Eastern Great Lakes Area of North America. Archaeometry 36(2):253266; https://www.academia.edu/13915294/.
Reports the results of the analysis of both cobalt- and copper-colored beads. There seem to be
chemical differences between the copper-colored specimens of the 16th century and those of the
17th century.
Hancock, R.G.V. and Elizabeth Graham
2006 Evidence for the Period of Distribution of European Glass Beads at the Spanish Mission
of Tipu in Belize. In 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 3-7 May 2004,
Zaragoza, Spain, edited by Josefina Pérez-Arantegui, pp. 483-487. Institución Fernando
el Católico, Zaragoza.
The findings are consistent with the proposal that most of the European goods were brought to
Tipu during the active mission period that began in the mid-16th century and largely ended with
the Belize Maya rebellion of 1638-1641.
Hancock, R.G.V., J. McKechnie, S. Aufreiter, K. Karklins, M. Kapches, M. Sempowski, J.F. Moreau, and I. Kenyon
2000 The Non-Destructive Analysis of European Cobalt Blue Glass Trade Beads. Journal of
Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 244:567-573;
https://www.academia.edu/14217766/.
Chemical analyses were performed on royal blue glass trade beads from two early-17th-century
archaeological sites in southern Ontario, Canada, and from a glass beadmaking house in
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The results confirm that these beads were all mixed alkali-limesilica glasses, colored with Co and with opaque variants opacified with Sn.
Hancock, R.G.V., L.A. Pavlish, R.M. Farquhar, R. Salloum, W.A. Fox, and G.C. Wilson
1991 Distinguishing European Trade Copper and North-Eastern North American Native
Copper. Archaeometry 33(1):69-86; https://www.academia.edu/13881430/.
Neutron activation analysis of native copper samples from the Lake Michigan/Lake Superior
region, European copper artifacts (including beads) from 16th-17th-centuries archaeological
sites in Ontario, and modern copper wire reveals that the three groups can be distinguished on
the basis of their composition.
Hao, Wentao, Yimin Yang, Jian Zhu, Zhou Gu, Yaoting Xie, Jing Zhang, and Lihua Wang
2014 XANES Investigation of Chinese Faience Excavated from Peng State Cemetery Site in
Western Zhou Period (BC1046-BC771). Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related
Phenomena 196:133-135.
Analysis of two faience beads of blue and green color, respectively, reveals that the coloring
element in both beads is copper with +2 valence, and the color divergence of these two beads
may originate from different local chemical environments of Cu2+. It is suggested that the
faience in this period is the earliest glaze with copper colorant in China.
Harrison, Ainslie
2011 Fabrication Techniques of Pre-Columbian Gold Beads. Smithsonian Museum
Conservation Institute Report 6100.3.
Investigates the technology, as well as the elemental composition, of gold beads recovered from
sites in Panama. Comparisons are made with beads from other sites in Central and South
America.
Harrison, Ainslie C., Kim Cullen Cobb, Harriet F. Beaubien, Paul Jett, and Julia Mayo
2012 A Study of Pre-Columbian Gold Beads from Panama. In Historical Technology,
Materials and Conservation: SEM and Microanalysis, edited by Nigel Meeks, Caroline
Cartwright, Andrew Meek, and Aude Mongiatti, pp. 49-55. Archetype Publications,
London.
Hartmann, Gerald, Irene Kappel, Klaus Grote, and Betty Arndt
1997 Chemistry and Technology of Prehistoric Glass from Lower Saxony and Hesse. Journal
of Archaeological Science 24(6):547-559.
The investigated collection of glass beads and bracelets represents a cross-section of the most
important glass types found for the Bronze Age and Iron Age in Central Germany. Among the
artifacts are examples of different chemical compositions, colors, and varying degrees of
opacity. The artifacts date from the 14th-1st centuries BC.
Hawkins, Alicia and Heather Walder
2022 Characterizing Glass Recipes for Distinctive Polychrome Glass Bead Types in Ontario,
Canada. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and
Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 57-80. Studies in
Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.8.
Presents an analysis of Nueva Cadiz beads from Huron-Wendat sites in southern Ontario.
Heaser, Sue
2023 Testing Roman Glass in the Flame. EXARC Journal 2023/4; https://exarc.net/issue-20234/at/testing-roman-glass-flame.
A quantity of Roman glass cullet from English sites was put to a range of tests, including
compositional analysis and beadmaking, to investigate the behavior of the glass in the flame.
Heck, G.
1996 Anwendung der PY-GC auf die Herkunftsbestimmung von Bernstein. Acta Praehistorica
et Archaeologica 28:154-165.
Describes and illustrates the pyrolysis-gas chromatography method of determining the
provenance of amber.
Heck, Martin
2000 Chemisch-Analytische Untersuchungen an frühmittelalterlichen Glasperlen. Fachbereich
Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt. <http://elib.tu-darmstadt.de/diss/000065>
Several different analytical methods were used to determine the chemistry and structure of ca.
1500 variously colored beads found in female tombs of the Merovingian (early medieval) period.
Heck, M. and P. Hoffmann
2000 Coloured Opaque Glass Beads of the Merovingians. Archaeometry 42(2):341-357;
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2000.tb00886.x.
Several analytical methods were used to throw light on glass technology during an important
period of cultural transition.
2000
Rohstoffe für die Farbgebung merowingerzeitlicher Glasperlen. In Archäometrie und
Denkmalpflege: gemeinsame Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises Archäometrie der GDCH
und des Arbeitskreises Archäometrie u. Denkmalpflege der Deutschen Mineralog. Ges.,
Dresden 2000, pp. 110-112.
On the raw materials for coloring Merovingian glass beads.
2002
Analysis of Early Medieval Glass Beads: The Raw Materials to Produce Green, Orange
and Brown Colours. Microchimica Acta 139(1-4):71-76;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s006040200042.
Analysis of monochrome Merovingian (5th-7th centuries) glass beads reveals that oxidized
metals, alloys (lead, copper, bronze, brass, and mixtures of them), and iron smelting slag were
used as raw materials to color the soda-lime glass.
Heck, M., P. Hoffmann, and H.M. Ortner
1999 Bestimmung der Zusammensetzung von inhomogenen, kleinen und unregelmäßig
geformten altertümlichen Glasperlen mit Hilfe der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse. In 6.
Anwendertreffen für Röntgenfluoreszenz- und Funkenemissionsspektrometrie, Dortmund
15.-16.3.1999, pp. 168-176.
Reports on the use of X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the composition of
inhomogeneous, small, and irregularly shaped ancient glass beads.
Heck, M., P. Hoffmann, P. Streitwolf, C. Theune, and J. Callmer
1997 Charakterisierung gelber merowingerzeitlicher Glasperlen. In Proceedings der
Jahrestagung Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege, Wien, 24.-27.3.1997, pp. 213-215.
Characterizes yellow Merovingian glass beads.
Heck, M., P. Hoffmann, C. Theune, and J. Callmer
1998 Archäometrische Untersuchungen an gelben und braunen merowingerzeitlichen
Glasperlen. In Proceedings der Jahrestagung Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege,
Würzburg 23.-25.9.1998, pp. 155-157.
On the archaeometrical study of yellow and brown Merovingian glass beads.
Farbmessungen an merowingerzeitlichen Glasperlen. In Proceedings der Jahrestagung
Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege, Würzburg 23.-25.9.1998, pp. 158-160.
Reports on the color characteristics of Merovingian glass beads.
1998
Heckel, C., K. Müller, R. White, H. Floss, N.J. Conard, and I. Reiche
2014 Micro-PIXE/PIGE Analysis of Palaeolithic Mammoth Ivory: Potential Chemical Markers
of Provenance and Relative Dating. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 416:133-141.
Reports on the analysis of mammoth ivory artifacts (beads included) from four Palaeolithic sites
(Abri Castanet, Vogelherd Cave, and Grottes de la Verpillière I and II) in France and Germany
in order to assess the effectiveness of this approach to material older than 30,000 y BP.
Heckel, C., K. Müller, R. White, S. Wolfe, N.J. Conard, C. Normand, H. Flosse, and I.
Reiche
2015 F-Content Variation in Mammoth Ivory from Aurignacian Contexts: Preservation,
Alteration, and Implications for Ivory-Procurement Strategies. Quaternary International;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287974277.
Presents the results of two series of micro-PIXE/PIGE analysis on mammoth ivory samples
(including beads and pendants) from four Aurignacian sites in France (Abri Castanet, Grotte
d’sturitz) and Germany (Hohle Fels, Vogelherd).
Helmi, Fatma M. and Nagwa S. Abdel-Rehim
2016 Study of Color Conversion by Time in Ancient Egyptian Faience Artifacts. Scientific
Culture 2(3):17-23.
Using various analytical processes, investigates why there is color change in ancient Egyptian
artifacts, including beads (blue to pale green and red to nearly white).
Henderson, Julian
1984 Beads of Glass. In Danebury: An Iron Age Hillfort in Hampshire, edited by B. Omliffe,
pp. 396-398 and Fiche 10, frames E4-F2. CBA Research Report 52.
Chemical analysis of the beads using X-ray fluorescence suggests that some Iron Age beads that
look alike come from different glassworking centers. England, United Kingdom.
1987 Chemical and Archaeological Analysis of Some British and European Prehistoric
Glasses. Annales du 10e Congres de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du
Verre, Madrid-Segovia 1985, pp. 13-22. Amsterdam.
The study centers on beads of transparent blue and opaque yellow glass from 4th-1st-centuriesBC archaeological contexts in Britain. The beads are from Wetwang Slack, North Humberside,
Meare, Somerset, and lump yellow glass from Hengistbury Head, Dorset, England, United
Kingdom.
The Iron Age of “Loughey” and Meare: Some Inferences from Glass Analysis. The
Antiquaries Journal LXVIII:19-42.
The Meare and “Loughey” sites are discussed with specific reference to the recovered glass.
Chemical analysis shows that beads of the same “type” can have entirely different chemical
compositions, suggesting different sources. England, United Kingdom.
1987
1988 Electron-Probe Microanalysis of Mixed-Alkali Glasses. Archaeometry 30(1):77-91.
Includes chemical analysis of glass beads from Bronze Age Rathgall, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
Discussion of why the compositions are quite different from contemporary Near Eastern glass.
1988
Glass Production and Bronze Age Europe. Antiquity 62(236):435-451;
https://www.academia.edu/21545673/.
Provides the results of chemical analyses of European Bronze Age glasses, including beads. One
color plate.
1989
The Scientific Analysis of Ancient Glass, and its Archaeological Interpretation. In
Scientific Analysis in Archaeology, and its Interpretation, edited by J. Henderson, pp. 3058. University of Oxford Committee for Archaeology Monograph 19. University of
California at Los Angeles, Institute of Archaeology, Archaeological Research Tools 5.
Reviews glass analysis, glass technology, and the chemical characterization of glass and beads.
1990
The Scientific Investigation of the Glass Beads from Apple Down Anglo-Saxon
Cemetery and its Archaeological Interpretation. Chichester District Council, Chichester
Excavations 7:156-168,
Presents descriptions of the beads, with electron microprobe analyses. England, United
Kingdom.
The Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Burton Fleming and Rudston. In Iron Age
Cemeteries in East Yorkshire, by I.M. Stead, pp. 167-169. English Heritage
Archaeological Report 22.
Chemical analyses of Iron Age glass beads, England, United Kingdom.
1991
1993
Chemical Analysis of the Glass and Faience from Hauterive-Champréveyres, Lake
Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In Metal et parure au Bronze final, Hauterive-Champréyres,
Vol. 9, edited by Anne-Marie Rychner-Faraggi, pp. 111-118. Musée cantonal
d’archéologie, Neuchatel.
Mixed-alkali glass beads from a Bronze Age Swiss lake village.
1993
The Scientific Analysis of Vitreous Materials from Kestria and Theologos-Tsiganadika
Tombs. In Proto-Historic Thasos, by C. Kowkouli-Chrysanthaki. Athens.
Very unusual Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age glass bead compositions, Greece.
1995
A Reconsideration of the Glass: Some Archaeological and Technological Aspects. In
Industrious and Fairly Civilised, by J. Coles and S. Minnitt, pp. 155-160. Somerset
Levels Project and Somerset County Council Museums Service.
Important, mainly Late Iron Age Site in southern England, United Kingdom. Chemical analyses
provide supporting evidence for a Late Iron Age glass bead technology.
1995
The Scientific Analysis of Glass Beads. In Glass Beads: Cultural History, Technology,
Experiment and Analogy, edited by M. Rasmussen, U.L. Hansen, and U. Näsman, pp. 6775. Historical-Archaeological Experimental Center, Studies in Technology and Culture 2.
2013
Ancient Glass: An Interdisciplinary Exploration. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Provides an in-depth consideration of glass as a material, the raw materials used to make it, and
its wide range of chemical compositions in both the East and the West from its invention to the
17th century AD. Highly recommended.
Henderson, Julian, J. An, and H. Ma
2018 The Archaeometry and Archaeology of Ancient Chinese Glass: A Review. Archaeometry
60(1):88-104; https://www.academia.edu/37536377/.
This paper provides a new review of archaeometric research carried out on glass found in China,
set in an archaeological context, from its earliest occurrence to the Song dynasty. It discusses
chemical and isotopic compositional contrasts in glasses from different periods found in
different parts of China, the glasses that were almost certainly made in China and those that were
imported.
Henderson, Julian and J. Callmer
1991 Glassworking at Åhus, S. Sweden (eighth century AD). Laborativ Arkeologi 5:143-154.
Discussion of the chemical analyses of raw materials, glass beads, etc.
Henderson, Julian, Simon Chenery, Kimiyoshi Matsumuraki, Jane Evans, and Sachihiro
Omura
2021 Did the Hittites Make Glass? Annales du 21e Congrès de l’Association Internationale
pour l’Histoire du Verre, Ýstanbul, pp. 27-31;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357805976.
Provides one of the first scientific investigations of Hittite glass beads from Kaman Kalehöyük,
dating mainly to phase IIIB (1650 and 1400 BCE), and a pendant from Büklükale, dating to the
16th century BC. Both sites are in central Anatolia.
Henderson, Julian, S. Chenery, S. Omura, K. Matsumura, and E. Faber
2018 Hittite and Early Iron Age Glass from Kaman-Kalehöyük and Büklükale, Turkey:
Evidence for Local Production and Continuity? Anatolian Archaeological Studies
XXI:70-84; https://www.academia.edu/36631889/.
Presents the first global results from electron probe microanalysis of glass beads found in Hittite
and early Iron Age contexts from sites in central Anatolia, performed in order to determine if
they were made in Turkey or not.
Henderson, Julian and I. Holand
1992 The Glass from Borg, an Early Medieval Chieftain’s Farm in Northern Norway.
Medieval Archaeology 36:29-58.
Presents an analysis of the beads and glass sherds recovered from a 1st millennium site.
Henderson, Julian and R. Ivens
1992 Dunmisk and Glass-Making in Early Christian Ireland. Antiquity 66 (250):52-64.
Reports evidence for glass working and the modification of raw glass by adding colorants. Finds
include glass strands used for decorating beads, malformed beads, and crucible fragments with
glass adhering.
Henderson, Julian, Alison Sheridan, Simon Chenery, Jane Evans, Simon Timberlake,
Andy Towle, Mark Knight, Rob Wiseman, and Lore Troalen
2024 Necklace and Beads. In Must Farm Pile-dwelling Settlement: Volume 2. Specialist
Reports, edited by Rachel Ballantyne, Anwen Cooper, David Gibson, Mark Knight, and
Iona Robinson Zeki, pp. 895-950. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,
Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.107114.
Over 56 beads, most of them monochrome glass, were recovered from this Bronze Age site in
Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Other materials include amber, siltstone, shale, tin, and
faience. The chemical composition of some of the beads is presented.
Henderson, Julian, Torben Sode, and Yvette Sablerolles
2019 Early Medieval Tesserae from Scandinavia and the Netherlands: A Case for Recycling.
In Early Medieval Tesserae in Northwestern Europe, edited by L. Van Wersch, L.
Verslype, D. Strivay, F. Theuws, pp. 68-95. Merovingian Archaeology in the Low
Countries 6.
Considers the possibility of the use of tesserae for glass bead production in Scandinavia and the
Netherlands during the 8th-9th centuries, from both archaeological and compositional points of
view.
Henderson, Julian and S.E. Warren
1986 Analysis of the Glass and Glassy Waste. In Finds from Parliament Street and Other Sites
in the City Centre, by D. Tweddle, pp. 224-226. The Archaeology of York: The Small
Finds 17/14. Council for British Archaeology, York.
On glass beads of the 12th and early 13th centuries AD excavated in the Shambles, York,
England, United Kingdom.
Herzog, A. and J.-F. Moreau
2006 European Glass Trade Beads, Neutron Activation Analysis and the Historical
Implications of Dating Seasonal Basque Whaling Stations in the New World. In 34th
International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004, edited by J. PérezArantegui, pp. 495-502. Institución Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza.
https://www.academia.edu/114126105/.
Analyzes the beads recovered from a Basque settlement on Petit Mécatina Island, off the Lower
North Shore of Quebec. The site is assigned to the period ca. 1675-1750.
Heyworth, Michael P.
1987 Examination and Analysis of Glass Beads from Wakerley. English Heritage, Ancient
Monuments Laboratory Report 241/87.
1988 Examination and Analysis of Glass Beads from Beckford, Worcestershire. English
Heritage, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 139/88.
A selection of glass beads from a Pagan Saxon cemetery were qualitatively analyzed to
determine their composition. England, United Kingdom.
1988 Examination and Analysis of Glass Beads from Great Chesterford, Essex. English
Heritage, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 137/88.
A selection of glass beads from a Pagan Saxon cemetery were qualitatively analyzed to
determine the colorants and decolorants used. England, United Kingdom.
1988
Examination and Analysis of Glass Beads from Mucking, Essex. English Heritage,
Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 122/88.
1990 Examination and Analysis of Glass Beads from Empingham, Leicestershire. English
Heritage, Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report 120/90.
A group of 65 glass beads from a Pagan Saxon cemetery were qualitatively analyzed to identify
the colorants and decolorants used. England, United Kingdom.
1990
Examination of a Glass Bead from Winchester, Hampshire. English Heritage, Ancient
Monuments Laboratory Report 6/90.
A bead fragment of colorless glass from a late medieval context contained small fragments of
colored glass and millefiori. It appears to be in the Venetian style and to date from the 16th
century. Colorants were identified by qualitative analysis. England, United Kingdom.
Hložeka, Martin
2013 Chemická analýza vybraných halštatských korálkù pomocí SEM-EDX. In Sklenìné
korálky doby bronzové a halštatské na Moravì [Glass Beads from the Bronze Age and
Hallstatt Period in Moravia], by Michaela Kršová, pp. 283-286. B.A. thesis. Department
of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.
https://theses.cz/id/p4dmjf/?lang=en.
Reports on SEM-EDX chemical analysis of selected Hallstatt beads recovered from sites in
Moravia.
Rentgen-fluorescenèní analýzy sklenìných korálkù z halštatského období na Moravì. In
Sklenìné korálky doby bronzové a halštatské na Moravì, by Michaela Kršová, pp. 259282. B.A. thesis. Department of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno,
Czech Republic. https://theses.cz/id/p4dmjf/?lang=en.
Reports on the XRF analysis of Hallstatt glass beads recovered from sites in Moravia.
2013
Hložeka, M. and T. Trojek
2015 Millefiori Glasswork Technique in the Migration Period: Investigation of Beads with the
Use of Nondestructive X-Ray Fluorescence Micro-Analysis. Radiation Physics and
Chemistry 116:332-334; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.01.020.
Non-destructive X-ray fluorescence micro-analysis was used to describe the elemental
composition and the production technology of a unique millefiori bead that was found in a burial
ground in Kyjov (Hodonin district, Czech Republic) dating back to the Migration Period.
Hoard, Robert J.
2012 Turquoise. In Archeological Investigations at Arkansas City, Kansas, edited by Robert J.
Hoard, pp. 239-245. Kansas Historical Society, Contract Archeology Publication 26.
Discusses the prehistoric use of turquoise in the study area and provides the results of neutron
activation analysis of turquoise from more than 40 source areas and 28 archeological sites. Beads
are included in the study. Calibrated 14C dates for features associated with the turquoise are also
provided.
Hoferitza, Michele
2024 An XRF Elemental Analysis of Prosser Molded Beads from Southwest Oregon. M.S.
thesis. Anthropology, Utah State University, Salt Lake City.
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd2023/231
Statistical analysis of three categories of elements was performed to determine whether the
creation of a model of glass recipes for Prosser beads might be possible using XRF.
Hoffmann, Peter
1994 Analytical Determination of Colouring Elements and of their Compounds in Glass Beads
from Graveyards of the Merowings Time. Fresenius’ Journal of Analytical Chemistry
349(4):320-333.
Monochrome beads excavated at three Merovingian sites in Germany were examined by nondestructive methods. The coloring compounds at the surface of the glass beads can be
characterized as Pb2SnSbO6.5 for the yellow beads and as Cu2O for the ochre beads.
1997
Analytische Bestimmung farbgebender Elemente und deren Verbindungen in Glasperlen
merowingerzeitlicher Gräberfelder. In Perlen: Archäologie, Techniken, Analysen, edited
by Uta von Freeden and Alfred Wieczorek, pp. 275-278. Kolloquien zur Vor- und
Frühgeschichte 1.
Essentially the same as the previous report.
Hoffmann, P., S. Bichlmeier, M. Heck, C. Theune, and J. Callmer
1999 Glasmatrix der Perlen merowingerzeitlicher Frauengräber von Eichstetten und Endingen.
Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 29(3):395-406.
On the composition of the glass beads from Merovingian women's graves at Eichstetten and
Endingen, Germany.
2000
Chemical Composition of Glass Beads of the Merovingian Period from Graveyards in the
Black Forest, Germany. X-Ray Spectrometry 29(1):92-100.
White, orange, green, and brown glass beads from women's burials of the Merovingian period
were scientifically characterized by X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy,
electron probe microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction.
Hoffmann, P., M. Heck, and C. Theune
2008 Chemische und mineralogische Untersuchungen an Glas: Zur Herstellung
merowingerzeitlicher Glasperlen. In Archäometrie: Methoden und Anwendungsbeispiele
naturwissenschaftlicher Verfahren in der Archäologie, edited by A. Hauptmann and V.
Pingel, pp. 110-124. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
The chemical and mineralogical study of Merovingian glass beads has led to an understanding of
their production.
Holzer, Veronika
1999 Sechs späthallstatt-/frühlatènezeitliche Glasperlen aus Vicenice, Böhmen. Annalen des
Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A 101:81-96;
https://www.academia.edu/95718981/.
Presents the results of Energy dispersive X-ray Fluorescence analysis of large, decorated, yellow
glass beads of the Late Hallstatt/early La Tène periods from Vicenice, Bohemia, Czech
Republic.
Höppner, B., M. Bartelheim, M. Huijsmans, R. Krauss, K.-P. Martinek, E. Pernicka, and
R. Schwab
2005 Prehistoric Copper Production in the Inn Valley (Austria) and the Earliest Copper in
Central Europe. Archaeometry 47(2):293-315.
Analyses of very early copper material from a critical region. A small bead of rolled sheet
copper may indicate contact with the Carpathian Basin (pp. 311-312).
Horsley T. and C. Mortimer
1997 Compositional and Structural Analysis of the Glass Beads from Boss Hall and
Buttermarket (St Stephen’s Lane) Early Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries, Ipswich. Suffolk.
English Heritage, Ancient Monuments Lab, London.
Presents analyses by XRF and EDX of a range of beads from 6th-7th centuries burials. Beads
were soda-lime-silica glass. England, United Kingdom.
Horvath, Judith
2016 X-ray Testing Results for the Burmese Gold Beads. In Burmese Gemstone Amulets and
Talismans, Vol. 1, edited by Terence Tan, Susan Conway, József Takács, and István
Zelnik, pp. 42-49. Hungarian Southeast Asian Research Institute, Budapest.
On the composition of gold beads in the collection of Burmese artifacts held by the Department
of Mineralogy of the Eötvös Loránd University and at the Hungarian Southeast Asian Research
Institute.
Hrubý, Petr, Petr Hejhal, Karel Kašák, Karel Malý, and Jiøí Valkony
2009 The Deserted Baroque Glassworks in the Cadastral Territory of Nová Vesnear Božejov
(District of Pelhøimov). Studies in Post-Medieval Archaeology 3:479-500.
This glassworks is important in that it was the only one east of the Šumava Mountains, Czech
Republic, to produce an assortment of glass jewelry typical for the Šumava Mountains
glassmaking circle of the 17th-18th centuries: furnace-wound glass rosary beads. Information is
provided re: chemical composition.
Huisman, D.J., J. van der Laan, G.R. Davies, B.J.H. van Os, N. Roymans, B. Fermin, M.
Karwowski
2017 Purple Haze: Combined Geochemical and Pb-Sr Isotope Constraints on Colourants in
Celtic Glass. Journal of Archaeological Science 81:59-78;
https://www.academia.edu/32312183/.
Hand-held XRF analyses of Late Iron Age Celtic (La Tène) bracelet fragments from the
Netherlands and Austria and Early Iron Age beads from the Netherlands revealed they were all
composed of soda-silica-lime glass, which has a presumed origin in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Huisman, D.J., B.J.H. van Os, J. van der Laan, D.J.M. Ngan-Tillard, I. Joosten, and H.A.C.
Fermin
2012 The Strange Case of 60 Frothy Beads: Puzzling Early Iron Age Glass Beads from the
Netherlands. Proceedings of the 39th International Symposium for Archaeometry,
Leuven, pp. 228-231.
A group of small blue-green glass beads containing numerous bubbles appear to be the result of
local, inexpert, reworking of imported glass objects. The air bubbles could be the result of remelting of the glass fragments or objects.
Huisman, Hans, Marion Aarts, Mirjam Kars, Fardau Mulder, Dominique Ngan-Tillard,
and Bertil van Os
2019 Maken en handelen: Merovingische kralen uit het Sittard-Kemperkoul grafveld
geanalyseerd. Paleo-aktueel 30:65-73; https://www.academia.edu/56507253/.
Presents a chemical analysis of Merovingian beads from the Sittard-Kemperkoul burial ground
in the Netherlands.
Hulínský, V. and E. Èerná
2001 Microanalysis of Early Medieval Glass Beads and its Importance in Archaeological
Research. Annales du 15e congrès de l´Association pour l´histoire du verre, Corning,
New York, pp. 116-121.
Hulínský, Václav, Šárka Jonášová, and Kateøina Tomková
2012 Sklenìné korálky z pohøebiš na katastru Žalova z pohledu jejich chemického složení
[Glass Beads from the Burial Grounds in the Žalov Municipal Cadastre Based on their
Chemical Composition]. In Levý Hradec v zrcadle archeologických výzkumù. Pohøebištì.
Díl I [Levý Hradec in the Mirror of Archaeological Excavations. Cemeteries. Part I],
edited by Kateøina Tomková, pp. 336-341. Institute of Archaeology of the Czech
Academy of Sciences, Prague. https://www.academia.edu/45581640/.
Reports the results of the chemical analysis (SEM-EDS) of glass beads from two burial grounds
of the 9th-10th centuries in the Czech Republic. German summary.
Hull, Sharon Kaye
2012 Turquoise Exchange and Procurement in the Chacoan World. Ph.D. thesis. Department
of Anthropology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
Sixty-two turquoise artifacts (including beads and pendants) recovered from several sites in the
American Southwest were analyzed using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Their
compositions were compared to those of geological samples from 21 turquoise resource areas in
the region, with the result that the likely turquoise source for 35 of the artifacts could be
determined.
Iizuka, Yoshiyuki
2012 Analytical Report of Glass Beads from Hoa Diem Site, Khanh Hoa, Viet Nam. In The
Excavation of Hoa Diem in Central Vietnam, edited by M. Yamagata and K. Suzuki, pp.
221-225. Bulletin of Institute of International Culture, Showa Women’s University 17.
Reports on SEM-EDS analysis of not only glass beads, but copper and stone (agate) as well.
Ilon, Gábor and Zsolt Kasztovszky
2016 Untersuchung spätbronzezeitlicher Glasperlen aus West-Ungarn / Analysis of Late
Bronze Age Glass Beads from Western Hungary. Archeometriai Mûhely XIII(1):55-68;
https://www.academia.edu/25100221/.
The beads studied represent the Late Tumulus-Early Urnfield culture (Bz C2-Ha A1). In German
with English summary.
Imai, Aiko, Yanase, Shinsuke Baba, Izumi Nakai, Kazuyuki Nakamura, Ogawa, and Kenichiro Koshida
2017 Archaeochemical Study of Ancient Glass Beads in Epi-Jomon Period Excavated from
Archaeological Sites in Central Hokkaido. X-sen Bunseki No Shinpo 48:235-248.
https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:54097311.
The beads represent three glass groups: high alumina-soda-lime-silica (Na2O-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2),
soda-lime-silica (Na2O-CaO-SiO2), and potash-silica (K2O-SiO2).
Insoll, Timothy
2001 India and Africa: A Survey of Cornelian Mines in Gujarat. Bead Study Trust Newsletter
39:7-10; https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/bead_study_trust.
Carnelian samples from 10 different workings/locations in western India were elementally
analyzed so they could be compared with beads from archaeological contexts in West and WestCentral Africa.
Insoll, Timothy and Kuldeep Bhan
2001 Carnelian Mines in Gujarat. Antiquity 75(289):495-496.
Short article on collecting carnelian samples from western India for geochemical analysis to help
identify trade patterns of beads from the area.
Insoll, Timothy, Nadia Khalaf, Rachel MacLean, Hannah Parsons-Morgan, Nicholas Tait,
Jane Gaastra, Alemseged Beldados, Alexander J.E. Pryor, Laura Evis, and Laure
Dussubieux
2021 Material Cosmopolitanism: The Entrepot of Harlaa as Islamic Gateway to Eastern
Ethiopia. Antiquity 95:487-507; https://www.academia.edu/45662463/.
Beads appear to have been an important commodity at Harlaa, with evidence for agate, glass,
and shell beadmaking. LA-ICP-MS analysis of four beads from the workshop complex indicates
the importation of some beads from Central Asia, the Middle East (possibly Mamluk Egypt), and
Sri Lanka/South India.
Insoll, Timothy, David A. Polya, Kuldeep Bhan, Duncan Irving, and Kym Jarvis
2004 Towards an Understanding of the Carnelian Bead Trade from Western India to SubSaharan Africa: The Application of UV-LA-ICP-MS to Carnelian from Gujarat, India,
and West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:1161-1173;
https://www.academia.edu/9812453/.
Outlines the results of chemical analysis and subsequent principal component analysis
undertaken in an attempt to differentiate Gujarati and West African carnelian samples, and thus
begins to allow inferences to be made regarding a possible trade in carnelian between these two
regions primarily in the medieval period, based upon more objective data.
Ivanova, Silviya and Ivelin Kuleff
2009 Archaeological Amber from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages from the Territory of Present
Bulgaria. Archaeologia Bulgarica XIII(3):23-46; https://www.academia.edu/510174/.
Discusses relevant amber finds (mostly beads) and provides compositional data.
Jackson, Caroline M.
2016 Four Blue Beads from Gardom’s Edge. Journal of Glass Studies 58:11-20;
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/106274/.
Four blue glass bead fragments from a prehistoric site (either Bronze Age or Iron Age) in the
upland area of the Peak District of central England were analyzed to determine their
composition, date, and origin.
Jackson, Caroline M. and Sarah Paynter
2022 Baubles, Bangles and Beads: Recycling Coloured Glasses in the British Iron Age and
Roman Periods. Archaeometry; https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12767.
Discusses the possible types and sources of trade glass, the challenges of recycling mono- and
polychrome glass in different colors, and the unconventional methods used by glassworkers on
the periphery of Roman influence to extend and modify colored glass to produce distinctive
items in order to express their identity.
Jacobson, L., C.A. Pineda, D. Morris, M. Peisach, and A.E Pillay
1996 A Preliminary Report on the PIXE Analysis of Ostrich Eggshell and its Potential for
Provenance Studies in Southern Africa. In Archaeometry 1994: The Proceedings of the
29th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Ankara 9-14 May 1994, edited by S.
Demirci, A.M. Özer, and G.D. Summers, pp. 273-278.
https://www.academia.edu/1842943/.
Ostrich-eggshell beads were used both in Hxaro exchange networks as well as more commercial
trade relationships. By sourcing ostrich eggshell to different geological substrates it will be
possible to reconstruct the extent and identity of these networks thus enabling a poorly
understood aspect of San history to be written.
Janssens, Koen H.A. (ed.)
2013 Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass. John Wiley and
Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Members of the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre and other scholars present a
comprehensive overview of current techniques for the analysis of glass composition for both
archaeological and historical glass, including beads.
Janz, Lisa, James K. Feathers, and George S. Burr
2015 Dating Surface Assemblages Using Pottery and Eggshell: Assessing Radiocarbon and
Luminescence Techniques in Northeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science 57:119129.
New radiocarbon and luminescence dates on collections from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and
China reveal that Accelerator Mass Spectrometry and luminescence are highly complementary
methods and produce results consistent with expected archaeological ages, while ostrich eggshell
dates (derived from beads and shell fragments) were older than the associated site assemblages.
Jeunesse, Christian
2002 La coquille et la dent. Parure de coquillage et évolution des systèmes symboliques dans
le Néolithique danubien (5600-4500). In Matériaux, productions, circulations du
néolithique à l'Age du Bronze, edited by J. Guilaine, pp. 49-64. Ed. Errance, Paris.
On shell ornaments (including beads and pendants) and the evolution of symbolic systems in the
Danubian Neolithic.
Jia, Yanqin, Jianfeng Cui, and Chenming Cao
2024 Analysis of Two Glass Eye (Jatim) Beads Unearthed from the Northern Wei Tomb
Complex in Dongxin, Datong. Heritage Science;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379016049.
The authors examined the beads’ manufacturing techniques, including matrices, eye patterns,
and perforations. Composition analysis revealed that the beads belong to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2
glass system. China.
Jian, Zhu, Yimin Yang, Wei Xu, Dongliang Chen, Junqing Dong, Lihua Wang, and
Michael D. Glascock
2012 Study of an Archaeological Opaque Red Glass Bead from China by XRD, XRF, and
XANES. X-Ray Spectrometry 41:363-366.
A rare archeological find of red glass beads (AD 300-400) discovered in Leijiaping, Badong
County, Hubei, China, was subjected to an advanced structural analysis using micro synchrotron
X-ray near-edge absorption spectroscopy. This study reveals that this form of analysis is an
advanced and nondestructive technology to study ancient glass objects.
Johnson, Diane, Joyce Tyldesley, Tristan Lowe, Philip J. Withers, and Monica M. Grady
2013 Analysis of a Prehistoric Egyptian Iron Bead with Implications for the Use and
Perception of Meteoritic Iron in Ancient Egypt. Meteoritics & Planetary Science
48(6):997-1006; https://www.academia.edu/4058473/.
Tube-shaped beads excavated from grave pits at the prehistoric Gerzeh cemetery, ca. 3300 BCE,
represent the earliest known use of iron in Egypt. Using a combination of scanning electron
microscopy and micro X-ray microcomputer tomography, the authors show that microstructural
and chemical analysis of a Gerzeh iron bead is consistent with a cold-worked iron meteorite.
Jones, Travis W., Jennifer Birch, Ronald F. Williamson, Timothy J. Abel, Robert J.
Speakman, and Louis Lesage
2018 Steatite Characterization Using X-ray Fluorescence and Insights into Northern Iroquoian
Interregional Interaction. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 20:506-515;
https://www.academia.edu/42992148/.
Provides compositional data from an assemblage of 100 steatite beads and pipes deriving from
11 Northern Iroquoian sites in southern Ontario and New York.
Kaal, Joeri, María Martín Seijo, Cesar Oliveira, Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka, Victoria E.
McCoy, Monica M. Solorzano Kraemer, Alexander Kerner, Philip Wenig, Carlos Mayo,
and Julia Mayo
2020 Golden Artefacts, Resin Figurines, Body Adhesives and Tomb Sediments from the PreColumbian Burial Site El Caño (Gran Cocle, Panama): Tracing Organic Contents Using
Molecular Archaeometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 113, 105045;
https://www.academia.edu/40995295/.
The figurines and beads found with a burial were found to be formed from Hymenaea resin.
Kadikova, Irina F., Ekaterina A. Morozova, Tatyana V. Yuryeva, Irina A. Grigorieva, and
Vladimir A. Yuryev
2020 Study of Deteriorating Semiopaque Turquoise Lead-Potassium Glass Beads at Different
Stages of Corrosion Using Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy. Mater. Res. Express 7, 025203;
https://www.academia.edu/79828266/.
Examines the cause of the fatal corrosion of glass beads on 19th-century beadwork in museum
collections.
Kadikova, Irina F., Tatyana V. Yuryeva, Ekaterina A. Morozova, Irina A. Grigorieva, Ilya
B. Afanasyev, Vladimir Y. Karpenko, and Vladimir A. Yuryev
2022 Glass Alteration in the Process of Long-Term Corrosion Caused by Internal Stress: A
Comparative Study of Degraded and Intact Domains in 19th Century Semi-Opaque
Turquoise Glass Seed Beads Using Micro-FTIR Spectroscopy and SEM.
arXiv:2201.04954; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357823484.
Reveals that the corrosion is caused by several mutually connected processes developing in
parallel and intensifying one another.
Kadikova, I.F., T.V. Yuryeva, E.A. Morozova, I.A. Grigorieva, M.V. Lukashova, I.B.
Afanasyev, and V.A. Yuryev
2019 Crystals in the 19th Century Glass Beads. Paper presented at Technart 2019, Bruges,
Belgium, 7-10 May; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332781545.
Some types of 19th-century glass beads (translucent turquoise, green, red-white and some
others) are subject to more intense destruction than others, apparently due to the presence of
nano and micro crystals in the glass.
Kadleèíková, Magdaléna, Juraj Breza, ¼ubomír Vanèo, Miloš Gregor, and Igor Bazovský
2015 Raman Spectroscopy of Ancient Beads from Devín Castle near Bratislava and of Four
Intaglios from Other Archaeological Finds in Slovakia. The Journal of Gemmology
34(6):510-517; https://www.academia.edu/48067494/.
Violet and red-to-orange beads from a necklace and bracelet dated to the 11th-12th centuries
were found to be fluorite (previously described as amethyst) and carnelian, respectively.
Kalicz, Nándor, Zsuzsanna Siklósi, Gabriella Schöll-Barna, Bernadett Bajnóczi, George H.
Hourmouziadis, Fotis Ifantidis, Aikaterini Kyparissi-Apostolika, Maria Pappa, Rena
Veropoulidou, and Christina Ziota
2012 Aszód-Papi földek késõ neolitikus lelõhelyen feltárt kagylóékszerek származási helyének
meghatározása stabilizotóp-geokémiai módszerrel [Stable Isotope Geochemical
Provenance Study of Shell Ornaments from Aszód-Papi-földek]. In Environment –
Human – Culture: Dialogue between Applied Sciences and Archaeology, edited by Attila
Kreiter, Ákos Petõ, and Beáta Tugya, pp. 317-326. Hungarian National Museum Centre
for National Cultural Heritage, Budapest.
Beads and bracelets of Spondylus shell excavated at a Late Neolithic site in central Hungary
were analyzed to help interpret exchange systems and the social role of shell ornaments during
that time period.
Kalkreuth, Wolfgang, Claus Andreasen, Henrik I. Petersen, and Lars Stemmerik
2012 The Petrology and Provenance of Coal Artifacts from Thule Settlements in North-eastern
Greenland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 60:1-13;
https://www.academia.edu/66981487/.
Coal petrographic techniques were used to trace the origin of the coal used to produce two large
15th-century perforated pendants or amulets. One is in the form of a female figure; the other is
oval in form. The coal was found to be of local origin and not imported from known “mines” in
Arctic Canada.
Kalsbeek, Nicoline and Knud Botfeldt
2007 Identification of Amber and Amber Imitations by Infrared Spectroscopy. Meddelelser om
konservering 1:3-11.
Twenty museum objects – mostly beads – were analyzed to distinguish those of Baltic amber
from amber imitations.
Kang, Hyung-Tae, Nam-Chul Cho, Min-Su Han, Woo-Hyun Kim, and Ji-Youn Hong
2009 Chemical Composition and Lead Isotope Ratio of Glass Beads Excavated from
Eunpyeong Newtown Site. Journal of Conservation Science 25(3):335-345;
https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=326.
The beads are mainly potash glass (K2O-CaO-SiO2) and potash-lead glass (K2O-PbO-SiO2),
while some appear to be quartz. South Korea. In Korean with English abstract.
Kang, Hyung-Tae and Eun-Young Yun
2012 Chemical Compositions and Lead Isotope Ratios of Some Glass Beads from Seokga-tap,
Gyeongju. Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage 1(1):3-8.
Of the four beads analyzed, three were found to be of lead glass (PbO-SiO2) and one was of
potash-lead glass (K2O-PbO-SiO2). The latter is dated to the end of the 10th century. South
Korea.
Kang, H.T., E.Y. Yun, and J.Y. Ahn
2008 Chemical Compositions of Glass Beads from Tombs of Chunburi, Ulleung-do, Ulleungdo Site. National Museum of Korea, Report of Research of Antiquities 38:361-372.
South Korea.
Kanungo, Alok K. and Robert H. Brill
2009 Kopia, India’s First Glassmaking Site: Dating and Chemical Analysis. Journal of Glass
Studies 51:11-25.
Reports on the analysis of glass (including beads) recovered from Kopia, a major glassmaking
site in Uttar Pradesh, which was occupied from 700 BC to around AD 600.
Kaparou, Maria and Artemios Oikonomou
2022 Mycenaean through Hellenistic Glass in Greece: Where Have We Got to?
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, 92;
https://www.academia.edu/78123058/.
Aims to consolidate aspects of how glass was produced, traded, and used from the Late Bronze
Age through Hellenistic times. Beads enter into the discussion.
Kaparou, Maria, K. Tsampa, N. Zacharias, and A.G. Karydas
2023 Analytical Exploration of the Mycenaean Glass World Via Micro-PIXE: A Contribution
to Our Knowledge of LBA Glass Technology. Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 15, 201; https://www.academia.edu/111385799/.
Investigates the chemical composition of 11 glass beads and relief plaques from three tombs in
the area of Palaia Epidavros, Argolid, Greece, to determine aspects of the technology and
provenance of Mycenaean glass jewelry dating to the 15th-11th centuries BC.
Karches, Barbara
2012 Untersuchung spätlatène-/frühkaiserzeitlicher Glasperlen auf ihre
Elementzusammensetzung mittels instrumenteller Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse. Thesis
in Chemistry. Institut für Kernchemie der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz.
On determining the elemental composition of late La Tène to early Imperial period glass beads
using instrumental neutron activation analysis.
Karklins, Karlis, Laure Dussubieux, and Ron G.V. Hancock
2015 A 17th-Century Glass Bead Factory at Hammersmith Embankment, London, England.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 27:16-24;
https://www.academia.edu/20300753/.
Excavations in West London uncovered the remains of two glass furnaces with associated
wasters relating to the manufacture of drawn glass beads during the second quarter of the 17th
century. The site is significant as it represents the first archaeological evidence for the
production of glass beads in post-medieval England. Comparisons of the chemical compositions
of the Hammersmith beads with those of beads from a contemporary Amsterdam factory reveal a
number of similarities as well as differences.
Karklins, K., R.G.V. Hancock, J. Baart, M.L. Sempowski, J.-F. Moreau, D. Barham, S.
Aufreiter, and I. Kenyon
2002 Analysis of Glass Beads and Glass Recovered from an Early 17th-Century Glassmaking
House in Amsterdam. In Archaeological Chemistry: Materials, Methods and Meaning,
edited by K.A. Jakes, pp. 110-127. American Chemical Society, Symposium Series 831.
https://www.academia.edu/98238439/.
Presents the results of INAA analysis of a large sample of variously colored beads recovered
from the wasters of a glassworks in Amsterdam. Initially believed to have operated from 1601 to
1610, that date was subsequently revised to 1621-1657.
Karklins, Karlis, Alicia Hawkins, Heather Walder, and Scott Fairgrieve
2018 Florida Cut-Crystal Beads in Ontario. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
30:44-51; https://www.academia.edu/40475947/.
Discusses three faceted rock-crystal beads generally termed Florida Cut-Crystal which were
found in the legacy collections of two 17th-century Huron-Wendat sites in southern Ontario.
Includes details about their manufacture and chemical composition.
Karklins, Karlis, Sibylle Jargstorf, Gerhard Zeh, and Laure Dussubieux
2016 The Fichtelgebirge Bead and Button Industry of Bavaria. Beads: Journal of the Society of
Bead Researchers 28:16-37; https://www.academia.edu/32800480/.
The Fichtelgebirge bead and button industry is especially notable for two things: 1) the
utilization of furnace-winding technology which, based on our current knowledge, was not
employed to a significant degree elsewhere in Europe during the post-medieval period, and 2)
the localized use of Proterobas, a greenish igneous rock, to produce opaque black beads and
buttons without any additives until the early 19th century. This article presents a history of the
industry and describes the products and the technology involved. It also provides a preliminary
assessment of the chemical composition of the various products.
Karklins, K., J. Kottman, R.G.V. Hancock, M.L. Sempowski, A.W. Nohe, J.-F. Moreau, S.
Aufreiter, and I. Kenyon
2001 On the Chemical Variability of Middelburg Glass Beads and Rods. In Australasian
Connections and New Directions, Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Archaeometry
Conference, edited by M. Jones and P. Sheppard, pp. 187-195. Department of
Anthropology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Analysis of beads likely produced in Middelburg, The Netherlands, in the 17th century.
Karwowski, Maciej
2006 Major Questions Concerning Celtic Glass from the Eastern Regions of La Tène Culture.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia 1:133-159.
Discusses glass bracelets, ring-beads, and tiny rings, including their elemental composition.
Karwowski, Maciej, Christoph Jokubonis, and Shokufeh Zamini
2002 Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung von Metallanteilen (Z>20) im Glas der Perlen aus den
Gräbern 185 und 233 von Pottenbrunn. In Das eisenzeitliche Gräberfeld von
Pottenbrunn, edited by Peter C. Ramsl, pp. 353-357. Fundberichte aus Österreich,
Materialhefte A 11. https://www.academia.edu/5355303/.
Reports on the composition of two glass beads from La Tène graves excavated in northern
Austria.
2005
Annex 2: Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung von Metallanteilen (Z>20) im Glas der
Ringperlen aus Gräbern Nr. 33 und 66. In Podwiesk Fundstelle 2: Ein Gräberfeld der
Oksywie-Kultur im Kulmer Land, by E. Bokiniec, pp. 145-150. Monumenta
Archaeologica Barbarica 11.
On the composition of glass beads of the Oksywie culture recovered from a cemetery in
Podwiesk, north-central Poland.
Karwowski, Maciej, Christoph Jokubonis, Shokufeh Zamini, Peter Wobrauschek, and
Grehard Trnka
2005 High-Z Element Concentrations in Glass of La Tène Culture Ornaments. In Proceedings
of the 33rd International Symposium on Archaeometry, 22-26 April 2002, Amsterdam,
edited by H. Kars and E. Burke, pp. 207-212. Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological
Studies 3. https://www.academia.edu/5355342/.
Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) was used to determine the composition
of glass beads and bracelets recovered from sites in Austria and Poland dated ca. 250-50 BC.
Karwowski, Maciej, Katarzyna Tryba³a-Zawiœlak, and Lucyna Samek
2009 Archeometryczne badania szklanych paciorków z cmentarzyska tarnobrzeskiej kultury
³u¿yckiej na stan. 2 w K³y¿owie. In Tarnobrzeska kultura ³u¿ycka – ród³a i
interpretacje, edited by S. Czopek and K. Tryba³a-Zawiœlak, pp. 463-477. Collection
Archaeologica Resoviensis 11. https://www.academia.edu/5355782/.
Reports on the archaeometric analysis of glass beads from a cemetery of the Tarnobrzeska
Culture at K³y¿ów, Poland.
Kassianidou, Vasiliki and Andreas Charalambous
2019 Chemical Analyses of Copper Objects and Faience Beads Using Portable X-Ray
Fluorescence. In Figurine Makers of Prehistoric Cyprus: Settlement and Cemeteries at
Souskiou, edited by Edgar Peltenburg, Diane Bolger, and Lindy Crewe, pp. 279-286.
Oxbow Books, Oxford. https://www.academia.edu/91001213/.
Analysis of the faience beads recovered from cemetery sites of the Chalcolithic period on
Cyprus reveals they are imported good rather than the products of local workshops.
Kasztovszky, Zsolt, Veronika Szilágyi, and Istvá Sajó
2010 Neolitikus rézgyöngyök vizsgálata Polgár-Csõszhalom lelõhelyrõl – elõzetes eredmények
[Scientific Investigation of Neolithic Copper Beads from Polgár-Csõszhalom –
Preliminary Results]. Archeometriai Mûhely 2:137-140;
https://www.academia.edu/15718348/.
Reports on the condition of a unique copper-bead necklace recovered from a site of the Neolithic
Csõszhalom Culture (5000-4400 BC) in Hungary.
Kelly, Gwendolyn O.
2014 Supporting Information. SI Text S5: Beads from Lakaton’i Anja 2011 Excavation
Season. In Stone Tools and Foraging in Northern Madagascar Challenge Holocene
Extinction Models, by Robert E. Dewar, Chantal Radimilahy, Henry T. Wright, Zenobia
Jacobs, Gwendolyn O. Kelly, and Francesco Berna, pp. 12583-12588. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Science 110(31).
Reports on the composition of six Indo-Pacific glass beads dating to ca. 1200-1400 CE.
Kemp, V., A. McDonald, F. Brock, and A.J. Shortland
2020 LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Late Bronze Age Blue Glass Beads from Gurob, Egypt.
Archaeometry 62(1):42-53; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353196209.
The beads were colored by copper and the trace element concentrations were compositionally
consistent with glasses from Mesopotamia rather than from Egypt. Therefore, they represent a
rare example of Mesopotamian glass to be discovered in Egypt.
Kemp, V., A. McDonald, and A.J. Shortland
2019 Ancient Biographies: Trace Element Analysis to Investigate Provenance and
Transportation Mechanisms of Late Bronze Age Glass. Archaeological and
Environmental Forensic Science 1(2):161-174;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333488659.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of a scaraboid blue glass bead excavated at Gurob, Egypt, revealed that it
likely originated in Mesopotamia.
Kemp, V., K. Schmidt, W. Brownscombe, K. Soennecken, D. Vieweger, J. Häser, and A.
Shortland
2020 Dating and Provenance of Glass Artefacts Excavated from the Ancient City of Tall
Zirâ<a, Jordan. Archaeometry 62(6):1164-1181;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342540601.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of 14 glass objects (beads and pendants included) revealed that the
composition of glasses manufactured in the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age are distinctly
different. Major element analysis can, therefore, be used to distinguish between the groups
relatively easily.
Kenoyer, J. Mark
2011 Comments on the SEM Images of Silicon-Based Impressions of Beads Holes. In
Excavations of Farmana, District Rohtak, Haryana, India: 2006-2008, edited by V.
Shinde, T. Osada, and M. Kumar, pp. 469-470. Indus Project Research Institute for
Humanity and Nature, Kyoto.
2016
Bead Drill Hole SEM Analysis. In Tel F6 on Failaka Island: Kuwaiti-Danish
Excavations 2008-2012, by Flemming Højlund and Aiysha Abu-Laban, pp. 198-206.
Jutland Archaeological Society Publications 92.
Using SEM to Study Stone Bead Technology. In Stone Beads of South and Southeast
Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok Kumar
Kanungo, pp. 409-438. Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar.
Presents a detailed discussion of the use of scanning electron microscopy to garner details
regarding bead production techniques and how to prepare specimens for study. Also provides an
overview of the various recorded drilling techniques with SEM images of each.
2017
Kenoyer, J. Mark, Asa Cameron, Dashzeveg Bukhchuluun, Chunag Amartuvshin, Batdalai
Byambatseren, William Honeychurch, Laure Dussubieux, and Randall Law
2021 Carnelian Beads in Mongolia: New Perspectives on Technology and Trade.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14(6); https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-02101456-4.
The technological, stylistic, and chemical analyses of carnelian beads from several sites in
Mongolia provide evidence for local production and use of such beads from the Late Bronze Age
(ca. 1400-1000 BCE) through the Xiongnu period (ca. 250/200 BCE-CE 150). Beads dating to
the historical Mongol Empire (ca. 12th-14th centuries) demonstrate expanding trade networks
that link eastern Eurasia to South Asia and beyond.
Kenoyer, J. Mark, Chapurukha M. Kusimba, Akshay Sarathi, Jonathan R. Walz, Randall
W. Law, and Laure Dussubieux
2024 Carnelian Beads from Manda, Unguja Ukuu and Kwa Mgogo: New Insights on the Stone
Bead Trade between South Asia and East Africa, 7th to 15th Century CE.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 16, 83; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520024-01966-x.
The shapes and manufacturing technology of beads from three sites in East Africa correlate with
those produced at contemporary workshops in ancient South Asia. Geochemical analysis using
LA-ICP-MS indicates that the carnelian raw material came primarily from the regions of Gujarat
and Maharashtra in modern India.
Kenyon, Ian, R.G.V. Hancock, and S. Aufreiter
1995 Neutron Activation Analysis of A.D. 1660-1930 European Copper-Coloured Blue Glass
Trade Beads from Ontario, Canada. Archaeometry 37(2):323-337;
https://www.academia.edu/14156075/.
An early attempt to identify a time frame for distinctive glass bead chemistries using elemental
composition.
Kenyon, Ian, Susan Kenyon, Ron Hancock, and Susan Aufreiter
2009 Neutron Activation Analysis of Some 19th-century Faceted Glass Trade Beads from
Ontario, Canada, that Have Chemical Compositions Resembling Bohemian Glass. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 21:78-80. Reprinted from The Bead Forum
27:4-9 (1995); https://www.academia.edu/39087830/.
Kim, Christopher F.
2012 Early Chinese Lead-Barium Glass: Its Production and Use from the Warring States to
Han Periods (475 BCE-220 CE). Brown University, Providence, RI.
A detailed discussion of lead-barium glass which was commonly used to produce beads in China
during the period under discussion.
Kim, Eun A and Gyu Ho Kim
2022 Material Characteristics and Comparison of Silver Foil Glass Beads Excavated from the
Tomb of King Muryeong in Korea. Applied Sciences 12, 6385;
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136385.
Investigates the chemical composition of the 171 gold and silver foil beads found on the queen’s
chest. The tomb dates to the 6th century AD.
Kim, Eun-A, Gyu Ho Kim, Ji Won Kang, and Cheon Su Yun
2020 A Characteristics on the Ancient Glass Beads Excavated from the Site of Hapgang-ri in
Sejong, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 36(5):405-420;
https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2020.36.5.10.
Discusses the form, color, manufacturing techniques, and chemical composition of the beads that
date to the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries. In Korean with English abstract.
Kim, Eun-A, Je Hyun Lee, and Gyu Ho Kim
2021 A Characteristic Analysis of Glass Beads in Geumgwan Gaya, Korea (I). Journal of
Conservation Science 37(3):232-244; https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2021.37.3.04.
Describes glass beads recovered from Geumgwan Gaya (AD 43-532) and reports their chemical
composition. In Korean with English abstract.
Kim, Gyu-Ho
2004 Archaeological Chemistry of Glasses Excavated at Songdong-ri Tombs, Sangju, Korea.
Journal of Conservation Science 16:104-109; https://www.ejcs.org/journal/view.php?number=223.
Analysis of glass beads from the site revealed a change in their composition over time. A potash
and soda glass group was present in the 4th century while a potash and mixed-alkali group
marked the 17th century. In Korean with English abstract.
Kim, Gyu-Ho, Woo Young Huh, and Dong Won Kim
1998 SEM-EDS Microanalysis of Glass Beads Excavated from Yangdong-ri Remains,
Kimhae. Journal of the Korean Society of Conservation Science for Cultural Heritage
7(1):23-30.
Reports the composition of ancient beads from a site in South Korea.
Kim, Gyu-Ho and Eun-A Kim
2019 An Analysis of a Crucible Survival and a Bead Fragments Excavated at Iksan
Wanggung-ri Site in Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 35(1):81-89;
https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2019.35.1.09.
Reports the results of both chemical compositional and lead isotope analyses of the glass beads
recovered from a 7th-century workshop area in South Korea. The glass is among the earliest
lead-silica glass type in East Asia. In Korean with English abstract.
Kim, Jiyoung, Chan Hee Lee, and Jin Young Kim
2008 Material Characteristics and Provenance Interpretation for Chloritic Beads from the
Boseong Geoseokri and Haenam Buntori Sites, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science
23:25-37; https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=281.
The beads are composed of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, and FeO as major components and trace amounts
of K2O, CaO, and Na2O. In Korean with English abstract.
Kim, Na-Young and Gyu-Ho Kim
2012 Chemical Characteristic of Glass Beads Excavated from Bakjimeure Site in Asan, Korea.
Journal of Conservation Science 28(3):205-216;
https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=442.
Glass beads excavated from Mahan tombs consist of potash glass (20%) and soda glass (80%).
In Korean with English abstract.
2013
Characteristics and Classification of Red Brown Glass Beads Excavated in Korean
Peninsula. Journal of the Korean Conservation Science for Cultural Properties
29(3):279-286; https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=488.
Analysis of 141 samples from 12 sites of the Three Kingdom Period reveals that the red-brown
beads may be divided into three types according to the chemical composition of the stabilizers
(CaO and Al2O3) and soda raw materials (MgO and K2O). In Korean with English abstract.
2015
Characteristic Comparison of the Composition Classification on Potash Glass Beads
Excavated in Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 31(3):255-265;
https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=568.
Analysis of 281 potash-glass beads from 30 sites revealed that three types could be identified
based on the stabilizer content. In Korean with English abstract.
Kirk, Susanna
2009 The Vitreous Materials from the 2nd Millennium BC City of Nuzi: Their Preservation,
Technology and Distribution. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Applied Science, Security and
Resilience, Cranfield University, UK.
Focused on the vitreous objects (beads being the most common items) from Nuzi, a mid-2nd
millennium BC site in Iraq, this project presents the first large-scale study of the preservation
and alteration of Late Bronze Age vitreous materials from the Near East. Includes the results of
compositional analysis.
Kivisto, Sarah A.
2016 Evaluating Paleoenvironmental and Landscape Mobility Dynamics: Stable Isotope and
Strontium Isotope Analyses of Ostrich Eggshell at Spitzkloof Rockshelter, South Africa.
M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto.
Isotope analyses were performed ostrich eggshell beads and shell fragments to assess climatic
changes and where hunter gatherers might have been using the landscape for subsistence and risk
moderating strategies.
Klehm, Carla and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Chemical Analysis of Precolonial Indian Ocean Glass Beads Found in the Southern
African Interior: Linking Global Objects to Local and Regional Change. In The
Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by
Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 305-322. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.20.
Discuss Indian Ocean glass beads found in east-central Botswana, their chemical composition,
the relationship to known typologies, and how these bead types relate to the sociopolitical and
economic changes taking place in the southern African interior from the 7th-17th centuries.
Klehm, Carla E., Mark A. Helper, Elisabeth Hildebrand, Emmanuel Ndiema, and
Katherine M. Grillo
2023 Mineralogy and Sourcing of a Stone Bead Industry Found in Communal Cemeteries
Associated with Eastern Africa’s First Pastoralists, ca. 5000 B.P. Journal of Field
Archaeology; https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2023.2232703.
Describes the archaeomineralogy of strikingly colorful and mineralogically diverse stone-bead
assemblages in northwestern Kenya where, ca. 5000-4000 cal B.P., a novel tradition of personal
adornment occurs in tandem with new monumental mortuary traditions.
Klochko, Viktor and Barbara Stopiak
1995 Glass Beads from Sofievka Cemetery. Baltic-Pontic Studies 3:243-246.
Presents the results of the chemical analysis of several glass beads recovered from a site in the
eastern Ukraine which dates to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC.
Klysubun, W., Y. Thongkam, S. Pongkrapan, K. Won-in, J. T-Thienprasert, and P.
Dararutana
2011 XAS Study on Copper Red in Ancient Glass Beads from Thailand. Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry 399(9):3033-3040;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47301270.
Reports for the first time an advanced structural analysis of Thai ancient glass beads using
synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX)
spectrometry.
Knaf, Alice C.S., Catarina Guzzo Falci, Habiba, Casper J. Toftgaard, Janne M. Koornneef,
Annelou van Gijn, Ulrik Brandes, Corinne L. Hofman, and Gareth R. Davies
2022 A Holistic Provenance and Microwear Study of Pre-Colonial Jade Objects from the
Virgin Islands: Unravelling Mobility Networks in the Wider Caribbean. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 41, 103223;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103223.
Demonstrates that the pan-Caribbean exchange of jade raw materials, pre-forms, or finished
objects (including beads and pendants) during the Ceramic Age (400 BC to AD 1492) occurred
on a more complex scale than previously thought involving jade sources in Guatemala, eastern
Cuba, and the northern Dominican Republic.
Knific, Timotej and Žiga Šmit
2018 Zgodnjesrednjeveško steklo na Slovenskem: študij sestave in jagode iz halofitskega
stekla [Early Medieval Glass in Slovenia: Analytical Study and Beads of Plant-Ash
Glass]. Arheološki Vestnik 69:369-436; http://av.zrcsazu.si/En/69/AV_69_10_Knific_Smit.html
A combined method of proton-induced X-ray and gamma-ray emission (PIXE, PIGE) was used
to analyze glass beads and other glass items from early medieval sites in Slovenia. In Slovenian
and English.
Koch, Leonie C.
2013 Von Hellas bis Hessen: Zu möglichen Importen gläserner Perlen während der spätesten
Bronzezeit. In Petasos. Festschrift für Hans Lohmann, edited by Georg Kalaitzoglou and
Gundula Lüdorf, pp. 149-161. Mittelmeerstudien 2.
On the possible import of glass beads to Germany from Greece or elsewhere to the east during
the late Bronze Age based on the Late Urnfield hoard at Allendorf. Includes chemical analysis.
2014
Bronzezeitliches Glas. Die Frage nach seiner Herkunft, Antworten durch chemische
Analysen und das Problem ihrer Interpretation. In Ressourcen und Rohstoffe in der
Bronzezeit: Nutzung – Distribution – Kontrolle, edited by Bianka Nessel, Immo Heske,
and Dirk Brandherm, pp. 87-99. Arbeitsberichte zur Bodendenkmalpflege in
Brandenburg 26. https://www.academia.edu/12040967/.
Attempts to answer the question of the origin of Bronze Age glass by means of chemical
analysis and the problem of their interpretation. Faience and glass beads are among the items
analyzed.
2020
The Large Glass Beads of Leech Fibulae from Iron Age Necropoli in Northern Italy.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 32:3-14;
https://www.academia.edu/45187054/.
Provides an overview of these adornments as well as insights into their production technology,
chemical composition, and origin. The wide variety of these objects suggests the existence of
several local glass workshops.
2020
An Overview of Vitreous Materials in Bronze Age Italy and Brief Perspectives on the
Iron Age. In From Past to Present. Studies in Memory of Manfred O. Korfmann, edited
by Stephan W.E. Blum, Turan Efe, Tobias L. Kienlin, and Ernst Pernicka, pp. 409-428.
Studia Troica Monographien 11. https://www.academia.edu/44393006/.
Discusses the composition and likely sources of faience and glass beads and buttons.
2021
Glas und glasartiges Material in Italien zur Bronze- und Früheisenzeit – Forschungsstand
und Perspektiven. In Vom Künstlichen Stein zum durchsichtigen Massenprodukt:
Innovationen in der Glastechnik und ihre sozialen Folgen zwischen Bronzezeit und
Antike, edited by Florian Klimscha, Hans-Jörg Karlsen, Svend Hansen, and Jürgen Renn,
pp. 67-103. Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 67.
Sums up the state of research on faience and glass beads, faience buttons, and imported faience
objects from the Eastern Mediterranean in Italy during the Bronze and Early Iron ages. Includes
information about glass composition.
2022 Die Glasperlen des 8. und 7. Jhs. v. Chr. aus Verucchio (Emilia-Romagna, Italien). Die
monochromen Perlen und Augenperlen. Römische Mitteilungen 128:8-41.
https://www.academia.edu/101502181/.
This article investigates monochrome glass beads and those decorated with dot or ring eyes
recovered from sites of the 8th-7th centuries BC in Italy and beyond, including their chemistries.
Koch, Leonie C. and Oleh Yatsuk
2023 Green Beads with Reticella Decoration of the 8th Century BC in Italy – On the Type and
Chemical Composition of an Unusual Form. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt
53:477-498.
With a parallel on Rhodes, two types of distinctive beads found especially in west-central Italy
seem to have been imported from the Aegean. However, the similarity in trace elements with
typical Italian Final Bronze Age beads of the LMHK glass group suggests their production in
Italy.
Koh, Min Jeong, Hyung Tae Kang, Na Young Kim, and Gyu Ho Kim
2012 A Comparison in Characteristics of Chemical Composition of Glass Vessels Excavated
from Neungsalli Temple in Buyeo, Korea, from Baekje Period. Bulletin of the Korean
Chemical Society 33(12):4173-4179.
The analyzed material also included beads which were found to be soda glass of two sub-groups:
soda-lime glass and high-alumina soda glass.
Kokora, Karolina
2016 Paciorek ze szk³a o³owiowo-krzemowego znaleziony w Wolinie [Bead from Lead Silica
Glass Found in Wolin]. Archeologia Polski LXI:171-190;
https://www.academia.edu/36593416/.
Discusses the composition of a decorated glass bead from the late 10th or early 11th century
excavated in Wolin, Poland.
2019
Glass Production in Early Mediaeval Volin after Jerzy Olczak and El¿bieta Jasiewiczowa
– 55 Years Later. New Findings Regarding Glass Objects from Site 1 in Wolin.
Archeologia Polski LXIV:283-338; https://www.academia.edu/42138304/.
Discusses the glass beads – both locally made and imported – excavated in Wolin, Poland.
Includes information regarding their chemical composition. In Polish and English.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Philippe Colomban, and Innocent Pikirayi
2020 Post-15th Century European Glass Beads in Southern Africa: Composition and
Classification Using pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science:
Reports 29; https://www.academia.edu/110181528/.
Analysis identified six identified glass groups: soda-based plant ash (61%), potash-rich wood ash
(14%), synthetic soda (8%), mixed alkali (4%), lead-soda (22%), and natron (4%). Except for
soda-based plant ashes and natron (outliers), all the groups date back to the 19th century.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Philippe Colomban, Innocent Pikirayi, and Linda C. Prinsloo
2019 Glass Beads, Markers of Ancient Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Methodology, State of
the Art and Perspectives. Heritage 2(3):2343-2369;
https://www.academia.edu/49647272/.
This review addresses the history of glass production, the methodology of identification
(morphology, color, elemental composition, glass nanostructure, coloring and opacifying agents
and secondary phases) by means of various laboratory-based instruments. Attention is paid to the
problems neglected such as the heterogeneity of glass (recycled and locally reprocessed glass).
Koleini, Farahnaz, L.H. Machiridza, I. Pikirayi, and P. Colomban
2019 The Chronology of Insiza Cluster Khami Phase Sites in South Western Zimbabwe:
Compositional Insights from pXRF and Raman Analysis of Excavated Exotic Glass
Finds. Archaeometry; https://www.academia.edu/110181524/.
Fourteen glass beads from five Khami period (AD 1400-1830) sites in Zimbabwe were analyzed
with the intention of correlating the results with associated radiocarbon dates.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Innocent Pikirayi, and Philippe Colomban
2016 Raman (RS) and XRF Classification of Glass Trade Beads from Baranda (16-17th c.
AD), Northern Zimbabwe. https://www.academia.edu/26869716/.
A multi-analytical study of the beads reveals information about their composition, origin, and
distribution.
2017
Revisiting Baranda: A Multi-Analytical Approach in Classifying Sixteenth/SeventeenthCentury Glass Beads from Northern Zimbabwe. Antiquity 91(357):751-764;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314235609.
Compositional analysis of a large assemblage of imported glass beads from the trading site of
Baranda reveals a South Asian origin for the majority of them.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Linda C. Prinsloo, Wim M. Biemond, Philippe Colomban, Anh-Tu Ngo,
Jan C.A. Boeyens, and Maria M. van der Ryst
2015 Towards Refining the Classification of Glass Trade Beads Imported into Southern Africa
from the 8th to the 16th Century AD. Journal of Cultural Heritage 16(2):159-172;
https://www.academia.edu/28183566/.
Glass trade beads excavated at 11 sites along the upper reaches of the Limpopo River in
Botswana are visually classified according to their morphological properties (color, size, etc.)
and analyzed with Raman spectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Energy
Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of one bead shows that two types of glass were sintered together
to form a recycled product.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Linda C. Prinsloo, Wim M. Biemond, Philippe Colomban, Anh-Tu Ngo,
Jan C.A. Boeyens, Maria M. van der Ryst, and Koos van Brakel
2016 Unravelling the Glass Trade Bead Sequence from Magoro Hill, South Africa: Separating
Pre-Seventeenth-Century Asian Imports from Later European Counterparts. Heritage
Science 4(43); https://www.academia.edu/77101024/.
Demonstrates the use and archaeological application of Raman and XRF measurements to
separate earlier imported beads from later counterparts by identifying glass nanostructure, as
well as pigments and opacifiers, which were not used in bead series pre-dating the 17th century.
2017 Unraveling the Glass Trade Bead Sequence from Magoro Hill, Limpopo Province, South
Africa. The Bead Forum 70:6-9; https://beadresearch.org/the-bead-forum-archive/.
A summary version of the previous article.
Koleini, Farahnaz, Linda C. Prinsloo, Philippe Colomban, Jan C.A. Boeyens, Maria M. van
der Ryst, and Wim M. Biemond
2016 A Raman Spectroscopic (RS) Classification of Glass Trade Beads Recovered from
Magoro Hill. https://www.academia.edu/15894138/.
The comparative analysis of the long bead sequence from Magoro Hill, South Africa, sheds new
light on changing patterns in the availability, range, consumption, and origin of glass trade beads
imported into the northern interior of South Africa over a period of about a thousand years.
Kolesnychenko, Anzhelika and Dmytro Kiosak
2021 The Ancient Glass-workshop of Yahorlyk Settlement in the Northern Pontic Region.
Annales du 21e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre,
Ýstanbul, 03-07 Septembre 2018, pp. 81-94; https://www.academia.edu/75416411/.
Discusses glass beadmaking at a Greek settlement of the Archaic Period in southern Ukraine,
including their chemical composition.
Kolesnychenko, Anzhelika, Sabrina Molinaro, Oleh Yatsuk, Patrizia Davit, Stanislav
Zadnikov, Iryna Shramko, Lorena Carla Giannossa, Annarosa Mangone, Giulia Berruto,
Roberto Giustetto, and Monica Gulmini
2024 Vitreous Finds from the Iron Age Archaeological Complex at Bilsk (Ukraine) as
Evidence of Trade by Land and Sea. Journal of Cultural Heritage 68:172-183;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381429467.
Compositional analysis of a sample of glass and faience beads identified several sources for the
silica and, consequently, several production centers for the items, leading to a better
understanding of the trade networks that operated in the Bilsk region between the 7th and 4th
centuries BCE.
Kolesnychenko, Anzhelika and Oleg Yatsuk
2021 âèðîáíèöòâî ñêëà ÷è éîãî îáðîáêà? ßãîðëèöüêå ïîñåëåííÿ ó ñâ³òë³ íîâèõ
äîñë³äæåíü [Glassmaking or Glassworking? Yahorlyk Settlement in the Light of Recent
Research]. Eminak 33(1):144-156; https://www.academia.edu/93592824/.
Reports the results of various compositional analyses performed on glass beads recovered from a
workshop dating to the 6th century BC in the southern Ukraine. English summary.
Koroleva, E.P. and A.N. Egor’kov
2017 Òèïîëîãèÿ è ñîñòàâ ñòåêëà áóñ êóðãàííîãî ìîãèëüíèêà Âîñõîä [Typology and
Chemical Composition of Glass Beads from the Voskhod Burial Mound]. Transactions
of the Institute for the History of Material Culture 16:138-145.
Optical emission spectrography of glass beads found at a site in east-central Belarus that was
occupied during the late 10th and early 11th century revealed three glass types: that
manufactured with 1) halophytic ash, 2) natural natron, and 3) lead.
Košta, J., K. Tomková, V. Hulínský, and J. Zavøel
2011 G-korály v ranì støedovìkých náhrdelnících z Èech v kontextu evropské skláøské
produkce pøelomu 9. a 10. století [G-Beads on Early Medieval Necklaces from Bohemia
in the Context of European Glass Production at the Turn of the 10th Century].
Archeologické rozhledy 63:586-607.
Using visual observations and chemical analyses, it is possible to distinguish a separate type of
Early Medieval glass bead designated “G-beads” on their composition. Finds of these beads are
typical for the horizon of Early Medieval burial sites in Bohemia. In Czech with English
summary. Czechia.
Kostov, Ruslan I.
2010 Gem Minerals and Materials from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods of Bulgaria and
their Impact on the History of Gemmology. In Proceedings. XIX Congress of the
Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association, September 23-25, 2010, Thessaloniki,
Greece, edited by G. Christofides, N. Kantiranis, D.S. Kostopoulos, and A.A.
Chatzipetros, pp. 391-397. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Science,
Special Volume 100.
Archaeomineralogical studies of prehistoric artifacts from the territory of Bulgaria reveal a
variety of decorative minerals and materials such as nephrite, malachite, serpentinite, turquoise,
jadeite, coal (jet), carnelian, agate, and jasper (including heliotrope), all of which have been used
to produce beads.
Kovacevich, Brigitte, Hector Neff, and Ronald L. Bishop
2005 Laser Ablation ICP-MS Chemical Characterization of Jade from a Jade Workshop in
Cancuen, Guatemala. In Laser Ablation ICP-MS in Archaeological Research, edited by
Robert J. Speakman and Hector Neff, pp. 39-58. University of New Mexico Press,
Albuquerque.
Reports on the analysis of jade objects (including several beads) from a Classic Maya site.
Kozáková, Romana, Viktoria Èisakova, and Ing. Šárka Jonášová
2017? Prùzkum chemického složení sklenìných korálkù z fondu doby halštatské Národního
muzea. https://www.academia.edu/33129345/.
Poster on the chemical composition of 13 monochrome and polychrome beads selected from the
Hallstatt collections of the National Museum, Prague, Czechia.
Kristmanson, Helen, Erin Montgomery, Karlis Karklins, and Adelphine Bonneau
2020 The Beads from an 18th-century Acadian Site, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 32:70-83;
https://www.academia.edu/45342959/.
Among the glass and bone specimens are black beads decorated with undulating yellow lines
around the middle, commonly called “rattlesnake” beads. Semi-quantitative analysis (SEMEDS) revealed that they are not typical “black” glass but formed by melting an igneous rock
called “proterobas” to form a totally opaque black glass, indicating an origin in the
Fichtelgebirge region of northeastern Bavaria. This is the first recorded instance of proterobas
beads in North America.
Køížová, Šárka, Natalie Venclová, Tomá Vaculoviè, and Veronika Dillingerová
2020 Multi-Analytical Approach and Microstructural Characterization of Glasses from the
Celtic Oppidum of Tøísov, Czech Republic, Second to First Centuries BC.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12: art. 17;
https://www.academia.edu/48950536/.
All samples of the La Tène ring beads were found to be made of natron-based glass, comparable
with glass produced in the Syro-Palestinian area.
Krueger, I. and K.H. Wedepohl
2003 Composition and Shapes of Glass of the Early Medieval Period (8th to 10th Century AD)
in Central Europe. In Echanges et commerce du verre dans le monde antique. Actes du
colloque de l’AFAV, Aix-en-Provence Marseille 7-9 juin 2001, edited by D. Foy and
M.D. Nenna, pp. 93-100. Monographie Instrumentum 24.
Kuhn, E. Elora H., MinJoo Choi, Elizabeth Wuellner, Lisa R. Brody, and Ellery Frahm
2023 Establishing the Baltic Origins of Archaeological Amber Beads from Dura-Europos
(Syria) Using Non-destructive DRIFTS. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 49,
103938; https://www.academia.edu/99271448/.
Analysis of the amber beads indicates a previously unestablished connection between DuraEuropos and northern Europe during the first two centuries CE through long-distance exchange
networks stemming from the Mediterranean basin.
Kwiatkowska, Katarzyna and Dariusz Manasterski
2016 Model wieloaspektowej analizy artefaktów bursztynowych z prze³omu neolitu i epoki
br¹zu na przyk³adzie wybranych zabytków z Podlasia i Mazowsza [Model of a MultiAspect Analysis of Amber Artefacts from the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age
on the Basis of Selected Artifacts from Podlachia and Mazovia]. In Studia i Materia³y do
Badañ nad Neolitem i Wczesn¹ Epok¹ Br¹zu na Mazows zu i Podlasiu VI, edited by
Ryszard F. Mazurowski, Dariusz Manasterski, and Katarzyna Januszek, pp. 23-51.
Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw.
Analysis of several amber beads and pendants from two sites in Poland was conducted to
determine the type of raw material, its source, and the technology involved in their manufacture.
Substantial English abstract.
Kwok, Fanny
1998 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of Seventeenth Century Red Glass Beads.
M.A. thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto.
This study attempts to identify trading activity between the Dutch and the Ontario Petuns and
New York Iroquois based on the INAA analysis of 124 red beads from archaeological contexts
in Amsterdam, Ontario, and New York.
Kwon, Yoon-mi, Gyu-ho Kim, and Yong-min Shin
2007 Archeological Chemical analysis and Characteristic Investigation on Glass Beads
Excavated in Sacheon Neukdo Island, Gyeongsangnam-do. Journal of Archaeological
Science 20:105-117; https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?number=260.
Discusses the chemical properties of blue and white glass beads from a site in South Korea.
Lababidi, Lesley, Abidemi Babatunde Babalola, Bernard Gratuze, Joëlle Rolland,
Emmanuel Véron, and Aurélien Canizares
2022 The Making of Bikini Glass in Bida, Nigeria: Ethnography, Chemical Composition, and
Archaeology. African Archaeological Review 40(2):397-424;
https://www.academia.edu/93464609/.
Analysis of raw glass and beads made by Masagá glassmakers provides new compositional and
technological data for the history of glass and its techniques.
Laffoon, Jason E., Reniel Rodríguez Ramos, Luis Chanlatte Baik, Yvonne Narganes
Storde, Miguel Rodríguez Lopez, Gareth R. Davies, and Corinne L. Hofman
2014 Long-Distance Exchange in the Precolonial Circum-Caribbean: A Multi-Isotope Study of
Animal Tooth Pendants from Puerto Rico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
35:220-233; https://www.academia.edu/8579404/.
Explores the feasibility of using combined strontium and oxygen isotope analyses of culturally
modified teeth (pendants) of animals such as the jaguar, peccary, and tapir that are not native to
the Antilles to determine their geographic origins.
Lambert, Joseph B., Suzanne C. Johnson, Robert T. Parkhurst, and Bennet Bronson
1996 Analysis of Ninth Century Thai Glass. In Archaeological Chemistry: Organic, Inorganic,
and Biochemical Analysis, edited by Mary Virginia Orna, pp. 12-22. American Chemical
Society, Washington.
Samples from two sites in Thailand were analyzed for 17 elements. Most have a mixed-alkali
matrix. Cluster analysis of single-color groups suggests that the people of the sites were of
different origin or culture.
Lambert, Shawn P., D. Shane Miller, Matthew C. Sanger, Olivia Baumgartel, Madeleine
Hale, Tiffany Raymond, Hector Neff, and Laure Dussubieux
2024 Copper on the Mississippi Coast: Assessing Provenance of a Copper Bead at the
Claiborne Site (22HA501) through LA-ICP-MS Compositional Analysis. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 53; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104366.
Excavated in southern Mississippi at a site occupied between 3990-3340 BP, the bead shows a
significant elemental relationship to copper from the Great Lakes region.
Lambri, Melania Lucila, Nélida De Grandis, Ana María Rocchietti, Griselda Irene Zelada,
Federico Guillermo Bonifacich, Fernando Daniel Lambri, and Osvaldo Agustín Lambri
2023 Estudiando arqueométricamente las cuentas de vidrio de San Bartolomé de los Chaná
(siglo XVII, Santa Fe, Argentina). “¿asta dóde podremos llegar...?” Teoría y Práctica de
la Arqueología Histórica Latinoamericana 18:109-132;
https://www.academia.edu/114042999/.
Reports the results of the preliminary compositional analysis of three glass beads (a seven-layer
chevron, a Nueva Cadiz type, and a striped specimen) recovered from the 17th-century site of
San Bartolomé de los Chaná, northeastern Argentina.
Lankton, James W.
2004 Using Compositional Data to Investigate the Characteristics of, and Relationships
between, Four Mid-First Millennium CE Southeast Asia Glass Bead Making Traditions.
M.Sc. dissertation. Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
A detailed technical study of four groups of larger glass beads from eastern Java: Bird-Star,
translucent hexagonal bicone, opaque monochrome, and Jatim. Complex patterns of manufacture
and trade are indicated despite the relative lack of good dated evidence.
n.d.
Scientific Study of Indian Glass: Past, Present and Future.
https://www.scribd.com/document/339104998/Scientific-Study-of-Indian-Glass.
Reviews the most important glass chemical compositional groups found at archaeological sites
in India, with passing reference to when and where these glasses might have been made. The
findings are primarily based on the analysis of beads.
Lankton, James W., Ch. Amartuvshin, B. Gratuze, and W. Honeychurch
2012 Glass and Faience Beads and Pendants from Middle Gobi Xiongnu Burials: New Insight
from LA-ICP-MS Chemical Analyses. In Ancient Cultures of Mongolia and Baikalian
Siberia, edited by D. Tumen, M. Erdene, and E. Mijiddorj, pp. 683-694. National
University of Mongolia, Ulaanbatuur.
Lankton, James W. and Laure Dussubieux
2013 Early Glass in Southeast Asia. In Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and
Historical Glass, Vol. I, edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 415-443. Wiley Online Library.
The archaeological glasses found in Southeast Asia are discussed on the basis of 1500 chemical
analyses, including beads, mostly obtained with LA-ICP-MS. Thailand, Malaysia, and
Cambodia.
Lankton, James W., L. Dussubieux, and B. Gratuze
2006 Glass from Khao Sam Kaeo: Transferred Technology for an Early Southeast Asian
Exchange Network. In Recent Advances in the Archaeology of Exchange in the Upper
Thai-Malay Peninsula, pp. 317-351. Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient 93.
Beads are among the items studied. Thailand.
Lankton, James W., Laure Dussubieux, and Thilo Rehren
2008 A Study of Mid-First Millennium CE Southeast Asian Specialized Glass Beadmaking
Traditions. In Interpreting Southeast Asia’s Past: Monument, Image, and Text, edited by
Elisabeth Bacus, Ian C. Glover, and Peter D. Sharrock, pp. 335-356. NUS Press,
Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/22146727/.
Concentrates on the chemical composition of bird star, hexagonal bicone, opaque monochrome,
and Jatim glass beads.
Lankton, James W., B. Gratuze, G.-H. Kim, and L. Dussubieux
2010 Silk Road Glass in Ancient Silla: The Contribution of Chemical Compositional Analysis.
In Glass Along the Silk Road from 200 BC to 1000 AD, edited by B. Zorn, pp. 221-237.
Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Tagungen 9.
Glass beads were included in the study. Korea.
Lankton, James W., O.A. Ige, and T. Rehren
2006 Early Primary Glass Production in Southern Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology
4(1):111-138; https://www.academia.edu/22146733/.
Fragmentary glass-working crucibles, drawn glass beads, and ritual glass objects (aje ileke) from
Ile-Ife, southwestern Nigeria, were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS),
electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF).
Lankton, James, Sam Nixon, Peter Robertshaw, and Laure Dussubieux
2017 Beads. In Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town, edited by
Sam Nixon, pp. 160-173. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 12.
Discusses the beads (primarily glass) recovered from an important market town in Mali,
including the composition of the glass.
Larson, Katherine A. and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Elemental Composition of Glass Beads from the Eastern Mediterranean Region:
Chronology and Provenance of Material from Tel Anafa, Israel. In The Elemental
Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure
Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 347-364. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.22.
The Anafa analysis project is one of the first comprehensive, large-sample, scientific studies of
glass beads from a site of the Hellenistic period in the eastern Mediterranean.
Latinis, K.
2004 Prei Khmeng Glass Beads Preliminary EDXRF Report. In Mission Archéologique
Franco-Khmère sur l’aménagement du territoire Angkorien (Campagne 2004), pp. 108130. École française d’Extrême-Orient, Paris.
Law, Randall
2017 Non-Destructive Identification and Characterization of Ancient Beads: A Case Study
from Harappa. In Stone Beads of South and Southeast Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography
and Global Connections, edited by Alok Kumar Kanungo, pp. 401-408. Indian Institute
of Technology Gandhinagar.
Reveals how X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a small red bead believed to be glass proved it
was actually made from indurated hematitic kaolinite.
Law, Randall and James H. Burton
2008 Nondestructive Pb Isotope Sampling and Analysis of Archaeological Silver Using EDTA
and ICP-MS. American Laboratory September.
Discusses the results of the analysis of silver beads from Mohenjo-daro and Alladino in Pakistan
and the possible origins of the silver.
Law, Randall, Alison Carter, Kuldeep Bhan, Arun Malik, and Michael D. Glascock
2013 INAA of Agate Sources and Artifacts from the Indus, Helmand, and Thailand Regions.
In South Asian Archaeology 2007, Vol. I: Prehistoric Periods, edited by Dennys Frenez
and Maurizio Tosi, pp. 177-184. BAR International Series 2454.
https://www.academia.edu/355169/.
The study includes a set of carnelian beads of unknown archaeological provenience.
Lee, Insook
2009 Characteristics of Early Glasses in Ancient Korea with Respect to Asia’s Maritime Bead
Trade. In Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road, edited by Fuxi Gan, Robert H.
Brill, and Tian Shouyun, pp. 183-189. World Scientific, Singapore.
Summarizes the types of glass utilized and discusses several distinctive bead types/forms.
Lee, Insook, R.H. Brill, and P. Fenn
1993 Chemical Analyses of Some Ancient Glasses from Korea. Annales du 12e Congres de
l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Vienne, 26-31 aout 1991, pp. 163174. Amsterdam.
Reports on the quantitative chemical analysis of 27 glass specimens, mostly beads, from
archaeological contexts dating from the 1st century BC to the 7th century AD.
Lee, Insook and M.T. Wypyski
2002 Comparison of Prehistoric Glass Beads from Korea and Thailand. Man and Environment
27(1):161-164.
Presents evidence of contact between the eastern Indian Ocean region and Iron Age Korea
through microprobe analyses of 18 glass trade beads.
Lee, Min-hee, Na-young Kim, and Gyu-ho Kim
2017 Changing Process of the Glass Beads from Osan Sucheong Site in Gyeonggi do, Korea.
Journal of Conservation Science 33(5):331-344;
https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2017.33.5.02.
Repornts the chemical composition of beads of the 4th century representing ten color groups. In
Korean with English summary.
Lefranc, Philippe, Rose-Marie Arbogast, Fanny Chenal, Erwin Hildbrand, Matthias
Merkl, Christian Strahm, Samuel Van Willigen, and Marie Wörle
2012 Inhumations, dépôts d’animaux et perles en cuivre du IV e millénaire sur le site
Néolithique récent de Colmar « Aérodrome » (Haut-Rhin). Bulletin de la Société
préhistorique française 109(4):689-730.
Two necklaces composed of copper beads were found with a Neolithic burial in northeastern
France. Compositional data are provided.
Lei, Yong and Yin Xia
2015 Study on Production Techniques and Provenance of Faience Beads Excavated in China.
Journal of Archaeological Science 53:32-42; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.09.019.
Twenty faience beads from several cemeteries in northern China were studied chronologically
and typologically, based on the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX).
Leventhal, Alan and Rosemary Cambra
2011 The Dating and Chronological Placement of the Clareño Muwékma Ya Túnnešte
Nómmo [Where the Clareño Indians are Buried] Site (CA-SCL-30/H). In Final Report
on the Burial and Archaeological Data Recovery Program Conducted on a Portion of the
Mission Santa Clara Indian Neophyte Cemetery (1781-1818): Clareño Muwékma Ya
Túnnešte Nómmo [Where the Clareño Indians are Buried] Site (CA-SCL-30/H), Located
in the City of Santa Clara, Santa Clara County, California, edited by Alan Leventhal,
Diane DiGiuseppe, et al., pp. 9.1-9.9. Sanford University, Sanford.
A small amount of human bone from two of the burials and a sample of Type H series disk
Olivella shell beads were subjected to Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating. The results
corroborate the 1781-1818 date for the inhumations. Also discusses previously dated Type H
series beads from CA-SCL-30/H, and describes all the shell beads recovered from the site.
Li, Fei, Qinghui Li, Fuxi Gan, Bin Zhang, and Huansheng Cheng
2005 Chemical Composition Analysis for Some Ancient Chinese Glasses by Proton Induced
X-Ray Emission Technique. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 5:581-586.
Reports on the composition of faience and glass beads of the Han, Yuan, and Northern Wei
dynasties unearthed from the Neimenggu area and Boshan, China. In Chinese.
Li, Fei, Qinghui Li, Fuxi Gan, Bin Zhang, Huansheng Cheng, and Shifang Shen
2007 Analysis of Some Ancient Glass Samples Unearthed in Sichuan Area by PIXE. Nuclear
Techniques 2.
The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used to determine the composition of
glass beads and other objects dating from the Warring States Period (770-476 BC) to the Six
Dynasties period (AD 220-589). In Chinese.
Li, Jingyu, Feng Sun, Yanglizheng Zhang, Wenhui Ha, Haihong Yan, and Congwen Zhai
2024 Scientific Analysis of Two Compound Eye Beads Unearthed in Hejia Village, Zhouling.
Heritage Science 12, 127; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01242-0
Various analytical techniques were used to determine the chemical elements, valence states, and
compositions of the glass matrix and its weathering products of two beads dating to the Warring
States period at a site in southeastern China.
Li, Qinghui, Junqing Dong, Bomin Su, Gangquan Chen, Song Liu, and Donghong Gu
2013 Non-Destructive Analysis of the Warring States Glass Beads Unearthed from Jingzhou,
Hubei by pXRF and Discussions on Relative Issues. Dunhuang Research 1.
The glass samples could be divided into two glass groups: PbO-BaO-SiO2 and Na2O-CaO-SiO2.
China. In Chinese.
Li, Qinghui, JiaoZhen Huang, and Fuxi Gan
2006 A Report of the Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Some Glass Artifacts from the
Warring States Period. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology 2.
The samples include monochromatic glass beads and compound eye beads and represent three
kinds of glass (Na2O-CaO-SiO2, K2O-SiO2, and PbO-BaO-SiO2) that coexisted in Xinjiang,
China, during the Warring States period. In Chinese.
Li, Qinghui, Song Liu, Bomin Su, Hongxia Zhao, Qiang Fu, and Junqing Dong
2013 Characterization of Some Tin-Contained Ancient Glass Beads Found in China by Means
of SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy. Microscopy Research and Technique 76:133140; https://www.academia.edu/4303352/.
The beads, dating from 1st century BC to the 10th century AD, were excavated in the Xinjiang
and Guangxi provinces of China. Two kinds of tin-based opacifiers/colorants including
crystalline cassiterite and lead-tin yellow types II were first found in these soda-lime beads.
Li, Qinghui, S. Liu, H.X. Zhao, F.X. Gan, and P. Zhang
2014 Characterization of Some Ancient Glass Beads Unearthed from the Kizil Reservoir and
Wanquan Cemeteries in Xinjiang, China. Archaeometry 56(4):601-624;
https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12031.
At least two different types of glass were present in the two cemeteries. For the first time,
antimony-based colorant/opacifier was systematically identified in some beads of plant-ash type
soda-lime glass dated to about 1000-500 BC. The limited number of potash glass beads from the
Kizil reservoir cemetery, which were dated to about 500-300 BC, used tin oxide as an opacifier.
Li, Qinghui, J.C. Yang, L. Li, J.Q. Dong, H.X. Zhao, and S. Liu
2015 Identification of the Man-Made Barium Copper Silicate Pigments among Some Ancient
Chinese Artifacts Through Spectroscopic Analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A:
Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 138:609-616.
Most of the specimens tested were glazed polychrome pottery beads dating from the 4th century
BC to the 3rd century AD. They are composed of vitreous PbO-BaO-SiO2 material.
Li, Qinghui, Hongzhi Zhou, Jiaozhen Huang, Fuxi Gan, and Ping Zhang
2005 Test Report on the Chemical Composition of a Batch of Ancient Chinese Inlaid Glass
Beads. Jianghan kaogu (Jianghan Archaeology) 4:79-86;
http://www.cqvip.com/qk/83051x/20054/20634483.html.
The beads are from the Kizil Cemetery in Baicheng, Xinjiang, and date to the Western Zhou
dynasty to the Spring and Autumn period. In Chinese.
Li, Xiaoguang, Haozhong Xue, Xinhua Wu, Dahai Qin, Daiming Chen, Jiangyan Yuan,
and Zihua Tang
2023 Artificial Coloration of Ancient Agate Beads: A Mineralogical Study. Heritage Science
11, 195; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-01039-7.
The mineral structure of eight ancient agate beads from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
of northwestern China was analyzed using a variety of analytical techniques to determine the
intricate techniques employed to color them.
Liang, Haida, Margaret Sax, and David Saunders
2012 Microstructure of Laboratory Replicates of Ancient Egyptian Faience: A New
Investigation with Optical Coherence Tomography. Lacona IX:84-88;
https://www.academia.edu/44744063/.
The non-invasive nature of OCT and its speed of acquisition make it possible to image the
subsurface microstructure of large volumes of objects such as faience beads to yield an overview
of the microstructure associated with each specific production technique.
Lîbiete, Jana and Indra Tuòa
2000 Conservation of the Daugmale Castle-Mound Beads.
www.kanut.ee/toimetised/konverentsid/consasinvest/libiete.rtf, accessed 13 June 2015.
Not only discusses the conservation process for the recovered beads but also provides
information on the chemical composition of 10 of them. The site is located in Latvia and the
beads date mostly to the 10th-17th centuries.
Likhter, Julia A.
2017 Imported Beads in Russia in the 17th and First Half of the 18th Centuries (Moscow,
Mangazeya, Smolensk Region). Annales du 20e Congrès de l’Association Internationale
pour l’Histoire du Verre, Fribourg / Romont 7-11 septembre 2015, pp. 585-590;
https://aihv.org/publications/annales-20/.
Discusses the beads recovered from excavations in Moscow; Mangazeya, a trade settlement
founded in the 1570s in northwestern Siberia; and Volochyok Vyazemskiy, an Old Russian hill
fort of the late 17th-18th centuries. Includes information concerning glass composition.
Likhter, Julia A., Alexander G. Veksler, Nikolay I. Sudarev
2015 Traces of Glass Bead Production in 18th Century Moscow. Annales du 19e Congrès de
l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Piran 2012, pp. 512-518;
https://aihv.org/publications/annales-19/.
Reports on a workshop which produced wound beads. Composition analysis shows the presence
of two chemical types of glass: K-Ca-Pb-Si, and K-Ca-Si.
Lilyquist, C. and R.H. Brill
1993 Studies in Early Egyptian Glass. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Compositional analyses and discussion include some beads and provide important evidence for
Egyptian relations with the Near East and Mesopotamia. The material is believed to come from
the tomb of three foreign wives of Tuthmosis III (ca. 1479-1425 BC).
Lin, Yi-Xian, Thilo Rehren, Hui Wang, Xiao-Yan Ren, and Jian Ma
2019 The Beginning of Faience in China: A Review and New Evidence. Journal of
Archaeological Science 105:97-115; https://www.academia.edu/38766259/.
Combines published and new results of chemical analysis, morphology, and chronology of the
earliest faience beads uncovered from Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, and Shanxi in China
to determine how, where, and by whom this technology began. See Yang (2020) for a comment.
Linares Catela, José Antonio and Carlos Patricio Odriozola Lloret
2011 Cuentas de collar de variscita y otras piedras verdes en tumbas megalíticas del Suroeste
de la Península Ibérica. Cuestiones acerca de su producción, circulación y presencia en
contextos funerarios. In Explorando el tiempo y la materia en los monumentos
prehistóricos: cronología absoluta y rocas raras en los megalitos europeos, edited by L.
García Sanjuán, C. Scarre, and D. Weathley, pp. 335-369. Menga: Revista de Prehistoria
de Andalucía 1. https://www.academia.edu/37342242/.
Investigates the production, distribution, and presence in funerary contexts of necklace beads
made from variscite and other green stones in megalithic tombs in the southwest of the Iberian
peninsula. Includes compositional analysis.
Liou, Ying San and Yi Chang Liu
2017 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy and µ-XRF in the Investigation of Ancient Glass Beads from
the Archaeological Sites, Eastern Taiwan. Geophysical Research Abstracts 19;
http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2017/EGU2017-10853.pdf.
Provides a summary of the findings. The beads date to ca. 1850-310 BP.
Liou, Ying-San, Shih-Chung Wang, and Yi-Chang Liu
2014 Preliminary Scientific Results of the Ancient Glass Beads Unearthed from the Chungde
Site, Hualien. National Taiwan Museum Studies Journal 67(1):53-69.
http://www.ntm.gov.tw/upload/education/book/20140415/822d4ed8-c1f0-4bd7-9439a2325204db05.pdf, accessed 13 December 2014.
Micro-Raman spectroscopy, ìXRF, and XPS analysis are used in combination to examine ten
ancient glass beads excavated from the Chungde site, Hualien, Taiwan, dated back to 1500-1800
BP, to determine the mineralogical and chemical compositions.
Lisowska, Ewa, Kinga Zamelska-Monczak, Justyna Kolenda, Piotr Gunia, and Barbara
£yd¿ba-Kopczyñska
2017 Multidisciplinary Approach to the Provenance Investigations of Early Medieval Amber
Finds Discovered in Santok and Milicz. Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses 53:223-240.
Presents the Wrst multidisciplinary provenance study of archaeological amber objects – beads and
a pendant included – dated to the period of the Middle Ages in Poland.
Liu, Nian, Yimin Yang, Yongqiang Wang, Wanglin Hu, Xiaochenyang Jiang, Meng Ren,
Min Yang, and Changsui Wang
2017 Nondestructive Characterization of Ancient Faience Beads Unearthed from Ya’er
Cemetery in Xinjiang, Early Iron Age China. Ceramics International 43(13):1046010467; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.05.086.
The beads are the earliest (1050-300 BCE) faience artifacts uncovered in China to date. Two
glazing methods – direct application and efflorescence – were used in their production. Their
chemistry suggests they come from the West. Thus, it is suggested that there was a faience road
from Western Asia through Xinjiang to central China about 3000 years ago.
Liu, S., Q.H. Li, Q. Fu, F.X. Gan, and Z.M. Xiong
2013 Application of a portable XRF spectrometer for classification of potash glass beads
unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasty in Guangxi, China. X-Ray Spectrometry
42(6):470-479.
Reports on the composition of 37 glass beads excavated from Han Dynasty tombs in Hepu
county, Guangxi, China.
Liu, S., Q.H. Li, F. Gan, P. Zhang, and J.W. Lankton
2012 Silk Road Glass in Xinjiang, China: Chemical Compositional Analysis and Interpretation
Using a High-Resolution Portable XRF Spectrometer. Journal of Archaeological Science
39(7):2128-2142; https://www.academia.edu/22325607/.
Explores the chemistry of 65 glass beads from 18 oasis sites both north and south of the
Taklamakan Desert, the ancient center of the Silk Routes linking East and West. The samples
date from the Warring States period (475-2211 BC) to the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907).
Liu, Yan, Jianjun Yu, Junchang Yang , and Wenying Li
2021 Long-Distance Relationship with the Mediterranean World? Gold Beech-Nut Pendants
Found in the Early Iron Age China and the Eurasian Steppe. Mediterranean Archaeology
and Archaeometry. 21(2):259-280; https://www.academia.edu/51097652/.
Presents a micro-analytical study of an array of gold pendants excavated from the burial site at
Dongtalede (9th-7th centuries BCE) in the Altai region of Xinjiang, northwestern China.
Includes information re: chemical composition and manufacturing techniques.
Loendorf, Chris and Craig M. Fertelmes
2013 Shell, Stone, and Ceramic Beads EDXRF Analysis. In Research Study Proposals: Five
Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analyses of Archaeological Remains from the
Gila River Indian Community, Pima-Maricopa Irrigation Project, edited by Chris
Loendorf, Craig M. Fertelmes, Chris Garraty, and Daniel Dybowski, pp. 38-40. Material
Science Laboratory, Gila River Indian Community, Cultural Resource Management
Program, Sacaton, Arizona. pXRF Technical Report 2013-02, P-MIP Technical Report
2013-01.
Loewen, Brad and Laure Dussubieux
2021 The Chemistry of Nueva Cadiz and Associated Beads: Technology and Provenience.
Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 33: 64-85;
https://www.academia.edu/66152700/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of Nueva Cadiz beads from the namesake site in Venezuela and those
collected from an unknown site or sites near Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, provides chemical
compositions of their glasses. There are chemical similarities with glasses made in Venice,
identifying it as a candidate to consider when searching for the origin of Nueva Cadiz beads.
Lonçariæ, Valentina, Ana Margarida Arruda, Pedro Barrulas, and Mafalda Costa
2024 An Archaeometric Analysis of Black-Appearing Iron Age Glass Beads from Vinha das
Caliças 4 (Portugal). Heritage 7:1265-1297;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378664549.
The beads are made of natron glass, characterized by high Zr and low Sr values typically
ascribed to the use of Egyptian sands. A comparison of the results of previous studies from the
same site clearly demonstrates at least two geochemical provenances for Phoenician-traded glass
beads: the Levantine region and Egypt.
Lonçariæ, Valentina and Mafalda Costa
2023 Known Glass Compositions in Iron Age Europe – Current Synthesis and Emerging
Questions. Heritage 6:3835-3863; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370234751.
Reviews the current state of research into Iron Age (1st millennium BCE) glasses in Europe by
examining the available published data on glass compositions to critically assess some practical
and theoretical issues stemming from this heterogenous field of research. Key questions are
addressed, and future lanes of research are proposed. Beads enter into the discussion.
López, Gabriel E.J., Juan P. Orsi, Sonia Araya, Silvina Seguí, Mariana Rosenbusch, and
Patricia Solá
2020 Ocupación incaica en Cueva Inca Viejo y Abra de Minas, Puna de Salta, Argentina.
Minería de turquesa y prácticas rituales. Estudios Atacameños 66:49-82;
https://www.academia.edu/50017001/.
Cueva Inca Viejo is the first documented source with evidence of turquoise beadmaking in
prehispanic contexts in northwestern Argentina. SEM-EDX and XRD analysis provides
compositional data.
López, Mariel Alejandra
2010 Análisis arqueométrico de las cuentas de vidrio de Pintoscayoc 1, Quebrada de
Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina. In La Arqueometría en Argentina y Latinoamérica, edited
by S. Bertolino, R. Cattáneo, and A. Izeta, pp. 373-378. Editorial de la Facultad de
Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba.
Investigates the composition of corroded glass beads recovered from a site in northwestern
Argentina that dates to the 16th-17th centuries.
2011
Estado de conservación y caracterización tecnológica de las cuentas de vidrio de
Pintoscayoc 1, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina. Conserva 16:55-68.
Reports on the archeometric analysis of glass beads found in different depositional and postdepositional conditions at a site in Argentina dated between 450 and 370 BP.
Lozada-Mendieta, Natalia, Philip Riris, and José R. Oliver
2022 Beads and Stamps in the Middle Orinoco: Archaeological Evidence for Interaction and
Exchange in the Atures Rapids from AD 1000 to 1480. Latin American Antiquity;
https://doi.org/10.1017/laq.2022.73.
Presents an archaeometric analysis of stone beads and ceramic roller stamps, items previously
associated with trade practices, from two recently excavated sites in Venezuela, Picure (AD
1030-1480) and Rabo de Cochino (AD 1000-1440); it assesses their provenance, production, and
value.
Lü, Qin-Qin, Julian Henderson, Yongqiang Wang, and Binghua Wang
2021 Natron Glass Beads Reveal Proto-Silk Road between the Mediterranean and China in the
1st Millennium BCE. Scientific Reports 11:3537; https://www.academia.edu/45132751/;
https://www.academia.edu/45132751/.
After establishing the compositional types and technological sequence of Mediterranean natron
glass (8th-2nd centuries BCE) using trace elements, the authors report the analysis of a mid-1st
millennium BCE glass bead from Xinjiang, China, which was likely made with Levantine raw
glass, and identify common types of stratified eye beads in Eurasia based on a compositional and
typological comparison.
Lü, Qin-Qin and Youjin Wu
2019 LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Corroded Glass Beads from Southern China: Tackling Highly
Inhomogeneous Archaeological Glass. STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological
Research; https://www.academia.edu/98522684/.
Based on the analysis of three corroded Indo-Pacific beads, discusses the issues that may be
involved when observing signal curves of highly inhomogeneous archaeological glass, as well as
provide chemical characterization for the intact pristine body.
Luedtke, Barbara
1998 Analysis of the Copper Bead from Calf Island, Massachusetts. North American
Archaeologist 19(2):163-171.
Presents descriptive data and results of chemical analysis of a copper bead from a late prehistoric
site on an island in Boston Harbor. Includes a discussion of similar beads from other sites in the
region.
Ly, Suw Young, Kyung Lee, Hyung Tae Kang, and Hai Soo Yoo
2010 Investigation of Trace Cobalt in Glass Beads from an Archaeological Tomb. IEEE
Sensors Journal 11(6):1325-1328.
Voltammetric analysis of trace cobalt (Co) using modified carbon nanotube sensors in cyclic
voltammetry (CV), square wave (SW) stripping voltammetry, and chronoamperometry modes
was conducted on glass beads from an ancient tomb recently found in Sachang Dong, Cheongju
City, South Korea, and dated to the 17th century (ca. Joseon period). It was found that the sensor
can be used in trace analysis of archeological materials.
Lyubomirova, V., Ž. Šmit, H. Fajfar, and I. Kuleff
2014 Chemical Composition of Glass Beads from the Necropolis of Apollonia Pontica (5th3rd Century BC). Archaeologia Bulgarica 18(2):1-17;
https://www.academia.edu/30570137/.
The concentration of 25 elements in the earliest glass materials in Bulgaria is determined and
discussed.
Ma, Qian, A. Mark Pollard, Yifan Yu, Zhuanjie Li, Linling Liao, Long Wang, Man Li,
Luwu Cai, Li Ping, and Rui Wen
2022 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Potash and
m-Na-Al Glasses in China – Using Kernel Methods for Trace Element Analysis.
Heritage Science 10, 29; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00651-3.
Analysis of Indo-Pacific glass beads recovered from several sites in China dating to the Warring
States period and the Han dynasty (202 BC-AD 220) revealed that they were likely produced in
northeastern India or Southeast Asia and exported through the Maritime Silk Road.
Macâne, Aija, Kerkko Nordqvist, and Elena Kostyleva
2019 Marmot Incisors and Bear Tooth Pendants in Volosovo Hunter-Gatherer Burials: New
Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Data from the Sakhtysh Complex, Upper-Volga Region.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 26, Article 101908;
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-archaeological-sciencereports/vol/26/suppl/C.
Presents 15 new AMS and stable bulk isotope measurements of animal bones and teeth from
ritual contexts. Russia.
Magee, R.W.
1993 Faience Beads of the Irish Bronze Age. Archaeomaterials 7(1):115-125.
Analyses of beads from Bronze Age Ireland to trace their affinities with beads from other parts
of the British Isles.
Magnavita, Sonja
2009 Sahelian Crossroads: Some Aspects on the Iron Age Sites of Kissi, Burkina Faso. In
Crossroads/Carrefour Sahel: Cultural and Technological Developments in First
Millenium BC/AD West Africa, edited by Sonja Magnavita, Lassina Koté, Peter Breunig,
and Oumarou A. Idé, pp. 79-104. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 2.
https://www.academia.edu/10180972/.
Discusses the recovered beads of glass, stone, and baked clay, as well as cowries, dating to the
1st to early 2nd millenia AD. The chemical composition of the glass beads is also provided.
Magnavita, Sonja, Brandi L. MacDonald, Carlos Magnavita, and April Oga
2024 LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Glass Beads from Tié (12th-14th Centuries), Kanem, Chad:
Evidence of Trans-Sudanic Exchanges. Archaeometry 66(1):100-118;
https://www.academia.edu/105254808/.
The composition of the beads largely matches assemblages from along the East African coast,
indicating that most of them entered the region via a hitherto undocumented east-west Sudanic
route linking Northeast Africa with Lake Chad.
Malaman, E., C. Bettineschi, I. Angelini, B. Gratuze, J. Bonetto, and M. Salvadori
2024 Phoenician Head Pendants: Contextualizing Archaeological and Collection Pieces. In
DAT@MI, It’s all a Matter of Time, Convegno Tematico, Milano, 7-9 febbraio 2024,
Associazione Italiana di Archeometria, p. 36.
https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/1960470/2/BoA_DataMI2024.pdf#page=36.
Stylistic, typo-chronological, and archaeometric analyses are combined to reconstruct the
manufacturing techniques, identify the raw materials used, and potentially determine the origin
of the two pendants of the Phoenician-Punic cultural period, Italy.
Mãndescu, Dragoº, Maria Mihalache, Ioana Stãnculescu, and Mihai Constantinescu
2017 Contribuþii la studiul pieselor de port ºi podoabã din mediul cultural Ferigile. Mãrgelele
de caolin descoperite în necropola hallstattianã de la Valea Stânii (judeþul Argeº)
[Contributions to the Study of the Adornments from Ferigile Cultural Milieu. The Kaolin
Beads Found in the Early Iron Age Necropolis at Valea Stânii (Argeº County)]. Peuce,
Serie Nouã, Studii ºi cercetãri de istorie ºi arheologie XV:7-48.
The study of small kaolin beads found at a site in Romania includes compositional analysis.
Mangou, Helen
2001 Chemical Analyses of Three Opaque Glass Beads and a Sword from the Pylona
Cemetery. In The Mycenaean Cemetery at Pylona on Rhodes, edited by Efi Karantzali,
pp. 117-118. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 988.
Manning, Sturt W. and John P. Hart
2019 Radiocarbon, Bayesian Chronological Modeling and Early European Metal Circulation in
the Sixteenth-Century AD Mohawk River Valley, USA. PLoS ONE 14(12): e0226334;
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226334.
Bayesian chronological modeling of a large set of radiocarbon dates indicates that European iron
and cuprous metals (some in the form of beads) arrived in the Mohawk River Valley of New
York earlier than previously thought – by the beginning of the 16th century. Also mentions find
sites of copper beads in the region.
Manrique-Ortega, M.D., P. Claes, E. Casanova-González, J. L. Ruvalcaba-Sil, Ma. A.
García-Bucio1, and L. Lowe
2014 Non-Invasive Analysis of Green Stone Pieces from Tomb 1 of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas.
In Symposium 8A – Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Issues in Materials Science,
edited by J.L.R. Sil, J.R. Trujeque, A.V. Castro, and M.E. Pesqueira, pp. 17-29. Materials
Research Society Symposium Proceedings 1618. https://www.academia.edu/28984601/.
Characterizes and identifies the minerals that compose the various green stone ornaments found
with two elite burials of the Formative Period in southeastern Mexico and attempts to determine
their source.
Maran, Joseph
2013 Bright as the Sun: The Appropriation of Amber Objects in Mycenaean Greece. In
Mobility, Meaning and the Transformations of Things, edited by Hans Peter Hahn and
Hadas Weiss, pp.147-169. Oxbow Books, Oxford. https://www.academia.edu/3435319/.
The contextual analysis of the appearance of amber objects (beads included) in Early Mycenaean
graves points to a striking variation in how the various components were selected, combined,
and deposited, thereby contradicting the hitherto predominant notion of a uniform use of such
objects as necklaces.
Marchetti, Marie-Laurence and Bernard Gratuze
2007 Le mobilier en verre du site de la Grotta Piatta (Aregno, Haute-Corse): composition
chimique et chronotypologie. ArchéoSciences 31:163-173;
https://www.academia.edu/96987596/.
Analysis of glass beads excavated at Grotta Piatta, a protohistoric funerary site on the coast of
Balagne, Corsica, revealed the Near-Eastern origin of the glass used as raw material.
Marín-Aguilera, Beatriz and Laure Dussubieux
2023 Embodying Ethiopia’s Global Golden Age on the Muslim-Christian Frontier: The Allure
of Glass Beads. African Archaeological Review 40(2):317-333;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10437-023-09513-0.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads recovered from Shay Culture tombs reveals how the Shay
communities benefitted from the Islamic global trade routes during the 9th-14th centuries,
particularly the Middle East, Egypt, and the Indo-Pacific networks.
Martin Pruvot, Chantal and Bernard Gratuze
2019 Des perles en verre d’Inde du Sud ou du Sri Lanka au bord du Léman Importations pour
l’élite mérovingienne. Kunst + Architektur in der Schweiz 4(4); hal-02420092, version 1.
Analysis of tiny opaque green glass beads found with female burials of the Early Middle Ages at
the necropolis of Clos d’Aubonne at La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland, reveal that they bear witness
to trade between South India or Sri Lanka and the Merovingian West.
Martínez Mira, Isidro, O. Cornejo Navarro, and E. Vilaplana Ortego
2015 Anexos. Estudio arqueométrico de los elementos de adorno personal de la necrópolis de
El Castillo (Castejón, Navarra). Análisis instrumental. In Ritos funerarios en el valle
medio del Ebro (s. VI-III a.C.). Necrópolis de El Castillo (Castejón, Navarra). Vol. 3.
Ritos funerarios, by José Antonio Faro Carballa, pp. 1441-1475. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. de
Educ. a Distancia.
Presents the results of archaeometric analysis of several glass paste beads and seals of the 6th4th centuries BC from a burial ground in Spain.
Martínez Mira, Isidro and Eduardo Vilaplana Ortego
2014 Análisis de las cuentas de collar de la tumba 19 de la Necrópolis de Boliche. In La
Necrópolis orientalizante de Boliche (Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería), by Alberto J.
Lorrio, pp. 235-242. Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid.
Presents information concerning the form, composition, production, dating, origin, and the
cultural significance of several beads recovered from a tomb in southern Spain.
2014
Cuentas de collar de La Fonteta (Guardamar, Alicante) y La Peña Negra (Crevillente,
Alicante): descripción y análisis instrumental. In La Fonteta-2: Estudio de los materiales
arquelógicos hallados en la colonia fenicia de la actual desembocadura del río Segura
(Guardamar, Alicante), Vol. 2, edited by Alfredo González Prats, pp. 848-931.
Seminarios Internacionales Sobre Temas Fenicios, Alicante.
Describes and presents compositional data for stone and faience necklace beads of the period
850-550 BC from southeastern Spain.
Martinón-Torres, Marcos, Roberto Valcárcel Rojas, Jago Cooper, and Thilo Rehren
2007 Metals, Microanalysis and Meaning: A Study of Metal Objects Excavated from the
Indigenous Cemetery of El Chorro de Maíta, Cuba. Journal of Archaeological Science
34(2):194-204.
Discusses the composition of beads and small metal objects found with Taino burials. The items
analyzed include beads made of placer gold exploited locally, gold-copper-silver pendants
brought from continental South America and, above all, tubular brass lacetags from European
clothing that were perceived as sacred metals.
Martinón-Torres, Marcos, Roberto Valcárcel Rojas, Juanita Sáenz Samper, and María
Filomena Guerra
2012 Metallic Encounters in Cuba: The Technology, Exchange and Meaning of Metals before
and after Columbus. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31:39-454;
https://www.academia.edu/44720469/.
Presents the results of the first analytical program focused on metal artifacts (beads and pendants
included) recovered from a range of Taíno sites in Cuba. Includes compositional analysis and
observations on production processes.
Mascelloni, M.L., G. Cerichelli, and S. Ridolfi
2008 A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to the Study of an Assemblage of Copper-Based Finds
Assigned to the Prehistory and Proto-History of Fucino, Abruzzo, Italy. In Proceedings
of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy,
edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp. 605-610. Springer.
The assemblage includes 7 beads and 1 bead/spiral.
Mathis, François, Bernard Gratuze, and Olivier Vrielynck
2022 Etude de composition et de provenance des perles en verre Mérovingiennes du cimetière
de Bossut-Gottechain (Belgique-Wallonie). In Un monde en mouvement. La circulation
des personnes, des biens et des idées à l'époque mérovingienne, edited by Yves
Henigfeld and Edith Peytremann, pp. 211-228. Mémoire de l’Association Française
d’Archéologie Mérovingienne 37. https://hal.science/hal-03833494v1.
A study of the composition and provenance of Merovingian glass beads from the BossutGottechain cemetery (Belgium-Wallonia).
Mathis, François, Olivier Vrielynck, Amandine Leroy, Hélène Tregouet, and David Strivay
2013 Les perles en verre de la nécropole de Bossut–Gottechain : recettes et fabrication. Paper
presented at Archéométrie Caen 2013 - XIXe Colloque du GMPCA, Caen, France;
https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/160384.
Reports on the typo-chronology and composition of glass beads recovered from one of the
largest Merovingian necropolises in Belgium.
Matthes, C., M. Heck, C. Theune, P. Hoffmann, and J. Callmer
2004 Produktionsmechanismen von frühmittelalterlichen Glasperlen. Germania 82(1):109157.
Discusses the production mechanisms of early medieval glass beads. Includes data concerning
their chemical composition.
Mazzieri, Paola and Roberto Micheli
2014 Tradizioni funerarie e ornamenti personali. Alcune osservazioni dalla sfera VBQ
emiliana alla luce delle ultime scoperte. Rivista di Studi Liguri LXXVII-LXXIX:323330.
Deals with the beads and pendants recovered from Square Mouth Vase Culture contexts in Italy.
McCabe, Kendra and William T. Billeck
2018 To Bead or Not to Bead: Composition Variation of White Glass Beads is the Question.
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
https://naturalhistory.si.edu/sites/default/files/media/file/2018-mccabe-poster.pdf.
This poster documents change in the opacifiers (tin, antimony, and arsenic) used in the
production of drawn white glass beads during the 17th-19th centuries.
McCoy, T.J., A.E. Marquardt, John T. Wasson, Richard D. Ash, and Edward P. Vicenzi
2017 The Anoka, Minnesota Iron Meteorite as Parent to Hopewell Meteoritic Metal Beads
from Havana, Illinois. Journal of Archaeological Science 81:13-22.
Delves into the composition and manufacture of the beads, as well as the source of the material.
McGovern, Patrick E.
1987 Silicate Industries of Late Bronze-Early Iron Age Palestine: Technical Interaction
between Egypt and the Levant. In Early Vitreous Materials, edited by Mavis Bimson and
Ian C. Freestone, pp. 91-114. British Museum Occasional Papers 56.
The composition of silicate beads and pendants from Beth Shan in Israel and the Baq’ah Valley
of Jordan was determined to elucidate the technological innovations and interaction between
different industries in the region during the Late Bronze and Early Iron ages (ca. 1550-1050 BC).
McGovern, Patrick E., Stuart J. Fleming, and Charles P. Swann
1993 The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: Glass and Faience Production and
Importation in the Late New Kingdom. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Research 290/291:1-27.
Analyses of a limited corpus of Egyptian silicate artifacts (including beads) from the 18th to the
20th dynasty shown that the batch recipes and colorants of the el-Amarna group, except for
cobalt blue, are very distinct chemically from glasses and glazes produced a century later at
other Egyptian sites.
McIntosh, Susan Keech, Marilee Wood, Laure Dussubieux, Peter Robertshaw, Timothy
Insoll, and Mamadou Cissé
2020 Glass Beads from Medieval Gao (Mali): New Analytical Data on Chronology, Sources,
and Trade. Journal of African Archaeology; https://www.academia.edu/43403866/.
Reports on the results of compositional analysis by LA-ICP-MS of 100 glass beads recovered
from several archaeological sites in and around Gao dating to the 8th-14th centuries.
Mecking, Oliver
2015 Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zu den Silberfunden und Glasperlen aus
Oberwellenborn, Lkr. Saalfeld-Rudolstadt [Scientific Studies on the Silver Finds and
Beads from Oberwellenborn, Saalfeld-Rudolstadt District] Alt-Thüringen 44:217-224;
https://www.academia.edu/20353400/.
On the chemical composition of metal-foil beads found in Germany.
Medici, Teresa, Giulia Foradori, Francesco Carrer, Roberto Dal Maschio, Stefano
Gialanella, Maurizio Montagna, Annaluisa Pedrotti, and Diego E. Angelucci
2014 Una perlina in vetro da un contesto pastorale d’alta quota della Val di Sole (Trento). In Il
vetro in età protostorica in Italia, Atti delle XVI Giornate Nazionali di Studio sul Vetro,
edited by Silvia Ciappi, Annamaria Larese, and Marina Ubold, pp. 115-124. Comitato
Nazionale Italiano, Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice.
https://www.academia.edu/48328433/.
Discusses a “gooseberry” glass bead attributed to the 16th-18th centuries from a high-altitude
pastoral context at Trento, Italy. Includes chemical analysis.
Meek, Andrew, Nikolai N. Nikolaev, and St John Simpson
2021 Scientific Analyses of Some Glass Beads from Scythian and Later Sites in Southern
Siberia. In Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies
of Eurasia: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the British Museum, 27-29 October
2017, edited by Svetlana V. Pankova and St John Simpson, pp. 296-301. Archaeopress,
Oxford. https://www.academia.edu/44959551/.
Advances in archaeological science now allow a better understanding of the sources of the
materials used to make beads and therefore offer a new way of analyzing ancient circulation
patterns and appreciating the true significance of these tiny objects.
Meek, Andrew and Sonja Marzinzik
2015 The Discovery of Cobalt Colourant Raw Materials as Inclusions within Anglo-Saxon
Glass Beads. Annales du 19e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du
Verre, Piran 2012, pp. 376-380.
Meirelles, Anna Cristina Resque
2011 Muiraquitã e contas do Tapajós no imaginário indígena: uma análise químicomineralógica dos artefatos dos povos pré-históricos da Amazônia. Ph.D. dissertation.
Geologia e Geoquímica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.
https://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/14594.
Investigates a group of frog-shaped pendants and plain beads of various stones from the lower
Amazon, including their morphology, production technology, and chemical composition. In
Portuguese and English.
Melgar Tísoc, Emiliano R. and José Luis Ruvalcaba
2014 Technological Analysis of the Calcite Beads from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan.
MRS Proceedings 1618:97-107; https://www.academia.edu/107201697/.
Analysis of several green calcite beads reveals similarities to Huastec pieces, both at
mineralogical and technological levels. It is proposed that these pieces could be objects looted
during the Aztec campaigns against Huastec sites.
Melgar Tísoc, Emiliano R., José Luis Ruvalcaba, Kilian Laclavetine, and Estela Martínez
Mora
2014 Procedencia y manufactura de las turquesas de Pajones, el Bajío y Cerro Moctehuma,
Chalchihuites, Zacatecas. Tiempo y región. Estudios históricos y sociales VII:191-221.
On the origin and manufacture of turquoise objects (including beads and pendants) from central
Mexico.
Melgar Tísoc, Emiliano R. and Reyna Beatriz Solís Ciriaco
2018 Caracterizacion mineralogica y tecnologica de lapidaria de Teopancazco. In Teopancazco
como centro de barrio multiétnico de Teotihuacan. Los sectores funcionales y el
intercambio a larga distancia, edited by Linda R. Manzanilla, pp. 621-672. Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF. https://www.academia.edu/37891704/.
Reports on the chemical analysis and manufacturing techniques of stone ornaments recovered
from a neighborhood of Teotihuacan, central Mexico.
Melgar, Emiliano, Reyna Solís, and José Luis Ruvalcaba
2012 La lapidaria de Teopancazco: composición y manufactura. In Estudios arqueométricos
del centro de barrio de Teopancazco en Teotihuacan, edited by Linda Rosa Manzanilla,
pp. 257-284. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF.
https://www.academia.edu/13293578/.
Reports on the composition and production technology used to produce greenstone beads,
pendants, and other ornaments recovered from the Teopancazco area of Teotihuacan, Mexico.
2012
Technological and Material Characterization of Lapidary Artifacts from Tamtoc
Archaeological Site, Mexico. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings
1374:103-114; https://www.academia.edu/8019650/.
The aim of this work is to measure the composition of the recovered stone beads and other
artifacts for provenance study and to establish the manufacturing technique and tools used to
produce them.
Meyer, Carol, Joan M. Todd, and Curt W. Beck
1991 From Zanzibar to Zagros: A Copal Pendant from Eshnunna. Journal of Near Eastern
Studies 50(4):289-298; https://www.academia.edu/73182932/.
Compositional analysis of a small pendant recovered from a grave near the Northern Palace at
Tell Asmar, ancient Eshnunna, Iraq, and dated as “Protoimperial” (ca. 2500-2400 BC), revealed
that it is copal and not amber, as formerly believed. More specifically, a copal from the
Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mozambique region of East Africa.
Michelaki, Kostalena, Ronald G.V. Hancock, Gary Warrick, and Dean H. Knight
2013 17th Century Huron Village Life: Insights from the Copper-Based Metals of the Ball
Site, Southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):1250-1259;
https://www.academia.edu/1985643/.
Over 400 yellow-metal samples (including several beads and pendants) were analyzed using
INAA to determine the number of kettles that had reached the village, explore the chronology of
their arrival, and examine patterns in their discard within the site.
Micheli, Roberto
2014 Ornamenti personali e gruppi neolitici: elementi di differenziazione culturale nell’ambito
della cultura dei Vasi a Bocca Quadrata. Rivista di Studi Liguri LXXVII-LXXIX:235242.
On beads and pendants recovered from Square Mouth Vase Culture contexts in Italy.
Micheli, Roberto and Federico Bernardini
2018 Ornamenti personali in conchiglia di Spondylus : applicazione sperimentale dell’analisi
microCT per la determinazione del genere. Potenzialità e limiti del metodo [Personal
Spondylus Shell Ornaments: Experimental Application of MicroCT Analysis for Genus
Determination. Potential Impact and Limits of the Method]. In Preistoria e Protostoria
del Caput Adriae, edited Elisabetta Borgna, Paola Càssola Guida, and Susi Corazza, pp.
265-278. Studi di Preistoria e Protostoria 5.https://www.academia.edu/38458437/.
The processes for producing beads and pendants from Spondylus shell eliminate the natural
characteristics of the shells that allow taxa identification. This article investigates a technique
that may permit such identification.
Middleton, Andrew, Susan La Niece, Janet Ambers, Duncan Hook, Richard Hobbs, and
Guy Seddon
2007 An Elusive Stone: The Use of Variscite as a Semi-Precious Stone. The British Museum
Technical Research Bulletin 1:29-34. https://www.academia.edu/53324177/
Seven green beads on a gold necklace found in a Romano-British grave near Gillingham, Kent,
have the appearance of weathered green glass but X-ray fluorescence analysis indicates they may
be variscite. This study emphasizes the need for analytical investigation of finds of “weathered
green glass” from Roman contexts, beyond visual examination.
Middleton, Sinéad
2015 The Classification and Characterisation of Archaeological Glass Using Multi-Elemental
Analysis. M.S. thesis. Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland.
XRF analysis is used to determine the composition of glass beads and other artifacts recovered
from various sites across Ireland that date from the Iron Age through to modern times.
Mihaylov, Philip and Nikoleta Tzankova
2022 Glass Beads from Dren-Delyan Necropolis (Archaeological and Archaeometric Study).
In Ancient Thrace: Myth and Reality. The Proceedings of the Thirteenth International
Congress of Thracology, Volume One, edited by Peter Delev, Totko Stoyanov, Svetlana
Yanakieva et al., pp. 271-278. St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sofia.
https://www.academia.edu/97666606/.
Investigates the beads (including eye beads) recovered from a necropolis in Bulgaria, including
their chemical composition. They are attributed to the 6th-4th centuries BC.
Miksic, John
1996 X-Ray Analysis of Glass from Fort Canning, Singapore. Bulletin de l’École française
d’Extrème Orient 83:187-202.
Reports on the compositional analyses of 14th-century beads, bangles, and vessel fragments.
Three glass groups were identified.
2013
Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800. NUS Press, Singapore.
Chapter 8 concentrates on glass beads recovered from sites in Singapore and Indonesia including
their chemical composition.
Miksic, John N., F.D. Bulbeck, K. Karklins, J.-F. Moreau, and R.G.V. Hancock
2007 A Tentative Comparison of Asian and European Glass Trade Beads. In La mesure du
passé: contributions à la recherche en archéométrie (2000-2006), edited by Allison
Bain, Jacques Chabot, and Marcel Moussette, pp. 187-192. BAR International Series
1700. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255720997.
A small sampling of 12th-14th-centuries red glass beads from Riau, Indonesia, and blue glass
beads from Singapore were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and the
results compared to European beads of the 17th-18th centuries.
Miksic, J., C.T. Yap, and Hua Younan
1994 Archaeology and Early Chinese Glass Trade in Southeast Asia. Journal of Southeast
Asian Studies 25(1):31-46.
Glass beads from Singapore, the nearby Riau Archipelago, and Palembang (South Sumatra,
Indonesia) were analyzed by XRFD and the results, combined with historic data, indicate that
Riau obtained beads from India, perhaps via Palembang before AD 1200, and later Chinese
beads, perhaps from Singapore.
Mildner, Stephanie
2019 Das älteste echte Glas in Mitteleuropa. Bayerische Archäologie 4:17-19.
Presents initial results of an archaeometric investigation of glass beads from the Tumulus and
Urnfield cultures of Middle Europe.
Mildner, Stephanie, Frank Falkenstein, Jens-Peter Schmidt, and Ulrich Schüssler
2009 Materialanalytische Untersuchungen an ausgewählten Glasperlen des bronzezeitlichen
Hortfundes von Neustrelitz, Lkr. Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Bodendenkmalpflege in
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Jahrbuch 57:43-63; https://www.academia.edu/31256163/.
Presents the results of the analysis of Bronze-Age glass beads from a hoard in northeastern
Germany.
Mildner, Stephanie, Ulrich Schüssler, Frank Falkenstein, and Helene Brätz
2014 Bronzezeitliches Glas im westlichen Mitteleuropa – Funde, Zusammensetzung und die
Frage nach seiner Herkunft. In Ressourcen und Rohstoffe in der Bronzezeit: Nutzung –
Distribution – Kontrolle, edited by Bianka Nessel, Immo Heskeund, and Dirk
Brandherm, pp. 100-108. Arbeitsberichte zur Bodendenkmalpflege in Brandenburg 26.
https://www.academia.edu/11998543/.
Chemical analysis of blue glass beads of the Middle and Late Bronze Ages (14th-9th centuries
BC) recovered from graves, hoards, and settlements in western Central Europe has identified a
new glass group. Its composition is based on a different alkali source with significantly higher
potassium content.
2015
Mitteleuropäisches “High-Magnesium-Glass” – Erste Ergebnisse einer archäometrischen
Untersuchung zu bronzezeitlichen Glasperlen. Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege 2015 –
METALLA Sonderheft 7:81-83; https://www.academia.edu/27333262/.
Reports on the archaeometric investigation of Bronze Age glass beads from sites in Central
Europe.
Miller, D.E. and J. Kinahan
1992-1993
The Metallurgical Analysis of Copper Beads and Ore from Archaeological Sites
in Central Namibia. Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 8:7386.
Several beads from three site areas in Namibia were subjected to metallographic and chemical
analysis. All appear to date to the 18th century.
Miller, Jennifer M. and Pamela Rae Willoughby
2014 Radiometrically Dated Ostrich Eggshell Beads from the Middle and Later Stone Age of
Magubike Rockshelter, Southern Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 74:118-122.
Three of the samples date to the MSA, and represent the earliest directly radiocarbon dated OES
beads currently known. This new data demonstrates that the tradition of OES beadmaking is not
unique to the LSA, but began sometime during the terminal stages of the MSA.
Mirtsou, E.M., Vavelidis, D. Ignatiadou, and M. Pappa
2001 Early Bronze Age Faience Beads from Agios Mamas, Chalkidiki: A Short Note. In
Archaeometry Issues in Greek Prehistory and Antiquity, 3rd Symposium on
Archaeometry, Athens 1996, edited by Yannis Bassiakos, Eleni Aloupi, and Yorgos
Facorellis, pp. 309-316. Hellenic Society for Archaeometry and Society of Society of
Messenian Archaeological Studies, Athens.
Seeks to determine the chemical composition of the beads and the method of their manufacture.
In Greek with an English abstract.
Miœta-Jakubowska, Ewelina, Renata Czech B³oñska, W³adys³aw Duczko, Aneta M. Gójska,
Pawe³ Kalbarczyk, Grzegorz ¯abiñski, and Krystian Trela
2019 Archaeometric Studies on Early Medieval Silver Jewellery from Central and Eastern
Europe. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11:6705-6723;
https://www.academia.edu/47201535/.
SEM-EDX analysis of silver beads and pendants from three hoards found in Poland that date to
AD 900-1039 provides information concerning granulation techniques used for ornaments and
the source of the raw silver. See Pernicka (2020) for a critique and Miœta-Jakubowska et al.
(2020) for a response.
2020
Correction to: Archaeometric Studies on Early Medieval Jewellery from Central and
Eastern Europe. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12(6), Article 108;
https://www.academia.edu/47666152/.
Referring to Professor Pernicka’s remarks, the authors clarify doubts concerning the
appropriateness of the use of laser ablation coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer in
archaeometry.
Molist, M., I. Montero-Ruiz, X. Clop, S. Rovira, E. Guerrero, and J. Anfruns
2009 New Metallurgic Findings from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic: Tell Halula (Euphrates Valley,
Syria). Paléorient 35(2):33-48.
Numerous burials were accompanied by beads and pendants of shell, stone, bone, and copper. A
detailed compositional analysis is presented of the copper specimens.
Monterrosa Desruelles, Hervé Victor
2018 La presencia maya en el Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan. El análisis tecnológico de los
objetos de jadeíta verde imperial. Ph.D. dissertation. Escuela Nacional de Antropología e
Historia, Mexico DF. https://www.academia.edu/81066342/.
Provides a technological analysis of Mayan imperial-green jadeite objects (including beads and
pendants) recovered from the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan in central Mexico.
Moreau, Jean-François
2014 Au temps de la traite des fourrures : les perles du « contact ». In Enjeux théoriques et
pratiques du développement régional : 30 Ans de recherche au GRIR, edited by Danielle
Maltais and Suzanne Tremblay, pp. 51-70. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi,
Chicoutimi; https://www.academia.edu/66580014/.
On beads of the early fur trade in Quebec, including their chemical composition.
Moreau, Jean-François, B. Gratuze, R.G.V. Hancock, and M. Blet Lemarquand
2011 The Dating of a Sixteenth Century Settlement in the Vicinity of Quebec City (Canada) by
Means of Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads Through Thermal and Fast Neutron
Activation Analyses. In Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on
Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp.
501-508. Springer.
Moreau, Jean-François and R.G.V. Hancock
2010 “Un siècle d’approvisionnement: 1550-1650:” de la préhistoire à l’histoire au site du
poste de traite de Chicoutimi. Archéologiques 23:84-98.
Using neutron activation analysis to compare several series of white glass beads uncovered at the
Chicoutimi trading post site in Quebec, Canada, with a series of other collections whose dates
are well established has lent support to the hypothesis, based on bead typology, that the site
contains an Amerindian layer dating from the contact period (1600-1650).
Moreau, Jean-François, R.G.V. Hancock, Susanne Aufreiter, and Ian Kenyon
2002 Late French (1700-1750) to Early English (1750-1800) Regime White Glass Trade Beads
from a Presumed Decorated Bag Found at the Ashuapmushuan Site (Eastern Central
Québec), Canada. In Archaeometry 98, Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, edited by E.
Jerem and K.T. Biro, pp. 613-619. BAR International Series 1043.
Moreau, Jean-François, R.G.V. Hancock, Susanne Aufreiter, and Ian Kenyon
1997 Taphonomical and Chronological Studies of a Concentration of European Glass Trade
Beads from Ashuapmushuan, Central Quebec (Canada). In Proceedings of the Seventh
Nordic Conference on the Applications of Science in Archaeology, edited by H. Junger
and M. Lavento, pp. 173-181. Esbjerg Museum, Esbjerg, Denmark.
2002
Analysis of White Beads of a Late 17th Century Decorated Bag from the
Ashuapmuchuan Site (Eastern Central Quebec), Canada. In Archaeometry 98:
Proceedings of the 31st Symposium, Budapest, April 26-May 3 1998, pp. 613-620. British
Archaeological Reports, International Series 1043(II).
Neutron activation analysis of the beads was used to test the temporal assignment of the bag as
well as the anthropological interpretation of the beads as pertaining to a decorative pattern on the
bag.
Moreau, Jean-François, R.G.V. Hancock, and M. Moussette
2006 Toward a Chrono-Seriation Method Based on European Trade White Beads in
Northeastern North America. In 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 3-7
May 2004, Zaragoza, Spain, edited by J. Pérez-Arantegui, pp. 85-90. Institución
Fernando el Católico, Zaragoza. https://www.academia.edu/114126105/.
The INAA analysis of glass beads recovered from two sites in Quebec City, Canada, has helped
to determine the chronometric trend for specific elements in beads of the third quarter of the 18th
century.
Moretti, C. and B. Gratuze
1999 Vetri rossi al rame e aventurina. Confronto di analisi e ricette. Rivista della Stazione
Sperimentale del Vetro 29(3):147-160.
Samples of copper-red glasses from the Roman period to the 19th century were analyzed using
modern techniques, also a sample of aventurine glass. These results were compared, when
possible, with formulae found in Venetian recipe manuscripts dating from the 14th-19th
centuries.
Morozova, E.A., I.F. Kadikova, T.V. Yuryeva, and V.A. Yuryev
2017 Crystallites in Color Glass Beads of the 19th Century and their Influence on Fatal
Deterioration of Glass. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.08330, accessed 5 June 2017.
The colonies of micro and nanocrystallites of orthorhombic KSbOSiO4 (KSS) detected in bluegreen glass beads play a key role in the corrosion process that starts internally rather than from
the surface as is common for glass objects.
Morris, Don P. and Jon M. Erlandson
1993 A 9,500 Year-Old Human Burial from CA-SRI-116, Santa Rosa Island. Journal of
California and Great Basin Anthropology 15:129-134.
Reports a suite of radiocarbon dates for the burial which had five small Olivella biplicata beads
in the thorax region. California.
Moutsiou, Theodora, Demetrios Ioannides, Andreas Charalambous, Sebastian Schöder,
Sam M. Webb, Mathieu Thoury, Vasiliki Kassianidou, Zomenia Zomeni, and Christian
Reepmeyer
2022 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Picrolite Raw Material on Cyprus. Heritage
5(2):664-676; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020037.
The artifacts studied include one bead, three pendants, and two small pebbles that are probably
pendant preforms.
Moutsiou, Theodora and Vasiliki Kassianidou
2019 Geochemical Characterisation of Carnelian Beads from Aceramic Neolithic Cyprus
Using Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (pXRF). Journal of Archaeological
Science: Reports 25:257-265.
Analysis suggests multiple origins for the carnelian raw material and, more significantly,
demonstrates that occasionally other materials, visually indistinguishable from carnelian, were
used in bead manufacture. The authors consider the symbolic role of these raw material choices
and propose that these early island communities engaged in a system of linked values with their
mainland counterparts dependent on the materials exchanged objects were made of.
Mukherjee, Anna J., E. Roßberger, M.A. James, P. Pfälzner, C.L. Higgitt, R. White, D.A.
Peggie, D. Azar, and R.P. Evershed
2008 The Qatna Lion: Scientific Confirmation of Baltic Amber in Late Bronze Age Syria.
Antiquity 82: 49-59.
Analysis of amber beads and a unique vessel in the form of a lion found in a royal tomb revealed
that they were likely fashioned in Syria from raw amber imported from the Baltic via the
Aegean.
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes
2016 Capítulo 13. El ámbar del Tholos de Montelirio. In Montelirio. Un gran monumento
megalítico de la Edad del Cobre, edited by Á. Fernández Flores, L. García Sanjuán, and
M. Díaz-Zorita, pp. 311-344. Conserjería de Cultura, Sevilla.
The tholos yielded the largest collection of amber objects of Iberian Late Prehistory found so far
with over 250 beads and pendants. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis
shows that the samples resemble Sicilian simetita. Spain.
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes, A. Martín Cólliga, and M. Martinón-Torres
2023 The Earliest Baltic Amber in Western Europe. Scientific Reports 13, 14250;
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41293-0.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that an amber bead recovered from a Late
Neolithic funerary cave (3634-3363 cal BC) in northeastern Iberia it was made of Baltic
succinite. This is the earliest evidence for the arrival of Baltic amber in the Mediterranean and
Western Europe, before the Bell Beaker phenomenon and more than a millennium earlier than
traditionally thought.
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes, Rafael M. Martínez-Sánchez, and Juan Carlos VeraRodríguez
2018 El ámbar de la Cueva de los Cuarenta (Priego de Córdoba, Córdoba) / Amber from
Cueva de los Cuarenta (Priego de Córdoba, Southern Iberia). Trabajos de Prehistoria
75(2):333-343.
Provides archaeometric data on an amber bead or pendant found in Neolithic contexts in a cave
in southern Spain. It was the only ornament found among a minimum number of 41 inhumations.
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes and Marcos Martinón-Torrés
2012 Amber Sources and Trade in the Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. European Journal of
Archaeology 15(2):187-216; https://www.academia.edu/1877438/.
Presents Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of archaeological
amber from three Iberian prehistoric sites, including a necklace recovered from the megalithic
site of Palacio III (Almadén de la Plata, Sevilla) and a necklace from the Muricecs de Cellers
cave (Llimiana, Pallars Jussà, Lleida).
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes, Marcos Martinón-Torrés, Leonardo García Sanjuán, David
Wheatley, Mark A. Hunt Ortiz, Matilde Forteza González, and María Jesús Hernández
Arnedo
2015 New Objects in Old Structures. The Iron Age Hoard of the Palacio III Megalithic
Funerary Complex (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain). Journal of Archaeological
Science 57:322-334.
Presents the contextual, morphological, and analytical study of an exceptional hoard that
includes a necklace of dark red amber beads, a circular carnelian bead, and a tongue-shaped
silver pendant. Compositional analysis reveals the sources of the materials.
Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes, Enrique Peñalver, Primitiva Bueno, Rosa Barroso, Rodrigo de
Balbín, and Marcos Martinón-Torres
2018 Amber in Prehistoric Iberia: New Data and a Review. PloS ONE 13(8):e0202235;
https://www.academia.edu/37330351/.
Presents new standardized FTIR analyses of 22 archaeological (beads included) and geological
samples from a large number of contexts across Iberia, as well as a wide scale review of all the
legacy data available.
Muros, Vanessa and Nikolaos Zacharias
2019 Lines, Spots and Trails: A Microscopic and Mineralogical Study of AntimonateOpacified Glass Beads from Lofkënd, Albania. Archaeological and Anthropological
Sciences 11:1769-1782; https://www.academia.edu/41629082/.
Analysis of four glass beads dated to the 12th-10th centuries BC revealed they were made using
a plant-ash-based alkali and colored with an iron containing chromophore which gave the glass
its dark green color. Calcium antimonate was the predominant white opacifier used though
sodium antimonate was found as the opacifier in one sample.
Nagy, Géza
1996 Jelentés avarkori üveggyöngyök elektron-mikroszondás vizsgálatáról. Kutatási Jelentés.
MTA Geokémiai Kutatólaboratórium, Budapest, G. 331.
Reports on the electron microprobe examination of Avar glass beads, Hungary.
Nagy, Géza, Adrien Pásztor, István Fórizs, and Mária Tóth
2010 Szarmata és avar kori üveggyöngyök elektronmikroszondás Vizsgálata [Investigation of
Sarmatian and Avar Glass Beads by Electron Microprobe]. Archeometriai Mûhely 1:2750.
Nearly 200 glass beads found in Sarmatian (2nd-4th centuries) and Avar (6th-8th centuries)
graves in Hungary were subjected to instrumental analysis. English abstract.
Nakai, Izumi, Yanase Kazuya, Matsuzaki Mayumi, Sawamura Daichi, and Nagahama Koji
2014 Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads Excavated from Kagoshima Prefecture. From Jomon
no Mori: Bulletin of Kagoshima Prefectural Archaeological Center 6:45-50.
http://www.jomon-no-mori.jp/jimages/mbn_kiyo/kiyo7/kiyo7_45-50.pdf, accessed 27
Dec. 2014.
Japan; in Japanese but images of the beads are provided and the analytical tables are partially in
English.
Nakai, Izumi and Yoko Shindo
2013 Glass Trade between the Middle East and Asia. In Modern Methods for Analysing
Archaeological and Historical Glass, Vol. I., edited by Koen Janssens, pp. 445-457.
Wiley Online Library.
Discusses glass beads from ancient tombs in Japan.
Nakai, Izumi and Junko Shirataki
2016 Chemical Composition of Glass Beads Excavated from Kofun (ca. AD 2nd to 7th c.) in
Western Japan by Portable XRF Showing Glass Trade among Asian Countries. In Recent
Advances in the Scientific Research on Ancient Glass and Glaze, edited by Fuxi Gan,
Qinghui Li, and Julian Henderson, pp. 73-94. World Century Publishing, Hackensack,
NJ, and World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
Reports on the chemical analysis of glass beads excavated from 10 different Kofun (megalithic
tombs or tumuli) in Kumamoto and Okayama prefectures in Japan to determine origins and the
colorants used.
Nakai, Izumi, K. Tantrakarn, Y. Abe, and S. Omura
2013 Study on Western Asiatic Cast Ribbed Rectangular Beads from Kaman-Kalehöyük,
Turkey, by Using Portable XRF. Open Journal of Archaeometry 1(1):109-114;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273299019.
This study provides the first scientific material evidence that shows the possibility of culture
flow from the Mesopotamia region to Kaman-Kalehöyük during Middle-Late Bronze Age (16th15th centuries BC).
Nakai, Izumi, Kriengkamol Tantrakarn, Norihiro Kato, N. Kawai, A. Nishisaka, and S.
Yoshimura
2009 XRF Analysis of 16th Century BC Transparent Glass Beads Excavated from a Hillside in
Northwest Saqqara, Egypt. Annales du 17e Congrès d’Associationi Internationale Pour
l'histoire du Verre, Anvers 2006, pp. 27-31.
Nakamura, Daisuke, Tomomi Tamura, Tetsuo Warashina, and Diimaajav Erdenebaatar
2021 Scientific Analysis on the Glass and Stone Artifacts in Ulaanbaatar State University.
Saitama University Minutes (Faculty of Liberal Arts) 56(2):105-116;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359055723.
Reports on the X-ray fluorescence analysis of glass and stone artifacts (including beads) from
several sites of the Bronze Age and Xiongnu period in Mongolia.
Nakamura, D. and T. Warashina
2009 Physicochemical Analysis of Beads and its Distribution on the Korean Peninsula. In
Graphical Abstracts of the Japanese Archaeological Association 75th Annual Meeting,
pp. 26-27. Japanese Archaeological Association, Tokyo.
In Japanese.
Nándor, Kalicz, Zsuzsanna Siklósi, Gabriella Schöll-Barna, Bernadett Bajnóczi, George H.
Hourmouziadis, Fotis Ifantidis, Aikaterini Kyparissi-Apostolika, Maria Pappa, Rena
Veropoulidou, and Christina Ziota
2012 Aszód – Papi-földek késõ neolitikus lelõhelyen feltárt kagylóékszerek származási
helyének meghatározása stabilizotóp-geokémiai módszerrel [Stable Isotope Geochemical
Provenance Study of Shell Ornaments from Aszód – Papi-földek]. In Környezet – Ember
– Kultúra: Az alkalmazott természettudományok és a régészet párbeszéde, edited by A.
Kreiter, A. Petõ, and B. Tugya, pp. 317-326. Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Nemzeti
Örökségvédelmi Központ, Budapest. https://www.academia.edu/1525974/.
Reports on the composition of shell beads and bracelets from a Late Neolithic site in Hungary
and compares the findings to Spondylus artifacts from Neolithic sites of Greece, modern shells
from the Aegean and Adriatic seas, as well as fossil Spondylus and Ostrea shells from the
Carpathian Basin. English abstract.
Napolitano, Matthew F., Elliot H. Blair, Laure Dussubieux, and Scott M. Fitzpatrick
2022 Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads in Palau, Western Micronesia Reveals 19th Century
Inter-Island Exchange Systems in Transition. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
45(2), 103542; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362108263.
Analysis of 38 glass beads recovered from Chelechol ra Orrak revealed that most of them were
manufactured in Europe, with many originating in Bohemia ca. AD 1830-1850.
Natuniewicz-Seku³a, Magdalena
2017 The Craft of the Goldsmith in Wielbark Culture in the Light of the Finds from the
Cemetery at Weklice, Elbl¹g Commune and Other Necropolis of Roman Period from
Elbl¹g Heights. Technological Studies of Selected Aspects. Sprawozdania
Archeologiczne 69:185-233; https://www.academia.edu/34825917/.
Discusses the chemical composition and production techniques of gold, silver, and copper-alloy
beads and pendants from sites in northern Poland.
Navarro, Alexandre Guida, Marcondes Lima da Costa, Abrahão Sanderson Nunes
Fernandes Silva, Rômulo Simões Angélica, Suyanne Santos Rodrigues, and João Costa
Gouveia Neto
2017 O muiraquitã da estearia da Boca do Rio, Santa Helena, Maranhão: estudo arqueológico,
mineralógico e simbólico. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas
12(3):869-894; https://www.scielo.br/j/bgoeldi/i/2017.v12n3/.
Analysis of a frog-shaped amulet pendant from the Boca do Rio pile dwelling in northeastern
Brazil revealed that the artifact was made of tremolite/actinolite, a mineral lacking in Maranhão.
A possible operational sequence in the manufacture of the muiraquitã is proposed, as well as the
possible regional networks to which it belonged. English abstract.
Neri, Elisabetta, Bernard Gratuze, and Nadine Schibille
2018 The Trade of Glass Beads in Early Medieval Illyricum: Towards an Islamic Monopoly.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(3):1107-1122;
https://www.academia.edu/58692591/.
Explores the impact of the Byzantine-Slavic transition on the use and, by extension, trade of
glass beads in the Balkans from the 7th to the 9th century C.E. A series of 48 glass beads from
two sites in Albania analyzed morphologically, technologically, and chemically by LA-ICP-MS
provide the evidence.
2019
Correction to: The Trade of Glass Beads in Early Medieval Illyricum: Towards an
Islamic Monopoly. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(4):1637-1638;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324521095.
Corrects minor errors in Table 2 (samples K_013, K_018, K_019, and Lz_012).
Newman, Richard, Emily Kaplan, and Maria Cecilia Álvarez-White
2023 The Story of Elaeagia Resin (Mopa-Mopa), So Far. Heritage 6, 4320-4344;
https://www.academia.edu/102194566/.
The resin was used to create beads, mostly tubular, during the pre-Hispanic period in the
southwestern part of present-day Colombia. Includes a section on the analytical identification of
Elaeagia resins.
Ngan-Tillard, D., H. Huisman, F. Corbella, and A. van Nass
2018 Over the Rainbow? Micro-CT Scanning to Non-Destructively Study Roman and Early
Medieval Glass Bead Manufacture. Journal of Archaeological Science 98:7-21;
https://www.academia.edu/85699043/.
Explores the potential of desktop micro-CT scanners for inspecting and quantifying the
microstructure of glass beads from two sites in the Netherlands to determine manufacturing
techniques.
Nikita, Kalliopi
2003 A Review of the Chemical Analyses of Glass and Faience Beads in the Bronze Age
Aegean. Bead Study Trust Newsletter 42:4-9;
https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/bead_study_trust.
Nikita, Kalliopi and Julian Henderson
2006 Glass Analyses from Mycenaean Thebes and Elateia: Compositional Evidence for a
Mycenaean Glass Industry. Journal of Glass Studies 48:71-120;
https://www.academia.edu/37610271/.
Chemical analyses of glasses (including beads) from Thebes and Elateia have radically changed
earlier views about a Mycenaean glass industry dependent on Eastern glass-producing centers
for the procurement of raw glass and operating solely as a secondary glass production zone for
the manufacture of jewelry.
Nikita, Kalliopi, Julian Henderson, and Georg Nightingale
2009 An Archaeological and Scientific Study of Mycenaean Glass from Elateia-Alonaki,
Greece. Annales of the 17th Congress of the International Association for the History of
Glass, 2006, Antwerp, pp. 39-46.
Presents and discusses the results of the archaeological and scientific study of 81 simple and
relief glass beads from the Mycenaean chamber-tomb cemetery at Elateia-Alonaki, Greece. The
beads date from the beginning of the Late Helladic IIIA period (about 1425/1390 BC) to the
Early Protogeometric period (about 1000/950 BC), and their chemical composition was
determined using electron probe microanalysis.
Nikita, Kalliopi, Georg Nightingale, and Simon Chenery
2017 Mixed-Alkali Glass Beads from Elateia-Alonaki: Tracing the Routes of an Alien Glass
Technology in the Periphery of Post-Palatial Mycenaean Greece. In Hesperos. The
Aegean Seen from the West, Proceedings of the 16th International Aegean Conference,
University of Ioannina, Department of History and Archaeology, Unit of Archaeology
and Art History, 18-21 May 2016, edited by Michael Fotiadis, Robert Laffineur, Yannos
Lolos, and Andreas Vlachopoulos, pp. 515-524. Aegaeum 41.
https://www.academia.edu/17037973/.
The glass presents a composition that is alien to the well-established technological tradition of
the plant-ash glass production in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Near East during the Late
Bronze Age. The appearance of glass beads that belong to a technology typical of glass
production in Northern Italy and Central Europe is a unique phenomenon in the post-palatial
Mycenaean periphery.
Novotná, Miroslava
2012 Analýza vzorkù jantarových artefaktù z období KZP na Moravì [Analysis of Samples of
Amber Artefacts of the BB Period in Moravia]. In Pohøebištì z období zvoncovitých
pohárù na trase dálnice D1 Vyškov - Moøice [Funerary Areas of the Bell Beaker Period
on the D1 Vyškov-Moøice Motorway], edited by A. Matìjíèková and P. Dvoøák, pp. 347352. Pravìk, Supplementum 24. https://www.academia.edu/44658822/.
Four of five amber bead and V-perforated button samples from Bell Beaker Culture sites in
Moravia, Czechia, are identified as Baltic amber; the exception is identified as simetite, a form
of amber originating in Italy. English summary.
Odriozola, Carlos P.
2015 A New Approach to Determine the Geological Provenance of Variscite Artifacts Using
the P/Al Atomic Ratios. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 7(3):329-350.
Reports on a technique which helps link variscite artifacts (including beads) recovered from
Iberian sites of the 4th-2nd millennia to source mines. Spain.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich, Rodrigo Villalobos García, José M.
Martínez-Blanes, Miguel A. Avilés, Norberto Palomares Zumajo, and María Benito
Sánchez
2016 Personal Body Ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An Archaeomineralogical
Study. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5:156-167;
https://www.academia.edu/22305724/.
A sample of stone beads and pendants were analyzed using XRD, micro-Raman, and XRF in
order to contribute to the current distribution map of green-bead body ornaments on the Iberian
Peninsula. Most of the beads from Castillejo del Bonete (late 3rd millennium cal. BC) were
made from variscite or green phyllosilicates, while those from Cerro Ortega (late 4th millennium
cal. BC) were made of fossil wood or clinochlore.
Odriozola Lloret, Carlos P. and Leonardo García Sanjuán
2013 Las cuentas de collar de piedra verde de Matarrubilla (Valencina de la Concepción
(Sevilla). In El Asentamiento Prehistórico de Valencina de la Concepción (Sevilla),
edited by L. García Sanjuán et al., pp. 485-493. Universidad de Sevilla, Historia y
Geografía 243. https://www.academia.edu/3406513/.
The analysis of a group of green-stone necklace beads excavated at Matarrubilla (part of the
Copper Age site of Valencina de la Concepción-Castilleja de Guzmán (Seville, Spain) has
revealed the possible origin of the stone.
Odriozola, Carlos P., José Ángel Garrido Cordero, Joan Daura Luján, and Montserrat
Sanz
2020 Resin-Coated Beads in Iberian Late Prehistory (3rd-2nd millennia BCE). Materials and
Manufacturing Processes 35(13):420-1423;
https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2020.1750634.
A group of beads from the artificial cave of La Molina (Lora de Estepa, Sevilla) and Cova del
Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona) were made from biogenic raw material and intentionally covered by
a layer of resin. This is the first time this type of treatment has been documented on elements of
adornment in the Late Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. The composition and nature of the
coatings are analyzed and the symbolic role of such alterations and imitations of prehistoric
adornments is discussed.
Odriozola, Carlos P., José Ángel Garrido-Cordero, Cláudia Santos, Elisabete Barradas,
and Ana Catarina Sousa
2020 The Stone Beads from Barrada’s Hypogeum 1 (Aljezur, Algarve, Portugal). Greenstone
Distribution Patterns in the Iberian Southwest Late Neolithic. Journal of Archaeological
Science: Reports 34, Part B, 102667; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102667.
Offers a characterization of the raw materials and the chronology of a bead assemblage found
with a burial in Portugal by means of X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) and the radiocarbon dating
of a tibia directly associated with the beads under study.
Odriozola, Carlos P. and J.A. Linares-Catela
2012 Cuentas de variscita: Producción, circulación y presencia en contextos funerarios del
suroeste peninsular. Rubricatum: Revista del Museu de Gavà 5:323-332.
Uses XRD and XRF analysis of variscite beads coming from different megalithic contexts in
southwestern Spain to determine the source of the material.
Odriozola, Carlos P., J.A. Linares-Catela, and V. Hurtado-Pérez
2010 Caracterización de la fuente de variscita de Pico Centeno (Encinasola, Huelva) y estudio
de procedencia de cuentas del Suroeste peninsular. In Actas VIII Congreso Ibérico de
Arqueometría, Teruel, 19 - 21 de octubre de 2009, edited by Esperanza Saiz Carrasco,
Raúl López Romero, Ascensión Cano Díaz-Tendero, and Juan Carlos Calvo García, pp.
135-146.
Characterizes the variscite from the Pico Centeno mines in north-central Spain and compares
them to specimens from other sources and to 50 green beads from megalithic tombs from two
different regions.
Perdigões’ Green Beads Provenance Analysis. Apontamentos de Arqueología e
Patrimonio 6:47-51.
Discusses the provenance of green beads from Perdigões in southwestern Spain by means of
XRF and XRD analyses.
2010
2010
Variscite Source and Source Analysis: Testing Assumptions at Pico Centeno (Encinasola,
Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 37(2):3146-3157.
Discusses the exploitation and exchange of variscite at the Pico Centeno mining district during
the Copper Age. XRF, XRD, and FTIR analyses of the minerals recovered there during
archaeological survey provide a baseline mineral signature for the source and sub-sources, which
were then compared to other Iberian sources and to 44 green beads from 8 megalithic tombs
from two different regions, in order to test “provenance postulate” and distribution models.
2013
Provenancing Variscite Beads: Pico Centeno (Encinasola, Spain) Outcrop Case Study.
Open Journal of Archaeometry 1(e17):80-84.
Comparing the composition of variscite samples from the Pico Centeno mining district utilized
during the Copper Age to variscite samples and beads from other Iberian sources revealed that
the concentrations of trace elements do not allow establishing a provenance for the beads, as
traditionally claimed.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Rui Mataloto, Jesús Moreno-García, Rodrigo Villalobos-García, and
José María Martínez-Blanes
2012 Producción y circulación de rocas verdes y sus productos en el sw peninsular: el caso de
Anta Grande do Zambujeiro. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 19:125-142;
https://www.academia.edu/49481557/.
XRF and XRD analysis of green beads from megalithic structures and settlements of the 3rd
millennium BCE in southwestern Iberia identified several minerals (variscite, muscovite, talc,
chlorite). Comparisons with mineral data from mining complexes in the region shows that the
raw materials for beadmaking were exchanged as exotics on a regional and supra-regional scale.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Joaquina Soares, Carlos Tavares da Silva, and Paulo E. Fonseca
2016 Iberian Southwest Middle Bronze Age. Reading Social Complexity in Greenstone Beads
from the Cist Necropolis of Sines. In Social Complexity in a Long Term Perspective,
edited by Joaquina Soares, pp. 131-152. Setúbal Arqueológica 16.
Chemical and mineralogical analysis of a group of greenstone beads from the cemeteries of
Provença and Pessegueiro in southwestern Portugal showed that they were not made out of
variscite, but of raw material available in the geological structure of Serra do Cercal.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Ana C. Sousa, Rui Mataloto, Rui Boaventura, Marco Andrade,
Rodrigo Villalobos García, José Ángel Garrido-Cordero, Eugenio Rodríguez, José María
Martínez-Blanes, Miguel Ángel Avilés, Joan Daura, Montserrat Sanz, and José Antonio
Riquelme
2017 Amber, Beads and Social Interaction in the Late Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula: An
Update. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520017-0549-7.
Approaches the analysis of Iberian Peninsula amber artifacts from the 6th to 2nd millennia BCE
by considering their provenance (based on FTIR characterization), chronology, and spatial
relationship with other exotica.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Rodrigo Villalobos Garcia, Rui Boaventura, Ana Catarina Sousa,
J.M. Martinez-Blanes, and Joao Luis Cardoso
2013 Las producciones de adorno personal en rocas verdes del SW peninsular: los casos de
Leceia, Moita da Ladra y Penha Verde. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 20:605-622;
https://www.academia.edu/7464235/.
On the production of personal adornments (beads included) of green stone at three Chalcolithic
villages in Portugal. Compositional analysis is provided.
Odriozola, Carlos P., Rodrigo Villalobos García, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, Rosa Barroso
Bermejo, Raúl Flores Fernández, and Pedro Díaz-del-Río
2017 Late Prehistory Body Ornaments. Exchange and Social Dynamics in the Middle Tagus
Basin. In Key Resources and Socio-Cultural Developments in the Iberian Chalcolithic,
edited by Martin Bartelheim, Primitiva Bueno Ramírez, and Michael Kunst, pp. 55-88.
RessourcenKulturen 6.
Stone body ornamentation in the middle Tagus Basin, Spain, is approached through the study of
variscite bead production variability at 4th-2nd millennium BC sites with particular focus on the
spatial variability of raw materials and their chronological and contextual patterning. Includes
archaeometric analysis.
Ôga, Katsuhiko
2011 An Archaeological Consideration of the Beads Excavated from the Kondô at Tôdai-ji
Temple. Bulletin of the Nara National Museum “Rokuon Zasshu” 13:92-79 (43-56).
Reports on the chemical composition of the beads from the temple in Japan. Text is in Japanese.
See also Tomomi (2011).
Oga, Katsuhiko and Tomomi Tamura
2013 Ancient Japan and the Indian Ocean Interaction Sphere: Chemical Compositions,
Chronologies and Trade Routes of Imported Glass Beads in the Yayoi-Kofun Periods
(3rd century BCE - 7th century CE. Journal of Indian Ocean Archaeology 9:35-65.
Most ancient glass beads in Japan were brought there by long-distance ocean trade in the BCECE transition. This study categorizes the beads on the basis of chemical composition.
Oga, Katsuhiko, Tomomi Tamura, Shinta Inagaki, and Kazuyuki Nakamura
2017 Archaeometrical Investigation of Glass Beads from Aonae Site in Okushiri Island,
Hokkaido. Research Reports of National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College
51:38-47.
Examines the beadmaking technique and chemical composition of wound glass beads. They are
made of plant-ash soda glass colored by cobalt, and they can be classed into two groups. In
Japanese with English abstract. Japan.
Ogundiran, Akinwumi and O. Akinlolu Ige
2015 “Our Ancestors Were Material Scientists”: Archaeological and Geochemical Evidence
for Indigenous Yoruba Glass Technology. Journal of Black Studies 46(8):751-772.
Compositional analysis of crucibles, glass cullet, and glass beads excavated at Osun Grove
(Osogbo, Nigeria) reveals that the Yoruba of West Africa developed a unique glassmaking
technology that lasted till the 17th century.
Oikonomoua, Artemios, Konstantinos Beltsios, and Nikolaos Zacharias
2012 Analytical and Technological Study of Blue Glass from Thebes, Greece: An Overall
Assessment. Annales du 18e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du
Verre, Thessaloniki 2009, pp.81-86; https://www.academia.edu/36066458/.
Thirty-seven samples, mostly beads, ranging from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period, were
analyzed to determine their composition and processing temperatures.
Oikonomoua, Artemios, Maria Kaparou, Vid S. Šelih, Johannes T. van Elteren, Nikolaos
Zacharias, Simon Chenery, and Julian Henderson
2023 Theban Glass Traditions in the 1st Millennium BCE, Greece: New LA-ICP-MS Data and
Their Archaeological Implications. Heritage 6(1):705-723;
https://www.academia.edu/107648786/.
The aim is to assess some technological aspects of the assemblage, provide a chemical
fingerprint for it, and suggest a likely provenance to facilitate a discussion of the issues of glass
consumption and trade during a given era.
Oikonomoua, A. and P. Triantafyllidis
2018 An Archaeometric Study of Archaic Glass from Rhodes, Greece: Technological and
Provenance Issues. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 22:493-505;
https://www.academia.edu/37231892/.
Both major/minor and trace-element analysis of 86 beads indicates a Mesopotamian origin.
Oikonomoua, A., P. Triantafyllidis, K. Beltsios,, N. Zacharias, and M. Karakassides
2008 Raman Structural Study of Ancient Glass Artefacts from the Island of Rhodes. Journal of
Non-Crystalline Solids 354:768-772; https://www.academia.edu/36066336/.
Twenty-five glass artifacts, mostly fragmented beads, recovered from the Kameiros citadel of
Rhodes (Greece) and dating to 640-600 BC were analyzed to determine essential compositional
trends and glass processing temperatures.
Olmeda, Giulia, Ivana Angelini, Gianmario Molin, Stefano Boaro, and Giovanni Leonardi
2015 Archaeometric Analysis of Vitreous Material Ornaments from the Villa di Villa Site
(Treviso, Italy). Rendiconti Lincei 26(4):513-527; https://www.academia.edu/31031915/.
Reports on the chemical and mineralogical analyses of eight vitreous material ornaments (four
beads included) with a poorly defined chronology, coming from a protohistoric and Roman site
in Cordignano-Colle Castelir, northeastern Italy.
Olmeda, Giulia, Benedetta Prosdocim, Ivana Angelini, Michele Cupitò, Gianmario Molin,
and Giovanni Leonardi
2015 Archeologia e archeometria delle perle in vetro della necropoli patavina del CUSPiovego (VI-IV sec. a.C.). Osservazioni sulla tecnologia del vetro in Veneto nella piena
Età del ferro. In Preistoria e Protostoria del Veneto, edited by Giovanni Leonardi and
Vincenzo Tiné, pp. 549-557. Studi di preistoria e protostoria 2.
Discusses the composition of glass beads recovered from a cemetery in northern Italy that is
attributed to the Middle Iron Age (6th-4th centuries BC). English abstract.
Ono, Rintaro, Fadilah Aziz, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, Dyah Prastiningtyas, Marlon
Ririmasse, Nurachman Iriyanto, Irwansyah Zesse, Yoichiro Hisa, and Minoru Yoneda
2017 Development of Regional Maritime Networks during the Early Metal Age in Northern
Maluku Islands: A View from Excavated Glass Ornaments and Pottery Variation. The
Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 13(1);
https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2017.1395374.
Presents the results of compositional analysis of glass beads and other ornaments from a site in
Indonesia dating to ca. 2100-1900 years B.P. These date, combined with variable pottery,
indicate the possible development of maritime and cross-regional networks to the Northern
Maluku Islands.
Os, B.J.H. van, R.M. Vogelzang, J.W. de Kort, D.J. Huisman, M. Kars, D.J.M. NganTillard, W. Verwaal, and E. Meijvoge
2014 Kralen van glas en barnsteen. In Merovingers in een villa 2: Romeinse villa en
Merovingisch grafveld Borgharen – Pasestraat Onderzoek 2012, edited by R.C.G.M.
Lauwerier and J.W. de Kort, pp. 134-154. Rapportage Archeologische Monumentenzorg
222.
Presents a study of the glass and amber beads recovered from a Merovingian site in the southern
Netherlands. Includes compositional analysis.
Osanai, Yasuhito, Tatsuro Adachi, Kazuhiro Yonemura, and Kazuo Miyamoto
2016 Substance Identification of the Beads at the Stone-Slab Grave from Daram Site, Khentii
Province, Mongolia. In Excavations at Daram and Tevsh Sites: A Report on Joint
Mongolian-Japanese Excavations in Outer Mongolia, edited by Kazuo Miyamoto and
Hiroki Obata, pp. 73-75. Kyushu University, Fukuoka.
Based on instrumental analyses, a tubular bead and a round bead found at a stone-slab grave at
the Daram Site were identified to be talc and microcrystalline silica phase like agate and
chalcedony, respectively.
Osváth, Zsófia, Istvá Fórizs, Máté Szabó, and Bernadett Bajnóczi
2018 Archaeometric Analysis of Some Scythian and Celtic Glass Beads from Hungary.
Archeometriai Mûhely XV(1):29-44; https://www.academia.edu/37294468/ and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327183610.
On the composition of three Scythian stratified eye beads with bosses from Mezõtúr and two
Celtic bobbin beads and one Celtic simple eye bead from Vác-Kavicsbánya using handheld Xray fluorescence (hXRF), micro-X-ray diffraction (ì-XRD), and electron microprobe analysis
(EMPA) methods.
Ottenwelter, Estelle, Jiøí Dìd, and Ludmila Barèaková
2014 Technical Study of Jewellery from the Lumbe Garden Cemetery at Prague Castle. In
Castrum Pragense 12. Cemetery in the Lumbe Larden at Prague Castle. Part II. Studies,
edited by Jan Frolík, pp. 163-287. Prague. https://www.academia.edu/20798546/.
Investigates the composition, construction, and decorative techniques of various metal
ornaments including hollow spherical pendants with and without enamel inlays (gombiky) and
beads. Czechia.
Palomar, T., J. Peña-Poza, and J.F. Conde
2009 Cuentas de vidrio prerromanas y arqueometría: una valoración de los trabajos realizados
en la Península Ibérica / Pre-Roman Glass Beads and Archaeometry: An Assessment of
the Works Carried Out in the Iberian Peninsula. Zephyrus LXIV:53-62;
https://www.academia.edu/1887839/.
Reviews chemical analyses carried out on glass beads dating to the 4th-1st millennia BC from
sites in the northeastern portion of the Iberian Peninsula to assess their quality and utility in
determining technological patterns and geographical areas of provenience.
Panagiotaki, Marina
2008 The Technological Development of Aegean Vitreous Materials in the Bronze Age. In
Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean, edited by Caroline M. Jackson and
Emma C. Wager, pp. 34-63. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 9.
Concentrating primarily on vitreous materials (including beads) held by the Heraklion Museum
in Crete, this study involves: 1) analytical work; 2) conservation; 3) replication, using local raw
materials; and 4) macroscopic examination of all vitreous materials artifacts.
Panagiotaki, Marina, Yannis Maniatis, and Mike Tite
2020 Aegean Vitreous Materials of the Bronze Age: Technological Transfer and Local
Innovation. In Cutting-Edge Technologies in Ancient Greece. Materials Science Applied
to Trace Ancient Technologies in the Aegean World, edited by Marina Panagiotaki, Ilias
Tomazos, and Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, pp. 89-95. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357146403.
Traces the contribution of Bronze Age Aegean vitreous-materials artisan/pyrotechnologist to
ancient technology, based on compositional analysis and replication experiments.
Panagiotaki, Marina, Mike Tite, and Yannis Maniatis
2015 Egyptian Blue in Egypt and beyond: The Aegean and the Near East. In Proceedings of
the Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, 2229 May 2008, edited by P. Kousoulis and N. Lazaridis, pp. 1769-1789. Orientalia
Lovaniensia Analecta 241. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317687861.
Identifies possible production centers of Egyptian blue during the Bronze Age by comparing the
results of analytical work performed on Egyptian-blue artifacts from the Aegean with those from
Egypt and the Near East, concentrating especially on the alkali flux used in the production of
Egyptian blue.
Panei, Liliana, Gilberto Rinaldi, and Maurizio Tosi
2005 Investigations on Ancient Beads from the Sultanate of Oman (Ra’s al-Hadd – Southern
Oman). ArchéoSciences 29:151-155;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30463402.
Discusses the mineralogical composition of the recovered stone (heat-hardened steatite) beads
and the technology used in their production.
Panich, Lee M., Laure Dussubieux, Tsim D. Schneider, Christopher Canzonieri, Irenne
Zwierlein, Christopher Zimmer, and Michelle Zimmer
2022 Compositional Analysis of Compound Drawn White Glass Beads from Colonial
California: Implications for Chronology and Dispersal. In The Elemental Analysis of
Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and
Heather Walder, pp. 119-136. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University
Press, Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.11.
Analysis of a sample of 70 beads from three colonial contexts dating from 1786 to 1870 suggests
a relatively late (ca. 1840) introduction of lead-glass white beads using arsenic opacifiers into the
region, as well as some potentially meaningful differentiation among the more common
antimony-opacified soda-lime glass beads found at all three sites.
Pankiewicz, Aleksandra and Sylwia Siemianowska
2018 The Problem of the Functioning of an Early Medieval Glass Workshop within the
Niemcza Settlement Complex. Przegl¹d Archeologiczny 66:237-260;
https://www.academia.edu/38133138/.
Archaeological evidence indicates that a glassworks existed in southwestern Poland that
produced glass beads, among other things. Extensive compositional analysis of the recovered
glass. In Polish with English abstract.
Pankiewicz, Aleksandra, Sylwia Siemianowska, and Krzysztof Sadowski
2017 Wczesnoœredniowieczna bi¿uteria szklana z g³ównych oœrodków grodowych Œl¹ska
(Wroc³aw, Opole, Niemcza) [Early Mediaeval Glassjewellery from Main Silesian
Stronghold Complexes (Wroc³aw, Opole, Niemcza)]. In pago Silensi. Wroc³awskie
studia wczesnoœredniowieczne 3; https://www.academia.edu/34505921/.
Presents a detailed catalog of the recovered glass beads with chemical compositions. Poland.
Paulsson, Bettina, Serge Cassen, Carlos Rodríguez-Rellán, António Carvalho, JeanSebastien Vaquer, Miguel Montaña, Josep Argilagós, and Mònica Poveda
2019 The Time of Callaïs: Radiocarbon Dates and Bayesian Chronological Modelling. In La
parure en callaïs du Néolithique européen, edited by Guirec Querré, Serge Cassen, and
Emmanuelle Vigier, pp. 479-507. Archaeopress, Oxford.
https://www.academia.edu/40957155/.
Presents the results of a Bayesian statistical analysis of 406 currently available radiocarbon dates
from variscite and turquoise (callaïs) contexts in Europe, along with the results of provenience
analyses, undertaken to investigate the fine-grained temporal pattern for the exploitation,
circulation, and deposition of callaïs artifacts, such as beads and pendants, during the Neolithic
period.
Paynter, Sarah
2023 ‘For the Want of Them may Ruin a Voyage’: Analysis of Glass Beads from Channel
Wrecks, Including the Dutch East India Company retourschip Rooswijk. International
Journal of Nautical Archaeology 52(1):66-79;
https://doi.org/10.1080/10572414.2022.2159722.
The Rooswijk, wrecked in 1740, and an unidentified vessel known as the Bead Wreck carried
drawn lead-glass beads such as are found mainly in 17th- and 18th-century contexts. United
Kingdom.
Paynter, Sarah and Caroline M. Jackson
2022 Investigating Late Bronze Age Glass Beads from Stotfold, Bedfordshire, UK. Heritage
5(2):634-645; https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/heritage/heritage-05-00035/
article_deploy/heritage-05-00035-v2.pdf.
Analyses of 17 annular transparent blue glass beads and one cylindrical glass bead with opaque
grey-white decoration revealed they are made of low-magnesium/high-potassium (LMHK) glass
of the type prevalent in Europe between ca. 1200 and 900 BC.
Peake, James R.N.
2012 The Technology and Composition of Anglo-Saxon Glass Beads from Eriswell, Suffolk.
Poster, 39th International Symposium on Archaeometry (ISA2012).
https://www.academia.edu/1896366/.
SEM-EDXA analysis of approximately 400 beads has shed new light on the production
technology of certain colors, most notably red glass, as well as chronological and typological
variations in technology relating to particular types and colors of bead produced during the early
medieval period. United Kingdom.
2013
Early Anglo-Saxon Glass Beads: Composition and Origins Based on the Finds from RAF
Lakenheath, Suffolk. Ph.D. thesis. Cardiff University.
Reports upon the compositional analysis of early Anglo-Saxon (5th-7th centuries AD) glass
beads from a cemetery complex at Eriswell, Suffolk, England. Major element analysis was
undertaken using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry in the scanning electron microscope
(SEM-EDS) on 537 samples from a total of 380 monochrome and polychrome beads. Restricted
to repository staff.
Peake, James R.N. and Ian C. Freestone
2012 Cross-Craft Interactions between Metal and Glass Working: Slag Additions to Early
Anglo-Saxon Red Glass. In Integrated Approaches to the Study of Historical Glass IAS12, edited by Hugo Thienpont, Wendy Meulebroeck, Karin Nys, and Dirk
Vanclooster. Proc. of SPIE 8422, 842204; doi:10.1117/12.973765.
SEM-EDS analysis of glass beads from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery complex at Eriswell,
south-eastern England, has provided further insights into the production and technology of
opaque red glass.
2014
Opaque Yellow Glass Production in the Early Medieval Period: New Evidence. In
Neighbours and Successors of Rome, edited by Daniel Keller, Jennifer Price, and
Caroline Jackson, pp. 15-21. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
https://www.academia.edu/7192615/.
Among the objects analyzed using SEM were several beads dating to the 5th-7th centuries from
the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Eriswell, Suffolk, England.
Peche-Quilichini, Kewin, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, Eleonora Canobbio, Joseph Cesari,
Bernard Gratuze, Franck Leandri, Céline Léandri, Paul Nebbia, and Céline Paris
2016 Campu Stefanu (Sollacaro, Corsica). Middle Bronze Age Amber and Glass Beads
Analyses. A New Evidence for Mycenaean Connection in Corsica? Fontes Archaeologici
Posnanienses 52:67-79.
Analysis of the components of a late Iron Age necklace revealed that the amber originated in the
Baltic region while the raw materials for the glass specimens came from the Near East.
Peche-Quilichini, Kewin, Joseph Cesari, Franck Leandri, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, Eleonora
Canobbio, Bernard Gratuze, Céline Leandri, and Céline Paris
2016 Étude de provenance et implications économico-culturelles des parures vitreuses et
résineuses du Bronze moyen de l’abri 1 de Campu Stefanu (Sollacaro, Corse-du-Sud).
ArchéoSciences 40:65-8; https://www.academia.edu/30700355/1.
In a natural shelter at Campu Stefanu, Corsica, the Middle Bronze Age levels yielded a necklace
composed of vitreous and resinous beads. Radiocarbon dating indicates these artifacts were
deposited during the 13th century BC (last part of the Middle Bronze Age). LA-ICP-MS analysis
of the glass beads indicates a Mesopotamian origin of the raw glass.
Peng Zi-cheng, Li Ping, Zhou Tai-xi, Li Xue-ming, Lu Lian-cheng, and Hu Zhi-sheng
1992 Physico-Chemical Characterization of Yu Guo Beads (1100-771 B.C.) in China.
Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 8(2):202-206;
https://crcu.jlu.edu.cn/EN/Y1992/V8/I3/202.
Believed to be made of real glass, analysis revealed that the Yu Guo beads are actually
composed of clastic quartz with a small admixture of clay.
Pernicka, Ernst
2020 Lead Isotope Ratios and the Provenance of Medieval Silver. A Comment on
“Archaeometric Studies on Early Medieval Silver Jewellery from Central and Eastern
Europe” by Ewelina Miœta-Jakubowska, Renata Czech B³oñska, W³adys³aw Duczko,
Aneta M. Gójska, Pawe³ Kalbarczyk, Grzegorz ¯abiñski, Krystian Trela. Archaeol.
Anthropol. Sci. 11 (12), 6705-6723. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12,
Article 165; https://www.academia.edu/43622912/.
Points out flaws in the article by Miœta-Jakubowska et al. (2019).
Pickard, Catriona and Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
2013 Characterization of Late Chalcolithic Micro-Beads from Çamlýbel Tarlasý, North-Central
Anatolia. Archaeometry 55(1):14-32; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00672.x.
Analysis revealed that the beads were made from three distinctive materials; namely, bulk talc
(i.e., synthetic enstatite precursor), apatite, and mineral-rich clay pastes. Turkey.
Pinto, J., A.C. Prieto, J.C. Coria-Noguera, C. Sanz-Minguez, and J. Souto
2020 Investigating Glass Beads and the Funerary Rituals of Ancient Vaccaei Culture (S. IV-I
BC) by Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy;
https://www.academia.edu/95509826/.
Reports on the composition of glass beads recovered from the site of Pintia (Padilla de Duero,
Valladolid, Spain).
Pion, Constantin and Bernard Gratuze
2016 Indo-Pacific Glass Beads from the Indian Subcontinent in Early Merovingian Graves
(5th-6th Century AD). Archaeological Research in Asia 6:51-64;
https://www.academia.edu/96926817/.
Discusses the technological, typological, and chemical characteristics of the beads.
Pion, Constantin, Bernard Gratuze, Patrick Périn, and Thomas Calligaro
2020 Bead and Garnet Trade between the Merovingian, Mediterranean, and Indian Worlds. In
The Oxford Handbook of the Merovingian World, edited by Bonnie Effros and Isabel
Moreira. Oxford University Press, Oxford; https://www.academia.edu/109399108/.
Among the evidence for trade between India and the Mediterranean world during the early
Middle Ages are small beads of green-colored glass found in Merovingian-period graves. Their
chemical composition and specific method of manufacture reveal they were produced in
southern India and Sri Lanka and are called Indo-Pacific beads.
Pitarch Martí, Africa, Yi Wei, Xing Gao, Fuyou Chen, and Francesco d’Errico
2017 The Earliest Evidence of Coloured Ornaments in China: The Ochred Ostrich Eggshell
Beads from Shuidonggou Locality 2. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48:102113.
Analysis of six beads dated to ca. 31 kyr cal BP which exhibit well-preserved red pigment
residues indicates that they are intentionally colored body ornaments. This is the earliest
evidence from East Asia of a communication technology (the production of artificially colored
beads) that has allowed humans to further complexify the messages conveyed by personal
ornaments, and associate, to some extent, the performance characteristics of beads and pigment.
Plahter, Unn
2011 Analyses of Jet-Like Objects. In Things from the Town: Artefacts and Inhabitants in
Viking-Age Kaupang, edited by Dagfinn Skre, pp. 129-141. Kaupang Excavation Project
Publication Series 3. Norske Oldfunn XXIV. https://www.academia.edu/35360913/.
Beads are among the items analyzed from a market town in southern Norway.
Plouin, S., M.-P. Koenig, and B. Gratuze
2012 Les perles en verre de l’âge du Bronze d’Alsace et de Lorraine. In Le Verre en Lorraine
et dans les régions voisines, edited by Véronique Arveiller and Hubert Cabart, pp. 11-36.
Monographies Instrumentum 42.
On the Bronze Age glass beads of Alsace-Lorraine, France. Includes chemical data.
Polikreti, Kyriaki, Joanne M.A. Murphy, Vasilike Kantarelou, and Andreas Germanos
Karydas
2011 XRF Analysis of Glass Beads from the Mycenaean Palace of Nestor at Pylos,
Peloponnesus, Greece: New Insight Into the LBA Glass Trade. Journal of
Archaeological Science 38(11):2889-2896; https://www.academia.edu/11746197/.
Aims to identify the technology and source for the glass beads found at the Palace of Pylos and
thus to ascertain how it was connected to the broader Mycenaean and Mediterranean economies.
The presented data support the hypothesis that Pylos was receiving foreign-produced glass via
internal Greek trade routes during the Late Bronze Age.
Polla, A., I. Angelini, G. Artioli, P. Belliantani, and A. Dore
2008 Archaeometric Investigation of Early Iron Age Glasses from Bologna. In Proceedings of
the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy,
edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp. 139-144. Springer.
Presents the results of the chemical analysis of an assortment of glass beads from Villanovian
graves in Bologna, Italy, dating to the 9th-7th centuries BC.
Pomberger, Beate Maria, Karina Grömer, Jörg Mühlhans, and Dan Topa
2020 Schlitzbommeln und Anhänger – Klingender Trachtschmuck aus der Býèí skála-Höhle
bei Brünn. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien (MAGW) 150:215242; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347034009.
Several caged balls and rectangular pendants with jingle bobs from an Iron Age sacrificial cave
site near Brno in the Moravian Karst, Czechia, were investigated with regard to their
metallurgical composition, acoustics, psychoacoustics, and effect on human hearing.
Popelka, Rachel S., Michael D. Glasscock, Peter T. Robertshaw, and Marilee Wood
2005 Laser Ablation-ICP-MS of African Glass Trade Beads. In Laser Ablation ICP-MS in
Archaeological Research, edited by Robert J. Speakman and Hector Neff, pp. 85-93.
University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Surveys the results of the analysis of glass beads recovered from sites in Egypt, Botswana,
Zambia, South Africa, and Sri Lanka.
Poulain, Dominique, Christian Scuiller, and Bernard Gratuze
2013 La parure en verre et en ambre de la nécropole mérovingienne de Saint-Laurent-desHommes (Dordogne). Bulletin de l’AFAV 2013:72-79;
https://www.academia.edu/27459896/.
Reports on the composition, chronology, and technology of glass and amber beads from the
Merovingian necropolis of Saint-Laurent-des-Hommes in southwestern France.
Poulin, Jennifer Anne and Kate Helwig
2016 The Characterisation of Amber from Deposit Sites in Western and Northern Canada.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7(155-168).
Twelve distinct amber specimens from 11 deposit sites in Canada were studied in order to
determine their subclass and other distinguishing chemical features. Amber beads recovered
from three Thule sites in the Canadian arctic were then compared to these to determine their
likely place of origin.
Pozo, M., J. Casas, and J.A. Medina
2002 Estudio mineralógico de componentes ornamentales pétreos procedentes de un
yacimiento de la Cultura del Argar (Fuente Álamo, Almería) [Mineralogical Study of
Stony Implements Sourced in an Argaric Culture Site (Fuente Álamo, Almería)]. Boletín
Geológico y Minero 113(2):131-142.
On the chemical composition and likely source of stone objects from an Early Bronze Age site in
southern Spain. Includes beads of variscite, muscovite, chlorite, fluorite, and quartz.
Prasad, Ravi, V.N. Prabhakar, and Vikrant Jain
2017 Geological Aspects of Raw Materials for Stone Beads. In Stone Beads of South and
Southeast Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited by Alok
Kumar Kanungo, pp. 115-126. Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar.
Pøichystalová, Renáta and Jindøich Štelcl
2016 Glass Beads from Southern and North-Eastern Suburbs of Pohansko Stronghold.
Similarities and Differences in their Chemical Composition. Poster, History of Glass
Conference, Part II. Glass Beads and Technologies, Bratislava.
https://www.academia.edu/28916047/.
On the composition of drawn beads from graves in Moravia, Czechia, dated to the turn of the 9th
and 10th centuries.
Pøichystalová, Renáta, Jindøich Štelcl, and Václav Vávra
2011 Chemické složení ranì støedovìkých sklenìných korálkù z jižního pøedhradí
velkomoravského hradiska Bøeclav-Pohansko [Chemical Composition of Early Medieval
Glass Beads from the Southern Part of the Stronghold at Bøeclav-Pohansko]. Geologické
výzkumy na moravì a ve slezsku 2:187-190; https://www.academia.edu/1618042/.
Czechia.
2014
Glass Beads and Buttons from the Southern Suburb of the Bøeclav-Pohansko Stronghold.
Journal of Glass Studies 56:37-59; https://www.academia.edu/9270427/.
A variety of glass beads, including segmented foil beads, was found in graves attributed to the
9th century in Czechia. Includes chemical analyses.
Prinsloo, Linda C.
2008 Micro-Raman Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials: Applications in Archaeology. Ph.D.
dissertation. Department of Physics, University of Pretoria.
Chapter 4 reports on “A Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Mapungubwe Oblates: Glass Trade
Beads Excavated at an Iron Age Archaeological Site in South Africa.” See also Prinsloo and
Colomban (2008).
Prinsloo, Linda C. and Philippe Colomban
2008 A Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Mapungubwe Oblates: Glass Trade Beads
Excavated at an Iron Age Archaeological Site in South Africa. Journal of Raman
Spectroscopy 39(1):79-90; https://www.academia.edu/15107191/.
A profile of the glass technology used to produce the Mapungubwe oblates, small trade beads
from the “royal burials” on Mapungubwe hill was determined and quite a few unique
characteristics of the beads may eventually help to establish their provenance.
Prinsloo, Linda C., Aurélie Tournié, and Philippe Colomban
2011 A Raman Spectroscopic Study of Glass Trade Beads Excavated at Mapungubwe Hill and
K2, Two Archaeological Sites in Southern Africa, Raises Questions about the Last
Occupation Date of the Hill. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(12):3264-3277;
https://www.academia.edu/15107190/.
Reports on the analysis of 175 glass trade beads from two archaeological sites in the Limpopo
valley, South Africa. Using Raman spectroscopy, the glass matrix was classified into two main
sub-groups. Seven pigments or chromophores were identified. Some pigments were
manufactured after the 13th century. This conflicts with the last occupation date (AD 1290) of
the site obtained by carbon dating.
Purowski, Tomasz
2008 Badania techniki wyrobu paciorków szklanych okresu halsztackiego metodami
petrograficznymi [Petrographic Methods in the Study of Hallstatt Glass Bead
Manufacturing Techniques]. Archeologia Polski LIII(1):7-24.
The examination of petrographic thin sections of five glass beads from the Wicina stronghold
have demonstrated beyond doubt the usefulness of the method in determining beadmaking
techniques attributed to the Halstatt period. English summary.
2008
Problemy badañ wyrobów szklanych znanych ze stanowisk kultury ³u¿yckiej na
przyk³adzie pracy J.T. Matysiaka i T. Prokopa (2005) [Questions Concerning Research
on Glass Products from Sites of Lusatian Culture in the Wake of a Study by J.T.
Matysiak and T. Prokop (2005)]. Archeologia Polski LIII(2):337-348;
https://www.academia.edu/6832623/.
The author points out errors in the description and interpretation of a glass bead from a site in
Poland and points out what is needed for the proper description of beads and the interpretation of
the results of chemical composition analyses.
2010
Paciorki szklane zdobione lini¹ zygzakowat¹ odkryte w miêdzyrzeczu Odry i Wis³y na
stanowiskach z wczesnej epoki ¿elaza [Glass Beads with Zigzag Ornament Discovered
on Sites from the Early Iron Age in the Interfluve of the Oder and Vistula Rivers].
Archeologia Polski LV(1-2):23-88; https://www.academia.edu/6783222/.
A thorough study of the beads recovered from 89 archaeological sites in Poland including
classification, chemical composition, and manufacturing techniques. In Polish with substantial
English summary.
2013
Wyroby ze szk³a i „szklistego fajansu” odkryte na cmentarzysku kultur ³u¿yckiej i
regionalnej grupy krêgu halsztackiego w Domas³awiu, pow. wroc³awski [Glass and
“Glassy Faience” Products from a Cemetery in Domas³aw, Wroc³aw District, Attributed
to Lusatian Culture and a Local Province of the Hallstatt Culture]. Archeologia Polski
LVIII(1-2):23-87; https://www.academia.edu/10046987/.
Describes beads excavated in western Poland and investigates their chemical composition.
Detailed English summary.
2014
Bursztynowy rozdzielacz i szklane paciorki odkryte w obiektach kultury ³u¿yckiej w
Targowisku, pow. wielicki [An Amber Spacer Bead and Glass Beads Discovered at
Lusatian Culture Features in Targowisko, the Wieliczka District]. In Via Archaeologica:
ród³a z badañ wykopaliskowych na trasie autostrady A4 w Ma³opolsce, pp. 289-306.
Kraków. https://www.academia.edu/10294418/.
Provides descriptions of the beads as well as their chemical composition. Poland. English
summary.
2016
Kolia szklanych paciorków z cmentarzyska w Legnicy [The Necklace of Glass Beads
from the Cemetery in Legnica]. In Metalurdzy znad kaczawy: Cmentarzysko cia³opalne z
Epoki Br¹zu, edited by Kamila Nowaka and Tomasza Stolarczyka, pp. 67-74. Muzeum
Miedzi w Legnicy, Legnica. https://www.academia.edu/33173455/.
Reports the chemical composition of two Bronze Age beads excavated in Legnica, Poland. They
were probably made in production centers in the area of the River Po Plain. In Polish with
English summary.
2020 New Data on the Technology of Faience Production in Central Europe in the Early
Bronze Age. Archaeometry 62(3):563-576; https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12543.
Reports on the composition of 12 faience beads recovered from a cemetery in Poland, tested
using the EPMA method.
2022 Identifying Bronze Age Glass Production Centres through Bead Making Techniques.
Archeologia Polski LXVII:61-80; https://www.academia.edu/96646748/.
Discusses the chemical composition, production technology, and form of Bronze Age glass
beads found in the territory of present-day Poland.
2022
Ozdoby wykonane z “tworzywszklistych” odkryte na cmentarzysku w Œwibiu
[Ornaments Made of “Glassy Materials” from the Cemetery at Œwibie]. In Cmentarzysko
w wczesnej epoki ¿elaza w Œwibiu na Górnym Œl¹sku, Vol. 2, edited by Monika Michnik
and Karol Dziêgielewski, pp. 238-278. Muzeum w Gliwicach, Gliwice. https://www.academia.edu/10360
Discusses the beads made of vitreous materials uncovered at the Early Iron Age cemetery in
Œwibie, southern Poland. Includes the results of compositional analysis. English summary.
Purowski, T., P. Dzier¿anowski, E. Bulska, B. Wagner B., and A. Nowak
2012 A Study of Glass Beads from the Hallstatt C-D from Southwestern Poland: Implications
for Glass Technology and Provenance. Archaeometry 54(1):144-166.
Recovered from sites of the Lusatian culture, the beads were analyzed by EPMA and LA-ICPMS. Some glass was made using mineral soda and some using plant ash rich in sodium.
Purowski, Tomasz and Petras Jokubauskas
2019 Analizy paciorkow „fajansowych” z Kosynia / Analyses of “Faience” Beads from Kosyñ.
In Pocz¹tki epoki br¹zu na Warmii i Mazurach w œwietle analiz specjalistycznych / The
Origins of the Bronze Age in Warmia and Masuria Revealed by Scientific Analyses,
edited by Jaros³aw Sobieraj, pp. 119-132. Muzeum Warmii i Mazur, Olsztyn.
https://www.academia.edu/42074863/.
Twelve beads made of “vitreous material” recovered from a site in northern Poland, and
attributed to the beginning of Period II of the Bronze Age, are unique for this time period in the
entirety of Central Europe. Based on their chemical composition, it is believed that they were
manufactured in the Eastern Mediterranean areas, possibly Egypt.
Purowski, T., L. Kêpa, and B. Wagner
2016 Glass on the Amber Road: The Chemical Composition of Glass Beads from the Bronze
Age in Poland. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences;
https://www.academia.edu/103928553/.
Two groups were distinguished based on a comparison of the MgO to K2O ratio in glass: 1) high
magnesium glass (HMG) - 23; and 2) low magnesium and high potassium glass (LMHK) - 33
(29 matrix glass specimens and 4 decorative).
Purowski, T., A. Nowak, E. Bulska, and B. Wagner
2015 Chemical Composition Analysis of the Glass of a Horned Eye-Bead from Lubieñ.
Archaeologia Polona 48:167-174.
Analysis revealed that the bead found in a grave which was part of an early medieval cemetery
in Lubieñ, Poland, can be claimed to have been manufactured during the Hallstatt D period.
Purowski, T., A. Nowak, and B. Wagner
2015 Badania sk³adu chemicznego szk³a paciorków z cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki ¿elaza w
Modlnicy [The Examination of the Chemical Composition of the Glass from the Beads
Discovered in the Early Iron Age Cemetery at Modlnica]. In Modlnica, stan. 5 – od
póŸnej epoki br¹zu po czasy œredniowiecza, edited by Karol Dziêgielewski, Agata
Sztyber, Magdalena Dziêgielewska, pp. 239-254. Wydawnictwo Via Archeologica,
Kraków. https://www.academia.edu/25235291/.
The physico-chemical examination of two beads has demonstrated that the glasses from
Modlnica (Poland) have close analogies among 7th-6th century BC materials known from the
North Pontic zone.
Purowski, Tomasz, Olga Syta, and Barbara Wagner
2016 Italian Leech-shaped Glass Fibula Bow from the Hallstatt Period, Discovered in Poland.
Archeologické rozhledy LXVIII:109-118; https://www.academia.edu/25232794/.
Reports the chemical composition of a leech-shaped glass slider (bead) on a fibula bow. It
originated in Italy and dates to the end of the 8th or the 7th century BC.
Mycenaean and Egyptian Faience Beads Discovered in Southern Poland. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 28, 102023;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102023.
Reports on the composition of four faience beads discovered in graves dated to roughly 16001100 BCE.
2019
2020
Between East and West: Glass Beads from the 8th-3rd Century BC from Poland.
Archaeometry; https://www.academia.edu/42799491/.
Discusses the chemical composition of glass beads from 20 archaeological sites in Poland that
date to Hallstatt C to early La Tène (about 800/750-260/250 BC).
Purowski, Tomasz and Barbara Wagner
2015 Badania sk³adu chemicznego szkie³ odkrytych na osadzie kultury lateñskiej w pod³ê¿u
ko³o Krakowa [Chemical Analyses of Glass from the Settlement of the La Tène Culture
in Pod³ê¿e near Kraków]. Przegl¹d Archeologiczny 63:125-146;
https://www.academia.edu/25233101/.
Beads were included in the study. English abstract.
Purowski, Tomasz, Barbara Wagner, Ewa Bulska, Olga Syta, and Piotr Dzier¿anowski
2014 Glassy Faience from the Hallstatt C Period in Poland: A Chemico-Physical Study.
Journal of Archaeological Science 50:288-304; https://www.academia.edu/23200421/.
Beads and pin heads made of glassy faience, often decorated with true glass, discovered at seven
different cemetery sites in Poland and dated chiefly to the Hallstatt C period (ca. 750/700-600
BC), are examined by the LA-ICP-MS and EPMA methods.
Putsadee, Rodcharoen and Tanongsak Lerdpipatworakul
2021 The Study of Glass Beads from Late Prehistoric to Early Historic Sites in Central
Thailand. Journal of Anthropology, Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre 4(2):143-185;
https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasac/article/view/250373.
Discusses the physical attributes of the beads as well as their chemical composition. In Thai with
English abstract.
Putzgruber, E., M. Verità, K. Uhlir, B. Frühmann, M. Griesser, and G. Krist
2012 Scientific Investigation and Study of the Sixteenth-Century Glass Jewellery Collection of
Archduke Ferdinand II. Studies in Conservation 57(sup. l):S217-S226.
https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000027.
Provides information concerning the chemical composition of some of the pieces in the 16thcentury glass jewelry collection of Archduke Ferdinand II which includes necklaces composed
of decorated blown beads and chains formed of interconnected wound ring beads.
Qian, Cheng, Guo Jinlong, Wang Bo, and Cui Jianfeng
2021 Scientific Study on Archaeological Glass Finds from the Qiemo Kingdom Unearthed
along the Southern Route of the Silk Road in Xinjiang. In Transcending Boundaries:
Integrated Approaches to Conservation. ICOM-CC 19th Triennial Conference Preprints,
Beijing, 17-1 May 2021, edited by J. Bridgland. International Council of Museums, Paris.
https://www.academia.edu/102692161/.
The results of the compositional analysis of four glass beads and a glass cup from numerous
cemeteries in western China are used to prove that communication and exchange existed
between the ancient Qiemo kingdom and Central China, West Asia, Southwest Asia, and even
the eastern Mediterranean.
Qin, Ying, Lingzhu She, Xiaoli Li, and Jianxun Huang
2009 Composition and Structure of Warring States Period Glasses from Tomb Number Two at
the Leigudun Site of Shuizou County, Hubei Province, China. Journal of the Chinese
Ceramic Society 4.
The glass beads belong to the CaO-Na2O-SiO2 system, with higher composition of Sb2O3 and the
Cu and Fe ions as the main coloring elements, and a glass tube belongs to the K2O-SiO2 system.
In Chinese.
Queffelec, Alain, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, Eddy Foy, Yannick Lefrais, and Emmanuel
Fritsch
2021 First Identification of Sudoite in Caribbean Ceramic-Age Lapidary Craftsmanship. Gems
& Gemology 57(3); https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2021-first-identificationsudoite.
Exhaustive analysis of archaeological beads and pendants from the French islands of the Lesser
Antilles has revealed a green lapidary material used for the production of nine artifacts from five
archaeological sites: sudoite.
Querré, Guirec, Thomas Calligaro, and Serge Cassen
Origine des bijoux néolithiques en Callaïs de l’ouest de la France. In La parure en callaïs
du Néolithique européen, edited by Guirec Querré, Serge Cassen, and Emmanuelle
Vigier, pp. 129-200. Archaeopress, Oxford.
A large group of beads and pendants in callaïs from 27 Neolithic occupations in northern France
were analyzed by PIXE to determine their mineralogical nature and provenance.
2019
Querré, Guirec, Thomas Calligaro, Serge Cassen, Marie-Pierre Dabard, and Salvador
Domínguez-Bella
2019 Provenance des parures en variscite du Néolithique européen : élaboration d’un modèle
chimiométrique. In La parure en callaïs du Néolithique européen, edited by Guirec
Querré, Serge Cassen, and Emmanuelle Vigier, pp. 105-128. Archaeopress Publishing,
Summertown, Oxford.
Determining the provenience of European Neolithic ornaments made of variscite using an
elaboration of a chemometric model.
Querré, Guirec, Thomas Calligaro, Serge Cassen, and Salvador Domínguez-Bella
2019 Long Distance Provenances of Jewelry (Variscite & Turquoise) along Atlantic Europe
during the Neolithic (5th -3rd millenium) Based on PIXE Analysis. In A Taste for Green:
A Global Perspective on Ancient Jade, Turquoise and Variscite Exchange, edited by
Carlos Rodríguez-Rellán, Ben A. Nelson, and Ramón Fábregas Valcarce, pp. 121-140.
Oxbow Books, Oxford.
Sources the green-stone beads and pendants deposited in the large grave mounds in Brittany,
France.
Querré, Guirec, T. Calligaro, S. Domínguez-Bella, and S. Cassen
2014 PIXE Analyses Over a Long Period: The Case of Neolithic Variscite Jewels from
Western Europe (5th-3th millennium BC). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics
Research B 318:149-156.
Analysis of archeological variscite beads and pendants excavated in Spain, Portugal, and France
and of variscite geological references samples from European occurrences were carried out in
order to trace the circulation of this precious gemstone over three millennia.
Querré, Guirec, Salvador Domínguez-Bella, and Serge Cassen
2012 La variscite ibérique: exploitation, diffusion au cours du néolithique. In Roches et
sociétés de la Préhistoire, edited by Grégor Marchand et Guirec Querré, pp. 307-315.
Presses Universitaires de Rennes.
Presents analytical results derived from the study of variscite beads from two megalithic sites:
one in the province of Cadiz, southwest Spain, and the other on the coast of Morbihan in
Brittany, France. The results confirm the existence of long-distance transport from the geological
source areas to the archaeological sites where they were deposited.
Querré, Guirec, F. Herbault, and T. Calligaro
Transport of Neolithic Variscites Demonstrated by PIXE Analysis. X-Ray Spectrom
37:116-120.
The analysis of mostly green beads from the large grave mounds in the Carnac region in Brittany
reveals they are variscite and originated from the Iberian Peninsula.
2008
Raad, Danielle and Cheryl A. Makarewicz
2019 Application of XRD and Digital Optical Microscopy to Investigate Lapidary
Technologies in Pre-Pottery Neolithic Societies. Journal of Archaeological Science:
Reports 23:731-745.
Investigates raw material selection and bead manufacture at the PPN settlement of el-Hemmeh,
Jordan.
Rãdvan, R, C. Borº, and L. Ghervase
2016 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Investigation of Certain Bronze Beads of Hoard Tãrtãria I
and their Specific Corrosion. Romanian Journal of Physics 61(9-10):1530-1538;
www.nipne.ro/rjp/2016_61_9-10/RomJPhys.61.p1530.pdf.
Examines the corrosion layer of several beads made of ternary bronze alloys from a site in
Romania.
Ragazzi, E., Guido Roghi, Aurelio Giaretta, and Piero Gianolla
2003 Classification of Amber Based on Thermal Analysis. Thermochimica Acta 404(1/2):4354.
Ambers of the same age may have differing chemical compositions. This study attempts to
evaluate amber using thermal analysis; detecting changes in weight in a sample when heated in
controlled conditions. It concludes that thermal analysis provides an additional way to
characterize fossil resins.
Rahman, Nur Qahirah Abdul, Zuliskandar Ramli, Azimah Hussin, Muhamamad Nu’Man
Mohd Nasir, Nur Sarahah Mohd Supian, and Hossein Sarhaddi Dadian
2019 Elemental Analysis by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope of Ancient Glass
Beads Sample from Pulau Kalumpang Archaeological Site, (Perak, Malaysia).
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 19(1):93-106;
https://www.academia.edu/72991372/.
Analysis of 17 beads from a 2nd-century site revealed a composition high in silica (52.0-78.0%),
aluminum (9.0-20%), and sodium (3.0-19.0%), a key feature of South East Asia’s Indo-Pacific
glass beads.
Rahman, S.A., M.S. Hamzah, A.K. Wood, M.S. Elias, and K. Zakaria
2008 INAA of Ancient Glass Beads from Sungai Mas Archaeological Site, Bujang Valley,
Malaysia. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 278(2):271-276.
Reports the multi-elemental content of 16 glass beads and 8 glass samples dating from the 5th14th centuries.
Ramdani, Yamna
2023 Analysis of Glass Beads from the “Roten Schmelzzimmer” in Arnstadt and Glass
Tableware from the Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Dating from the 17th and
18th Century. Ph.D. Dissertation. Faculty of Geosciences, Geotechnics, and Mining,
Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Freiberg. https://dnb.info/1309286787/34.
The glass beads from the Roten Schmelzzimmer were identified as soda-lime- and high-leadsilicate glasses, which were made using pure sands and halophytic plant ash as a fluxing agent.
These recipes are characteristic of the Mediterranean region.
Ramli, Zuliskandar and Zakaria Kamaruddin
2008 Kajian komposisi manik dan bahan manik Indo-Pasifik yang ditemui di Kampung Sungai
Mas (Tapak 32), Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah. In Arkeologi dan Sejarah, edited by Abdullah
Zakaria and Jazamuddin Baharuddin, pp, 95-131. Persatuan Muzium Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur.
On the composition of Indo-Pacific glass beads found at Kampung Sunagi Mas (Site 32), Kota
Kuala Muda, Kedah, Malysia. In Malay.
Ramli, Zuliskandar and Nik Hassan Shuhaimid Nik Abdul Rahman
2009 Beads Trade in Peninsula Malaysia. Based on Archaeological Evidences. European
Journal of Social Sciences 10(4):585-593.
Ramli, Zuliskandar, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, Sharifah Nur Izzati Sayed
Hasan, Ros Mahwati Ahmad Zakaria, Mohd Rohaizat Abdul Wahab, Norlelawaty Haron,
and Hasnira Hassan
2014 Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing dan Santubong: Pusat Pengeluaran Manik Kaca Indopasifik di Asia Tenggara pada Zaman Proto-sejarah [Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing and
Santubong: The Center for Indo-Pacific Glass Bead Manufacturing in Southeast Asia in
the Proto-Historic Age]. In Isu-isu Sains & Teknologi Di Alam Melayu, edited by Abdul
Latif Samian and Nazri Muslim, pp. 370-391. Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305236342.
Includes information about the chemical composition of the beads. In Malay.
Ramli, Zuliskandar, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, and Adnan Jusoh
2012 Sungai Mas and OC-EO Glass Beads: A Comparative Study. Journal of Social Sciences
8(1):22; https://www.academia.edu/76276644/.
Compositional analysis reveals that Sungai Mas, Malysia, and OC-EO, Vietnam, produced their
own Indo-Pacific beads and they were two of the Indo-Pacific beadmaking centers in Southeast
Asia from the 2nd to the 13th century CE.
Ramli, Zuliskandar, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, Adnan Jusoh, and Yunus
Sauman
2011 Some Observations on Glass Beads Composition in Sarawak, Singapore and Peninsula
Malaysia. Sari: International Journal of Malay World Studies 29(2):3-20;
https://www.academia.edu/70344561/.
Compares the compositional data of Sarawak glass beads with that obtained from glass beads
from Kuala Selinsing, Fort Canning, Singapore, and Sungai Mas, Kedah.
Ramli, Zuliskandar, Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, and Abdul Latif Samian
2011 X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis on Indo-Pacific Glass Beads from Sungai Mas
Archaeological Sites, Kedah, Malaysia. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear
Chemistry 287(3):741-747.
The analysis revealed that Sungai Mas produced its own Indo-Pacific beads during the 6th-13th
centuries.
Ramli, Zuliskandar, Nur Qahirah Abdul Rahman, Azimah Hussin, Sharifah Nur Izzati
Sayed Hasan, and Azharudin Mohamed Dali
2017 Compositional Analysis of Sungai Mas, Kuala Selinsing and Santubong Glass Beads.
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 17(2):117-129;
https://www.academia.edu/72991370/.
Reports on the composition of Indo-Pacific glass beads recovered from three ancient port sites in
Malaysia, 2nd-11th centuries AD.
Rehren, T. and S. Nixon
2014 Refining Gold with Glass – An Early Islamic Technology at Tadmekka, Mali. Journal of
Archaeological Science 49:33-41.
Analysis of the glass adhering to crucible fragments found in a goldsmith’s workshop and glass
beads found in association suggests that the Tadmekka goldsmiths were processing gold using
crushed glass beads as a flux, rather than working glass as a material in its own right.
Rehren, Thilo and Edgar Pusch
2007 Glas für den Pharao – Glasherstellung in der Spätbronzezeit des Nahen Ostens. In
Einführung in die Archäometrie, edited by Günther A. Wagner, pp. 216-235. Springer, Berlin.
On glassmaking during the Late Bronze Age in the Middle East. Of particular interest is the
finding that some green glass beads from Ancient Egyptian contexts were once actually ruby red
(pp. 220-221).
Reinhardt, Averie, Renfei Feng , Qunfeng Xiao, Yongfeng Hu, and Tsun-Kong Sham
2020 Exploring the Dzi Bead with Synchrotron Light: XRD, XRF Imaging and µ-XANES
Analysis. Heritage 3(3):1035-1045;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344845470.
In a novel research project, X-rays from a synchrotron light source are used to determine the
chemical composition of a Dzi bead to see if the pattern is natural or man-made and if the bead is
genuine or a replica.
Resque Meirelles, Anna Cristina and Marcondes Lima Da Costa
2012 Mineralogy and Chemistry of the Green Stone Artifacts (Muiraquitãs) of the Museums of
the Brazilian State of Pará. REM – Revista Escola de Minas 65(1):59-64;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262623749.
Archaeometric analysis of 23 zoomorphic pendants and one bead revealed that most were made
of that minerals commonly found in Brazil: quartz, albite, microcline, variscite, anorthite, and
tremolite (the equivalent of nephritic jade). Four pieces, however, were made of jadeite (jadeitic
jade) which is unknown in the Amazon basin or in other parts of Brazil.
Ribeiro, I.M.N., R.P. Freitas, C. Calza, A.L.C. Oliveira, V.S. Felix, D.S. Ferreira, R.T.
Batista, E.A.S. Gonçalves, M.O. Pereira, P.C.L. Brito, T.A. Lima, A.R. Pimenta, M.J.
Anjos, and R.T. Lopes
2016 Analysis by Raman Spectroscopy and XRF of Glass Beads from Excavations in the
Harbor Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vibrational Spectroscopy 87:111-115.
Analysis of nine beads utilized by Africans and Afro descendants during the 19th century
suggests that they originated in “Italy and China,” though the faceted specimens are the likely
products of Bohemia.
von Richthofen, Jasper, Flemming Kaul, Bernard Gratuze, and Jeanette Varberg
2017 3.000 Jahre „Globalisierung“ in der Oberlausitz? Bronzezeitliche Glasperlen aus einem
Brandgrab bei Jänkendorf. Görlitzer Magazin 30:70-81.
Discusses the blue glass beads found with a cremation burial of the Middle Bronze Age C of the
Lusatian culture in east-central Germany. Chemical analysis indicates the beads are imports from
Mesopotamia.
Rick, Torben C., René L. Vellanoweth, and Jon M. Erlandson
2005 Radiocarbon Dating and the Old Shell Problem: Direct Dating of Artifacts and Cultural
Chronologies in Coastal and Other Aquatic Regions. Journal of Archaeological Science
32(11):1641-1648.
Discrepancies in 14C dates for shell artifacts appear to be due to the use of old shells by humans
to make beads and other items, including shells collected from fossil deposits, older
archaeological sites, and beaches. The problems caused by the use of old shells to make beads
and other artifacts are surmountable through careful sample selection, analysis of multiple 14C
dates on a variety of materials, and proper calibration procedures.
Robertshaw, Peter, N. Benco, M. Wood, L. Dussubieux, E. Melchiorre, and A. Ettahiri
2010 Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from al-Basra (Morocco). Archaeometry 52(3):355379; https://www.academia.edu/6176223/.
Reports the results of elemental analysis, using LA-ICP-MS, of 30 glass beads from an
assemblage of beads excavated at medieval al-Basra. Six chemical glass types are represented
and their characteristics and geographical origins are discussed, with reference also to the
techniques used to make the beads.
Robertshaw, Peter, M.D. Glascock, M. Wood, and R.S. Popelka
2003 Chemical Analysis of Ancient African Glass Beads: A Very Preliminary Report. Journal
of African Archaeology 1(1):139-146.
Presents the results of the chemical analysis of 156 glass beads from sites in southern Africa
using LA-ICP-MS. Almost all of these beads can be grouped in two chemical types based on
oxide compositions and glass recipes. Glasses of these types were manufactured in South and/or
Southeast Asia. These are the first results of a project that will analyze about 1,000 beads from
African archaeological sites.
Robertshaw, Peter, S. Magnavita, M. Wood, E. Melchiorre, R. Popelka-Filcoff, and M.
Glascock
2010 Glass Beads from Kissi (Burkina Faso): Chemical Analysis and Archaeological
Interpretation. Journal of African Archaeology 2:105-118;
https://www.academia.edu/56868530/.
Chemical analysis, using LA-ICP-MS, of 37 glass beads from the cemetery of Kissi 13 in
Burkina Faso revealed the presence of three main types of glass. Soda-lime-silica glass,
manufactured using plant ash as the flux, was the glass type from which almost all the beads
were made.
Robertshaw, P., B. Rasoarifetra, M. Wood, E. Melchiorre, R.S. Popelka-Filcoff, and M.D.
Glascock
2006 Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads from Madagascar. Journal of African Archaeology
4(1):91-109.
Chemical analysis of 31 glass beads from the sites of Mahilaka and Sandrakatsy in Madagascar,
which date to approximately the 9th-15th centuries, reveals the presence of two main types of
glass: mineral-soda glasses and plant-ash glasses. Most of these glasses were probably made in
South Asia.
Robertshaw, Peter, Constanze Weise, Laure Dussubieux, James Lankton, Rachel PopelkaFilcoff, and Michael D. Glascock
2009 Chemical Analysis of Glass from Nupe, Nigeria. Tribus, Staadiches Museum für
Völkerkunde 58:83-95; https://www.academia.edu/557795/.
Reports the results of the first chemical analyses of the products of the masagá glass-working
guild resident in Bida (Nupe), Nigeria. The items, including beads, date to the period 1914-2003.
Robertshaw, Peter and Marilee Wood
2017 The Glass Beads from Ingombe Ilede. Antiquity 91 (358):1078-1084.
All analyzed beads from burials 3 and 8 at Ingombe Ilede, Zambia, belong to the Khami series
produced in India and traded into southern and south-central Africa from the mid-15th to mid17th centuries. Some beads of an earlier type were present in other graves, and may have been
kept as heirlooms.
Robertshaw, Peter, M. Wood, Anne Haour, Karlis Karklins, and Hector Neff
2014 Chemical Analysis, Chronology, and Context of a European Glass Bead Assemblage
from Garumele, Niger. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:591-604;
https://www.academia.edu/19331129/.
Garumele, also known as Wudi, is reputed to have been a capital of the Kanem-Borno “empire,”
but its date of settlement and occupation remain unclear. To help rectify this situation, a sample
of 44 glass beads recovered during excavations were chemically analyzed using LA-ICP-MS.
The results indicate that the beads are of European origin, probably Venetian and/or Dutch, and
that most belong to the late 17th or 18th century.
Robertshaw, Peter, M. Wood, E. Melchiorre, Rachel S. Popelka-Filcoff, and Michael D.
Glascock
2010 Southern African Glass Beads: Chemistry, Glass Sources and Patterns of Trade. Journal
of Archaeological Science 37(8):1898-1912.
A sample of 360 glass beads from 19 archaeological sites in southern Africa dating between
about the 8th and 16th centuries AD were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS, determining 47 chemical
elements. The eight different bead series, previously defined on morphological characteristics,
possess different glass chemistries. Zhizo series beads of the late 1st millennium AD were
probably made from Iranian glass. Later bead series were made of glass probably manufactured
in South Asia.
Rojo, M.A., G. Deubes de Castro, M. Edo, and J.L. Fernádez
1996 Adornos de calaíta en los ajuares dolménicos de la provincia de Burgos: apuntes sobre su
composición y procedencia. Rubricatum: Revista del Museu de Gavà 1:239-250.
Analysis of eight green beads (calaite, a turquoise mineral) excavated at several dolmens at
Burgos, Spain, revealed the great mineralogical variety that exists under this generic
denomination.
Rolland, Joëlle
2021 Le verre de l’Europe celtique : Approches archéométriques, technologiques et sociales
d’un artisanat du prestige au second âge du Fer. Sidestone Press, Leiden.
https://www.academia.edu/51092032/.
Archaeometric, technological, and social approaches to the study of glass beads and bracelets in
Celtic Europe during the second Iron Age.
Rolland, Joëlle and Laurent Olivier
2018
The Discovery of Seven Engraved La Tène Glass Beads from the Sanctuary of MathayMandeure. Antiquity 92(364):e6.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of engraved beads from a site in Doubs, France, has refined the chronology
for the manufacture of such rare artifacts, and increases our understanding of Late Iron Age
ritual deposition practices.
Roman, Deborah V.
2017 New AMS Dating Sequences for the Chumash Ventureno Early Period: Revisiting the
Question of Antiquity of Ventureno Chumash Inland Occupation. Proceedings of the
Society for California Archaeology 31:181-194.
Presents initial results, including a suite of 20 dates, from three sites (Ven-852, -853, and -1029)
in Ventura County that document a well-established occupation sequence including evidence of
occupation prior to 9000 cal/bp near the important Late Period ritual site of CA-VEN-632. Shell
beads enter into the discussion.
Rösch, C., R. Hock, U. Schüssler, P. Yule, and A. Hannibal
1997 Electron Microprobe Analysis and X-ray Diffraction Methods in Archaeometry:
Investigations on Ancient Beads from the Sultanate of Oman and from Sri Lanka.
European Journal of Mineralogy 9:763-783;
https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article-abstract/9/4/763/62939/.
Examines stone, glass, metal, Egyptian blue, and synthetic enstatite beads from the Iron Age
Samad Culture of Oman and the 4th-century BC site at Tissamahara, Sri Lanka.
Rosenberg, Danny, Yael Elkayam, Yossi Garfinkel, Florian Klimscha, Vesna Vuèkoviæ,
and Yaakov Weiss
2022 Long-Distance Trade in the Middle Chalcolithic of the Southern Levant: The Case of the
Olivine Beads from Tel Tsaf, Jordan Valley, Israel. PloS ONE 17(8), e0271547;
https://www.academia.edu/84512546/.
Discusses the morphometric and technological characteristics, as well as the chemical
composition, of eight olivine beads that are postulated to have originated in Ethiopia.
Rosenberg, Danny, Branden Cesare Rizzuto, Florian Klimscha, and Tristan Carter
2022 The Obsidian Beads from Middle Chalcolithic Tel Tsaf (ca. 5,200-4,700 cal. BC), Jordan
Valley, Israel: Technology, Provenance, and Socio-Economic Significance.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14, 113;
https://www.academia.edu/81360209/.
This paper details the obsidian bead assemblage (the richest so far in the southern Levant), its
morphometric and technological characteristics, and the raw material sources based on chemical
compositions. It then discusses the assemblage’s broader socioeconomic significance, and the
possible means through which members of the community came to procure the beads.
Roumiantseva, Olga
2007
L’origine du verre de l’epoque des grandes migrations en Russie centrale.
http://medieval-europe-paris-2007.univ-paris1.fr/Rumiantseva.pdf, accessed 10 Dec.
2013.
This study focuses on the chemical composition of glass beads containing cobalt. The 42
samples examined are from Migration Period cemeteries located in the Oka and Volga basins in
Central Russia.
Rousaki, Anastasia, Alessia Coccato, Charlotte Verhaeghe, Bernard-Olivier Clist, Koen
Bostoen, Peter Vandenabeele, and Luc Moens
2015 Combined Spectroscopic Analysis of Beads from the Tombs of Kindoki, Lower Congo
Province (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Applied Spectroscopy 70(1):76-93.
Micro-Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics on handheld XRF results were used to
characterize beads found during archaeological excavations in the Congo. Metallic objects,
organogenic materials, and glass beads were studied. The glassy materials seem to be of
European production.
Ruano Ruiz, E., P. Hoffman, and J.M. Rincón
1995 Aproximación al estudio del vidrio prerromano: los materiales procedentes de la
necrópolis ibérica de El Cigarralejo (Mula, Murcia). Composición química de varias
cuentas de collar. Trabajos de Prehistoria 52(1):189-206;
https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.1995.v52.i1.440.
Reports the chemical composition of pre-Roman glass necklace beads recovered from the
Iberian necropolis of El Cigarralejo in southeastern Spain.
Ruiz-Galvez, Marisa, Alicia Perea, Carolina Gutierrez, Hilario Madiquida, Jorge de
Torres, Víctor M. Fernandez, and Cezar Mahumane
2021 Quirimbas Islands (Northern Mozambique) and the Swahili Gold Trade. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 38, art. 102985; https://www.academia.edu/56279858/.
Reports on the archaeometric study (OM, SEM-EDS, and PIXE) of a gold bead recovered on Ibo
island and its significance in the historical regional context.
Rumyantseva, Olga S.
2010 Íåêîòîðûå îñîáåííîñòè ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ áóñ â Ïîî÷üå è Îêñêî-Ñóðñêîì
ìåæäóðå÷üå â ýïîõó ðèìñêèõ âëèÿíèé è Âåëèêîãî ïåðåñåëåíèÿ íàðîäîâ. Early
Slavic World 13:277-300; https://www.academia.edu/23947590/.
Discusses glass beads of the Oka region and the Oka-Sura interfluve area in eastern Russia, late
Roman to Migration period. Includes compositional analysis.
2016
Ïðèëîæåíèå 8. Õèìè÷åñêèé ñîñòàâ è ïðîáëåìà ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ ñòåêëÿííûõ
óêðàøåíèé Ïàøêîâñêîãî ìîãèëüíèêà ¹ 1[Appendix 8. Chemical Composition and the
Problem of Origins of Glass Ornaments of the Pashkovskaia 1 Cemetery]. In The
Pashkovskaia 1 Cemetery. Volume 2: The Study of the Materials of the Pashkovskaia 1
Cemetery, edited by Anna V. Mastykova, M.M. Kazanski, and I.A. Saprykina, pp. 305326. Nestor-Historia, Moscow. https://www.academia.edu/34990057/.
Reports on the composition of seven glass beads from a cemetery of the 5th-7th centuries in
southern Russia, along with comparative material. Most of the beads were composed of plantash glass. The exception (a bead of the “Smolin” type) is made from natron glass.
2018
Eastern European Enamels of the Bryansk Hoard: Manufacturing Technology and
Possible Origin. Journal of Glass Studies 60:11-24.
Found in the southwestern part of central Russia and dating to the late 2nd and 3rd centuries, the
hoard included flattened prismatic (brick-shaped) beads of opaque red enamel. Their chemical
composition is discussed.
Rumyantseva, O.S., A.A. Trifonov, and D.A. Khanin
2018 15.1. The Chemical Composition of Glass Enamel Inserts and Beads. In Áðÿíñêèé êëàä
óêðàøåíèé ñ âûåì÷àòîé ýìàëüþ âîñòî÷íîåâðîïåéñêîãî ñòèëÿ (III â. í. ý.), edited by
A.M. Oblomsky, pp. 199-220. Early Slavic World 18;
https://www.academia.edu/40030833/.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass beads and enamels of the Bryansk hoard, an
outstanding assortment of eastern European enameled objects found in central Russia that date to
the late 2nd and 3rd centuries.
Ruvalcaba Sil, J.L., A. Daneels, M. Vaggi, and M. Aguilar Franco
2010 Non-Destructive Characterization of Green Stone Pieces from La Joya Site, Veracruz,
Mexico. In 2nd Latin-American Symposium on Physical and Chemical Methods in
Archaeology, Art and Cultural Heritage Conservation. Selected Papers. Archaeological
and Arts Issues in Materials Science. Cancun, Mexico 2009, edited by José Luis
Ruvalcaba Sil, Javier Reyes Trujeque, Jesús A. Arenas Alatorre, and Adrián Velázquez
Castro, pp. 49-55.
Several green-stone beads and other adornments of the Classic period were analyzed using
Raman and Mid-FTIR spectroscopies in order to identify the mineral composition, while PIXE
and Ionoluminescence were applied to contribute to the mineral identification and to determine
probable provenance.
Ruvalcaba Sil, J.L., L. Manzanilla, E. Melgar, and R. Lozano Santa Cruz
2007 PIXE and Ionoluminescence for Mesoamerican Jadeite Characterization. In Proceedings
of the XI International Conference on PIXE and its Analytical Applications, Puebla,
Mexico, May 25-29, 2007, edited by J. Miranda, J. Ruvalcaba-Sil, and O. de Lucio, pp.
PI-28-1–PI-28-4. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
https://www.academia.edu/97893966/.
Three greenstone beads from a necklace discovered at the palatial structure of Xalla at
Teotihuacan, Mexico, were analyzed using external beam PIXE to determine their elemental
composition and to establish the sourcing, trade, and relationship between these regions. The
offering corresponds to the early Miccaotli period (ca. AD 155).
Ruvalcaba Sil, J.L., E. Melgar Tísoc, J.F. Curado, K. Laclavetine, and T. Calligaro
2013 Caracterización y procedencia de piedras verdes de las ofrendas del Templo Mayor de
Tenochtitlan. In Técnicas analíticas aplicadas a la caracterización y producción de
materiales arqueológicos en el Área Maya, edited by Adrian Velazquez Castro and
Lynneth S. Lowe, pp. 163-177. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México,
D.F. https://www.academia.edu/18764319/.
On the composition and origin of greenstone offerings (including beads) at Tenochtitlan.
Saðlamtimur, Haluk, Gonca Dardeniz, and Emma L. Baysal
2023 Travel of Faience Beads and Metal Pins: Evidence of Long-distance Trade in Early
Bronze Age I (3100-2900 BCE) Baºur Höyük, Türkiye. Journal of Archaeological
Science: Reports 52, 104263; https://www.academia.edu/108841601/.
The composition of one stone and six faience beads was determined in order to determine
possible source and production regions.
Saitowitz, Sharma J. and David L. Reid
2001 Early Indian Ocean Glass Bead Trade between Egypt and Malaysia: A Pilot Study. IndoPacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 21. Melaka Papers 5.
Plasma mass spectrometry was used to assess the rare earth trace element content of beads from
Egypt and Malaysia. Egyptian beads dating to AD 800-900 were compared to Malaysian beads
from the same time period, yielding virtually identical glass recipes. The data shed new light on
ancient trade between Egypt and Malaysia.
2001 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Glass Beads and Glassy Slag from Iron Age Sites in
Northeast Thailand: Preliminary Findings. In Australasian Connections and New
Directions: Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Archaeometry Conference, University of
Auckland, edited by Martin Jones and Peter Sheppard, pp. 307-327. University of
Auckland.
Saitowitz, Sharma J., David L. Reid, and N.J. van der Merwe
1996 Bead Trade from Islamic Egypt to South Africa c. AD 900-1250. South African Journal
of Science 92:101-104.
Plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the rare earth element contents of glass beads
excavated in the former northern and eastern Transvaal. They were found to be identical with
those of beads made in al-Fustat (Old Cairo), and document the existence of a trade link with the
Mediterranean via the Red Sea 1000 years ago.
Salisbury, Amy and Ian Glover
1997 New Analyses of Early Glass from Thailand and Vietnam. Bead Study Trust Newsletter
30:7-14; https://www.societyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.uk/bead_study_trust.
Analysis of beads from several sites dating to the mid-late 1st millennium BC revealed three
basic glass groups: 1) potassium glass, low in calcium and magnesia and variable levels of
alumina; 2) soda-lime glass, high in calcium and more alumina and magnesia; and 3) soda glass,
lower in calcium and magnesia, but with high alumina.
Salvatori, S., M. Vidale, G. Guida, and E. Masioli
2009 Ilgynly-Depe (Turkmenistan) and the 4th Millennium BC Metallurgy of Central Asia.
Paléorient 35(1):47-67.
Surface finds include a number of copper beads as well as a silver example. Their production
and composition are discussed.
Samek, Lucyna, Maciej Karwowski, Sylwester Czopek, Jerzy Ostachowicz, and Zdzis³aw
Stêgowski
2007 Analysis of Glass Beads from the Graves of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture in Jasionka
and Grodzisko Dolne Employing the X-ray Fluorescence Method. Analecta
Archaeologica Ressoviensia 2:101-129; https://www.academia.edu/5355512/.
Provides the chemical composition of five glass beads recovered from two sites in southeastern
Poland that were occupied during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.
Saminpanya, Seriwat, N. Bavornyospiwat, S. Homklin, S. Danyutthapolchai, and P.
Bupparenoo
2016 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Ancient Glass Beads from the Highland LogCoffin Culture and the Lowland Areas, Thailand: Considerations on their Colors and
Technology. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 8:366-380.
Discusses drawn beads dating to the 3rd-6th centuries.
Saminpanya, Seriwat, Chatree Saiyasombat, Nirawat Thammajak, Chanakarn Samrong,
Sirilak Footrakul, Nichanan Potisuppaiboon, Ekkasit Sirisurawong, Thumrongsak
Witchanantakul, and Catleya Rojviriya
2019 Shedding New Light on Ancient Glass Beads by Synchrotron, SEM-EDS, and Raman
Spectroscopy Techniques. Scientific Reports 9(1):16069;
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-52322-2.
By investigating the coloring elements in ancient beads from sites in Thailand, concludes that the
Dvaravati glasses in Southeast Asia may have been imported or technologically transferred to
domestic manufacturers during trading on the Silk Road that connected the East and the West.
Sampietro Vattuone, María M., Susana Martínez Stagnaro, Rosario García Giménez, José
L. Peña Monné, Jimena Roldán, and Mario G. Maldonado
2017 Graves, Beads, and Trade in Northwest Argentina: A First ED-XRF Characterization of
Very Well-Formed Objects. Arqueología 23(1):27-43;
https://www.academia.edu/64850847/.
ED-XRF analyses of stone beads recovered from a grave located within a Formative residential
unit dating to 1560±35 BP revealed that they were made of chrysocolla, variscite, and turquoise,
all of which are foreign to the area.
Sánchez, Alberto, José A. Tuñón, David J. Parras, Manuel Montejo, Miguel A. Lechuga,
Bautista Ceprián, Marcos Soto, and Álvaro Luque
2019 MRS, EDXRF and GC-MS Analysis for Research on the Ritual and Funerary Areas of
Cerro de los Vientos (Baeza, Jaén, Spain). Native and Eastern Mediterranean Influences.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 28: 102026.
Presents the results obtained from the physico-chemical analysis of the Orientalizing (7th
century BC) archaeological materials, including several glass beads.
Sánchez de la Torrea, Marta, F. Xavier Oms, François-Xavier le Bourdonnec, Sara Aliaga,
Oriol Mercadal, Artur Cebrià, and Xavier Mangado
2018 Bone or Shell? Using ED-XRF to Determine the Nature of Prehistoric Ornaments.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 21:128-136.
Presents a protocol to quickly and easily distinguish between shell and bone materials in a nondestructive manner.
Santopadre, P. and M. Verità
2000 Analyses of the Production Technologies of Italian Vitreous Materials of the Bronze
Age. Journal of Glass Studies 42:25-40.
Analyses of beads from Frattesina and other sites reveal a complex situation: several recipes,
including a soda-lime composition previously unknown in Bronze Age glass. Italy.
Sarah, G.
2004 Etude a l’aide de la spectrometrie de masse a plasma inductif avec prelevement par
ablaton laser de la diffusion des perles de verre en Inde du Sud. M.A. thesis. Université
François Rabelais, Tours.
Reports on the LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads from South India.
Sarathi, Akshay, Jonathan Walz, and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Glass Beads at Unguja Ukuu in the Late 1st Millennium CE: Results of the 2018
Excavation in Zanzibar. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology,
Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 287304. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://www.academia.edu/65018316/.
Reports on the composition of a sample of the glass beads, and also preliminarily examines the
roles of imported beads in relation to other beads and artifacts in the cultural context of use and
meaning.
Sato, Yuuki, Takashi Takeuchi, and Kazuyuki Nakamura
2018 Chemical Analysis of the Glass Beads from Fukuyama Castle Town Site in Matsumae
Town, Hokkaido. Research Reports of National Institute of Technology, Hakodate
College 52:61-65; https://doi.org/10.20706/hakodatekosen.52.0_61
Examines the age of a glass bead based on the porcelain excavated at Fukuyama Castle Town
site, Japan. XRF analysis shows it is composed of alkaline lime glass. In Japanese.
Sawamura, Daichi, Chisato Kato, Mayumi Matsuzaki, Kazuya Yanase, Yoko Taniguchi,
and Izumi Nakai
2015 Archaeochemical Investigation of Ancient Glass Artifact Unearthed from the Kanto
Region by XRF Analysis. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst) 64(8):637-642.
Glass beads excavated from various archaeological sites in the Kanto region fall into three
categories: potash glass, soda-lime glass, and high-alumina soda-lime glass. In Japanese with
English captions and abstract.
Schibille, Nadine, James W. Lankton, and Bernard Gratuze
2022 Compositions of Early Islamic Glass along the Iranian Silk Road. Geochemistry,
125903; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2022.125903.
To determine the origins and distribution of early Islamic glasses from Iran, a set of 169 glass
samples (including 15 beads) from five different sites was analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. The glasses
were classified into six different plant-ash glass groups, three of which are attributed to a
Mesopotamian origin, while the others are presumed to represent regional Iranian production.
Schierhold, Kerstin and Gisela Woltermann
2011 Aktuelle Analysemethoden an Bernsteinperlen: Zwei Neufunde aus dem
spätneolithischen Galeriegrab II von Erwitte-Schmerlecke (Kr. Soest) / Recent Methods
of Analysis on Amber
Beads: Two Newly Discovered Finds from the Late Neolithic Gallery Grave II at
Erwitte-Schmerlecke (Kr. Soest). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 41(3):345-358.
Western Germany.
Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich
2013 Characterization of Late Chalcolithic Micro-Beads from Çamlýbel Tarlasý, North-Central
Anatolia. Archaeometry 55(1):14-32.
The chemical composition of the micro-beads indicates that they were made from three
distinctive materials: bulk talc (i.e., synthetic enstatite precursor), apatite, and mineral-rich clay
pastes.
Schrickel, Marco and Klaus Bente
2013 Bedeutung und Bedeutungsverlust roter Korallen: Archäologische und
naturwissenschaftliche Studien zu eisenzeitlichen Fibeln. In Rot – Die Archäologie
bekennt Farbe. 5. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag vom 4. bis 6. Oktober 2012, edited by
Harald Meller, et al., pp. 341-352. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte
Halle (Saale) 10. https://www.academia.edu/5495112/.
Uses archaeometrical methods to examine the coral beads that decorate fibulae from Central
Germany (so-called Mitteldeutsche Korallenfibeln) and compares them to typologically similar
fibulae from southwestern Germany.
Schrickel, Marco, Klaus Bente, Christoph Berthold, Wolfgang Grill, Ulrike Teschner,
Claudia Sarge, and Thomas Hoppe
2014 Vergleichende archäometrische Untersuchungen an mitteldeutschen Korallenfbeln.
Fragestellungen und methodischer Überblick. In Produktion – Distribution – Ökonomie.
Siedlungs- und Wirtschaftsmuster der Latènezeit. Akten des internationalen Kolloquiums
in Otzenhausen, 28.-30. Oktober 2011, edited by S. Hornung, pp. 67-91.
Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 258.
https://www.academia.edu/10137974/.
Presents a comparative archaeometric study of fibulae that incorporate coral beads from Central
Germany. These were especially popular during the late Hallstatt and early Latène periods.
Schrickel, Marco, Klaus Bente, Felix Fleischer, and Alexandra Franz
2013 Importation ou imitation du corail à la fin de l’âge du Fer ? Première approche par
analyses du matériau. In L'âge du Fer en Aquitaine et sur ses marges. Mobilité des
hommes, diffusion des idées, circulation des biens dans l'espace européen à lâge du Fer,
edited by A. Colin and F. Verdin, pp. 753-759. Supplement Aquitania 30.
https://www.academia.edu/3732592/I.
Attempts to determine the nature of the material comprising the beads of a Mitteldeutsche
Korallenfibeln. Is it coral or an imitation?
Schulze, M., R. Lehmann, C. Vogt, and D. Vieweger
2013 Charakterisierung Mittelalterlicher Glasperlen aus dem Heiligen Land. In Archäometrie
und Denkmalpflege 2013, edited by Andreas Hauptmann, Oliver Mecking, and Michael
Prange, pp. 294-296. Metalla Sonderheft 6. https://www.academia.edu/36031369/.
A group of medieval glass beads (including two striped chevron beads) uncovered at Tall Zirâ’a,
Jordan, were analyzed to determine their place of manufacture, the coloring components, and
manufacturing techniques.
Schüssler, U., C. Rösch, and R. Hock
2001 Beads from Ancient Sri Lanka – First Results of a Systematic Material Analysis. In
Ancient Ruhuna: Sri Lankan-German Archaeological Project in the Southern Province,
Vol. 1, edited by H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth, and W. Wijeyapala, pp. 227-242. Materialien
zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie 58.
https://www.academia.edu/10245559/.
Presents EPM, XRF analyses of glass and stone beads from Tissamaharama and Akurugoda.
Some distinctive red opaque glass disc beads with a very high copper content were locally made
as may be some of the other glass with some glass and semi-precious stone beads probably being
imported from India.
Schvoerer, Max, Richard Boyer, Francoise Bechtel, Stephan Dubernet, Jean L’Helgouac’h,
and Jean Courtin
2000 Sur l’émergence de l’artisanat verrier en France méridionale au Néolithique
final/Chalcolithique: une nouvelle analyse physique de la perle de Roaix (Vaucluse,
France). Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 97(1):73-81.
Since the mid-1970s, a bead found in the Crottes hypogeum at Roaix (Vaucluse) has been
considered to be the oldest and best dated glass artifact in southern France. A re-examination of
the bead reveals that the material is not glass but turquoise.
Scott, David A.
1991 Metallography and Microstructure of Ancient and Historic Metals. The Getty
Conservation Institute, Los Angeles.
Discusses the microstructure of an 18th-century French cut-steel bead and a gold necklace bead
from Colombia.
Seinfeld, Daniel M. and Munir Humayun
2020 New Insights from Elemental Analysis of Chevron Beads from Contact Period Sites in
the Southeastern United States. In Modeling Entradas: Sixteenth-Century Assemblages in
North America, edited by Clay Mathers, pp. 101-125. University Press of Florida,
Gainesville. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16zk002.11.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of seven-layer chevron beads from several early-16th-century contexts in
Florida revealed that the composition of the base glass is consistent with the type of glass used in
Venice in the 15th through 17th centuries.
Sempowski, M.L., A.W. Nohe, R.G.V. Hancock, J.-F. Moreau, F. Kwok, S. Aufreiter, K.
Karklins, J. Baart, C. Garrad, and I. Kenyon
2001 Chemical Analysis of Seventeenth Century Red Glass Trade Beads from Northeastern
North America and Amsterdam. Archaeometry 43:503-515;
https://www.academia.edu/14217765/.
Seventeenth-century opaque red (redwood) glass trade beads were made of mixed alkali (mainly
soda)-lime glasses and were colored with Cu, presumably as cuprous oxide or as finely dispersed
elemental Cu. During the early 17th century, beads were opacified with Sn. By the mid-17th
century, cored tubular beads were being opacified with a combination of Sn and Sb, a
technological change similar to that observed in white glass trade beads, while uncored redwood
beads appear not to have been opacified with either Sn or Sb.
Sempowski, M., A.W. Nohe, J.-F. Moreau, I. Kenyon, K. Karklins, S. Aufreiter, and R.G.V.
Hancock
2000 On the Transition from Tin-Rich to Antimony-Rich European White Soda-Glass Trade
Beads in Northeastern North America. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear
Chemistry 244:559-566; https://www.academia.edu/14217767/.
In an attempt to define more closely the transition from Sn-rich to Sb-rich white beads, the
researchers analyzed 198 beads from a number of archaeological sites in western New York
state. This revealed that the arrival of Sb-white soda-glass trade beads began in this region
during the period from approximately AD 1625-1640, and that they had completely replaced Snwhite beads by AD 1675. Specific bead chemistries link a number of the archaeological sites.
Shedrinsky, A.M., T.P Wampler, and K.V Chugunov
2004 The Examination of Amber Beads from the Collection of the State Hermitage Museum
Found in Arzhan-2 Burial Memorial Site. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
71(1):69-81; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(03)00099-8.
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of six beads from a site in the north of the
Tuva Republic revealed that they are made of Baltic amber.
Shephard, Christopher
2015 The Materiality of Politics: Tracking the Production and Circulation of Shell Artifacts in
the Algonquian Chesapeake (A.D. 900-1680). Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology
31:39-52.
Presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the viability of laser ablation inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for identifying shell bead production locales
throughout the southern Middle Atlantic. Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina.
Sheridan, Alison, Katherine Eremin, and Andrew Shortland
2005 Understanding Bronze Age Faience in Britain and Ireland. In Materials Issues in Art and
Archaeology VII, edited by J. Mass, J. Merkel, A. Murray, and P. Vandiver, pp. 007.2.1007.2.12. Materials Research Society Proceedings 852.
https://www.academia.edu/39341376/.
Reports the results of archaeometric analysis of faience beads from Britain, Ireland, and adjacent
parts of mainland Europe.
Shi, Meiguang, Ouli He, and Fuzheng Zhou
1986 Investigation on Some Chinese Potash Glasses Excavated from Tombs of the Han
Dynasty. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 3.
Analysis of different kinds of glass beads, glass ear pendants, and glass cups revealed that most
of them belonged to the K2O-SiO2 glass system; China. In Chinese.
Shi, Meiguang and Fuzheng Zhou
1990 Investigation of Glass of the Han Dynasty Unearthed from Datong, Qinghai Province.
Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology 2(2):22-26.
Reports the analysis of 12 glass beads and groups them into 3 types: lead-barium, soda-lime, and
potash glass. The first is thought to be local, the soda-lime glass may be Western, and the potash
glass, which is common in South China, may be local or imported. In Chinese.
Some Glasses Unearthed from a Tomb of the Warring States Period. In Proceedings of
the XVIIth International Congress on Glass, Beijing, Oct. 9-14, 1995, Vol. 6, pp. 503506. Chinese Ceramic Society, Beijing.
The chemical composition of five glass bead samples and the corrosion products of a leadbarium glass rod were analyzed. Two compositional systems were identified: PbO-BaO-Si02
glasses and soda-lime glasses. China.
1995
Shimada, Izumi., K.B. Anderson, Herbert Haas, and Jean H. Langenheim
1997 Amber from 1000 Year-Old Pre-Hispanic Tombs in Northern Peru. In Materials Issues in
Art and Archaeology V, edited by P.B. Vandiver, J.R. Druzik, J.F. Merkel, and John
Stewart, pp. 3-18. Cambridge University Press.
Many large amber beads were found in two Middle Sicán shaft tombs at Huaca Loro, Peru.
Technical analyses and characterization (figs. 4-5) indicate the amber is probably from a source
in Upper Amazonia.
Shipe, Megan, Angela Scarpa, and Lauren Johnson
2022 Origin of Blue Glass Beads Excavated at the Eyreville Site (44NH0507): A Qualitative
Study. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 38:71-87.
Reports on the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of beads from a 17th-century context at a
plantation site in Northampton County, Virginia. The authors hypothesize that the beads are of
Dutch origin.
Shortland, A.
2002 An Antimony Bead from Jerablus Tahtani. Historical Metallurgy 36:1-5.
Presents an analysis of a rare antimony bead from 3rd millennium BC levels at Jerablus Tahtani,
near Carchemish in Syria.
Shortland, A.J., S. Kirk, K. Eremin, P. Degryse, and M. Walton
2017 The Analysis of Late Bronze Age Glass from Nuzi and the Question of the Origin of
Glass Making. Archaeometry 60(1);
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320635346.
Reanalysis of a considerable corpus of glass (beads included) from Nuzi in northern Iraq
revealed that the glass technology there was subtly different from contemporary Egyptian sites,
using different ways of opacifying and working glass.
Shortland, A.J. and H. Schroeder
2009 Analysis of First Millennium BC Glass Vessels and Beads from the Pichvnari
Necropolis, Georgia. Archaeometry 51(6):947-965.
Polychrome glass beads found with burials dating to the late 5th century BC were analyzed
revealing both natron- and plant ash-based flux with distinct rare earth compositions, indicating
multiple sites of production, some of which were probably either in the Middle East or on the
Indian subcontinent.
Shortland, A.J., N. Shishlina, and A. Egorkov
2007 Origins and Production of Faience Beads in the North Caucasus and the Northern
Caspian Sea Region in the Bronze Age. In Les cultures du Caucase: leur relations avec
le Proche-Orient, edited by B. Lyonnet, pp. 269-283. CNRS Editions, Paris.
Shortland, A.J. and M.S. Tite
2006 Report on the Analysis of Cylindrical Bead SVP 29/32. In The Chalcolithic Cemetery of
Souskiou-Vathyrkakas, Cyprus, edited by E.J. Peltenburg, pp. 95-96. Department of
Antiquities of Cyprus, Nicosia.
Shugar, Aaron N. and Ariel O’Connor
2008 The Analysis of 18th Century Glass Beads from Fort Niagara: Insight into Compositional
Variation and Manufacturing Techniques. Northeast Historical Archaeology 37(1)58-68.
An assemblage of 445 glass trade beads excavated at Old Fort Niagara, Youngstown, New York,
were analyzed to determine their manufacturing technology and elemental composition.
Analytical techniques included reflected light microscopy, handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF),
and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).
Elemental analysis revealed a new turquoise-blue bead composition.
Siemianowska, Sylwia
2015 Analiza zabytków szklanych i szkliwionych z badañ œw. Idziego na Ostrowie Tumskim
we Wroc³awiu [Analysis of Glass and Glazed Artifacts from Research at St. Idzi on
Ostrów Tumski in Wroc³aw]. In Kszta³towanie siê grodu na wroc³awskim Ostrowie
Tumskim. Badania przy ul. œw. Idziego, edited by A. Limisiewicz and A. Pankiewicz, pp.
261-284. In pago Silensi. Wroc³awskie Studia Wczesnoœredniowieczne 1.
https://www.academia.edu/21844041/.
Reports on the chemical composition of beads from excavations at a church in west-central
Poland.
Siklósi, Zsusanna, Eszter Horváth, Igor Maria Villa, Stefano Nisi, Viktória Mozgai,
Bernadett Bajnóczi, Péter Csippán, Péter Hornok, and Péter Kiss
2022 The Provenance of the Raw Material and the Manufacturing Technology of Copper
Artefacts from the Copper Age Hoard from Magyaregres, Hungary. PLoSONE
17(11):e0278116; https://www.academia.edu/97838334/.
Found in a ceramic vessel, the hoard included 681 small copper beads, 264 limestone beads, 1
Spondylus bead, 19 tubular spiral copper coils, and two large spectacle spiral copper pendants.
Silva, Jaciara Andrade, Olivia Alexandre de Carvalho, and Albérico Nogueira de Queiroz
2014 A cultura material associada a sepultamentos no Brasil: Arqueologia dos adornos. Clio
Arqueológica 29(1):45-82.
https://www3.ufpe.br/clioarq/images/documentos/.../artigo05.pdf
Beads and pendants (mostly from the 16th century) associated with burials at a site in Canindé
de São Francisco, Sergipe state, Brazil, included those made of bone, animal teeth, shell, stone,
and glass. Compositional data are provided for the glass specimens.
Silvestre, Romina, Natacha Buc, Alejandro Acosta, and Daniel Loponte
2016 Compositional Analysis on Lithic Beads. The Case of the Low Paraná Wetland,
Argentina. Poster, Conference on Raw Materials Exploitation in Prehistory: Sourcing,
Processing and Distribution, 10-12 March 2016, University of Algarve, Portugal.
https://www.academia.edu/22357501/.
Aims to determine the primary sources of green lithic beads recovered at five Late Holocene
sites in northern Argentina.
Siqin, Bilige, Qinghui Li, and Fuxi Gan
2014 Investigation of Ancient Chinese Potash Glass by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Spectroscopy Letters: An International Journal
for Rapid Communication 47(6):427-438.
The beads, dating mainly from the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, were recovered from several
provinces of both China and Vietnam. They were divided into three glass subgroups.
Siu, Ieong, Julian Henderson, Dashu Qin, Yu Ding, and Jianfeng Cui
2021 A Study of 11th-15th Centuries AD Glass Beads from Mambrui, Kenya: An
Archaeological and Chemical Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 36,
102750; https://www.academia.edu/45112794/.
LA-ICP-MS results reveal that all of the beads are soda-alumina-silica glass.
Siu, Ieong, Julian Henderson, Dashu Qin, Yu Ding, Jianfeng Cui, and Hongjiao Ma
2020 New Light on Plant Ash Glass Found in Africa: Evidence for Indian Ocean Silk Road
Trade Using Major, Minor, Trace Element and Lead Isotope Analysis of Glass from the
15th-16th Century AD from Malindi and Mambrui, Kenya. PloS ONE 5(8): e0237612;
https://www.academia.edu/44830998/.
The results show that all of the glass samples are soda-lime-silica glass and belong to the high
alumina-plant ash glass type.
Smirniou, Melina, T. Rehren, V. Adrymi-Sismani, E. Asderaki, and B. Gratuze
2012 Mycenaean Beads from Kazanaki, Volos: A Further Node in the LBA Glass Network.
Annales du 18e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre,
Thessaloniki 2009, pp. 11-18; https://www.academia.edu/4257841/.
Presents the results of LA-HR-ICP-MS analysis of the glass beads (including relief beads) from
a Late Bronze Age tholos tomb in Eastern Thessaly, Greece.
Šmit, Žiga
2014 Analysis of Historic Glass by Ion-Beam Methods. Archeometriai Mûhely XI(3):159-167.
The analysis involves glass artifacts (including beads) dating all the way from the first centuries
BC up to the early 20th century. Historical questions like the origin of raw materials and
classification of glass compositional groups according to individual workshops are addressed.
Šmit, Žiga, David Jezeršek, Timotej KniWc, and Janka Istenic
2009 PIXE-PIGE Analysis of Carolingian Period Glass from Slovenia. Nuclear Instruments
and Methods in Physics Research B 267:121-124.
Glass artifacts (including beads) excavated from the Late Roman and Carolingian site at Bašelj,
Slovenia, were found to be composed of traditional Roman natron-type glass.
Šmit, Žiga, Timotej Knific, David Jezeršek, and Janka Isteniè
2012 Analysis of Early Medieval Glass Beads – Glass in the Transition Period. Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with
Materials and Atoms 278:8-14; https://www.academia.edu/2437672/.
Glass beads from graves excavated in Slovenia and dated archaeologically to the 7th-10th
centuries are analyzed using the combined PIXE-PIGE method.
Smith, Geoffrey M., Alexander Cherkinsky, Carla Hadden, and Aaron P. Ollivier
2016 The Age and Origin of Olivella Beads from Oregon’s LSP-1 Rockshelter: The Oldest
Marine Shell Beads in the Northern Great Basin. American Antiquity 81(3):550-561;
https://www.academia.edu/27307651/.
Presents stable isotope data and accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dates for six
Callianax (previously Olivella) biplicata beads from a rockshelter in south-central Oregon. Most
of the beads were deposited during the early Holocene during a series of short-term occupations
and the shells used to manufacture them were procured along the northern California, Oregon, or
Washington coasts.
Smith, Geoffrey M., Christopher S. Jazwa, Richard L. Rosencrance, and Tobin C. Bottman
2018 A Late Prehistoric Marine-Shell Bead from Oregon’s Hawksy Walksy Valley. Journal of
California and Great Basin Anthropology 38(2):288-300;
https://www.academia.edu/37872368/.
Reports radiocarbon and stable isotope data for a Callianax biplicata bead from Oregon’s
Hawksy Walksy Valley, the only bead that has so far been recovered from this archaeologically
important region. These data indicate that the bead was conveyed ca. 400 km inland at 480-285
cal BP from somewhere along the Oregon or northern California coasts.
Sode, Torben, Claus Feveile, and Ulrich Schnell
2010 An Investigation on Segmented, Metal-Foiled Glass Beads and Blown, Mirrored Glass
Beads from Ribe, Denmark. In Zwischen Fjorden und Steppe: Festschrift für Johan
Callmer zum 65. Geburtstag, edited by Claudia Theune, Felix Biermann, Ruth Struwe,
and Gerson H. Jeute, pp. 319-328. Internationale Archäologie, Studia Honoraria 31.
A substantial number of the glass beads excavated at Ribe are imported beads, especially
prevalent in the late 8th and beginning of the 9th century. This article discusses some of these
beads. Lead isotope and chemical analyses of a sample indicate they were manufactured in the
Near East.
Sode, Torben, Bernard Gratuze, and James W. Lankton
2017 Red and Orange High-Alumina Glass Beads in 7th and 8th Century Scandinavia:
Evidence for Long Distance Trade and Local Fabrication. Annales du 20e Congrès de
l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Fribourg / Romont 7-11 septembre
2015, pp. 326-333; AIHV_20eCongres_Sode.pdf.
Among nearly 200 glass samples from the Viking Age market in Ribe, Denmark, one red and
two opaque orange barrel-shaped beads had a unique high-alumina composition that seems to be
closely related to small, drawn, monochrome Indo-Pacific beads known to have been produced
in South and Southeast Asia, but with trace elements different from any other known glass types.
Sokaras, D., A.G. Karydas, A. Oikonomou, N. Zacharias, K. Beltsios, and V. Kantarelou
2009 Combined Elemental Analysis of Ancient Glass Beads by Means of Ion-Beam, Portable
XRF, and EPMA Techniques. Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry 395:2199-2209;
https://www.academia.edu/36066335/.
Focuses on the analysis of an Archaic glass bead collection recently excavated from Thebes,
mainland Greece, in order to suggest an optimized and synergistic analytical methodology for
similar studies and to assess the reliability of the quantification procedure of analyses conducted
in particular by portable XRF spectrometers.
Solís Ciriaco, Reyna Beatriz
2015 Esferas de produccion y consumo de objetos lapidarios en las estructuras aledañas del
Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan. Ph.D. dissertation. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México, México DF. https://www.academia.edu/18993557/.
This dissertation provides a comprehensive study of the numerous lapidary objects (including
beads and pendants) recovered from structures surrounding the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan in
Mexico City. It identifies the raw materials and the production techniques involved, and also
addresses the theoretical concepts of production organization, production spheres, tradition, and
style.
2018
Esferas de producción de los objetos de piedra verde procedentes de las estructuras
aledañas al Templo Mayor de Tenochtitlan. Revista Española de Antropología
Americana 48:233-249; https://www.academia.edu/39004158/.
Archaeometric analysis of stone ornaments and other objects found in structures surrounding the
Great Temple at Tenochtitlan, Mexico, is used to determine their provenience, and to see if their
type and manufacture correspond to any style and/or technological tradition from Tenochtitlan or
elsewhere.
Song, Sophy
2010 A Study of Glass Beads from Phum Snay Iron Age Archaeological Site and Settlement,
Cambodia, Data from Excavation in 2001 and 2003. Annali dell’Università di Ferrara,
Mus. Sci. Nat. 6:43-52.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of 75 beads revealed three groups of glass: high alumina glass (m-Na-Al);
potash glass (K); and soda-lime glass beads (m-Na-Ca). This reveals that Phum Snay belongs to
the Iron Age period which dates from the 4th century BC until the 3rd century AD.
Song, Yu-na and Gyu-ho Kim
2006 Analysis and Investigation of Archaeological Chemistry on the Class Beads of Dujeongdong Site of Cheonan, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 18:5-18; https://www.ejcs.org/journal/view.php?number=234.
Beads of the Baekje period (first half of the 4th century) were found to represent several glass
groups including lead-barium, soda, and potash. The beads include gold-foil examples, as well as
tubular and round forms. In Korean with English abstract.
Starynowicz, M.
2005 Badania fyzikochemiczne paciorków szklanych odkrytych na grodzisku ludnoœci kultury
³u¿yckiej w Wicinie, woj. lubuskie [Physico-Chemical Examination of Glass Beads
Discovered at a Lusatian Culture Stronghold in Wicina, Lubuskie Voivodeship].
Archeologia Polski L(1-2):21-52.
This site in Poland yielded ca. 900 glass beads, some with zigzag decoration. Plant ash was used
as a flux in some, soda in others. The tables are captioned in Polish and English; summary in
English.
Staššíková-Štukovská, Danica
2017 Natron and Plant Ash Glass in the Middle Danube Region during the Early Middle Ages.
Annales du 20e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre,
Fribourg / Romont 7-11 septembre 2015, pp. 366-373;
https://www.academia.edu/34798714/.
Aims at bringing more precise information about the origin, occurrence, and cultural ties of
natron and plant-ash glasses, production technologies, and shapes of beads made of these glasses
in the middle Danube territory during the Early Middle Ages.
2018
K pred-laboratórnej príprave a výberu vzoriek historického skla na archeometrické
analýzy [On Pre-lab Preparation and Selection of Historical Glass Samples for
Archaeometric Analysis]. In The Historical Glass: A Multidisciplinary Approach to
Historical Glass III, edited by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, pp. 27-37. Slovak Arts
Council, Bratislava. https://www.academia.edu/38259684/.
Focuses on the selection of basic information that is essential for the archaeometric analysis of
historical glass and is intended for researchers who have no experience in this field. English
summary.
2018
Sklený korálik z interiéru Kostola sv. Margity v Kopèanoch. [Glass Bead from the
Interior of the Church of St. Margita in Kopèany]. Historické sklo 6:11-20;
https://www.academia.edu/38639128/.
Excavated in western Slovakia, the bead dates to the early middle ages and is composed of
potash-lime glass. German summary.
Staššíková-Štukovská, Danica and Martin Hložek
2009 Materiál korálikov z hrobu èíslo 79 z Kostolian pod Tribeèom [Material of Beads from
Grave No. 78 at Kosto¾any pod Tribeèom]. Monumentorum Tutela 21:73-90;
https://www.academia.edu/3011697/.
Microscopic and chemical analysis of the non-metal parts of a bead necklace found with a child
interred at the end of the 10th or the 11th century in west-central Slovakia identified the
following materials: glass, ceramic, carnelian, and realgar. English summary.
Staššiková-Štukovská, Danica and Alfonz Plško
2015 Differences between the Findings of Segmented Beads in Skeleton Graves from the
Region of Middle Danube Dated to 7th-11th Centuries. Annales du 19e Congrès de
l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Piran 2012, pp. 389-399;
https://www.academia.edu/15251368/.
Presents the results of chemical analysis of over 2000 segmented glass beads.
Stewart, Brian A., Yuchao Zhao, Peter J. Mitchell, Genevieve Dewar, James D. Gleason,
and Joel D. Blum
2020 Ostrich Eggshell Bead Strontium Isotopes Reveal Persistent Macroscale Social
Networking across Late Quaternary Southern Africa. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117(12):6453-6462;
https://www.academia.edu/44806367/; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921037117.
Analysis of ostrich eggshell beads from highland Lesotho reveals that since the late Middle
Stone Age, networks connected ecologically complementary regions over minimal distances of
several hundred kilometers.
Stolyarova, Ekaterina K.
2000 Ñûðüåâûå ìàòåðèàëû è ïðîèñõîæäåíèå áóñ ýïîõè áðîíçû çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè
Åâðàçèéñêèõ ñòåïåé [Raw Materials and Origins of Bronze Age Beads of the Western
Eurasian Steppe]. In Ñåçîííûé ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé öèêë íàñåëåíèÿ Ñåâåðî-Çàïàäíîãî
Ïðèêàñïèÿ â áðîíçîâîì âåêå, edited by N.I. Shishlina, pp. 91-99. Proceedings of the
State Historical Museum 120.
Reports on the analyses of vitreous beads from Catacomb (mostly) and North Caucasus graves.
Most are faience, probably Egyptian imports. The one glass bead is possibly of double batch
glass, soda-lime-silica, made with ash from the roots of Calidium caspicum (Russian thistle),
dolomitic limestone (?), and copper oxide as a colorant. English summary (pp. 183-184).
2011
Ñòåêëÿííûå áóñû èç ðàñêîïîê îäèíî÷íîãî êóðãàíà ó äåðåâíè Õîëìû [Glass Beads
from the Kurgan near Kholmy Village]. In The Archeology of the Moscow Region:
Proceedings of Scientific Seminar 7, edited by A.V. Engovatova, V.Yu. Koval, and I.N.
Kuzina, pp. 422-428. Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archeology, Moscow.
https://www.academia.edu/43313922/.
Glass beads were found adorning the braids of a female burial in Moscow Oblast. They date to
the 17th and first half of the 18th centuries, and are associated with the Venetian and Dutch
glassmaking schools. The chemical composition of the beads is provided.
2012 Chemical Composition of Glass and Faience Beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis.
Annales du 18e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre,
Thessaloniki 2009, pp. 171-174; https://www.academia.edu/29077550/.
A study of the beads of the Late Scythian Culture in the southwestern Crimea, Ukraine.
2015
Glass Beads from the Barrow Grave in the Greater Moscow Area Dated from 17th and
18th Century. Annales du 19e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du
Verre, Piran 2012, pp. 505-511; https://www.academia.edu/16117952/.
A female burial was accompanied by a hair adornment composed of glass seed beads and other
components. The chemical composition of the beads is provided.
2016 Glass in Ancient and Medieval Eastern Europe as Evidence of International Contacts.
Archeologia Polski LXI:191-212; https://www.academia.edu/43417329/.
Focuses on beads from the Bronze Age to the 17th-18th centuries AD and their chemical
composition.
2018
Ïðåäìåòû èç ñòåêëà / Glass Items. In Ìÿêèíèíñêèå êóðãàíû: Ìÿêèíèíñêèé
àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèé êîìïëåêñ â ïîäìîñêîâüå, edited by A.V. Engovatova, V.Yu. Koval,
E.P. Zots, E.K. Stolyarova, and T.G. Saracheva, pp. 60-75. Ìàòåðèàëû ñïàñàòåëüíûõ
àðõåîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé 21. https://www.academia.edu/43359504/.
The inventory of glass objects recovered from the Myakininsky burial ground in the Moscow
Region of Russia includes a variety of glass and stone beads. The chemical composition of some
of the glass beads is provided.
2018
Seed Beads: The Dating and the Ways of Arrival in the Northern Moscow Region in PreMongolian Period. In The Historical Glass: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Historical
Glass III, edited by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, pp. 147-154. Slovak Arts Council,
Bratislava. https://www.academia.edu/43436480/.
Includes the results of compositional analysis of glass seed beads from various sites in western
Russia.
Stricker, Thomas, Karlis Karklins, Mark Mangus, and Thaddeus Watts
2018 Sourcing a Unique Man-in-the-Moon Bead. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead
Researchers 30:60-62; https://www.academia.edu/40476024/.
Chemical analysis of a unique black bead found in Turkey that depicts the four phases of the
moon reveals it most likely originated in the Fichtelgebirge region of Bavaria at some time prior
to the early 19th century.
Sugihara, K., M. Satoh, Y. Hayakawa, A. Saito, and T. Sasaki
2000 Applications of Micro XRF for the Analysis of Traditional Japanese “Ainu” Glass Beads
and Other Artifacts. International Centre for Diffraction Data, Advances in X-ray
Analysis 42:161-170.
On the analysis of glass beads made by the Ainu of Japan in the 1800s.
Swann, C.P., P.E. McGovern, and S.J. Fleming
1989 Colorants in Glasses from Ancient Syro-Palestine: Specialized Studies Using PIXE
Spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B40/41:615-619.
Presents the results of PIXE analysis of multi-colored pendants and beads from the SyroPalestinian Bronze Age site of Beth Shan, Israel.
Szczepaniaka, Ma³gorzata
2019 Zró¿nicowanie mineralogiczne i chemiczne paciorków z kamieni pó³szlachetnych i szk³a
z obszaru wczesnoœredniowiecznej nekropolii w Dziekanowicach [Mineralogical and
Chemical Diversity of Beads Made of Semi-precious Stones and Glass from the Early
Medieval Cemetery in Dziekanowice]. In Groby z bi¿uteri¹ wczesnoœredniowiecznego
cmentarzyska w Dziekanowicach, edited by Jacek Wrzesiñski, pp. 195-236. FONTES.
Lednica Studies Library, series B1, 8:1.
The site is in Poland. English summary.
Takahashi, Misuzushi, Kenichiro Koshida, Takashi Takeuchi, and Kazuyuki Nakamura
2018 Component Analysis of Glass Beads from Minamikawa 2 Site Setana Town, Hokkaido.
Research Reports of National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College 52:66-74;
https://doi.org/10.20706/hakodatekosen.52.0_66
Examines beadmaking (winding) techniques and the chemical composition of glass beads
excavated from an archaeological site of the Ainu Cultural Period from the 16th-17th centuries
in Japan. The glass is of the potash-lead-silica type (K2O-PbO-SiO2). In Japanese.
Tamura, Tomomi
2010 Scientific Research of Soda-Lime Glass Beads found in the Yayoi Period. Nara National
Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Annual Bulletin 2010:28-29.
Iron Age, Japan.
2011
Archaeological Research on the Glass Beads among the Chindangu, Buried Ritual
Objects, for the Kondô at Tôdai-ji Temple. Bulletin of the Nara National Museum
“Rokuon Zasshu” 13:124-94(1-41).
Reports on the chemical composition of the beads from the temple in Japan. Numerous macro
photographs. Text is in Japanese. See also Katsuhiko (2011).
2013
Archaeometric Investigation of Glass Beads Excavated at the Matsugasako Yadani Site.
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Annual Bulletin 2014:70-71.
Japan.
2019
Chemical Analysis of Ancient Glass Beads in and around Mainland Southeast Asia. In
The Ancient East-West Corridor of Mainland Southeast Asia, edited by Mamoru
Shibayama, pp. 233-289. Geoinfomatics International.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337338322.
Ancient glass beads from sites in Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam, and India are examined in
terms of production techniques and chemical composition. Further, they are compared with
clearly dated artifacts that have been excavated in Japan, whose chemical compositions have
been relatively well determined.
Tamura, Tomomi, Tomoya Aono, and Kazuyuki Nakamura
2018 Compositional Investigation of Glass Beads Excavated from Usu-Oyakotsu Site in
Hokkaido. Research Reports of National Institute of Technology, Hakodate College
52:85-92; https://doi.org/10.20706/hakodatekosen.52.0_85
Re-examination of glass beads from a site in Japan clarified that they are composed of potashlime glass and potash-lead glass. In Japanese.
Tamura, Tomomi and Yasuharu Hoshino
2014 Scientific Study of a Multi-Colored Glass Bead from the Oido Tunnel Tombs in Miyagi.
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Annual Bulletin 2014:38-39.
Japan.
Tamura, Tomomi, Daisuke Nakamura, Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan, Jean-Luc Houle, and
Tumurbaatar Tuvshinjargal
2021 Scientific Analysis on the Glass Beads from the Xiongnu Burial of Zamiin Utug.
Nomadic Heritage Studies XXII-II:89-102; https://www.academia.edu/38479920/.
Examines the beadmaking techniques and chemical composition of glass beads unearthed from a
site on the Mongolian plateau that was utilized during the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220).
Tamura, Tomomi, Daisuke Nakamura, and Dac Chien Truong
2021 Chemical Analysis of Ancient Glass in Vietnam: A Comparative Study of Glass Beads
Found in Vietnam and Japan. Nabunken Ronso 2:125-150;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359055207.
The chemical compositions of glass beads belonging to the Dong Son and Sa Huynh cultures of
Vietnam are compared to those of Yayoi-period beads from Japan.
Tamura, Tomomi and Katsuhiko Oga
2014 Distribution of Lead-Barium Glasses in Ancient Japan. Crossroads 9:63-82;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303486321.
Categorizes lead-barium beads and pendants from tomb of the Yayoi and Kofun periods based
on form, manufacturing methods, and chemical composition, and discuss each production area
and distribution route.
Archaeometrical Investigation of Natron Glass Excavated in Japan. Microchemical
Journal 126:7-17; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.029.
Examines the chemical compositions, colorants, and beadmaking techniques of natron glass
beads. The glass is grouped into seven main types, as well as other minor types.
2016
Taniguchi, Yoko, Yoshimitsu Hirao, Yoshiko Shimadzu, and Akira Tsuneki
2002 The First Fake? Imitation Turquoise Beads Recovered from a Syrian Neolithic Site, Tell
El-Kerkh. Studies in Conservation 47(3):175-183.
Three turquoise-blue beads were analyzed by various means. The results indicate that the beads
were an imitation of natural turquoise. They have an apatite core with the turquoise color
obtained probably by the heating of manganese or iron compounds. The structure suggests
mammal tooth or tusk.
Tapia, Alicia H. and Virginia Pineau
2011 Diversidad de las cuentas vítreas. Los hallazgos de la misión de Santiago del Baradero
(siglo XVII) [Vitreous Beads Diversity. Mission of Santiago del Baradero Findings
(XVII Century)]. Arqueología 17:1-18.
Presents the results of morphologic, functional, micro-structural, and chemical analysis of glass
beads excavated at the “Cementerio Indígena” site which is connected with the Franciscan
mission of Santiago del Baradero founded in 1615 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. English abstract.
Tipología, manufactura y procedencia de las cuentas de Santiago del Baradero. In Libro
de resúmenes del I° Congreso Internacional de Arqueologíade la Cuenca del Plata, pp.
111-112. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Describes the 29 types of European glass beads found with burials at the Cementerio Indígena,
Baradero, Argentina. They are attributed to the period from the end of 16th century to the first
half of the 17th century. The results of MEB-EDX analysis of 14 of the bead types are also
presented.
2011
Tate, Jim, Katherine Eremin, Lore G. Troalen, Maria Filomena Guerra, Elizabeth Goring,
and Bill Manley
2019 The 17th Dynasty Gold Necklace from Qurneh, Egypt. ArchéoSciences 33:121-128;
https://www.academia.edu/1118080/.
Describes the necklace and also provides information concerning its production techniques and
the composition of the metal.
Templin, Robert B., III
2017 Black Glass on the Georgia Coast: The Utility of Black Glass Trade Beads in Refining
Site Chronology and Detecting Color Preference at Seventeenth Century Mission Santa
Catalina de Guale. M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa.
Identifies diachronic patterns in the recipes that guided the manufacture of drawn black beads
during the 17th century. The concentrations of temporally diagnostic opacifiers (i.e., tin and
antimony found within beads assemblages from individual contexts are then used to refine the
existing site chronology and contribute to ongoing studies of the occupation and use of the
mission.
Teodor, E.S., E.D. Teodor, M. Virgolici, M.M. Manea, G. Truicã, and S.C. Liþescu
2010 Non-Destructive Analysis of Amber Artefacts from the Prehistoric Cioclovina Hoard
(Romania). Journal of Archaeological Science 37(10):2386-2396.
Amber beads from the transitional period between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age were
analyzed to determine the source of the amber. The results strongly suggest that a large part of
the amber has a Romanian origin and, thus, no connection with the Amber Route.
Tereschenko, E.Y., I.N. Kuzina, A.V. Mandrykina, O.A. Kondratev, E.S. Kulikova, R.D.
Svetogorov, P.V. Gureva, E.S. Kovalenko, M.M. Murashev, E.S. Vaschenkova, A.M.
Ismagulov, V.M. Retivov, and E.B. Yatsishina
2022 On the Mystery of One Bead. Nanobiotechnology Reports 17:594-609;
https://doi.org/10.1134/S2635167622050172.
Analysis of a 14th-century biconical glass bead excavated at the Rostislavl settlement in
Moscow oblast, Russia, revealed that it differs significantly from all beads traditionally found in
this region: the bead was made by combining separate layers of the base and decorating material
from glasses of two classes, lead silicate and potash lead.
Thanik Lertcharnrit and A.K. Carter
2010 Recent Research on Iron Age Glass and Stone Beads from Promtin Tai, Central Thailand.
Muang Boran Journal 36(4):53-68.
In Thai.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna
2021 Indian Glass Beads in Northeast Africa between the First and Sixth Centuries CE. In
Ancient Glass of South Asia: Archaeology, Ethnography and Global Connections, edited
by Alok Kumar Kanungo and Laure Dussubieux, pp. 533-557. Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3656-1_22.
Presents the chronological and spatial distribution of Indian glass beads in the territories of
ancient Egypt, Nubia, and Aksum during a time of intensive Indian Ocean trade. Chemical
compositional analysis of selected samples confirms the provenience of monochrome and
bichrome drawn and rounded beads to be of South Indian/Sri Lankan origin.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna and Laure Dussubieux
2016 Glass Bead Trade in the Early Roman and Mamluk Quseir Ports – A View from the
Oriental Institute Museum Assemblage. Archaeological Research in Asia 6:81-103;
https://www.academia.edu/25089416/.
Reports on an interdisciplinary study of 35 beads found mostly at Quseir port sites in Egypt;
Roman Myos Hormos (1st-3rd c. AD) and Late Ayyubid-Mamluk Quseir el-Qadim (13th-14th c.
AD) periods.
2021
Beads for the Nomads of Late Antiquity. Chemical Characterisation of Glass from the
Blemmyan Tumuli at Kalabsha, Nubia, Mid Fourth Century AD. Archaeometry
63(6):1255-1271; https://www.academia.edu/49053628/.
Analysis of 34 glass beads using LA-ICP-MS has identified four glass groups. The results
provide scientific evidence for the northernmost presence of South Indian/Sri Lankan glass
beads in the Nile Valley and hint at the Blemmyan participation in broader regional exchange
networks in Northeast Africa during a time of intensive overseas trade.
2021
Teardrops at the Lake: Chemistry of New Kingdom to Makuria Glass Beads and
Pendants between the First and Second Nile Cataracts. African Archaeological Review
40(2):295-315; https://www.academia.edu/66098184/.
Discusses the composition and provenience of two types of plant-ash soda-lime (v-Na-Ca) glass,
two types of mineral soda-lime glass (m-Na-Ca), and two types of mineral-soda-high alumina
(m-Na-Al) glass based on the LA-ICP-MS analysis of beads and pendants recovered from Qustul
and Serra East contexts in northern Sudan.
2022 Beads from a Mediaeval Pilgrim Centre: Chemical Composition and Provenance of Glass
from Banganarti, Nubia, Sudan. Archaeometry; https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12818.
Compositional analyses using LA-ICP-MS have identified glass belonging to a number of broad
compositional groups, providing new evidence regarding the provenience and chronology of
glass beads available in medieval Northeast Africa.
2023
Overseas Imports on the Blue Nile – Chemical Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads
from Soba, Nubia. Archaeometry; https://www.academia.edu/99027377/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads from the most prosperous capital of medieval Nubia has
identified a number of broad glass compositional groups, leaving no doubt about Alwa’s
(Alodia’s) intense transcultural connections.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna, Laure Dussubieux, J. Mark Kenoyer, and Randall Law
2021 Beads and Pendants. In Banganarti Studies I (Nubia VII), edited by Bogdan ¯urawski,
pp. 77-108. Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Warsaw. https://www.academia.edu/85049494/.
Reports on a large collection of beads and pendants made of resin, ostrich eggshell, stone,
faience, and glass recovered from a site in northern Sudan. Most of them were found in a pottery
vessel dated to the 8th-10th centuries; others are attributable to the 6th/7th-14th centuries.
Combined macroscopic and chemical compositional analyses reveal the sources of the raw
materials.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna, H.A. Gilg, U. Schüssler, and B. Wagner
2020 Western Connections of Northeast Africa: The Garnet Evidence from Late Antique
Nubia, Sudan. Archaeometry 63(2):227-246; https://www.academia.edu/44104553/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of garnet beads from an elite tomb at the 4th-century cemetery of Hagar el
Beida suggest possible sources in Portugal and Nigeria, and a connection to similar garnets from
Merovingian contexts.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna and Olga Syta
2024 Beads of Alexandria: Non-invasive Analysis of Glass from Roman, Late Antique and
Islamic Kom el-Dikka, Egypt. Archaeometry;
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/arcm.13002.
Analysis of the chemical composition of 200+ glass beads and other objects recovered from
beadmaking workshops at Kom el-Dikka confirmed their general dating and Egyptian origin.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna and Barbara Wagner
2019 Glass Beads and Pendants from Meroitic and Nobadian Lower Nubia, Sudan: Chemical
Compositional Analysis Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometry. Archaeometry 61(4):856-873; https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12465.
Presents a detailed elemental analysis of 64 glass beads and pendants dated to the Meroitic
period (1st-3rd centuries AD) and the Nobadian period (4th-6th centuries) from burial sites in
the Lower Nubian Nile Valley region.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna with Barbara Wagner
2019 Glass Bead Trade in Northeast Africa: The Evidence from Meroitic and Post-Meroitic
Nubia. PAM Monograph Series 10.
Strings of colorful glass beads were a popular commodity traded throughout ancient Nubia
during the first half of the 1st millennium AD. Combining macroscopic examination with
laboratory analyses (LA-ICP-MS), the author breaks new ground in Nubian studies, establishing
diagnostic markers for a study of trading markets and broader economic trends in Meroitic and
post-Meroitic Nubia.
Then-Ob³uska, Joanna, Barbara Wagner, and Luiza Kêpa-Linowska
2019 Dare to Gaze upon Her Face: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Mosaic Face Beads from
Meroë. Journal of Glass Studies 61:39-48.
Presents an in-depth examination of mosaic glass beads recovered from a child’s grave in the
royal cemetery at Meroë (Bagrawiyah, Sudan). Their chemical composition reveals that the glass
used in their manufacture was produced in Egypt.
Theune, C., P. Hoffmann, S. Bichlmeier, M. Heck, and J. Callmer
1998 Bestimmung der Glasmatrix merowingerzeitlicher Glasperlen. In Proceedings der
Jahrestagung Archäometrie und Denkmalpflege, Würzburg 23.-25.9.1998, pp. 108-110.
On the determination of the glass matrix of Merovingian glass beads.
Theunisson, R., P. Grave, and G. Bailey
2000 Doubts on Diffusion: Challenging the Assumed Indian Origin of Iron Age Agate and
Carnelian Beads in Southeast Asia. World Archaeology 32(1):84-105.
Discusses the use of non-destructive geochemical techniques to source carnelian and agate beads
from Southeast Asia and raw material from India and Thailand. Preliminary results suggest that
some early beads excavated in Thailand were made from local materials.
Thibodeau, Alyson Marie
2012 Where did it Come From? A New Method for Learning about Ancient Turquoise Mining
and Trade. Archaeology Southwest 26(2):12-13.
Utilizes two geochemical tracers (lead and strontium isotopes) to identify the source of the
turquoise used to produce beads recovered from the Redtail site in the Tucson Basin of Arizona.
Thondhlana, T.P. and M. Martinón-Torres
2009 Small Size, High Value: Composition and Manufacture of Second Millennium AD
Copper-Based Beads from Northern Zimbabwe. Journal of African Archaeology 7(1):7997; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269675045.
This investigation introduces a new dimension to the previous typological analyses of the metal
bead assemblages from Zimbabwean archaeological sites. It presents the microstructural and
chemical characterization of 50 copper-based beads, most of them from Later Farming
Community period sites in northern Zimbabwe (AD 1000-1900). The analytical study employed
optical microscopy, ED-XRF, and SEM-EDS.
Tian, Chenxin, Yihang Zhou, Kai Wang, Jian Sun, Yong Cui, and Dongbo Hu
2021 Characterization of Glass Beads from Nanhai I Shipwreck and New Evidence of Lead
Tin Yellow Type II in China. Heritage Science 9, art. 61; https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494021-00540-1.
Analysis of coil beads dating to the Southern Song dynasty reveals they are all of K2O-PbO-SiO2
and PbO-SiO2 glass systems which confirms their Chinese origin.
Timby, Jane R.
1996 The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Empingham II, Rutland. Oxbow Monograph 70.
Reports on the beads and pendants recovered from a site in central Great Britain, including their
chemical composition. Materials include glass, amber, coral, rock crystal, and metal.
Tite, M.S.
1998 Report on SEM Examination of Faience Bead, KM 2056. In Lemba Archaeological
Project Vol. II.1A: Excavations at Kissonerga-Mosphilia 1979-1992, edited by E.J.
Peltenburg, pp. 194-195. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 70.
Tite, M.S., Y. Maniatis, D. Kavoussanaki, M. Panagiotaki, A.J. Shortland, and S.F. Kirk
2009 Colour in Minoan Faience. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):370-378.
The microstructures and chemical compositions of some 15 faience objects from Crete spanning
the period from Middle Minoan IIIA through to Late Minoan IA were determined using
analytical scanning electron microscopy. These data are useful for inferring the original color of
Minoan faience, most of which has suffered severe weathering during burial.
Tite, M.S., P. Manti, and A.J. Shortland
2007 A Technological Study of Ancient Faience from Egypt. Journal of Archaeological
Science 34:1568-1583; https://www.academia.edu/1833452/.
Presents the chemical compositions and microstructures of faience objects (beads included) from
Egypt spanning the period from the Middle Kingdom through to the 22nd dynasty as determined
using analytical scanning electron microscopy.
Toffolo, Michael B., Eugenia Klein, Rivka Elbaum, Adam J. Aja, Daniel M. Master, and
Elisabetta Boarettoa
2013 An Early Iron Age Assemblage of Faience Beads from Ashkelon, Israel: Chemical
Composition and Manufacturing Process. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(10):
3626-3635; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.010.
The microstructure and chemical composition of 8 faience beads from an early Iron Age (12th
century BC) assemblage found in the ancient port city of Ashkelon are determined by means of
FTRI spectrometry, pXRF, microRaman, and SEM-EDS analysis.
Tomková, K., V. Hulínský, and J. Košta
2011 Olivovité perly a jejich chemické složení. In Historické sklo. 5. Sborník pro dìjiny skla,
edited by E. Èerná, pp. 67-74. Most.
On glass olive beads and their chemical composition.
Tomková, Kateøina, Šárka Jonášová, and Zuzana Zlámalová Cílová
2017 Glass in Fashion and Trade in Bohemia in the 9th-11th Century (Archaeology and
Archaeometry). Annales du 20e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire
du Verre, Fribourg / Romont 7-11 septembre 2015, pp. 374-378.
Concentrates on the archaeological and chemical variability of glass artifacts, especially jewelry,
their provenance, and the question of continuity in the development of glass jewelry between
the 10th and 11th centuries.
Tomková, Kateøina, Šárka Køížová, Veronika Faltusová, Nadine Schibille, and Tomáš
Vaculoviè
2023 Archaeological and Chemical Variability of Glass Beads: Olive and Fusiform Beads in
Central Europe. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15, 19;
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01717-4.
Olive and fusiform beads are found at sites in Bohemia, Moravia, Bavaria, and the surrounding
area in the 8th-10th centuries. LA-ICP-MS analysis of a sample show that most of them were
made from recycled soda-lime-silica natron glass of the older Roman tradition and the Late
Antique tradition.
Tomková, Kateøina, Šárka Køížová, and Tomáš Vaculoviè
2020 Korálky ze Zelenèe ve svìtle analýz chemického složení skel [Beads from Zelenèe in the
Light of the Analysis of the Chemical Composition of the Glasses]. In Ranì støedovìké
pohøebištì v Zelenèi, edited by Michal Lutovský and Jaroslav Špaèek, pp. 87-99.
Archeologie ve støedních Èechách – Supplementum 1.
https://www.academia.edu/45581812/.
Reports on the composition of glass beads from an early medieval village cemetery (10th
century) in Zeleneè, Bohemia.
Tomková, Katerina and Natalie Venclová
2014 Glasschmuck in Böhmen von der Bronzezeit bis ins Frühmittelalter: Archäologie und
Archäometrie. In Glasarchäologie in Europa: Regionen – Produkte – Analysen. Beiträge
zum 5. Internationalen Symposium zur Erforschung mittelalterlicher und
frühneuzeitlicher Glashütten Europas, Seiffen/Erzgebirge 2012, edited by Eva Èerná and
Peter Steppuhn, pp. 221-237. Ústav Archeologické Památkové Péèe Severozápadních
Èech, Most. https://www.academia.edu/8203988/.
Presents an overview of the different bead types utilized in Bohemia and Moravia from the
Bronze Age to the early Middle Ages, including production technology and chemical
composition.
Tomková, Katarina, Natalie Venclová, Šárka Køížová, Nadine Schibille, Veronika
Faltusová, Tomáš Vaculoviè, and David Danìèek
2023 Early Medieval Glass Beads: Witness to Changes in Central Europe – the Case of
Hostivice (Czech Republic). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 15, 60;
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12520-023-01754-z.
Chemical analyses confirm that beads from central Europe reflect the principal transition from
natron to plant-ash glass during the 8th-9th centuries. They also reveal that beads made from
natron glass were still distributed in the 9th-10th centuries when new types of beads were made
from this glass.
Tomková, Katarina, Natalie Venclová, Šárka Køížová, Tomáš Vaculoviè, and Veronika
Faltusová
2021 Sklo z doby stìhování národù ze Záluží u Èelákovic: archeologie a archeometrie
[Migration Period Glass from Záluží (Central Bohemia): Archaeology and
Archaeometry]. Archeologické rozhledy LXXIII:259-292;
https://www.academia.edu/109307844/.
SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS analysis of 24 beads indicated soda-lime glass of the natron type.
An important result is the finding that translucent glasses belong to the “Intermediate group,”
which was only recently identified in European archaeometric research. English summary.
Tomomi, Tamura, Nakamura Daisuke, Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav, Houle Jean-luc, and
Tuvshinjargal Tumurbaatar
2021 Scientific Analysis on the Glass Beads from the Xiongnu Burial of Zamiin Utug.
Nomadic Heritage Studies XXII-II(1-22):89-102; https://www.academia.edu/62292250/.
Examines the beadmaking technique and chemical composition of glass beads found with burials
in northwestern Mongolia.
Tori, Luca, Biljana Schmid-Sikimic, Eva Carlevaro, and Lionel Pernet
2010 2. Gli oggetti d’ornamento e d’abbigliamento – Schmuck und Trachtzubehör. In La
necropoli di Giubiasco (TI). Vol. III: le Tombe dell'età del Bronzo della prima età del
ferro e del La Tène antico e medio. La sintesi, edited by Luca Tori et al., pp. 25-182.
Chronos, Zürich. https://www.academia.edu/110945815/.
Located in Switzerland and utilized from the Bronze Age to mid-La Tène times, the necropolis
yielded beads of amber, glass (including raised-eye beads), and bronze that were incorporated
into necklaces and earrings. The chemical composition of a variety of the glass beads is
provided.
Tournié, Aurélie, Linda C. Prinsloo, and Philippe Colomban
2010 Raman Spectra Database of the Glass Beads Excavated on Mapungubwe Hill and K2,
Two Archaeological Sites in South Africa. University of Pretoria.
https://www.academia.edu/15107217/.
Analysis revealed at least seven different chromophores or pigments, many of which were only
manufactured after the 13th century which confirms the presence of modern beads in the
archaeological record. This calls for further research to find a way to reconcile the carbon dating
of the hill, which currently gives the last occupation date on the hill as AD 1280, with the
physical evidence of the modern beads.
2012
Raman Classification of the Glass Beads Excavated on Mapungubwe Hill and K2, Two
Archaeological Sites in South Africa. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 43(4):532-542.
Analysis revealed at least seven different chromophores or pigments (lazurite, lead tin yellow
type II, Ca/Pb arsenate, chromate, calcium antimonate, Fe-S “amber,” and a spinel). Many of the
pigments were only manufactured after the 13th century which confirms the presence of modern
beads in contradiction to radiocarbon dating which indicates occupation of the hill ended in AD
1280.
Towle, Andrew C.
2002 A Scientific and Archaeological Investigation of Prehistoric Glasses from Italy. Ph.D.
thesis. University of Nottingham. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11741/.
This study examines a wide selection of glass artifacts (including beads) recovered from
archaeological contexts in northern and central Italy dating to ca. 1200-200 BC. The chemical
analysis reveals a complex picture of glass production which defies the expected pattern, and
there is evidence for new compositional types which may yet prove to be diagnostic of highly
localized production.
Towle, Andrew C. and Julian Henderson
2007 The Glass Bead Game: Archaeometric Evidence for the Existence of an Etruscan Glass
Industry. Etruscan Studies 10(1):47-66.
Chemical analyses of several objects including Etruscan vessels and glass beads from British
collections suggest that a diagnostic Etruscan glass technology was used to make beads rather
than the ornate vessels. Italy.
Towle, Andrew C., Julian Henderson, Paolo Bellintani, and Giovanna Gambacurta
2001 Frattesina and Adria: Report of Scientific Analyses of Early Glass from the Veneto.
Padusa 37:7-68; https://www.academia.edu/37566898/.
Discusses the data from the chemical analysis of a group of glasses (beads included) from Final
Bronze Age and Iron Age sites in the Po Valley of Italy.
Trifonov, V.A., N.I. Shishlina, A.Yu. Loboda, N.N. Kolobylina, E.Yu. Tereschenko, and
E.B. Yatsishina
2019 The Production of Thin Walled Jointless Gold Beads from the Maykop Culture
Megalithic Tomb of the Early Bronze Age at Tsarskaya in the North Caucasus: Results of
Analytical and Experimental Research. Archaeometry 61(1):117-130.
One of the tasks of the study was to determine the chemical composition of the beads.
Trivedi, Mudit and Laure Dussubieux
2022 Inland from the Sea: Rethinking the Value of Mineral Soda Alumina Drawn Glass Beads
from Medieval North India. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology,
Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 221244. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.16.
Analysis of 12 drawn beads recovered from Indor, a 2nd millennium CE site, has revealed
hitherto unprecedented variation in drawn beads by compositional group.
Troalen, Lore G., Maria Filomena Guerra, Jim Tate, and Bill Manley
2009 Technological Study of Gold Jewellery Pieces Dating from the Middle Kingdom to the
New Kingdom in Egypt. ArchéoSciences 33:111-119;
https://www.academia.edu/35998229/.
This preliminary study provides information about the evolution of alloy composition and the
use of alluvial gold in such items as beads and pendants.
Trombetta, Lindsey, Laure Dussubieux, Agazi Negash, Daniel Dalmas, Metasebia
Endalamaw, Mulugeta Feseha, Lawrence Todd, and John Kappelman
2022 Beads from the Lowlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass
Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather
Walder, pp. 247-264. Studies in Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press,
Leuven. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2z9fzr0.17.
The majority of the beads from site GQ165, which dates to ca. 1337 cal CE, belong to the v-NaAl glass type that is found at different sites on the east coast of Africa dating from the 14th to the
16th century. While their compositions are similar, their typologies are distinct.
Truffa Giachet, Miriam
2016 Étude préliminaire des perles en verre d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Poster presentation at the
23rd biennial meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Toulouse, France.
Presents preliminary results of the analysis of glass beads recovered from seven sites in West
Africa dating to the 7th-20th centuries.
2019
Étude archéométrique des perles en verre d’Afrique de l’Ouest : vers une meilleure
compréhension des dynamiques techniques et commerciales à l’époque des empires
précoloniaux. D.S. thesis. Département de Génétique & Évolution, Université de Genève.
Reports the findings of an archaeometric study of 954 glass beads recovered from 10
archaeological sites in Mali, Senegal, and Ghana, from contexts dated between the 7th-5th
centuries BC and the 18th-20th centuries AD.
Truffa Giachet, Miriam, Bernard Gratuze, Anne Mayor, and Eric Huysecom
2020 Compositional and Provenance Study of Glass Beads from Archaeological Sites in Mali
and Senegal at the Time of the First Sahelian States. PLoS ONE 15(12), e0242027;
https://www.academia.edu/44643892/.
Reports the results of LA-ICP-MS analysis of 16 glass beads found at three rural sites: the
funerary site of Dourou-Boro and settlement sites of Sadia, in central Mali, as well as the
settlement site of Djoutoubaya, in eastern Senegal, in contexts dated between the 7th-9th and the
11th-13th centuries CE. Results show that the raw materials used to manufacture the majority of
the glass most probably originated in Egypt, the Levantine coast, and the Middle East.
Truffa Giachet, Miriam, Bernard Gratuze, Sylvain Ozainne, Anne Mayor, and Eric
Huysecom
2019 A Phoenician Glass Eye Bead from 7th-5th c. cal BCE Nin-Bèrè 3, Mali: Compositional
Characterisation by LA-ICP-MS. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24:748758; https://www.academia.edu/84082976/.
The bead is composed of soda-lime-silica glass fluxed with mineral soda, and colored and
opacified with cobalt, copper, and antimony. This exceptional find this far south in Africa
expands greatly the area of distribution of this bead form and suggests a very early indirect
contact between sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean Basin.
Tzankova, Nikoleta
2017 Àíàëèç íà ìúíèñòà îò ñòð. 73À [Analysis of Beads from Feature 73A]. In Sarnevo. Pits
from the Late Neolithic, the Early and Late Iron Age, and the Roman Period. Volume 1:
The Late Neolithic Pit Field, edited by K. Bacvarov, M. Tonkova, and G. Katsarov, pp.
565-570. National Institute of Archaeology with Museum - BAS, Sofia,
Bulgaria.https://www.academia.edu/35578464/.
Reports on the mineral composition and gemological properties of four beads made of copper
ore (malachite and azurite) and serpentinite (ultrabasite) from a site in southeastern Bulgaria.
English abstract.
Tzankova, Nikoleta and Philip Mihaylov
2019 Chemical Characterization of Glass Beads from the Necropolis of Dren-Delyan (6th-4th
Century BC), Southwest Bulgaria. Geologica Balcanica 48(2):31-50;
https://www.academia.edu/74359469/.
The analyzed beads are all classified as a low-magnesium type (LMG) except for one which is a
high-magnesium glass (HMG). Also discusses the colorants and opacifiers.
Uboldi, Marina, Marta Rapi, and Ivana Angelini
2014 Perle golasecchiane in materiale vetroso dai dintorni di Como. In XVI Giornate Nazionali
di Studio sul Vetro: Il vetro in età protostorica in Italia, edited by Silvia Ciappi,
Annamaria Larese, Marina Ubold, pp. 39-54. Comitato Nazionale Italiano, Association
Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice.
Expounds upon protohistoric (9th-4th centuries BC) beads of faience, glassy faience, and glass
from the Como area of northern Italy. Typological, technological, and archaeometric aspects are
examined.
Uesugi, Akinori, Izumi Nakai, Manmohan Kumar, Kyoko Yamahana, Yoshinari Abe,
Junko Shirataki, Kanae Toyama, and Vivek Dangi
2017 A Study on Faience Objects in the Ghaggar Plains during the Urban and Post-Urban
Indus Periods. Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5:140-164.
Examines the morphological and compositional variations of faience objects (including beads)
collected from several Indus sites in the Ghaggar Valley of India.
Vachadze, Gvantsa
2023 Translucent Glass Beads from Colchis in the Early Iron Age: Evidence from
Tsaishi Cemetery. History, Archaeology, Ethnology X:364-379;
https://www.academia.edu/112466040/.
Establishes a typology for the beads recovered from a cemetery in western Georgia and
investigates their chemical composition.
Valdes Herrera, Alejandro
2018 Elementos marinos y piedras verde-azules como ajuar funerario en la Tumba II de
Tingambato, Michoacán. M.A. thesis. Department of Archaeology, Escuela Nacional de
Antropología e Historia, Mexico City. https://www.academia.edu/37601923/.
Reports on the shell, stone, and bone beads recovered from a precolumbian site in Mexico,
including the chemical composition of the stone beads and their production techniques.
Valério, P., A.M.M. Soares, M.F. Araújo, and A.F. Carvalho
2017 Micro-EDXRF Investigation of Chalcolithic Gold Ornaments from Portuguese
Estremadura. Spectrometry 46(4):252-258;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315470523.
Analysis of tubular and spiral gold beads revealed that they were composed of gold with 8.7-16.3
wt% Ag and <0.04 wt% Cu. A typologically uncommon biconical bead showed a lower Ag
content (6.7 wt%).
Valiulina, Svetlana
2018 Chemické zloženie sklenených korálikov z Bolgaru (od obdobia vikingov po
Zlatú Hordu) [The Chemical Composition of Bolgar Glass Beads (from Viking Age to
the Golden Horde]. In The Historical Glass: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Historical
Glass III, edited by Danica Staššíková-Štukovská, pp. 165-185, 392-395. Slovak Arts
Council, Bratislava.
Aims to determine the origin of glass beads found at sites in Bolgar based on their chemical
composition, while taking into regard their morphology and technology in each historical era of
the Bolgar state. In Slovak with English summary.
Valiulina, S.I., P.V. Mandryka, P.O. Senotrusova, and A.A. Trifonov
2017 Áóñû íàñåëåíèÿ Íèæíåãî Ïðèàíãàðüÿ â ðàçâèòîì ñðåäíåâåêîâüå (ïî ìàòåðèàëàì
ìîãèëüíèêà Ïðîñïèõèíñêàÿ Øèâåðà-IV) [Beads of the Population of the Lower
Angara Region in the High Middle Ages (by Materials from Prospikhinskaya Shivera-IV
Burial Ground)]. In “Summa technologiarum”: by homilies of Theophilus Presbyter,
edited by Roman A. Rabinovich, pp. 311-324. Stratum plus 5.
Presents a comprehensive analysis of the beads of glass, earthenware, and stone recovered from
a burial ground of the 11th-14th centuries in Central Siberia. Includes chemical analysis. In
Russian.
Vallejo-Casas, Elena, Gisela Ripoll, Margarita Sánchez Romero, and Mercedes MurilloBarroso
2024 Baltic Amber in Hispania during Late Antiquity. Contacts, Networks and Exchange.
Oxford Journal of Archaeology; https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12290.
Presents the characterization of 52 amber beads from four necropolises in the province of
Granada, Spain, using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) .
Vandiver, Pamela, Mark Fenn, and T.A. Holland
1992 A Third Millennium B.C. Glazed Quartz Bead from Tell es-Sweyhat, Syria. MRS
Proceedings 267.
Microprobe analyses and replicate melts revealed that the composition was 60% SiO2, 20% CuO
and 20% flux, probably as soda, potassia, or a combination. This is unusual for ancient glasses
and glazes because of its high copper oxide content, which may indicate a link with copper or
malachite technology.
Vandiver, Pamela and K. Aslýhan Yener
2006 Appendix 1. Scientific Analysis of Two Akkadian Glass Beads. In Nippur V: The Early
Dynastic to Akkadian Transition, The Area WF Sounding at Nippur, edited by Augusta
McMahon, pp. 149-159. The University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications 129.
The beads from Nippur, Iraq, are very important early examples (3rd millennium BC) of glass
technology. The manufacturing process, compositional analysis, color chemistry, and
microstructure are discussed.
Vanhaeren, M., F. d’Errico, I. Billy, and F. Grousset
2004 Tracing the Source of Upper Paleolithic Shell Beads by Strontium Isotope Dating.
Journal of Archaeological Science 31:1481-1488.
Applies 87Sr/86Sr isotope dating to identify the origin of Upper Palaeolithic Dentalium-shell
beads found with the La Madeleine child burial, Dordogne, France, dated to 10,190+/-100 BP.
Vanhaeren, M., F. d’Errico, C. Stringer, S.L. James, J.A. Todd, and H.K. Mienis
2006 Middle Palaeolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1784-1788.
Perforated marine gastropod shells at the western Asian site of Skhul and the North African site
of Oued Djebbana indicate the early use of beads by modern humans in these regions. Elemental
and chemical analyses of sediment matrix adhering to one shell bead from Skhul indicate it dates
to 100,000 to 135,000 years ago, about 25,000 years earlier than previous evidence for personal
decoration by modern humans in South Africa.
Van Ham-Meert, Alicia, Sarah Dillis, Annelore Blomme, Nicholas Cahill, Philippe Claeys,
Jan Elsen, Katherine Eremin, Axel Gerdes, Christian Steuwe, Maarten Roeffaers, Andrew
Shortland, and Patrick Degryse
2019 A Unique Recipe for Glass Beads at Iron Age Sardis. Journal of Archaeological Science
108, 104974; https://www.academia.edu/69628483/.
Presents a unique snapshot of developments in glass technology in Anatolia during the Middle
Iron Age, when glass was still a relatively rare commodity, by focussing on black glass beads
decorated with yellow trails, beads that are very rare during the 8th-7th centuries BCE. Turkey.
Vanna, L.
2007 Chemical Characterization of Glass Beads from the Iron Age Site of Snay, Northwestern
Cambodia. In Regional Diversity in Archaeology: Southeast Asia Region, edited by
Masako Marui, pp. 347-359. Yu-zankaku, Japan.
Van Strydonck, Mark, Bernard Gratuze, JoëlleRolland, and Guy De Mulder
2018 An Archaeometric Study of Some Pre-Roman Glass Beads from Son Mas (Mallorca,
Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 17:491-499;
https://www.academia.edu/83599646/.
Dating from the 3rd millennium until the early Roman period, the beads fall into three main
groups based on their chemical composition.
Varberg, Jeanette
2021 Mesopotamian and Egyptian Glass in Danish Bronze Age Graves. In Vom Künstlichen
Stein zum durchsichtigen Massenprodukt: Innovationen in der Glastechnik und ihre
sozialen Folgen zwischen Bronzezeit und Antike, edited by Florian Klimscha, Hans-Jörg
Karlsen, Svend Hansen, and Jürgen Renn, pp. 105-117. Berlin Studies of the Ancient
World 67. https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/29236.
Glass beads from Danish and North German Bronze Age graves show surprising chemical
parallels to glass from Egypt and Mesopotamia. It is argued that the Danish glass was part of the
Mediterranean trade systems and that the Bronze Age glass network was able to bridge more
than 5000 kilometers.
Varberg, Jeanette, Bernard Gratuze, and Flemming Kaul
2015 Between Egypt, Mesopotamia and Scandinavia: Late Bronze Age Glass Beads Found in
Denmark. Journal of Archaeological Science 54:168-181.
Chemical analysis of glass beads found in Denmark reveals surprising evidence for contact in
the 14th-12th centuries BC between Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Denmark, indicating a complex
and far-reaching trade network.
Varberg, Jeanette, Bernard Gratuze, Flemming Kaul, Anne Haslund Hansen, Mihai Rotea,
and Mihai Wittenberger
2016 Mesopotamian Glass from Late Bronze Age Egypt, Romania, Germany, and Denmark.
Journal of Archaeological Science; https://www.academia.edu/25914525/.
Traces the movement of early glass from its origin in Mesopotamia and Egypt into the
Mediterranean, including centers such as Mycenae, and further towards Northern Europe and the
Nordic Bronze Age culture. Beads are among the analyzed specimens.
Varberg, Jeanette, Flemming Kaul, and Bernard Gratuze
2019 Bronze Age Glass and Amber: Evidence of Bronze Age Long Distance Exchange.
Adoranten 2019:5-29; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342787189.
Compositional analysis of glass beads from 39 Middle Bronze Age burials in Denmark connect
Egypt and Mesopotamia with South Scandinavia.
Varsik, Vladimír, ¼udmila Illášová, and Ján Štubòa
2021 Koráliky z germánskej rezidencie v Cíferi-Páci (juhozápadné Slovensko) / Beads from
the Germanic Residence at Cífer-Pác (Southwest Slovakia). Archeologické rozhledy
LXXIII:72-101; https://www.academia.edu/64879251/.
The site yielded a variety of glass beads, as well as those made from rare materials (marble,
carnelian) and materials that appear exotic in the barbarian territory north of the Danube (coral,
jade). Absorption spectroscopy was used to analyze glass colorants. English abstract.
Veiga, J.P. and M.O. Figueiredo
2002 Sixteenth Century Tubular Glass Beads: Non-Destructive Chemical Characterization
Using Synchrotron Radiation XRF. X-Ray Spectrometry 31(4):300-304.
Reports the results of a photon microprobe (synchrotron radiation XRF) study of blue glass
beads of the Nueva Cadiz type uncovered in the center of Lisbon, Spain, aiming ultimately at
ascertaining their provenance and place of manufacture.
Copper Blue in an Ancient Glass Bead: a XANES Study. Applied Physics A 83(4):547550; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-006-3540-1#citeas.
Reports on the composition of the blue (turquoise) layer of a “Nueva Cadiz” type tubular glass
bead dated pre-17th century.
2006
Velázquez Castro, Adrián, Norma Valentín Maldonado, and Belem Zúñiga Arellano
2012 Análisis con MEB de las huellas demanufactura de los objetos de concha de
Teopancazco. In Estudios arqueométricos del centro de barrio de Teopancazco en
Teotihuacan, edited by L.R. Manzanilla, pp. 285-310. Instituto de Investigaciones
Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
https://www.academia.edu/13293578/.
Reports on SEM analysis of manufacturing traces on the shell pendants and other ornaments
excavated in the Teopancazco district of Teotihuacan, Mexico.
Vellanoweth, René L.
2001 AMS Radiocarbon Dating and Shell Bead Chronologies: Middle Holocene Trade and
Interaction in Western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(9):941-950;
https://www.academia.edu/47209288/.
Direct AMS radiocarbon dating can be used effectively to examine the stylistic evolution of shell
beads and ornaments. As an example, eight Olivella grooved rectangle beads, collected from
archaeological sites throughout western North America, were dated using the AMS technique.
The results produced a consistent suite of dates, clustering between 4400 and 5400 cybp.
Velliky, Elizabeth C., Patrick Schmidt, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, Sibylle Wolf, and Nicholas
J. Conard
2021 Early Anthropogenic Use of Hematite on Aurignacian Ivory Personal Ornaments from
Hohle Fels and Vogelherd Caves, Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 150, 102900;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102900.
This is the first study confirming the presence of anthropogenic ocher on Aurignacian-aged ivory
beads from Europe.
Venclová, Natalie
2015 VITREA – Database of Chemical Analyses of Archaeological Glass. In Structuring
Archaeological Evidence: The Archaeological Map of the Czech Republic and Related
Information Systems, edited by Martin Kuna et al., pp. 135-140. Institute of Archaeology
of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague.
The VITREA database includes the results of available chemical analyses of archaeological
glass (including beads) conducted in the Czech Republic:
http://www.arup.cas.cz/VITREA/Index.htm.
Nìmèice and Staré Hradisko: Iron Age Glass and Glass-Working in Central Europe.
Archeologický ústav AV ÈR, Prague.
Offers a detailed analysis of the glass beads recovered from the Nìmèice settlement and the
oppidum of Staré Hradisko, Czech Republic, including the chemical composition of La Tène
glass.
2016
Venclová, Natalie, V. Hulínský, J. Henderson, S. Chenery, L. Šulová, and J. Hložek
2011 Late Bronze Age Mixed-Alkali Glasses from Bohemia / Skla typu mixed alkali mladší
doby bronzové v Èechách. Archeologické rozhledy LXIII:559-585;
https://www.academia.edu/17129479/.
Besides monochrome blue-green glass beads, polychrome beads appear for the first time in
Bohemian prehistory in Late Bronze Age contexts of the Knovíz culture (Ha A, 12th-early 11th
centuries BC). They are formally similar to the beads made in glass workshops in northern Italy.
On the basis of chemical analyses, the beads from Bohemia correspond to the North Italian
products because they have a mixed alkali composition, a compositional type unique for its time,
thus providing evidence of a likely provenance. Czechia.
Venclová, Natalie, Václav Hulínský, and Šárka Jonášová
2014 Merovingian Glass Beads from Holubice in Moravia: Chemical and Technological View.
In Moravské køižovatky. Støední Podunají mezi pravìkem a historií, edited by Jana
Èižmáøová, Natalie Venclová, and Gertrúda Bøezinová, pp. 815-826. Moravské zemské
muzeum, Brno.
Dating to the first half of the 6th century AD, the majority of samples are natron glass; two are
made of rare lead oxide-silica glass, and one is made of a heterogeneous material, perhaps the
result of recycling.
Vercoutère, C., K. Müller, L. Chiotti, R. Nespoulet, A. Staude, H. Riesemeier, and I. Reiche
2011 Rectangular Beads from the Final Gravettian Level of the Abri Pataud: Raw Material
Identification and its Archaeological Implications. ArchéoSciences 35:259-271.
The Final Gravettian level (level 2) of the abri Pataud (Dordogne, France) yielded a large
assemblage of body ornaments that consists essentially of 85 quite standardized rectangular
beads. Synchrotron and laboratory X-ray microtomography analysis revealed that most of them
were made of ivory.
Verità, Marco
2013 Vitreous Beads: A Scientific Investigation by SEM Microscopy and X-Ray
Microanalysis. In Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times:
Archaeological Investigations in the Oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara), edited by Lucia
Mori, pp. 169-176. Arid Zone Archaeology, Monographs 6.
Reports on the chemical composition of 13 glass and faience beads excavated at Fewet.
Vilaça, Raquel and Francisco Gil
2023 El color del Mediterráneo en el Centro-interior del territorio portugués: Los primeros
artefactos de vidrio y de faiance. In Conexiones Culturales y Patrimonio Prehistórico,
edited by Juan Manuel Garrido Anguita, pp. 21-38. Archaeopress, Oxford.
https://www.academia.edu/97283899/.
Beads, the first glass artifacts to enter the territory of Portugal, appeared during the Bronze age.
This article describes the beads recovered from various sites and reports their chemical
composition.
Villanueva Criales, Juan, Heidi Ruth Mamani Tola, Mishka Huanca Cirpa, Primitivo
Alanoca Calcina, José Alfredo Campos Basagoitia, and Mario Blanco Cazas
2021 Estudio analitico arqueomético de dos collares de cuentas de piedra del museo nacional
de etnografía y folklore, mediante técnica de FRX-ED. South Florida Journal of
Development 2(1):371-382; https://www.academia.edu/101912460/.
An analytical study of two prehispanic stone-bead necklaces from Bolivia using XRF-ED.
Virgili, V. and M.F. Guerra
2008 Analysis of Gold Jewellery by PIXE and SEM-EDS: A Comparison of Ancient and
Modern Productions. In Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on
Archaeometry, 13th-16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, edited by Isabella Turbanti-Memmi, pp.
637-641. Springer.
Provides a comparative compositional study of ancient (6th century BC) and modern (19th
century) gold beads.
Volkov, P.V., O.A. Mitko, Yu. S. Gubar, R.V. Davydov, and I.S. Polovnikov
2019 Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé àíàëèç óêðàøåíèé èç áèðþçû (ïî ìàòåðèàëàì íàõîäîê èç
ìîãèëüíèêà ñêèôñêîãî âðåìåíè Àê-Äàã I â Òûâå) [Technological Analysis of
Turquoise Jewelry (Based on Finds from the Scythian Burial Ground of Ak-Dag I in
Tyva)]. Vestnik NGU. Series: History and Philology 18(7):74-86;
https://www.academia.edu/100796579/.
Reports on the elemental composition and manufacturing technology of turquoise jewelry found
in Barrow 1 of the Scythian Ak-Dag I burial ground in Tuva, southern Siberia.
von Wedell, Christopher R.
2011 Methods of Dating Glass Beads from Protohistoric Sites in the South Platte River Basin,
Colorado. M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins.
Concludes that morphological and chemical characteristics of glass beads in dated contexts can
be used to estimate the age of glass beads in undated contexts using linear regression. The results
of this thesis demonstrate that morphological characteristics are currently more accurate and
precise than chemistry (LA-ICP-MS analysis) although both methods hold potential for revision
and improvement as more dated sites become available to supplement the statistical models.
Wade, Lizzie
2016 Neandertals Made Jewelry, Proteins Confirm. Science 353(6306):1350.
Beads of animal teeth, shells, and ivory no more than a centimeter long found in the Grotte du
Renne cave at Arcy-sur-Cure in central France were reportedly uncovered in the same layers as
Neanderthal fossils. Some have argued that Neandertals were incapable of the kind of symbolic
expression reflected in jewelry and insisted that modern humans must have been the creators.
Now, a pioneering study using ancient proteins to identify Neanderthal bone fragments from the
site for direct radiocarbon dating finds that the link between the archaic humans and the artifacts
is real.
Wajda, Sylwia
2013 Zabytki szklane i szkliwione [Glass and Glazed Objects]. In Sutieysk: A 10th-13th
Century Stronghold on the Polish-Ruthenian Border. An Interdisciplinary Study, edited
by Joanny Kalagi, pp. 93-103. Profil-Archeo, Pêkowice.
https://www.academia.edu/6783095/.
Discusses the chemical composition of several glass items including seven beads. English
summary.
2014 Wyroby szklane [Glassware]. In Œredniowieczne cmentarzysko w Czarnej Wielkiej. Stan.
1, woj. podlaskie (badania 1951-1978), tom. II, edited by Halina Karwowska, pp. 57-103.
Muzeum Podlaskie w Bia³ymstoku, Bia³ystok. https://www.academia.edu/18978843/.
Describes a wide range of drawn, wound, and sintered glass beads from an early medieval site in
northeastern Poland. Includes the results of detailed chemical analysis. English summary.
Paciorki szklane [Glass Beads]. In Ciep³e. Elitarna nekropola wczesnoœredniowieczna na
Pomorzu Wschodnim, edited by S³awomir Wadyl, pp. 216-231. Muzeum Archeologiczne
w Gdañsku, Gdansk. https://www.academia.edu/47749656/.
Reports on the types of glass beads recovered from Ciep³e, an elite early medieval necropolis in
Eastern Pomerania, and their chemical composition.
2019
2020
Przedmioty szklane [Glass Items]. In Przestrzeñ osadnicza wczesnoœredniowiecznego
Radomia. Tom 3: Stanowisko 4. Badania interdyscyplinarne, edited by Tadeusza
Baranowskiego, Kaliny Skóry, and Katarzyny Skrzyñskiej, pp. 13-36. £ódŸ-Warszawa,
Warsaw. https://www.academia.edu/52182498/.
Reports on the beads recovered from Site 4 at Radom, southeastern Poland, and their chemical
composition.
Wajda, Sylwia and Pawe³ Gan
2021 Paciorki szklane z cmentarzyska kurhanowego w Lipsku-Polesiu [Glass Beads from the
Barrow Cemetery in Lipsk-Polesie]. In Unikatowe wczesnoœredniowieczne cmentarzysko
kurhanowe w Lipsku-Polesiu, gm. ZamoϾ, edited by Wojciech Borkowski and Wojciech
Brzeziñski, pp. 209-215. Materia³y Staro¿ytne i Wczesnoœredniowieczne XII.
https://www.academia.edu/81362915/.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass beads from a cemetery in eastern Poland.
Wajda, Sylwia and Beata Marciniak-Maliszewska
2020 Wyroby ze szk³a i fajansu egipskiego [Glassware and Egyptian Faience]. In ¯elazna
Nowa, Stanowisko 2. Cmentarzysko ludnoœci kultury przeworskiej z Zapilcza na
po³udniowym Mazowszu, edited by Ma³gorzata Cieœlak-Kopyt and Dorota Pogodziñska,
pp. 107-118. Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 10.
https://www.academia.edu/47749840/.
Reports on the chemical composition of glass samples and four beads made of so-called
Egyptian faience recovered from ¯elazna Nowa site 2, a cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture in
northeastern Poland.
Walder, Heather
2013 Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) Analysis
of Refired Glass Pendants from the North American Upper Great Lakes. In
Archaeological Chemistry VIII, edited by Ruth Ann Armitage and James H. Burton, pp.
365-395. ACS Symposium Series 1147. https://www.academia.edu/4912586/.
Indigenous people of the Upper Great Lakes region crushed and refired glass trade beads to
produce new adornment forms during the late 17th and 18th centuries. LA-ICP-MS was used to
assess the chemical composition of refired glass pendants and associated glass beads from four
archaeological sites in Michigan and Wisconsin.
2013
Stylistic and Chemical Investigation of Turquoise-Blue Glass Artifacts from the Contact
Era of Wisconsin. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 38(1):119-142;
https://www.academia.edu/4191115/.
To investigate regional differences among bead compositions, 87 turquoise-blue glass beads and
2 remelted glass pendants from five different 17th-century and early-to-mid-18th-century sites
were analyzed nondestructively using LA-ICP-MS.
2014
Appendix: LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Blue Glass Beads from Peshtigo Point. The
Wisconsin Archeologist 95(1):62-64.
2015
“… A Thousand Beads to Each Nation:” Exchange, Interactions, and Technological
Practices in the Upper Great Lakes c. 1630-1730. Ph.D. dissertation. University of
Wisconsin - Madison. https://www.academia.edu/70176740/.
Addresses the timing of the introduction, exchange, and social implications of two
complementary lines of evidence, reworked copper and brass objects and glass trade beads, from
38 archaeological sites in the Upper Great Lakes region dated to ca. 1630-1730. Includes
compositional analysis.
2018
Small Beads, Big Picture: Assessing Chronology, Exchange, and Population Movement
through Compositional Analyses of Blue Glass Beads from the Upper Great Lakes.
Historical Archaeology 52(2):301-331; https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-018-0100-4.
Blue glass beads dating to AD 1630-1730 were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS analysis. Identified
patterns of variation in glass bead composition reflect the timing and directions of trade among
diverse communities, illustrating how a materials-science approach can reveal social and
economic outcomes of intercultural interaction and colonialism.
Seeking Indigenous Trade Networks of the Midcontinent through Glass Beads from La
Belle (41 MG 86). In Archaeologies of Indigenous Presence, edited by Tsim D.
Schneider and Lee M. Panich. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
https://www.academia.edu/70177157/.
Investigates Native American exchange relationships in North America’s western Great Lakes
region based on the composition of glass trade beads excavated from a French ship that sank off
the coast of what is now Texas in 1686.
2022
Walder, Heather, Adelphine Bonneau, Benjamin Carter, Ruth Ann Armitage, and William
A. Lovis
2023 Multi-Analytical Characterization of Beads from an Andean Chullpa Funerary
Assemblage. In Chemistry in the Service of Archaeology, edited by Ruth Ann Armitage
and Daniel Fraser, pp. 65-85. ACS Symposium Series 1446.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bk-2023-1446.ch003.
Various analytical methods were used to determine if small black and red beads found with the
interment uncovered near La Paz, Bolivia, were glass or some other material.
Walder, Heather and Alicia Hawkins
2024 Tracking Glass Beads: Communities and Exchange Relationships across the Atlantic in
the Seventeenth Century. Antiquity; https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.80.
Combines new and legacy compositional data to investigate how Indigenous communities in
eastern North America, particularly Wendat confederacy members, obtained beads from
European traders and connected to broader interregional exchange systems ca. AD 1600-1670.
Walder, Heather, Alicia Hawkins, Brad Loewen, Laure Dussubieux, and Joseph A. Petrus
2021 Nueva Cadiz Beads in the Americas: A Preliminary Compositional Comparison. Beads:
Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers 33:86-92;
https://www.academia.edu/74314418/.
Compares the chemical composition of beads from Bolivia and Ontario, Canada, to explore their
provenience and technology.
Walder, Heather and Stéphane Noël
2021 Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads from Huron-Wendat Contexts at the NotreDame-de-Lorette Mission Site, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 45(2):135157; https://doi.org/10.51270/45.2.135.
Determined using LA-ICP-MS, the compositions of drawn blue and white beads recovered from
the site of a ca. 1673-1697 Huron-Wendat village are compared to those of similar beads from
other 17th-century Wendat sites in the Western Great Lakes region and Southern Ontario.
Walder, Heather, J.A. Petrus, L. Dussubieux, R.G.V. Hancock, and A.L. Hawkins
2021 Comparing Chemistries: Inter-Laboratory Evaluation of Glass Bead Compositional
Research in the Great Lakes Region. Archaeometry 63(6):1236-1254;
https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12683.
Compares the results obtained by analyzing the same beads using INAA and LA-ICP-MS, and
analyses undertaken at two LA-ICP-MS laboratories with differing data analysis protocols to
determine if there is good comparability across methods and labs, which would make it possible
to combine legacy and newly obtained data to explore interregional archaeological questions.
Walder, Heather and Alexander Woods
2020 Archaeological Traces of a Removal-Era Site in Wisconsin with a Possible Ho-Chunk
Affiliation. The Wisconsin Archeologist 101(1-2):139-158;
https://www.academia.edu/47045915/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of two glass “seed” beads revealed a composition that compared favorably
with recipes of Venetian glass embroidery beads of the 19th century.
Walton, M.S., A. Shortland, S. Kirk, and P. Degryse
2009 Evidence for the Trade of Mesopotamian and Egyptian Glass to Mycenaean Greece.
Journal of Archaeological Science 36(7):1496-1503;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222243543.
The origins of the raw glass used to fashion Mycenaean beads are explored using trace elements
analyzed by laser ablation ICP-TOFMS. Some of the beads have compositions that are consistent
with an Egyptian origin while others conform to the composition of Mesopotamian glass. These
data are the first to demonstrate direct and clear evidence for the trade of raw glass to the
Mycenaean states.
Walz, Jonathan R.
2021 Copper Alloy Artefacts from Northeastern Tanzania, 700-1700 CE. Journal of Indian
Ocean Archaeology 17:90-99; https://www.academia.edu/72465764/.
The items include three beads, two of which were analyzed using portable X-ray Fluorescence
(pXRF).
Walz, Jonathan R. and Laure Dussubieux
2016 Zhizo Series Glass Beads at Kwa Mgogo, Inland NE Tanzania. Journal of African
Archaeology 14(1):99-101; https://www.academia.edu/26063340/.
Comments on the beads of glass, stone, shell, copper, and ostrich egg shell recovered from
contexts attributed to the period from the mid-8th to the mid-10th century.
Inland Glass Beads in Northeast Tanzania, 8th-17th Centuries CE. In The Elemental
Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology and Exchange, edited by Laure
Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 265-286. Studies in Archaeological Sciences,
Leuven University Press, Leuven. https://www.academia.edu/64665388/.
Documents the chemical compositions of 62 glass beads from 11 archaeological sites to address
their chronological associations and places of origin.
2022
Wang, Dong, Rui Wen, Julian Henderson, Xingjun Hu, and Wenying Li
2020 The Chemical Composition and Manufacturing Technology of Glass Beads Excavated
from the Hetian Bizili Site, Xinjiang. Heritage Science 8:127;
https://www.academia.edu/44830891/.
Located on the southern route of the Silk Road in western China, the Hetian Bizili site was a
trade and cultural hub between the East and the West in ancient times. Analysis of a sample of
beads recovered from 40 tombs revealed that all were Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glass with plant ash used
as a flux. Lead antimonate and lead stannate were used as the opacifiying agents.
Wang, Kuan-Wen
2015 Scientific Analysis of Early Iron Age Glass Beads from Taiwan. SAS Bulletin 38(3):1-3;
https://www.academia.edu/18122329/.
SEM-EDS and EPMA analyses were conducted on glass beads from four sites in Taiwan:
Kiwulan (AD 700-1200), Kueishan (AD 400-700), Taoyeh (AD 200-600), and Wuchientso (AD
600-1000).
2016
Cultural and Socio-economic Interaction Reflected by Glass Beads in Early Iron Age
Taiwan. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield.
This research studies glass beads from seven Iron Age sites on Taiwan in an attempt to
determine the provenance and hence the exchange, consumption, and production of glass beads
during the 1st millennium AD in Taiwan and the interaction with the South China Sea network.
Wang, Kuan-Wen, Laure Dussubieux, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Kuang-Ti Li, and Cheng-Hwa
Tsang
2023 Glass Ornaments from Southwestern Taiwan: New Light on Maritime Glass Exchange
across Southeast, South and West Asia in the Early-mid 1st Millennium CE. Heritage
Science 11(1), 255; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376270053.
LA-ICP-MS and SEM-EDS analysis of glass samples (including beads) from sites in
southwestern Taiwan revealed the existence of multiple long-distance glass exchange networks
that directly or indirectly connected Taiwan to Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and
possibly the Mediterranean region. The samples cover a time span from the 1st-8th centuries.
Wang, Kuan-Wen, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Yi-Kong Hsieh, Kun-Hsiu Lee, Kwang-Tzuu Chen,
Chu-Fang Wang, and Caroline Jackson
2018 The Anomaly of Glass Beads and Glass Beadmaking Waste at Jiuxianglan, Taiwan.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11(4):1391-1405;
https://www.academia.edu/35960267/.
The 44 samples analyzed do not show a compositional or structural match between the glass
beads and the glass waste, suggesting that the beads may not have been produced at this site.
Wang, Kuan-Wen, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, and Caroline Jackson
2022 The Production Technology of Mineral Soda Alumina Glass: A Perspective from
Microstructural Analysis of Glass Beads in Iron Age Taiwan. PLoS ONE 17(2,
e0263986; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263986.
SEM-EDS and EPMA were used to analyze red, orange, yellow, green, and blue m-Na-Al glass
which is a common production group found around the Indo-Pacific region. In Iron Age Taiwan,
its presence dates back to the early 1st millennium AD.
Wang, Kuan-Wen and Caroline Jackson
2014 A Review of Glass Compositions around the South China Sea Region (The Late 1st
Millennium BC to the 1st Millennium AD): Placing Iron Age Glass Beads from Taiwan
in Context. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 34:51-60;
https://www.academia.edu/88702249/.
Reviews the chemical compositions of glass beads in Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and southern
China in an attempt to understand the potential relationships between the three regions.
Wang, Kuan-Wen, Kun-Hsiu Lee, Kwang-Tzuu Chen, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, and Caroline
Jackson
2018 The Exchange of Glass Beads Reflected by the Raw Materials and Craft of Glass
Remains at Jiuxianglan. Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology 89:57-92;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331008271.
Analysis of glass beads and beadmaking waste recovered from an Iron-Age site on Taiwan
reveals that there is not a complete match of the chemical composition and the microstructure of
the finished beads and waste. Therefore local production of beads here is not supported by the
evidence and the finished beads may have been imported from the South China Sea region. In
Chinese with English abstract.
Wang, Kuan-Wen, Kuang-Ti Li, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Yi-Kong Hsieh, and Caroline Jackson
2021 Glass Beads from Guishan in Iron Age Taiwan: Inter-Regional Bead Exchange between
Taiwan, Southeast Asia and beyond. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 35,
article 102737; https://www.academia.edu/44798935/.
Investigates the exchange of glass beads between Guishan, eastern Taiwan, and Southeast Asia
by analyzing the styles, chemical composition, and microstructure of 64 glass beads using SEMEDS, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS. The results suggest that beads with an m-Na-Al glass and v-NaCa composition are the most common.
Wang, Xiaoqi, Yun’ao He, and Yuan Lin
2015 Scientific Study of Glass Artifacts from Yanliaofang, Nanjing City, China. SAS Bulletin
38(2):2-5.
The site produced glass beads dated to the 3rd-10th centuries AD. They were mostly
monochrome dark red, translucent blue, opaque yellow, and translucent green, many of them
remarkably tiny, and composed of Na2O-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 glass, but their origin remains unclear.
Wang, Y., H. Ma, K. Chen, X. Huang, J. Cui, Z. Sun, and Q. Ma
2019 Identification of PbO (BaO) Faience from an Early and Middle Warring States Period
Cemetery at Zhaitouhe, Northern Shaanxi, China. Archaeometry 61(1):43-54;
https://www.academia.edu/42157562/.
The lead (and barium) vitreous beads discussed here are some of the earliest lead vitreous
materials discovered in China so far, and therefore important for the study of the development of
lead vitreous technologies in ancient China.
Wang, Yingzhu, Thilo Rehren, Yuchen Tan, Dexin Cong, Peter Weiming Jia, Julian
Henderson, Hongjia Ma, Alison Betts, and Kunlong Chen
2020 New Evidence for the Transcontinental Spread of Early Faience. Journal of
Archaeological Science 116, 105093; https://www.academia.edu/42127201/.
Compositional analysis of six faience beads from Adunqiaolu, an Early Bronze Age site in
western Xinjiang, China, reveals that they were all made of mixed-alkali flux with sodium oxide
8-10% and potassium oxide 5-9%. As the earliest faience objects discovered in China so far, the
Adunqiaolu beads set an essential starting point for the further discussion on the early exchange
network evidenced by faience products and long-distance transmission of technologies and
knowledge.
Warashina, T.
1997 Source Analysis of the Jade Comma-Shaped Beads and Jasper Tubular Beads Excavated
at Ukikunden Site. Saga Prefecture Museum Research Library 22:3-64.
Japan. In Japanese.
2005 Source Analysis of the Beads and Chips of Beads Excavated from Archaeological Site in
Shimane Prefecture. In Study II of Bead Making in Ancient Izumo, pp. 164-194. Center
for Studies of the Ancient Culture, Shimane Prefecture, Matsue.
Japan. In Japanese.
Wärmländer, Sebastian K.T.S., Davide Zori, Jesse Byock, and David A. Scott
2010 Metallurgical Findings from a Viking Age Chieftain’s Farm in Iceland. Journal of
Archaeological Science 37:2284-2290; https://www.academia.edu/80955371/.
Several glass beads were uncovered including black eye beads, beads with a metal-foil covering,
and monochrome yellow. All were subjected to compositional analysis, revealing that the eye
beads may have originated in Turkmenistan.
Warner, Richard
2014 The Gold Ornaments from Rathgall: The Analytical Evidence for their Date and the
Sources of their Gold. Journal of Irish Archaeology 23:243-255.
On the composition of six gold ornaments (including two beads) excavated from the middle/late
Bronze Age hillfort in County Wicklow, Ireland. Analysis was by X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry.
Watts, S., A. Pollard, and A.M. Pollard
1999 The Organic Chemistry of Jet: Porolysis-Gas Chromotography/Mass Spectrometry (PYGCMS) Applied to Identifying Jet and Similar Black Lithic Materials: Preliminary
Results. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(8):923-933.
The aim was to distinguish between jet, cannel coal, lignite, and torbanite, all materials used to
make black shiny ornaments, including beads. Analyses were on a single geological sample of
each material type but research demonstrates the potential for characterizing jet and other
workable black lithic material.
Welter, N., U. Schüssler, and W. Kiefer
2007 Characterisation of Inorganic Pigments in Ancient Glass Beads by Means of Raman
Microspectroscopy, Microprobe Analysis and X-ray Diffractometry. Journal of Raman
Spectroscopy 38:113-121.
Ancient colored glass beads from Sri Lanka and Oman were analyzed by Raman
microspectroscopy for identification of inorganic pigments in the glass. Calcium phosphate
(Ca3(PO4)2), cassiterite (SnO2), cuprite (Cu2O), and a Pb(Sn,Si)O3-type lead tin oxide were found
to be used as coloring agents. Moreover, a distinction between lead-based and alkali-based glass
matrices could be made. Electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffractometry were performed
to show the capability of Raman microspectroscopy in comparison to these methods for
answering archaeometric questions.
Wen, Rui, Xueqing Hu, Shiyuan Cao, and Yongqiang Wang
2023 The Dissemination of Chinese Potash-Rich Faience: Investigation of Faience Beads from
the Wupu Cemetery, Xinjiang. Heritage Science 11, 69;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369840032.
Four tubular faience beads from a cemetery in northwestern China were examined by
stereomicroscopy, synchrotron radiation micro-CT, and electron microprobe analysis. The beads,
glazed by the application glazing method, are all potash-rich, consistent with the faience
produced locally in China.
Wen, Rui, Zhi-qiang Zhao, Jian Ma, and Jian-xin Wang
2015 Chemical Analysis of Ancient Glass Beads from Shirenzigou Sites in Balikun County,
Xinjiang. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis 36(09):2961-2965.
Analysis was conducted on glass beads from the tomb M011 at the Shirenzigou site and the tomb
M1 at the Xigou site which can be dated to the late Warring States and early West Han dynasty
(3rd-1st century BC).
2016 Scientific Analysis of the Glass Beads Unearthed from Tomb M1 at the Xigou Site in
Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County, Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous
Region. Wenwu (Cultural Relics) 3-4:371-377.
Compositional analysis of 15 beads dating from the late Warring States period to the early
Western Han dynasty suggests that they belong to the soda-lime type, which was the typical
glass type in the West, implying that the beads were not produced in the Central Plains of China.
Westfall, Catherine, Mauricio Belmar, and Carlos González
2010 Aplicación geo-arqueológica de microscopía electrónica y microsonda en piezas
metalográficas y líticas del cementerio regimiento Chorrillos de Calama. In Actas XVII
Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Chilena, Valdivia 2006, Vol. 2, pp. 835-846.
Discusses the results of geo-archaeological analyses applied to decorative gold objects and stone
beads found at a Formative period cemetery in Calama, northern Chile, and their implications for
local prehistory.
White, Fred A.
2013 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis on Sixteenth Century Glass Beads from the 1539
Hernando De Soto Encampment. Florida Department of State, Bureau of Archaeological
Research, Master Site File MR03538. Tallahassee. https://www.academia.edu/5430797/.
The purpose of this project was to build an accurate reference database for the elemental values
of four 16th-century seven-layer chevron beads related to Florida’s First Spanish Cultural
Period.
2017 Sixteenth Century European Artifacts from the Confirmed 8MR03538 De Soto
Encampment Site with X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. Florida Department of State,
Bureau of Archaeological Research, Master Site File MR03538. Tallahassee. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3
Provides descriptions and images of the chevron and Nueva Cadiz beads and carnelian pendants
found at the White Ranch/De Soto site in northern Florida (one of Hernando de Soto’s 1539
camps) with X-ray fluorescence analysis of the chevron beads.
Whitford, Michelle F.
2016 Probing Beneath the Surface: A Study of Ancient Egyptian Faience. M.R. thesis.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/1261036.
Investigates the chemical composition of three sets of Ancient Egyptian faience artifacts as well
as the ageing processes of the faience. The findings may be of help in identifying fraudulent
artifacts.
Whitford, Michelle F., Damian B. Gore, Mattias T. Johnsson, Ayse A. Bilgin, Ronika K.
Powerd, Candace Richards, and Michael J. Withford
2021 A Complementary Validation of Egyptian Faience Jewellery Reconstruction Using
Elemental and Statistical Analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 38,
103087; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103087.
The elemental compositions of nine beaded faience artifacts were measured to determine
whether or not it was possible to infer the original arrangements of separate, multicomponent
objects.
Wilk, Stanis³aw and Aldona Garbacz-Klempka
2016 Eneolithic Copper Jewellery from Grave 7 of the Lublin-Volhynian Culture at Site 2 in
Ksi¹¿nice, Œwiêtokrzyskie Province, Poland. Typological and Physical Metallurgy
Characteristic. L’Institut d’Archéologiede l’Université Jagellonne de Cracovie,
Recherches Archéologiques N.S. 8:29-46; https://www.academia.edu/34277007/.
Two tubular beads made of rolled sheet copper are included in the assemblage. Their chemical
composition is discussed as is the distribution of these bead forms. See also Garbacz-Klempka
(2017).
Wilmsen, Edwin, Laure Dussubieux, Thomas Huffman, and Marilee Wood
2018 Chemical Analyses of Glass Beads from Two Early Iron Age Sites in Zimbabwe: Zhizo
Hill and Makuru. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325827520
Considers the implications of the results of LA-ICP-MS bead analysis coupled with new
radiocarbon dates from Makuru in the interpretation of beads in southern Africa.
Won-in, Krit and P. Dararutana
X-ray Spectroscopy Study of Ancient Glass Beads at Hor-Ek, Thailand. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series 1719, 012075;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348856635.
Analysis of blue and red glass beads reveals they are all composed of low-magnesia high- potash
glass.
2021
Won-in, Krit, Somruedee Satitkune, Natthapong Monarumit, and Nontarat Nimsuwan
2017 Ancient Glass Bead from U-Thong Ancient City Site, Central Thailand. Key Engineering
Materials 737:590-594; https://www.scientific.net/KEM.737.590.
Discusses the chemical composition of 30 samples and 12 colors from a site of the Dvaravati
Period (6th-13th centuries).
Won-in, K., Y. Thongkam, W. Dhammanonda, J. Dutchaneephet, T. Kamwanna, S.
Intarasiri, S. Tancharakorn, W. Tanthanuch, and P. Dararutana
2013 Characterization on Eye Glass Bead Found at Khao Sri Vichai (Surat Thani), Thailand.
Physics Procedia 48:23-29; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259166701.
Various analytical techniques were utilized to characterize the composition of glass eye beads
with a black body and dark blue/ocher/white eyes.
Won-in, K., Y. Thongkam, S. Intarasiri, T. Kamwanna, and P. Dararutana
2012 Corrosion of Ancient Glass Beads Found in Southern Thailand. IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering 37, 012015;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254499333.
Analysis of blue glass beads from two different sites in Surat Thani Province revealed that they
were both Na-Ka-silica glass colored with copper and/or cobalt, which was influenced by the
presence of iron and manganese.
Won-in, K., Y. Thongkam, T. Kamwanna, and P. Dararutana
2012 Characterization of Prehistorical Glass Beads Excavated from Khao Sam Kaeo
(Chumphon, Thailand) Using PIXE and SEM-EDS. Journal of Radioanalytical and
Nuclear Chemistry 294(2):247-250.
Compositional analysis revealed that copper was the principal colorant. Titanium, a common
impurity in sand, was also present.
Wood, Marilee
2016 Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean World in the First Millennium CE: The Glass Bead
Evidence. In Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World, edited
by Gwyn Campbell, pp. 173-193. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.
Based on glass chemistry and method of manufacture, glass beads excavated at Unguja Ukuu,
Zanzibar, provide a good deal of insight into East African trade with the Indian Ocean during the
second half of the first millennium.
Glass Beads and Trade in the Western Indian Ocean. Asian History;
https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acref
ore-9780190277727-e-334.
Discusses the chemical composition of the glass beads found at archaeological sites up and down
the eastern coast of Africa between the 7th and 17th centuries.
2019
Wood, Marilee, Laure Dussubieux, and Peter Robertshaw
2012 The Glass of Chibuene, Mozambique: New Insights into Early Indian Ocean Trade.
South African Archaeological Bulletin 67(195):59-74;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of glass beads, vessel shards, and wasters from the site has brought to light
a new bead series (Chibuene) for the region that may push trade there back to the 7th century.
Wood, Marilee, Laure Dussubieux, Mudit Trivedi, and Martial Pauly
2022 Morphology and Elemental Composition: Provenancing Glass Beads from 12th-13th
Century Mayotte. In The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology
and Exchange, edited by Laure Dussubieux and Heather Walder, pp. 323-344. Studies in
Archaeological Sciences, Leuven University Press, Leuven.
https://www.academia.edu/112356611/.
Beads recovered from a graveyard on one of the islands in the Comoros Archipelago off the
coast of Mozambique were analyzed using LA-ICP-MS to help determine the region where the
glass was manufactured.
Wood, Marilee, Laure Dussubieux, and Lyn Wadley
2009 A Cache of ~5000 Glass Beads from the Sibudu Cave Iron Age Occupation. South
African Humanities 21:239-261; https://www.academia.edu/7045146/.
This site in South Africa produced strings of various colors of glass beads, some copper beads,
and also two perforated Conus ebraeus shells. A necklace of shell disc-beads interspersed with
blue glass beads was also present. Sixteen of the beads were analyzed chemically using LA-ICPMS. The results indicate the beads originated in India.
Wood, Marilee, Laure Dussubieux, Stephanie Wynne-Jones, and Jeffrey Fleisher
2022 Glass Beads from Songo Mnara, Tanzania: Chemical Composition and Evidence for
Local Bead Manufacture. African Archaeological Review 40(2):357-376;
https://www.academia.edu/103293773/.
LA-ICP-MS analysis of 15th-century beads revealed the presence of four main glass types:
mineral soda-high alumina (m-Na-Al), vegetable soda-high alumina (v-Na-Al), high lead
glasses, and vegetable soda-lime (v-Na-Ca) glass. Among the high-lead glass beads are two
types from China, while trail-decorated folded beads may have been made locally from imported
v-Na-Al glass.
Wood, Marilee, Serena Panighello, Emilio F. Orsega, Peter Robertshaw, Johannes T. van
Elteren, Alison Crowther, Mark Horton, and Nicole Boivin
2017 Zanzibar and Indian Ocean Trade in the First Millennium CE: The Glass Bead Evidence.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9:879-901;
https://www.academia.edu/48854711/.
A sample of the beads recovered from the 7th- to 10th-century sites of Unguja Ukuu and
Fukuchani on Zanzibar Island was analyzed by LA-ICP-MS to determine the origins of the glass,
and potential trade relationships are considered.
Wood, Nigel, Ian C. Freestone, and Colleen P. Stapleton
1999 Early Polychrome Glazes on a Chinese Ceramic Bead of the Warring States Period.
https://www.academia.edu/12081086/.
Some unusual Chinese ceramic beads produced in imitation of Western glass eye beads appear
to represent extremely early examples of low temperature glazing.
Wriston, Teresa Ann
2013 The Late Stone Age to Early Iron Age in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe: Using
Archaeology, Soils, Sediments, and Stable Isotopes to Trace Past Peoples and
Environments. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada,
Reno. https://www.academia.edu/70699921/.
Strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotopes extracted from ostrich eggshell artifacts show that some
of them were imported while others are of local origin.
Xu, Siwen, Feng Deng, Idelisi Abuduresule, Wenying Li, Xingjun Hu, and Yimin Yang
2024 New Insights on the Origin of Fired Steatite Beads in China. Journal of Archaeological
Science 163, 105939; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2024.105939.
Present a comprehensive characterization of glazed/fired steatite beads unearthed at the Xiaohe
Cemetery (1980-1450 BCE) in northwestern China using multi-analysis techniques. The findings
indicate connections with the Indus Valley, thereby proposing a potential route for artifacts and
technology from there to northwestern China.
Xu, Siwen, Baotong Qiao, and Yimin Yang
2022 The Rise of the Maritime Silk Road about 2000 Years Ago: Insights from Indo-Pacific
Beads in Nanyang, Central China. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 42,
103383; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103383.
Analysis of light-blue Indo-Pacific beads of the Han Dynasty reveals they have low Cu and high
Pb concentrations and were probably produced in South China.
Xu, Siwen, Bo Wang, Bin Han, and Yimin Yang
2022 The Production of Indo-Pacific Monochrome Drawn Glass Beads in the Sasanian
Empire: Insights from Xinjiang, Northwest China. Ceramics International;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.05.287.
Compositional analysis of 15 beads from the Astana necropolis (ca. 4th-8th centuries CE)
revealed that most of the beads share similar compositions with glassware from Veh Ardašîr, a
famous Sasanian site in present-day Iraq.
Xu, Yiwen, Hassan Basafa, Xin Wu, Mohammad Sadegh Davari, and Rong Wang
2024 Faience and Egyptian Blue Frit from Khorasan: Scientific Analysis on Beads Unearthed
from Se Tepe Site, Northeast Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 55,
104496; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104496.
The varied compositions of 10 beads of the Yaz III period (550-300 BCE) indicate connections
with Central or South Asia and the Mediterranean World.
Yamahana, Kyoko
2019 Study of Ancient Egyptian Beads Made of Sulfur. Journal of the Japan Society for the
Conservation of Cultural Property 62:28-42; https://www.academia.edu/42168043/.
Discusses two necklaces of sulfur beads in the Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection at
Tokai University, Japan, including their composition. In Japanese with English abstract.
Yamahana, Kyoko and Yasunobu Akiyama
2020 Ancient Egyptian Sulfur Beads. Beads: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
32:15-24; https://www.academia.edu/49044984/.
Reports on the compositional analysis of sulfur beads in the Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern
Collection at Tokai University, Japan, and investigates potential production techniques.
Replicating Glass Beads from the Tokai University Andean Collection. Glass 66:35-48;
https://www.academia.edu/77269915/.
Reports on the chemical composition and likely method of manufacture of early 20th-century
beads comprising a necklace purportedly collected in the Andean region of South America. In
Japanese with English summery.
2022
Yamasaki, K.
1987 A Chemical Study of Red Glass Beads of Arikamedu. In Archaeometry of Glass, edited
by H.C. Bhardwaj, p. 63. Indian Ceramic Society, Calcutta.
Yan, Haihong, Feng Sun, and Yuyao Zhang
2023 Scientific and Technical Analysis of Lead-barium Glaze Dragonfly Eye Beads from the
Late Warring States Period in China. Heritage Science 11,186;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373651422.
Analysis of five beads recovered from the Hejia Cemetery in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province,
revealed that they are glazed pottery. The glaze material belongs to the lead-barium-silicate
(PbO-BaO-SiO2)system; the color component of the glaze is Chinese Blue (BaCuSi4O10).
Yanase, Kazuya, Mayumi Matsuzaki, Daichi Sawamura, Izumi Nakai, Kazuyuki
Nakamura, and Kenji Morioka
2015 Characterization of Ancient Japanese Glass Excavated from Archaeological Sites of the
Epi-Jomon Period in Hokkaido by XRF Analysis. Bunseki Kagaku (Japan Analyst)
64(5):371-377.
The chemical compositions of the beads reveals two glass types: potash-silica (K2O-SiO2) and
soda-lime-silica (Na2O-CaO-SiO2). In Japanese.
Yang, Ju, Hong-Xia Zhao, and Pu Yu
2012 Analysis of Composite Glass Beads (Eye-Beads) Unearthed from the Shahe Tomb in the
Changping District of Beijing. Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology 2.
Belonging to the Qing Dynasty, the beads belong to the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glass type with Cu and
Co as the major colorant elements.
Yang, Yimin
2020 Archaeometry Should be Based on Archaeology. A Comment on Lin et al. (2019).
Journal of Archaeological Science 119, 105149;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105149.
A critical evaluation of “The Beginning of Faience in China: A Review and New Evidence.”
Yang, Yimin, Lihua Wanga, Shuya Weia, Guoding Song, J. Mark Kenoyer, Tiqiao Xiao,
Jian Zhu, and Changsui Wang
2013 Nondestructive Analysis of Dragonfly Eye Beads from the Warring States Period,
Excavated from a Chu Tomb at the Shenmingpu Site, Henan Province, China.
Microscopy and Microanalysis 19(2):335-343.
Dragonfly-eye beads are considered to be the earliest types of glass objects in China, and in the
past have been considered as evidence of culture interaction or trade between West and East
Asia. However, synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography and ì-probe energy
dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of four dragonfly-eye beads indicates that these beads
were not imported from the West.
Yatsuk, Oleh
2018 6th Century BC Glass Beads from Southern Ukraine: Raw Materials and Technology.
M.A. thesis. Department of Archeology and Environment, University of Évora, Évora.
A multi-analytical approach that compares the chemical and mineralogical composition of glass
beads from a glass-making site at Yahorlyk Bay on the Black Sea with that of sand collected in
the vicinity was used to determine the local or non-local origin of the beads.
Yatsuk, Oleh, Giacomo Fiocco, Marco Malagodi, Alessandro Re, Alessandro Lo Giudice,
Cristiano Iaia, and Monica Gulmini
2023 The Non-Invasive Characterization of Iron Age Glass Finds from the “Gaetano Chierici”
Collection in Reggio Emilia (Italy). Heritage 6:5583-5606;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372560447.
Reports the composition of 48 glass objects (mostly beads) dating from the 5th century BCE to
the 1st century CE recovered from several sites in northern Italy.
Yatsuk, Oleh, Astrik Gorghinian, Giacomo Fiocco, Patrizia Davit, Serena Francone,
Alessandra Serges, Leonie Koch, Alessandro Re, Alessandro Lo Giudice, Marco Ferretti,
Marco Malagodi, Cristiano Iaia, and Monica Gulmini
2023 Ring-Eye Blue Beads in Iron Age Central Italy – Preliminary Discussion of Technology
and Possible Trade Connections. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 47, 103763;
https://www.academia.edu/93798385/.
Archaeometric analysis established that the beads are soda-lime-silica glass and the source of the
cobalt colorant could be an ore from Egypt.
Yatsuk, Oleh, Leonie Koch, Lorena Carla Giannossa, Annarosa Mangone, Giacomo
Fiocco, Marco Malagodi, Astrik Gorghinian, Marco Ferretti, Patrizia Davit, Cristiano
Iaia, and Monica Gulmini
2024 Back to black: Analysis of the Earliest Natron Glass Found in Italy. Journal of
Archaeological Science: Reports 57, 104648;
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104648.
Reports on the chemical analysis of an assemblage of black-appearing glass objects (mainly
beads) that dates to the 9th-7th centuries BCE and was found in Iron Age contexts of Southern
Etruria and Latium (central Italy). At least three centers of raw glass production are suggested by
the compositional data, but in each case the glass was imported.
Yatsuk, Oleh, Leonie Koch, Astrik Gorghinian, Giacomo Fiocco, Patrizia Davit, Lorena
Carla Giannossa, Annarosa Mangone, Serena Francone, Alessandra Serges, Alessandro
Re, Alessandro Lo Giudice, Marco Ferretti, Marco Malagodi, Cristiano Iaia, and Monica
Gulmini
2023 An Archaeometric Contribution to the Interpretation of Blue-green Glass Beads from
Iron Age Central Italy. Heritage Science 11, 113;
https://www.academia.edu/102100777/.
Reports on the chemical composition of several types of blue-green beads determined using a
variety of spectroscopic techniques. While a local origin for the raw glass of some of the beads is
postulated, several production sites in the Near East are suggested for most of the beads.
Yi, Jeongeun, Hye R. Yang, and Chan H. Lee
2021 Compositional Variation and Color Diversity of Glass Beads from the 4th Century Tomb
Complex in Korea. Applied Sciences 11, 5233; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115233.
Fragments in blue-green beads from Tomb 11 at the Suchonri site were identified as potash
glass, whereas other samples were soda glass.
Yokoyama, Tomonori, Yasunobu Akiyama, Kyoko Yamahana, Takashi Asaka, Masashi
Higuchi, and Masahi Sato
2019 Study of Ancient Egyptian Beads Made of Sulfur. Bunkazai Hozon Shûfuku Gakkaishi
62:28-42; https://www.academia.edu/42168043/.
Reports on the method of manufacture, dating, and composition of the sulfur beads comprising a
necklace in the Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern Collection at Tokai University. In Japanese
with English abstract.
Yong, Lei and Xia Yin
2015 Study on Production Techniques and Provenance of Faience Beads Excavated in China.
Journal of Archaeological Science 53:32-42; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.09.019.
Faience beads excavated in China can be classified into two groups: soda-enriched made
somewhere on the route from Egypt to central China (11-10th century BCE) and potash-enriched
made in China (middle Western Zhou to Eastern Zhou).
Yu, Heisun and Jihyun Ro
2018 A Study on the Provenance of an Opacifying Agent (PbSnO3) in Yellow and Green Glass
Beads Excavated from the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Archaeological Science
34(4):305-311; https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2018.34.4.06.
Analysis determined that the lead provenience of the glass beads was Thailand (Kanchanaburi
Province). In Korean with English abstract.
Yun, Ji Hyeon, Woo Rim Han, and Min Su Han
2018 Compositions and Characteristics on the Glass Beads Excavated from Ancient Tombs of
Jeongchon in Naju, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 34(2):119-128;
https://www.e-jcs.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.12654/JCS.2018.34.2.06.
Glass beads of the Mahan-Baekje period were found to represent several glass groups: soda,
potash, mixed alkali, and lead barium. In Korean with English abstract.
Yun, Ji Hyeon and Gyu Ho Kim
2016 Compositions and Characteristics on the Glass Beads from Jeongjang-ri Site in
Geochang, Korea. Journal of Conservation Science 2016 32(1):63-73; https://www.ejcs.org/journal/view.php?number=596.
Five bead types are represented by soda glass, potash glass, and lead-barium glass. In Korean
with English abstract.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., I.B. Afanasyev, Å.À. Ìîrîzîvà, I. Kadikova, and V.S.Popov
2017 KSbOSiO4 Microcrystallites as a Source of Corrosion of Blue-Green Lead-Potassium
Glass Beads of the 19th Century. Journal of Applied Physics 121(1), 014902;
https://www.academia.edu/41966163/.
Proposes that individual precipitates of KSbSiO4, especially their clusters, play a major role in
the deterioration of blue-green glass beads as a result of slow internal corrosion.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., I.B. Afanasyev, E.A. Morozova, I.F. Kadikova, V.S. Popov, and V.A.
Yuryev
2016 A Study of Deterioration and Destruction of Historic Blue-Green Glass Beads of the 19th
Century: Identification of Microcrystallites in the Glass Matrix. arXiv:1609.02101;
https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02101v1.
Presents the results of a study of the elemental and phase composition of deteriorating 19thcentury blue-green beads from exhibits in Russian museums.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., I. Kadikova, Å.À. Ìîrîzîvà, I.B. Afanasyev, I.A. Balakhnina, N.N.
Brandt, and V.A. Yuryev
2017 Nano and Microcrystallites of KSbOSiO4 in Glass Matrix as a Source of Internal Strain
and Fatal Corrosion of Historic Turquoise Glass. Proceedings of SPIE - The
International Society for Optical Engineering 10248, Nanotechnology VIII:102480K;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317185467.
Concludes that KSbOSiO4 (KSS) precipitates and their clusters give rise to internal glass
corrosion in 19th-century turquoise-colored beads. K and Sb being glass dopants form KSS
crystallites during glass melt cooling; tensile strain arising in the glass matrix gives rise to glass
cracking and eventually to its rupture and formation of heterogeneous grains.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., I. Kadikova, Å.À. Ìîrîzîvà, D.O. Klyuchnikova, I.B. Afanasyev,
I.A. Grigorieva, M.V. Lukashova, S.A. Malykhin, O.V. Uvarov, and V.A. Yuryev
2018 Êðèñòàëëèòû, îáðàçóþùèåñÿ ïðè âàðêå öâåòíîãî ñòåêëà, êàê èñòî÷íèê âíóòðåííèõ
íàïðÿæåíèé è êîððîçèè èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ñòåêëÿííîãî áèñåðà XIX âåêà [Crystallites
Formed during Melting of Color Glass as a Source of Internal Stresses and Corrosion of
Historical Glass Beads of the 19th Century]. Paper presented at the IX Grabar’s
Readings, Moscow. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329564665.
Reveals what causes turquoise-colored glass beads to crack and deteriorate. Many examples are
shown. In Russian with English abstract.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., I. Kadikova, Å.À. Ìîrîzîvà, D.O. Klyuchnikova, I.B. Afanasyev,
I.G. Shpachenko, I.A. Balakhnina, N.N. Brandt, A.D. Yaprintsev, I.A. Grigorieva, M.V.
Lukashova, S.A. Malykhin, R.A. Khmelnitsky, A.V. Ryabova, O.V. Uvarov, and V.A.
Yuryev
2017 Êîìïëåêñíîå èññëåäîâàíèå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèõ ïðîöåññîâ, ïðèâîäÿùèõ ê
ðàçðóøåíèþ èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ñòåêëÿííîãî áèñåðà XIX âåêà [A Comprehensive Study
of the Physicochemical Processes Leading to the Destruction of Historical Glass Beads of
the 19th Century]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321913281
Discusses the degradation and decay of blue-green glass beads obtained from museum exhibits.
In Russian.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V., Å.À. Ìîrîzîvà, I. Kadikova, O.V. Uvarov, I.B. Afanasyev, A.D.
Yaprintsev, M.V. Frolenkova, S.A. Malykhin, I.A. Grigorieva, and V.A. Yuryev
2018 Microcrystals of Antimony Compounds in Lead-Potassium and Lead Glass and their
Effect on Glass Corrosion: A Study of Historical Glass Beads Using Electron
Microscopy. Journal of Materials Science 53(15):10692-10717;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324538790.
Microcrystallites of orthorhombic KSbOSiO4 (KSS) of sizes ranging from about 200 nm to
several micrometers have been detected in turquoise-colored glass seed beads prone to glass
disease on 19th-century beaded objects in museum collections.
Yuryeva, Tatyana V. and Vladimir A. Yuryev
2014 Degradation and Destruction of Historical Blue-Green Glass Beads: A Study by Microspectroscopy of Light Transmission. Journal of Optics 16(5):055704. arXiv:1401.3123
Explores the internal microstucture of degrading blue-green historical beads and its evolution in
the process of bead deterioration. Possible physical factors resulting in the destruction of the
beads are discussed.
Zacharias, N., K. Beltsios, A. Oikonomou, A.G. Karydas, Y. Bassiakos, C.T. Michael, and
C. Zarkadas
2008 Solid-State Luminescence for Optical Examination of Archaeological Glass Beads.
Optical Materials 30(7):1127-1133; https://www.academia.edu/57806655/.
Considered as unique in terms of typological variety and time span, glass beads excavated at
Thebes, Greece, were examined using luminescence techniques (thermoluminescence, optically
stimulated luminescence). Additionally, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to provide the
elemental concentration profile of the samples.
Zacharias, Nikolaos, Maria Kaparou, Artemios Oikonomou, and Zs. Kasztovszky
2018 Mycenaean Glass from the Argolid, Peloponnese, Greece: A Technological and
Provenance Study. Microchemical Journal 141:404-417;
https://www.academia.edu/36897203/.
Analysis of beads and plaques dating between 1600 and 1060 BCE identified two major
compositional groups, with at least the one associated with artifacts originating in Egypt.
Zacharias, Nikolaos, Eleni Palamara, Rania Kordali, and Vanessa Muros
2020 Archaeological Glass Corrosion Studies: Composition, Environment and Content.
Scientific Culture 6(3):53-67; https://www.academia.edu/49045241/.
Highlights the complexity of corrosion phenomena and the effect of various parameters on the
degradation of buried archaeological glass through the analysis of objects (beads included) from
sites in Greece dating from the Late Bronze Age to the Ottoman period.
Zapatero Magdaleno, María Pilar and Mercedes Murillo Barroso
2017 Determinación de procedencia mediante análisis por Espectroscopía FTIR, del ámbar de
una cuenta de collar del sepulcro megalítico de La Velilla (Osorno, Palencia). BSAA
arqueología LXXXIII:71-94; https://www.academia.edu/36507836/.
On the determination of the provenience by FTIR Spectroscopy of an amber bead from the
megalithic tomb of La Velilla in north-central Spain.
Zerboni, Andrea, Sandro Salvatori, Pietro Vignola, and Abd el Rahman Ali Mohammed
2018 The Long-Distance Exchange of Amazonite and Increasing Social Complexity in the
Sudanese Neolithic. Antiquity 92(365):1195-1209;
https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2018.196.
Geochemical analyses of North and East African raw amazonite outcrops and artifacts (beads
included) found at Neolithic cemetery R12 in the Sudanese Nile Valley reveals southern
Ethiopia as the source of the R12 amazonite.
Zerboni, Andrea and Pietro Vignola
2013 Garamantian Green Stone Beads from Fewet. In Life and Death of a Rural Village in
Garamantian Times. Archaeological Investigations in the Fewet Oasis (Lybian Sahara),
edited by Lucia Mori, pp. 5-13. Edizioni All’Insegna del Giglio, Firenze.
The first archaeometric study carried out on greenstone beads found at Garamantian
archaeological sites in the central Sahara.
Zerboni, Andrea, Pietro Vignola, Maria C. Gatto, Andrea Risplendente, and Lucia Mori
2017 Searching for the Garamantian Emerald: Reconsidering the Green-Colored Stone Beads
Trade in the Ancient Sahara. The Canadian Mineralogist 55(4):651-668;
https://www.academia.edu/94683887/.
The composition of green-colored stone beads found at Fewet, a Garamantian site (2nd century
BC-1st century AD) in the Libyan Sahara reveals they consist of serpentinite and amazonite.
Zhang, Fu-Kang, Zhu-Hai Cheng, and Zhi-Gang Zhang
1983 An Investigation of Ancient Chinese “Liuli.” Journal of The Chinese Ceramic Society 1.
This study reveals that beads excavated from tombs of the West Zhou Dynasty are not glass but
composed of quartz granules fused together by a small amount of flux. Thus it appears that the
original belief that Chinese glass manufacture originated during the West Zhou Dynasty is
incorrect.
Zhang, Liangren, Chen Jianli, Ling Yong, Chang Xien, Liu Guorui, Kurban Rahman,
Murat Esmayil, Yan Feng, and Ma Yuan
2021 Early Metallurgy of Eastern Xinjiang. Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research
33(3):203-239; https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/early-metallurgy-of-eastern-xinjiang.
Examines the form and chemical composition of metal artifacts from three successive cultures of
the Hami region in western China. The inventory includes several forms of beads.
Zhang, Zhiguo and Qinglin Ma
2009 Faience Beads of the Western Zhou Dynasty Excavated in Gansu Province, China: A
Technical Study. In Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road, edited by Gan Fuxi,
Robert H. Brill, and Tian Shouyun, pp. 275-289. World Scientific Publishing, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812833570_0013.
Discusses the chemical composition and manufacturing technology of faience beads.
Zhao, Hongxia, Huansheng Cheng, Qinghui Li, and Fuxi Gan
2011 Nondestructive Identification of Ancient Chinese Glasses by Raman and Proton-Induced
X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Chinese Optics Letters 9(3):1-4.
The samples were primarily plain and eye beads recovered from sites in Henan, Hubei, and
Jiangsu, China. They are assigned to three glass systems.
Zhao, H.X. and Q.H. Li
2017 Combined Spectroscopic Analysis of Stratified Glass Eye Beads from China Dated to the
Warring States Period. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 48(8):1103-1110;
https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.5177.
Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF) of eight samples revealed that seven were
made of typical natron-type soda-lime-silicate glass with low MgO and K2O content, while one
was composed of plant-ash soda-lime-silicate glass.
Zhao, H.X., Q.H. Li, S. Liu, and F.X. Gan
2013 Characterization of Microcrystals in Some Ancient Glass Beads from China by Means of
Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 44(4):643-649;
https://www.academia.edu/37185642/.
The beads were excavated from different regions of China, including Xinjiang, Henan, Hubei,
and Guangxi provinces, and date mainly to the 10th century BC to the 9th century AD.
Zhao, Hongxia, Qinghui Li, S. Liu, L. Li, and F.X. Gan
2014 In Situ Analysis of Stratified Glass Eye Beads from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of the Zeng
State in Hubei Province, China Using XRF and Micro-Raman Spectrometry. X-Ray
Spectrometry 43(6).
Dating to the Warring States Period, most of the beads belong to the typical soda-lime-silicate
glasses with low amounts of MgO and K2O.
Zhou, Chunhui, Gregory Hodgins, Todd Lange, Kazuko Saruwatari, Nicholas Sturman,
Lore Kiefert, and Klaus Schollenbruch
2017 Saltwater Pearls from the Pre- to Early Columbian Era: A Gemological and Radiocarbon
Dating Study. Gems & Gemology LIII:286-295; https://www.academia.edu/75004644/.
14
C isotope radiocarbon dating of saltwater natural pearls (some perforated) purportedly
collected in Central or South America during the early 16th century corroborates their claimed
age.
Zhou, Xueqi, Xianping Gao, Thilo Rehren, Chengmin Wei, Qiaowei Wei, and Jianfeng Cui
2024 Glassmaking Remains from the 12th to 14th Centuries CE Glass Workshop in Boshan,
Shandong Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 53, 104289;
https://www.academia.edu/112085882/.
The workshop produced beads, pins, and other items, all found to be made of K2O-CaO-SiO2
glass.
Zhou, Xueqi, Thilo Rehren, Anqi Chen, Jian’en Cao, Qingchuan Bao, and Jianfeng Cui
2024 Soda-lime Glass Trade across the Eurasian Steppe during the 4th to 5th Century CE:
Evidence from a Xianbei Cemetery in Inner Mongolia. Journal of Archaeological
Science: Reports 57, 104634; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104634.
A batch of glass beads, including silver-in-glass and monochrome specimens, was analyzed to
provide a reference for the study of East-West exchanges.
Zhu, Jian, Yimin Yang, Wei Xu, Dongliang Chen, Junqing Dong, Lihua Wang, and
Michael D. Glascock
2012 Study of an Archaeological Opaque Red Glass Bead from China by XRD, XRF, and
XANES. X-Ray Spectrometry 41(6):363-366;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236850380.
Analysis revealed that the bead (excavated in Hubei province, eastern China, and dating to AD
300-400) was colored using metallic copper.
Zlámalová Cílová, Zuzana, Viktoria Èist’akova, Romana Kozáková, and Ladislav Lapèák
2022 Chemistry and Production Technology of Hallstatt Period Glass Beads from Bohemia.
Materials 15, 5740; https://www.academia.edu/85165014/.
Discusses the opacifying agents, including the possible ways in which they entered the glass, as
well as the techniques used to produce the beads which include monochrome and eye varieties.
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