Roderick Sprague – Tile Bead Manufacturing

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1982 GLASS TRADE BEAD CONFERENCEXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ s p o n s o re d A rth u r C . P a rk e r b y th e F u n d fo r R e s e a rc h Ir o q u o is R e s e a rc h R e c o rd s N o . 1 6 1983 G E N E R A L E D IT O R C h a r le s F. H ayes III A S S O C IA T E E D IT O R S N ancy [ } o lg e r K a r lis K a r k lin s C h a r le s p u b lis h e d F . W ra y b y th e R E S E A R C H D IV IS IO N R o c h e s te r 657 M useum E ast A venue, & S c ie n c e C e n t e r R o c h e s te r, New Y o rk 1 4 6 0 3 Hi CONTENTS I llu s tr a tio n s v P r e f a c e ONMLKJIHGFEDCBA C h a r le s F . H a y e s III v ii K e n n e th E . K id d 1 GENERAL P r o b le m s in G la s s T r a d e B e a d R e s e a r c h T r a d in g in M e ta p h o r s : T h e M a g ic o f B e a d s G e o r g e R . H a m e ll 5 R E G IO N A L B lu e C r y s ta ls a n d O th e r T r in k e ts : G la s s B e a d s f r o m S ix te e n th a n d E a r ly S e v e n te e n th C e n tu r y N e w E n g la n d Jam es S e n e c a G la s s T r a d e B e a d s , c .A .D . 1 5 5 0 -1 8 2 0 G la s s T r a d e B e a d s f r o m C e n tr a l N e w Y o r k C o m m e n ts o n S e v e n te e n th C e n tu r y B ead Sequence N e w Y o r k c .A .D . 29 C h a r le s F . W r a y 41 M o n te Ia n T . K e n y o n G la s s T r a d e B e a d s f r o m B r a d le y B e n n e tt 51 and Thom as K enyon 59 B arry C . K ent 75 G la s s T r a d e B e a d s f r o m O n ta r io T he S usquehanna W F o r t O r a n g e , A lb a n y , 1 6 2 4 -1 6 7 6 D u tc h T r a d e B e a d s in N o r th A m e r ic a B e a d s f r o m th e S e v e n te e n th C e n tu r y C h e s a p e a k e P aul R . H uey 83 K a r lis K a r k lin s 111 H e n r y M . M ille r D e n n is M ic h a e l A . T e n n e s s e e B e a d S e r ia tio n ( A b s tr a c t) C h r o n o lo g y fro m 1 5 1 3 -1 6 7 0 127 R ic h a r d R . P o lh e m u s 145 o f G la s s B e a d s f r o m M a r v in M A N U F A C T U R IN G T ile B e a d M a n u f a c tu r in g a N e w P e r s p e c tiv e M a r y E liz a b e th 147 G ood 159 Sprague 167 J a m e y D . A lie n 173 P e te r F r a n c is , J r . 193 T E C H N IQ U E S R o d e r ic k o f I n tr ic a te T . S m ith U p p e r C r e e k I n d ia n T o w n s in th e S o u th e a s t a n d in O k la h o m a T h e M a n u f a c tu r e S m o le k G la s s B e a d s : T h e S p a n is h P e r io d in th e S o u th e a s t, c .A .D . A C o m p a r is o n J. P ogue G la s s C a n e s a n d o n th e R e la tio n s h ip B e tw e e n C h e v r o n - S ta r B e a d s a n d M o s a ic - M ille f io r i B e a d s S o m e T h o u g h ts o n G la s s B e a d m a k in g iv M IS C E L L A N E O U S Im p o rta n c e o f R e lig io n in In flu e n c in g B e a d U s e a n d P re s e n t A v a ila b ility : T ra d e The C a s e o f Ira n (A b s tra c t) G la s s T ra d e B e a d s fro m C a e s a re a M a ritim a , G la s s T ra d e B e a d s A m o n g Isra e l Jacquiline Rudolph Touba Rozanna M. Pfeiffer 203 Peter P. Pratt 213 Kenneth E. Kidd and Martha A. Kidd 219 205 th e Iro q u o is : A P e rs p e c tiv e A P P E N D IX A C la s s ific a tio n S y s te m fo r G la s s B e a d s fo r th e U s e o f F ie ld A rc h a e o lo g is ts NOTE In th e re p o rts th a t fo llo w , b e a d v a rie tie s w h ic h d o n o t a p p e a r in K e n n e th a n d M a rth a ty p e lis ts a re m a rk e d e .g . Ia * (a ). b y a n a s te ris k (* ) u s u a lly K i d d 's ( 1 9 7 0 ) fo llo w e d b y a s e q u e n tia l le tte r fo r e a s e o f re fe re n c e ; v ii PREFACE The 1982 & M useum m any bead b o th and had a rc h a e o lo g ic a l The s u b je c t s ite s m a tte r w ith b y G e o rg e The K id d fo r p io n e e r o n ly m ade a ll th e and p ro g ra m and re se a rc h a n a ly s is o f th e c o n fe re n c e , s h o u ld be e x p re sse d p re p a re d e d ito ria l e ffo rts H is to ric a l a ls o to p a p e rs. of and In to y e a rs. w e re in s tru m e n ta l sp e a k e rs tra d e bead K a rk lin s of F. a re fro m th is N o rth M a g ic paper h o n o rin g of of th e a C anada, th e w as th is and M a rth a w ho p u b lic a tio n . e ffo rt to p rim a rily Jam es R o c h e s te r p ro U s in g a n im p o rta n t in d iv id u a ls s p e c ia l bead of B eads". in d ic a te s g e n e ra te d P a rk s W ra y Iro - a rc h a e o lo g ic a l o f K e n n e th a re m a n y m ade w as c o lle c - Seneca A m e ric a , in -d e p th in fa c ilita tin g w ho by lo c a tio n bead in te rp re ta tio n The T h e re e n th u s ia s m d e s ire p ro fe s s io n , its tra d e beads th e s e beads, m any th a t to w a s th e R o c h e s te r th e c e n tu rie s . in M e ta p h o rs : tra d e th e a s th e c o n fe re n c e in e a s te rn a d d itio n over C h a rle s o f th e s e at w as a rc h a e o lo g ic a l fa c t n in e te e n th d im e n s io n o f c o u rse , th e th e sequences needs. T h e ir K a rlis C o m m is s io n th e re g io n a l o f g la s s c o n trib u tio n s but w as chosen and Y o rk , m e e tin g to th e re se a rc h " T ra d in g a u n iq u e th is M useum to a n o th e r e n title d a success, s u b m itte d M a s s a c h u s e tts in c lu d e d fu tu re N ew fo r T h e m a jo rity s ix te e n th d e ta ils , re se a rc h c o n fe re n c e a p p re c ia tio n R o c h e s te r fo r h ig h lig h t goods 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 . th e R o c h e s te r, im p e tu s in v e s tig a tio n s R o c h e s te r p a p e rs and in h is p a p e r re c o rd s o f v ie w . of th e c h ro n o lo g ic a l p o in t th e ir fro m in The re c e n t in tra d e to w e ll o v e r d a tin g of H a m e ll e th n o h is to ric a l The h e ld 1 3 th . th e ir in v o lv e m e n t g ro w n w as 1 2 th a n d c o m m u n ic a te te c h n iq u e s , p re s e n ta tio n s v id e d C o n fe re n c e June in a p u b lic a tio n . re c e n tly m a n u fa c tu rin g B ead on to o f its tra d itio n a l a lo n e q u o is T ra d e C e n te r re se a rc h e rs p e rs o n a lly because tio n G la s s S c ie n c e not F irs t g a th e r th ro u g h B ra d le y of & M useum in th e th e S c ie n c e C e n te r. In th e a s s o c ia te a c tu a l e d ito r re la tio n s o ffic e r, D iv is io n s ta ff. s io n to re p rin t w ill h o p e fu lly a s s e m b lin g N ancy R ita of P e rn a s e lli, S p e c ia l m e n tio n K e n n e th m ake and B o lg e r th e RM SC s h o u ld K i d d 's fin a l W o lfe bead p re p a ra tio n P u b lic a tio n s g ra p h ic be m ade a rtis t 16 of and and m uch p a p e rs R o c h e s te r, D ana to th e g e n e ro s ity c la s s ific a tio n Research Records in S to lk a o f P a rk s a c c o m p a n y in g g re a te r th a n k s B a rb a ra v a lu e of th e to be g iv e n RM SC R M S C 's C anada c o lo r to a re K o e n ig , R e se a rc h fo r g iv in g p la te s . re se a rc h e rs T hese .th a n to p u b lic p e rm is - a d d itio n s p re v io u s ly a n tic ip a te d . O ver P re s id e n t P a rk e r w h ic h th e la s t fe w y e a rs R ic h a rd C. S h u ltz Fund has fo r Iro q u o is p la y e d such an th e Research Records and th e R e se a rc h . im p o rta n t R ock The p a rt s e rie s F o u n d a tio n , e d ito rs w o u ld in m a k in g has In c . been c o n tin u a lly th ro u g h lik e to a c k n o w le d g e th is p u b lic a tio n C h a rle s R e se a rc h R o c h e s te r e n c o u ra g e d its s u p p o rt of th e by R M SC A rth u r th is v ita l o n g o in g p o s s ib le . F. H ayes III D ire c to r M useum & S c ie n c e C. su p p o rt C e n te r 167 TILE BEAD MANUFACTURING Roderick SpragueXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA T h e tile b e a d h a s b e e n g iv e n little n o tic e b y g la s s b e a d re s e a rc h e rs th e la te d a te o f th e p ro b a b le te c h n o lo g y fo r its m a n u fa c tu re , fo r s e v e ra l re a s o n s in c lu d in g its a p p a re n t d o m in a n c e s lo v a k ia n a n d F re n c h c e n te rs fo r w h ic h w e h a v e re la tiv e ly little re s e a rc h a s c o m p a re d q u e s tio n a b le id e n tific a tio n o f tile b e a d s a s tru e g la s s . A s id e fro m tw o p a ra g ra p h s H a n d b o o k , th e firs t m e n tio n o f p r e s s e d b e a d s i n v a n d e r S l e e n 's 1 9 6 7 A b y th e C z e c h o to Ita ly , a n d th e d is c u s s in g a ll ty p e s o f p o s s ib le tile b e a d m a n u fa c - tu rin g te c h n iq u e s w a s m a d e in a p a p e r I d e liv e re d in 1 9 7 3 . S in c e th a t tim e s e v e ra l o f m y s p e c u la tio n s in th a t p a p e r h a v e u n fo rtu n a te ly b e e n in c o rp o ra te d in to th e b e a d lite ra tu re c u rre n t s ta te o f o u r k n o w le d g e s u g g e s ts v e ry s tro n g ly th a t a m o d ifie d tile m a k in g p ro c e s s , firs t p a te n te d In in trig u e d P a l u s In d ia n b u ria l d e riv e d s a m p le s s u g g e s ts th a t tile b e a d s a re q u ite p ro p e rly s ite in e a s te rn b y a ty p e o f la rg e " d ra w n " W a s h in g to n fro m c . 1 8 6 0 to th e s ite a v e ra g e d d ia m e te r o f 2 .3 - 2 .9 m m . O n e m o d e rn 4.S-S.Smm in le n g th b o re and by 6.0-7.Smm a la rg e s iz e a v e ra g in g 2.8-3.Smm. 7.0-7.Smm a n d a n o th e r ra n g e o f a p p e a ra n c e to th e s u rfa c e , a n d w o u ld fa ll in to th a t g ro u p b e a d c a r e e r , d e s c r ib e d to m e a s " p a s te ." a p p e a ra n c e In s m a ll b u tto n s th a t A rth u r o f th e tw o e n d s . O n e e n d is q u ite s m o o th H is to ric a v a rie ty o f c e ra m ic b u tto n a s " c a lic o e s ," " ig lo o s ," 3.S-4.0mm b y 9 .S - I O .0 m m and by w ith 4.0-S.0mm o n e b o re W o o d w a rd , T h e s e b e a d s a re a ls o c h a ra c te riz e d 1 9 7 2 w h ile v is itin g th e C a n a d ia n c h in a s ," v a rie ty . w ith a b o re T h e s e b e a d s a ls o a re c o m p le te ly o p a q u e , w h ile th e o th e r e n d is q u ite fla t a n d h a s a n " o ra n g e " s m a ll bead" in w id th tra d in g p o s t s a m p le o f th e s a m e ty p e o f b e a d th a t I h a v e in m y 2 .6 - 3 .4 m m d iffe rin g o f th e b o re d ia m e te r to b e a d o f th e " p o n y p o s s e s s io n in c lu d e s b e a d s o f th e s a m e s iz e p lu s s m a lle r o n e s a v e ra g in g a l.S - 1 .6 m m 1910, I w as b e a d . T h is b e a d ty p e s im p ly d id n o t h a v e th e p ro p e r c h a ra c te r- th e w a lls w a s e s s e n tia lly th e s a m e a s fo r a ty p ic a l la rg e d ra w n fro m (4S-FR-36B) th e P a lu s b u ria l s ite d a tin g is tic s o f a d ra w n b e a d in s p ite o f th e fa c t th a t th e s h a p e a n d th e re la tio n s h ip T h e s a m p le and C h e m ic a l a n d p h y s - o f g la s s tra d e b e a d s . th e p r o c e s s o f a n a ly z in g o v e r 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 g la s s tr a d e b e a d s f r o m a la te h is to ric o f th e P ro s s e r b u tto n in 1 8 4 0 , w a s u s e d fo r tile b e a d m a n u fa c tu rin g . ic a l a n a ly s is o f a s e rie s o f a rc h a e o lo g ic a lly w ith in th e d o m a in a s fa c t. A s u m m a ry o f th e fo rm n o te d p e e l" v e ry e a rly in m y b o re a n d a w ith a n o tic e a b le seam ty p e s u rfa c e . S ite s S e rv ic e o ffic e s in O tta w a fo r its g la s s -lik e a p p e a ra n c e . In " p ie c r u s ts ." of h a v e a g ra in y b y a ta p e rin g a n d ro u n d e d w ith ra n g e a d is c u s s io n I w a s d is c u s s in g T h e s e in c lu d e s u c h w ith M is s D iA n n H e rst o f th e H is to ric S ite s S e rv ic e , I w a s m a d e a w a re o f th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s o r d u s t p ro c e s s fo r th e m a n u fa c tu rin g o f th e s e s m a ll c h in a s . It o c c u rre d to m e th a t th is s a m e s o rt o f p ro c e s s c o u ld h a v e b e e n u tiliz e d fo r th e m a n u fa c tu rin g o f tra d e b e a d s . A c h e c k o f m y n o te s c o n c e rn in g A rth u r W o o d w a rd b it o f re s e a rc h (1 9 6 7 :1 1 4 ). In h a d in fo rm e d th e p ro b le m a tic a l in th e fe w s o u rc e s th a t w e re a v a ila b le , d is c u s s in g th e s e ty p e o f b e a d in d ic a te d th a t a s e a rly a s 1 9 6 4 m e th a t th e n a m e f o r th is ty p e o f b e a d w a s " tile b e a d ." beads m ade I th e n d id a o n e o f th e s e b e in g W . G . N . v a n d e r S le e n a t J a b lo n e c (fo rm e rly G a b lo n z ), C z e c h o s lo v a k ia , he s ta te s : S in c e th e b e g in n in g o f th is c e n tu ry p ro p o rtio n th e y h a v e c h a n g e d th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e ir g la s s b e a d s b y a d d in g o f c la y , o r b e tte r fe ls p a r, to th e b a tc h s o th a t th e ir p ro d u c t o u g h t to b e c a lle d p o rc e la in T h e s e b e a d s a re n o lo n g e r d ra w n o r w o u n d , tille s , a n d th e n b a k e d . A lth o u g h d is tin g u is h e s th e m fro m g la s s b e a d s . b e c a u s e o f th e e q u a to ria l band, b u t a re fo rm e d th e b e a d s a re o p a q u e , P re sse d beads in a p re s s , s u c h a s is u s e d fo r m a k in g th is p ro c e s s g iv e s th e m c a n a ls o o fte n b e d is tin g u is h e d A t firs t I w a s b a ffle d b y th e d e s c rip tio n o f th e e q u a to ria l g la s s b e a d s b a n d s w h ic h a re s o ty p ic a l o f s p h e ric a l p r o c e s s ," a s I c a m e to c a ll it, u s e d n o t o n ly fo r c y lin d ric a l tile b e a d s b u t fo r a n y n u m b e r o f s h a p e s o f b e a d s . F u r- th e r re s e a rc h in to th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s o f b e a d m a n u fa c tu rin g P ro s s e r b u tto n fro m pas- lu s tre th a t s o m e tim e s h a rd ly v is ib le , w h ic h th e y p o s s e s s . p re s s e d b e a d s . It w a s o n ly la te r th a t I b e g a n to re a liz e th a t th e " P ro s s e r w a s u n d o u b te d ly a n a p p e a lin g a beads. m a n u fa c tu rin g R o d e r ic k S p r a g u e , L a b o r a to r y is re a lly a s tu d y o f th e h is to ry p ro c e ss. o f A n th r o p o lo g y , U n iv e r s ity o f Id a h o , M o s c o w , ID 8 3 8 4 3 o f th e Roderick Sprague 168 In 1 9 7 3 a t th e 2 6 th A n n u a l M e e tin g o f th e N o rth w e s t A n th ro p o lo g ic a l p a p e r e n title d " M o ld e d C e ra m ic B eads" (S p ra g u e C o n fe re n c e , 1 9 7 3 ) in w h ic h I p ro p o s e d I p re s e n te d a th a t tile b e a d s w e re m a d e b y th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s . M y c o n c lu s io n s w e re p u b lis h e d b y L e s te r R o s s in 1 9 7 4 w ith c o n je c tu ra l d ra w in g s o f th e p ro c e s s . T h e m o s t k n o w le d g e a b le re s e a rc h e r w ritin g in E n g lis h o n C z e c h o s lo v a k ia n b e a d s , P e te r F ra n c is , J r. (1 9 7 9 a , 1 9 7 9 b ), lis ts o n ly R o s s (1 9 7 4 ) a s a s o u rc e fo r th e m a n u fa c tu re o f b e a d s b y th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s . N o m e n tio n is m a d e o f p e rs o n a l e x p e rie n c e o r o b s e rv a tio n b y M r. F ra n c is , a lth o u g h th is m a y b e a n a d d itio n a l s o u rc e o f h is c o n c lu s io n s . T h is e x a m p le o f h o w a n h y p o th e s is c a n b e c o m e e s ta b lis h e d re se a rc h e rs in th e lite ra tu re s h o u ld b e ta k e n a s a w o rd o f c a u tio n to a ll b e a d w o rk in g w ith e v e n e a rlie r w o rk s . T h e firs t p a te n t (N o . 8 5 4 8 ) fo r th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s w a s is s u e d o n 1 7 J u n e 1 8 4 0 in L o n d o n to M r. R i c h a r d P r o s s e r . T h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h r e f e r s t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f " k n o b s , r i n g s , a n d o t h e r a r t i c l e s ." It fu rth e r s ta te s " th e m a te ria ls a re c la y s a n d c la y e y e a rth s , flin t a n d fe ls p a r, s e p a ra te o r m ix e d t o g e t h e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e a r t i c l e t o b e m a d e ." T h e s e m a t e r i a l s a r e " g r o u n d t o p o w d e r " a n d a r e u s e d " w i t h o u t t h e a d d i t i o n o f a n y w a t e r ." A s i e v e h a v i n g 2 0 0 m e s h e s t o t h e s q u a r e i n c h i s re q u ire d fo r a s m o o th s u rfa c e d o b je c t. T h e s e c o n d p a ra g ra p h th e m a n u fa c tu rin g d i e ." p ro c e ss. d e s c rib e s th e " m a c h in e a n d to o ls " fo r " T h e m a c h in e is a p re s s c o m p ris in g b e d , b o lt, b o ls te r, tre a d le , a n d h a n - T h e to o ls a re th e tw o h a lv e s o f th e d ie w h ic h a re th e n fo rc e d to g e th e r a fte r fillin g w ith th e p ro - p e r m ix tu re to a p re s s u re o f 2 0 0 lb s . to th e s q u a re in c h . T h e re s t o f th e p a te n t d e s c rip tio n is c o n c e rn e d w ith th e h o le in th e b a c k o f th e b u tto n fo r th e a tta c h m e n t o f th e m e ta l s h a n k . T h e y e a r f o l l o w i n g R i c h a r d P r o s s e r 's p a t e n t , h i s b r o t h e r T h o m a s P r o s s e r , o f P a t t e r s o n , N e w J e rs e y , to o k o u t a p a te n t in th e U n ite d S ta te s o n 3 0 J u n e 1 8 4 1 (P a te n t N o . 2 1 9 9 ) fo r " im p ro v e m e n t in th e m a n u fa c tu re o f b u t t o n s ." M y im p ro v e m e n t P r o s s e r 's in th e m a n u fa c tu rin g p a te n t re a d s: o f b u tto n s c o n s is ts , firs t, in m a k in g th e m o f m a te ria ls n o t h e re to - fo re u s e d fo r o r a p p lie d to th a t p u rp o s e -to w it, s u c h c la y -e a rth s o r o th e r e a rth y m a te ria ls a n d m e ta llic o x id e s a s a re n o w c o m m o n ly u s e d b y p o tte rs in th e m a n u fa c tu re in m a k in g th e m in m e ta llic m o ld s , m eans of a com m on in w h ic h th e m a te ria ls o f d o m e s tic e a rth e n w a re ; a re c o m p re sse d a n d , s e c o n d ly , w ith c o n s id e ra b le fly s c re w -p re s s , o r a n y o th e r s u ita b le m e c h a n ic a l c o n triv a n c e , fo rc e b y a fte r b e in g re d u c e d to a fin e p o w d e r. T h e p re s s u re g iv e n m u s t b e s u ffic ie n t to c a u s e th e p o w d e re d c la y to c o h e re a n d re ta in th e fo rm o f th e b u tto n s p o tte rs w h ic h is im p re s s e d u p o n it in th e m o ld , a fte r w h ic h it is to b e fire d a n d g la z e d in th e k iln in th e u s u a l m a n n e r, a n d a ls o p a in te d o r p rin te d s im ila r to o rd in a ry p o rc e la in , if re q u ire d . S u c h b u tto n s a s h a v e h o le s in th e m fo r th e p u rp o s e o f s e w in g th e m o n th e c lo th in g a re th e n c o m p le te ; b u t th o s e re q u irin g s h a n k s o f m e ta l h a v e th e m s tu c k in to a re c e s s m a d e in th e b u tto n s fo r th a t p u rp o s e by m e a n s o f s h e lla c o r o th e r c e m e n t; o r th e y a tta c h to a s h e ll w h ic h c o v e rs th e w h o le o f th e b a c k o f th e b u tto n a n d tu rn s a little o v e r th e fro n t, th e fro n t o f th e b u tto n o n ly a p p e a rin g s e t in a m e ta llic fra m e o r s h e ll, a n d a t th e b a c k is th e s h a n k . T h e re re p o rte d s e e m s to b e s o m e d e b a te a s to w h o a c tu a lly in v e n te d th e p ro c e s s , how ever T hom as is t o h a v e s a i d ' 't h a t i t w a s h e , n o t h i s b r o t h e r , w h o d i s c o v e r e d t h e c o m p r e s s e d p o w d e r t e c h - n i q u e . A c c o r d i n g t o h i m h e h a d t h e i d e a a s e a r l y a s 1 8 3 2 a n d 't h e f i r s t b u t t o n t h a t w a s e v e r y m a d e b y t h a t p r o c e s s w a s m a d e b y m e i n 1 8 3 7 '" ( A d a m s 1 9 6 1 :1 0 9 ) . C o lle c to rs re p o rt e a rly P ro s s e r b u tto n s m a n u fa c tu re d in E n g la n d b y th e M in to n e a rly a s 1 8 4 0 (A d a m s 1 9 5 2 :7 5 ). A d a m s (1 9 5 2 :7 5 ) a ls o s ta te s th a t M in to n s w a s " m o re C om pany as in te re s te d in m a k i n g t i l e s t h a n b u t t o n s ." B a rb e r (1 9 0 9 :3 4 8 , 3 8 6 ) s ta te s th a t th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s w a s a p p lie d to tile s b y J . M . B la s h fie ld in h is E n g lis h p la n t s o m e tim e a fte r 1 8 5 8 . T h e te c h n iq u e w a s a ls o a p p lie d to tile s in th is c o u n try b y H y z e r a n d L o w e lle n o f P h ila d e lp h ia m e n ts a re m a d e c o n c e rn in g John G . L ow , a (B a rb e r 1 9 0 9 :3 4 5 ). A ls o th e fo llo w in g c o m - N e w E n g la n d c o m p a n y : " In p re p a rin g th e c la y fo r d u s t tile s , it w a s re d u c e d to a p o w d e r, a n d a llo w e d to re ta in ju s t e n o u g h w a te r to m a k e it w o rk a b le , b u t n o t w e t. L o w p re s s e d th is c la y in to d ie s b y m a c h in e p re s s , th e re b y o b v ia tin g th e d iffic u ltie s o f w a rp in g , tw is tin g , a n d s h rin k a g e th a t h a d m a d e re lie f w o rk in w e t tile s a fa ilu re u p to th a t tim e " (W a tk in s 1 9 5 0 :2 2 8 ). In b o th c o u n trie s e a rly u s e rs o f th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s w e re m a k in g tile s ; th e b e a d s th a t I a m s p e c u l a t i n g w e r e m a d e b y t h e s a m e p r o c e s s a r e k n o w n a s " t i l e b e a d s ." P e r h a p s t h i s i s j u s t a c o i n c i d e n c e , b u t c e rta in ly T h e P ro sse r a n in te re s tin g one. p ro c e s s w a s a ls o u tiliz e d in F ra n c e b y J . F e lix B a p te ro s s e s (F ig . 1 ). B u tto n c a rd s fro m th e B a p te ro s s e s C o m p a n y in d ic a te th a t th e p ro c e s s w a s p a te n te d in F ra n c e a s w e ll (S c h u le r a n d L a m m 1 9 6 0 :9 ). B a p te ro s s e s w a s a ls o re s p o n s ib le fo r a d d itio n a l p a te n ts e s p e c ia lly in c o n n e c tio n w ith s h a n k b u tto n s w h ic h m a y o r m a y n o t h a v e h a d a n y in flu e n c e o n th e m a n u fa c tu rin g o f b e a d s b y th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s . N o fu rth e r in fo rm a tio n h a s b e e n fo u n d c o n c e rn in g a n o th e r F re n c h m a n u fa c tu re r P ro s s e r b u tto n s , L e b e u f-M illie t a n d C o m p a n y (A d a m s 1 9 5 2 :8 3 ). of T IL E O liv e s D c c o r-c e s T :tr lf P ;) ~ le B E A D M A N U F A C T U R IN G C yl 169 O liv < :~ UTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA i n d r-e s 17 Tn r-i f /8 6 6 P a \_ J t: D ( 'C 0 1 '\ 'C : ; R O U iJ e p ;)q c ~ L ! t 'if It. -------.--- N o", 0(;0 OvO 000 00 00 00 4612 11 ,- - - - - 4566 4812 4814 o S e t-re 4815 4616 4904 S c r-ic 4908 4577 4905 •••• R o c u illc j c rc Li q n c d t . 's p ri x Ro pn qe 15 C h u te c~· G r-o s •• seu r-s 3c Ll q n e d es p r - ix rS p ~ \ 'r C 4244 2061 1 1 C ; I ~ 'e \. R o - .-n i l l c c a il Ic d e s 4817 N ', ! ) 10 . y < I I - - - - - F '- - - - - - - + - - - - - - T a t 'il , P , H , . j ( . ; ' S! ' ) "'.... Ih , 17 ti' F ig . 1 . S a m p le c a rd c . 1 9 3 0 fro m F . B a p te ro s s e s a n d C o m p a n y o f P a ris (p h o to b y R . C h a n , P a rk s C a n a d a , O tta w a , O n ta rio ; c o u rte s y o f K a rlis K a rk lin s ) Roderick Sprague 170 A n e x c e lle n t s u m m a ry P ro sse r o f th e P ro s s e r o f B irm in g h a m . (1 8 8 1 :6 4 ) P ro s s e r o r p o s s ib ly h is s o n . T h e te rm c h in a b u tto n s A m ongst b u tto n in d u s try b u t n o t p o s itiv e ly w h a t m a y b e te rm e d 1 9 1 8 ). P ro sse r th e m is c e lla n e o u s m a n , a lth o u g h s u m m a riz e d in p re s s in g a fin e ly -p o w d e re d la in a rtic le s . m ix tu re to c irc u m s ta n c e s -b e tw e e n s u re o n ly w a s re q u is ite , a n d th e b u tto n s T h e p ro c e s s w a s ta k e n P r o s s e r 's M . B a p te ro s s e s o f c la y , f e ls p a r , f lin t, & c .- th e o f S to k e -o n -T re n t, fo r im p ro v e d a t a s in g le o p e ra tio n la b o u r in F ra n c e , th e " a g a te " b u tto n s a t S to k e . T h is , o f c o u rs e , ru in e d b u tto n in e n o rm o u s b u tto n s , a s th e y p ro p o rtio n s of re q u ire d . A s in g le p re s - a n d a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e to s u p p ly th e d e m a n d . th e m a n u fa c tu re m a c h in e ry F o r a fe w y e a rs w as com m enced b y w h ic h h e w a s e n a b le d to o f th e p re s s , a n d , in c o n s e q u e n c e o f th e lo w p ric e o f c o u ld b e s o ld h e re fo r le s s th a n it c o s t to s e w th e m o n to th e c a rd s th e h o m e tra d e , a n d th e y h a v e c e a s e d to b e m a d e h e re fo r m a n y y e a rs p a s t. T h e re is , h o w e v e r, a v e ry la rg e e s ta b lis h m e n t a re m a n u fa c tu re d th u s : w e re th e n fire d a n d g la z e d in th e u s u a l m a n n e r o f tre a tin g p o rc e - u p b y M r. M in to n , to o k o u t s e v e ra l p a te n ts 5 0 0 b u tto n s o f th e in d u s try th e re is o n e w h ic h w a s " a g a te " d ie s o f th e s h a p e o f th e b u tto n th e p ro c e s s w a s s u c c e s s fu lly c a rrie d o n a t S to k e , a n d s h o rtly a fte rw a rd s m a k e n o le s s th a n B. in 1 8 4 0 . T h e p ro c e s s , w h ic h w a s e x c e e d in g ly y e a r 1 8 5 2 a m a k e o f 5 ,0 0 0 g r o s s p e r w e e k w a s f o u n d in s u f f ic ie n t in F ra n c e . th e h is to ry p ro c e s s e s o f b u tto n -m a k in g w e re , n o t u n h a p p ily , c a lle d , fo r w h ic h a p a te n t w a s g ra n te d w h ic h v a ry a c c o rd in g b y R ic h a rd th a t th is w a s th e s a m e it w a s n e v e r c a rrie d o u t h e re , n o r, in d e e d , in th is c o u n try a t a ll to a n y g re a t e x te n t, e x c e p t fo r a s h o rt tim e . W e re fe r to M r. R ic h a rd s im p le , c o n s is te d w a s w ritte n know n, a g a te a s u s e d b y P ro s s e r w a s a ls o u s e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s fo r ( U .S . T a r if f C o m m is s io n in v e n te d b y a B irm in g h a m o r " a g a te " It is a s s u m e d , q u a n titie s . w ith tw o h o le s c o n n e c te d a t B ria re , a b o u t fo rty m ile s fro m O rle a n s , w h e re th e y M r . P r o s s e r 's p a te n t in c lu d e d a ls o a c la im fo r a n e w fo rm of b y a c h a n n e l fo r th e th re a d to lie in , w h ic h h a d th e e ffe c t o f p ro te c tin g it fro m w e a r. A t th e s u g g e s tio n o f M r. B la s h fie ld th e p ro c e s s w a s a p p lie d to th e m a k in g o f te s s e ra e a n d tile s , a n d th e fo u n d a tio n o f a m o s t im p o rta n t m e n t in B irm in g h a m d ig re s s th u s fa r fro m fo rg o tte n , A dam s re la tin g in d u s try w a s th u s la id . A n e a rly u s e o f th e p a te n t te s s e la te d p a v e - w a s f o r t h e s t e p s o f M r . P r o s s e r 's h o u s e , N o . 1 8 , B ro a d S tre e t. W e h a v e v e n tu re d to th e s u b je c t in h a n d to p la c e o n re c o rd a fe w fa c ts , w h ic h s e e m in d a n g e r o f b e in g to th e o rig in o f th e " d ry h a s re p rin te d (1 9 5 2 :7 8 -7 9 ) c la y " p ro c e s s o f m a k in g tile s a n d b u tto n s . a n e x c e rp t fro m an 1 8 6 6 w o rk d e s c rib in g th e B a p te ro s s e s p la n t w h ic h b y th a t tim e h a d d e v e lo p e d a w e t p ro c e s s o f h a n d lin g th e c la y . T h e b u tto n s w e re m a d e o f m o is te n e d c la y p re s s e d in m o ld s , a fte r w h ic h th e y w e re p la c e d o n b o a rd s to d ry a n d th e n b is q u e fire d . F u rth e r p ro c e s s in g w a s d o n e o n s o m e th a t a re u n c o lo re d fe r p rin tin g to d a y id e n tic a l to th a t u tiliz e d a s c a lic o e s . T h e b u tto n s com m on p o r c e la in ." w h ile o th e rs w e re p a in te d fo r c e ra m ic d in n e rw a re . w e re th e n g la z e d b y a p ro c e s s A m o re re c e n t so u rc e (B o u rry o r re c e iv e d tra n s - T h e s e b e a d s in c lu d e th e ty p e k n o w n " w h ic h is th e s a m e a s th a t u s e d fo r m e n tio n s 1 9 2 6 :4 6 0 ) th e u s e o f o il in th e b a s ic fo rm u la . A n o th e r c h a ra c te ris tic th a t tile b e a d s s h a re w ith P ro s s e r c o lo rs a n d s h a d e s w h ic h c a n b e p ro d u c e d irid e s c e n t w h ite a n d m e ta llic c o lo rs w h ic h a re a ls o fo u n d O n 2 5 S e p te m b e r of P a ris , F ra n c e , p a ra g ra p h 1 8 7 2 th e U n ite d 141f749, N o. S ta te s P a te n t fo r p ro c e s s b u tto n s (S c h u le r a n d L a m m is th e v a s t v a rie ty o f 1 9 6 0 : 1 1 ). In c lu d e d am ong m o d e rn am ong th e s e a re tile b e a d s . O ffic e is s u e d a p a te n t to J e a n F e lix B a p te ro s s e s " im p ro v e m e n t in m a c h in e s in m a k in g b u tto n s ." The firs t re a d s in p a rt: B e it k n o w n th a t I, J e a n F e lix B a p te ro s s e s , m a n u fa c tu re r, in th e F a b ric a tio n T h e im p o rta n t to d a y a s b e a d s . In o f B u tto n s , P e a rls , p o in t in th is p a ra g ra p h th e n e x t p a ra g ra p h fo r m a k in g b u tto n s , a g a in s ta te s " ... p e a rls , and th e a b o v e m e n tio n e d d le s e c tio n o f th e d ie th a t p e rm itte d is th e w o rd " p e a rls " M a tte r ... w h ic h s h o u ld p ro p e rly b e in te rp re te d h e a g a in re p e a ts th e w o rd s a y in g " M y im p ro v e d o th e r a n d o th e r o b je c ts o f c e r a m ic m a tte r ." o f P a ris , F ra n c e , h a v e in v e n te d Im p ro v e m e n ts a n d o th e r O b je c ts o f C e ra m ic o b je c ts o f c e ra m ic m a tte r. o b je c ts , s u c h a s b u tto n s , T h e m a jo r im p ro v e m e n t ... " In th e th ird p re s s is u s e d p a ra g ra p h he w ith s h a n k s o r w ith h o le s , p e a rls , in th is n e w p re s s w a s a m o v e a b le m id - e a s ie r re m o v a l o f th e b u tto n s a fte r th e ir b e in g c o m p re s s e d . A ls o th e p re s s u tiliz e d a s e rie s o f g e a rs th u s a v o id in g th e n e c e s s ity o f a s c re w p re s s fo r e a c h s e t o f b u tto n s . T h e in v e n tio n in c lu d e d fo r th e a tta c h m e n t s a m e m a c h in e . th ro u g h . fo rm In a s w e ll a s b u tto n s th e d ra w in g th e a p p lic a tio n re q u ire d , p a te n t." In a s e rie s o f in te rc h a n g e a b le of a shank d ie s s o th a t b u tto n s th e re is c le a rly a p ic tu re B a p te ro s s e s s ta te s " fo r h a s y e t to d is c o v e r th is s e p a ra te A s is ty p ic a l o f n in e te e n th lifte d th e d e s c rip tio n o f a s p h e ric a l b e a d w ith a h o le c o m p le te ly S in c e it is a n e x c e lle n t s u m m a ry in a s e p a ra te a p p lic a tio n fo r a p a te n t. c e n tu ry e n c y c lo p e d ia s , o f w h a t th e y c a ll p o rc e la in th ro u g h c o u ld b e m a d e o n th e p e a rls th e p u n c h e s m u s t b e m a d e a c c o rd in g to th e th e s p e c ia l re c e iv e r w h ic h I e m p lo y b e in g d e s c rib e d R e se a rc h w ith a h o le p a rtia lly w ith th e h o le s c le a r th ro u g h S p o n 's b u tto n s E n c y c lo p e d ia a lm o s t v e rb a tim I w ill q u o te it in its e n tire ty . ( L o c k 1 8 7 9 :[2 ] 5 5 9 ) h a s fro m th e 1 8 6 6 d e s c rip tio n . T IL E B E A D M A N U F A C T U R IN G Porcelain Buttons.- T h e p ro c e s s o f m a n u fa c tu rin g o rn a m e n ta l a rtic le s o f e a rth e n w a re . p o rc e la in b u tto n s re s e m b le s th a t o f m a k in g s m a ll T h e m o is te n e d c la y is p re s s e d in to p la s te r o f P a ris m o u ld s , c a re fu lly p la c e d o n b o a rd s to d ry , a n d th e n ta k e n to th e " b is c u it-o v e n ," in g . T h e b a k e d c la y is n o w c a lle d " b is c u it," m a d e u n c o lo u re d ; 171 w h e re it u n d e rg o e s th e firs t firin g o r b a k - a n d is re a d y fo r th e p a in te r o r p rin te r. A g re a t n u m b e r a re b u t m a n y a ls o , b o th w ith h o le s a n d s h a n k s , a re p a rtly o r w h o lly p a in te d , s o m e w ith s im p le , o th e rs w ith c o m p lic a te d d e s ig n s . T h e p a in tin g is e ffe c te d e ith e r b y h a n d o r b y tra n s fe r p rin tin g : in e ith e r c a s e , th e c o lo u rs a re " fix e d " b y th e a rtic le s b e in g b a k e d in a m u ffle fu rn a c e o r e n a m e l k iln . In tra n s fe r p rin tin g , th e d e s ig n re q u ire d is p rin te d fro m c o p p e r p la te , b y m e a n s o f a p e c u lia rly p re p a re d in k , o n th in tis s u e p a p e r, w h ic h is th e n p la c e d , w h ile th e im p re s s io n is s till m o is t, u p o n th e b is c u it w a re a n d a llo w e d to d ry , a fte r w h ic h it is re m o v e d , th e d e s ig n h a v in g b e c o m e tra n s fe rre d fro m th e p a p e r to th e b is - c u it w a re . T h e d e s ig n is th e n b u rn t in to th e a rtic le in a m u ffle fu rn a c e . T h is b a k in g e ffe c tu a lly re m o v e s th e o il u s e d in p re p a rin g th e c o lo u r, a n d le a v e s th e b u tto n re a d y fo r th e g la z in g p ro c e s s . E a c h m u ffle fu rn a c e is fu rn is h e d w ith a little tra m w a y , w h ic h tra v e rs e s th e in te rio r o f th e fu rn a c e a n d p ro je c ts fo rw a rd s in to th e b a k e h o u s e . " fra m e s " c o n ta in in g T h is tra m w a y is p ro v id e d w ith s m a ll, fla t, m o v a b le iro n p la tfo rm s , th e b u tto n s o n w h ic h th e a re c a re fu lly p ile d a n d th e n w h e e le d in to th e o v e n , a ro u n d w h ic h a s te a d y fire is k e p t c o n s ta n tly c irc u la tin g . W h e n th e b a k in g h a s b e e n c o m p le te d , th e b u tto n is s u b je c te d , if re q u ire d , to th e g la z in g p ro c e s s , w h ic h is th e s a m e a s th a t u s e d fo r c o m m o n p o rc e la in , a fte r w h ic h th e s h a n k s a re a d d e d . N o a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n c o u ld b e g a th e re d o n b u tto n c a rd s re p o rte d a s h a v in g b e e n m a d e in G e rm a n y b y A . & R . C o . a s re p o rte d b y L o ra h (1 9 5 9 :9 ). B a rb e r (1 9 0 9 :4 4 4 ) s ta te s th a t C h a rle s C a rtlid g e & C o ., o f L o n g Is la n d , N e w Y o rk m a n u fa c tu re d b u tto n s b y th e P ro s s e r p ro c e s s s ta rtin g in 1 8 4 8 in c lu d in g h ig h ly d e c o ra te d s ty le s . H e fu rth e r c o n te n d s th a t th is is " d e fin ite ly th e tim e o f th e firs t a p p e a ra n c e o f th is c la s s o f c e ra m ic p ro d u c tio n s in th is c o u n try ." T h e C a rtlid g e fa c to ry c lo s e d in 1 8 5 6 (B a rb e r 1 9 0 9 : 1 6 4 ). W h ile I h a v e n o t m a d e e x te n s iv e s e a rc h e s o f th e lite ra tu re fo r A fric a , I h a v e o b s e rv e d n o m e n tio n o f tile b e a d s in th a t c o n tin e n t. O n th e o th e r h a n d I h a v e o b s e rv e d e th n o g ra p h ic e x a m p le s , fo r e x a m p le a n e a rly tw e n tie th c e n tu ry B a k u b a m a s k fro m th e fo rm e r R e p u b lic o f C o n g o a re a c u rre n tly h o u s e d in th e F ie ld M u s e u m , C h ic a g o , c o v e re d w ith w h ite tile b e a d s id e n tic a l to th o s e re c o v e re d a t th e P a lu s s ite . In 1 9 7 3 K a rlis K a rk lin s o f th e C a n a d ia n H is to ric S ite s S e rv ic e s e n t m e a s lid e o f a s a m p le c a rd c o n ta in e d in th e v a n d e r S le e n c o lle c tio n a t th e In s titu u t v o o r Z u id -A z ia tis c h e A rc h e o lo g ie in A m s te rd a m . T h e c a rd re p re s e n ts " p o rc e la in " b e a d s w ith a n e q u a to ria l, ra is e d , m o ld m a rk . T h e e x p la n a to ry n o te w ith th e c a rd s s a y s : T h e s e a re s a m p le c a rd s fro m th e firm o f Riesler in H e rz o g e n ra th [n e a r th e N e th e rla n d s b o rd e r). T h e s e b e a d s w e re m a d e b y p re s s in g p a s tils w ith a h o le th ro u g h th e c e n tre fro m p o w d e re d g la s s , to w h ic h w a s a d d e d a little c la y a s a b in d e r s o th a t th e b e a d s k e p t th e ir s h a p e b e tte r. C o n s e q u e n tly , th e y a re n o t g la s s b e a d s , c h e m ic a lly s p e a k in g , b u t a fte r th o ro u g h h e a tin g h a v e b e c o m e b e a d s o f p o rc e la in . T h e y a re v e ry p o p u la r w ith th e B a n tu n a tiv e s a n d o th e r A fric a n p e o p le s , b e c a u s e o f th e ir p e rfe c t e v e n n e s s a n d re g u la rity , b y fa r s u p e rio r to e x tru d e d g la s s b e a d s , w h ic h th e y s u p e rc e d e d in n o tim e . T h e a b o v e m e n tio n e d p o w d e re d g la s s is m a d e fro m q u a rtz p o w d e r o r q u a rtz s a n d , m ix e d w ith a g o o d q u a n tity o f fe ld s p a r a n d s o d a . A fte r th is m ix tu re h a s b e e n s m e lte d a n d h a s s e t it is a g a in tu rn e d to p o w d e r to b e fo rm e d in to p a s tils . T h is m a n u fa c tu rin g p ro c e s s w a s d is c o n tin u e d a ro u n d 1957. In re v ie w in g c o rre s p o n d e n c e th a t I h a d w ith v a n d e r S le e n s h o rtly b e fo re h is d e a th I d is c o v e re d th a t h e h a d g o n e th ro u g h th e s a m e p ro c e s s th a t I h a d in try in g to c o m m u n ic a te w ith th e m o d e rn d a y m a n u fa c tu re rs o f tile b e a d s in J a b lo n e c n a d N is o u , C z e c h o s lo v a k ia . I o rig in a lly w ro te D e n n is L e s s a rd o f th e D e ll T ra d in g P o s t in M is s io n , S o u th D a k o ta , to o b ta in th e n a m e o f h is s u p p lie r o f tile b e a d s . H e in tu rn s u g g e s te d th a t I c o n ta c t E llio t, G re e n e & C o ., In c . o f N e w Y o rk fo r fu rth e r in fo rm a tio n . M r. S a u l R . S ie g e l, p re s id e n t o f th e c o m p a n y , s u g g e s te d I c o n ta c t th e C z e c h o s lo v a k ia n c o n s u la te in W a s h in g to n , D .C . C o m m u n ic a tio n w ith th e c o n s u la te p ro v e d a b s o lu te ly in e ffe c tiv e s o w h ile o n s a b b a tic a l in W a s h in g to n , D .C . in 1 9 7 7 I v is ite d th e C z e c h o s lo v a k ia n e m b a s s y . A fte r c o n s id e ra b le d iffic u lty fin d in g s o m e o n e w h o c o u ld s p e a k E n g lis h , s in c e I s p o k e n o C z e c h o s lo v a k ia n , I fin a lly ta lk e d to th e c h a rg e d 'a ffa ire s . In m a k in g m y s e lf m o re c le a rly u n d e rs to o d I g a v e h im th e c o p y o f th e le tte r I h a d fo rm e rly w ritte n to th e e m b a s s y a lo n g w ith m y o th e r c o rre s p o n d e n c e . H e to o k th e m a n d s a id h e w o u ld b e b a c k in a m in u te w ith th e in fo rm a tio n a s h e s e e m e d q u ite fa m ilia r w ith th e p a rtic u la r c o m p a n y in v o lv e d . A fte r a c o n s id e ra b le le n g th o f tim e m y s ta c k o f c o rre s p o n d e n c e w a s re tu rn e d to m e w ith th e n a m e o f th e c o m p a n y w ritte n o n th e to p s h e e t. U p o n re tu rn in g h o m e th a t e v e n in g I n o tic e d th a t th e w h o le s h e a f o f c o rre s p o n d e n c e h a d b e e n u n s ta p le d a n d re s ta p le d . A p p a re n tly w h ile I w a s w a itin g m y s u b v e rs iv e c o rre s p o n d e n c e w a s b e in g c o p ie d . Roderick SpragueZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA 172 I th e n w ro te th e J a b lo n e x tu re rs o r re s e a rc h e rs tile b e a d s ." C om pany k n o w le d g e a b le e x p la in in g th a t " I a m a n x io u s to c o rre s p o n d I w e n t o n to re a s s u re th e m th a t m y " c o n c e rn c e rn in g a la rg e s e rie s o f tile b e a d s fo u n d In d ia n tr ib e s e v e r a l y e a r s a g o ." o b je c tiv e s . T h e re sp o n se fro m I a ls o e n c lo s e d re p rin ts V . P la te k is s tric tly fo r a c a d e m ic in fo rm a tio n in a n h is to ric b u ria l s ite th a t I re lo c a te d a n d M . H ru sk a to g iv e th e m p a rtic u la rs e s p e c ia lly & a b e tte r id e a o f m y re s e a rc h n o n -in fo rm a tio n : th is b e a d is m a d e o f g la s s p o w d e r w h ic h is m o u ld e d a n d m e lte d ." " fu rth e r con- fo r th e N e z P e rc e w a s e s s e n tia lly th e s a m e a s th a t re c e iv e d b y v a n d e r S le e n . T h e ir re s p o n s e is a c la s s ic in b u re a u c ra tic M e s s rs . E llio t, G re e n w ith m a n u fa c - in th e a re a o f g la s s tra d e b e a d s k n o w n in th e E n g lis h la n g u a g e a s " p le a s e b e in fo rm e d th a t T o c o m p le te th e c irc le th e y a d d e d a s to th e u s e o f th e s e b e a d s m ig h t b e g iv e n b y M r. S . R . S ie g e l o f C o ., I n c ., N e w Y o r k , N e w Y o r k w h o a s im p o r te r s o f th e b e a d s h a v e a g re a t e x p e r ie n c e in th is tr a d e ." S in c e h is to ric a l th e q u e s tio n s a n d m o d e rn c o n c e rn in g m a n u fa c tu rin g te c h n iq u e s tile b e a d s , I trie d th e la b o ra to ry c ritic a l o f c h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s a s te llin g u s little o r n o th in g n iq u e o f b e a d s . g la s s beads flu o re s c e n c e . of s im ila r P ro s s e r b u tto n s c o lo rs w e re T h e re s u lts w e re s ta rtlin g a s to th e o rig in a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g te c h - e s s e n tia lly id e n tic a l in c o m p o s itio n . b u tto n s o f s e v e ra l c o lo rs , tile b e a d s o f s e v e ra l c o lo rs , a n d a n a ly z e d e n e rg y d is p e rs iv e w o rk w ith s tric tly w h ite m a te ria ls . N o t o n ly d id w e fin d th a t b e a d s h a v e e s s e n tia lly th e s a m e s e rie s o f in g re d ie n ts . h a irs " (C h a rle s g la s s tra d e b e a d re s e a rc h . w ith e x tre m e c a u tio n c a ll P ro s s e r b u tto n s b u t w h ite It w a s th e c o n c lu s io n o f th e a n d tile b e a d s a n y th in g b u t R . K n o w le s , p e rs o n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n ). it is m y c o n te n tio n P ro s s e r p ro c e s s in a B a p te ro s s e s x -ra y a n d tile b e a d s w e re fo u n d to b e W e fo u n d th a t th e c o lo rin g a g e n ts in s o m e c a s e s te n d e d to m a s k g e o lo g ic a l p h y s ic is t in v o lv e d in th e a n a ly s is th a t " to In c o n c lu s io n n o n -d e s tru c tiv e T h e b u tto n s a n d th e tile b e a d s w e re id e n tic a l w h e n w h ite s a m p le s w e re a n a ly z e d d r a w n g l a s s ' 'p o n y " g la s s is s p littin g by a n d re w a rd in g . th e b a s ic in g re d ie n ts s o w e d id a d d itio n a l th e P ro s s e r a n s w e rin g E ls e w h e re I h a v e b e e n In th e c a s e o f th e tile b e a d s th e e v id e n c e h a s b e e n m o re e n c o u ra g in g . A s e rie s o f s a m p le s in c lu d in g d ra w n re s e a rc h w a s n o t c o m p le te ly a n a ly s is a p p ro a c h . th a t th e e v id e n c e is v e ry s tro n g th a t tile b e a d s a re m a d e b y th e ty p e m a c h in e a n d th a t th e y a re w e ll w ith in th e le g itim a te d o m a in o f H o w e v e r, th e le s s o n le a rn e d fro m m y re s e a rc h is to u s e s e c o n d a ry s o u rc e s a n d b e s u s p ic io u s o f e v e n th e p rim a ry so u rc e s. ACKNOW LEDGEM ENTS M a n y p e o p le h a v e c o n trib u te d th e ir c o n trib u tio n in d e e d Id a h o th e y a re . T h e a n a ly s is B u re a u D e p a rtm e n t to th is w o rk o v e r th e p a s t te n y e a rs , s o m e a re lo s t in a n tiq u ity b u t m u s t s till b e a c k n o w le d g e d . o f M in e s , M oscow . o f A n th ro p o lo g y , in 1 9 7 6 . A d d itio n a l B a rn e y F lo ra firs t a s k e d if tile b e a d s w e re ta p e re d a n d o f s a m p le s w a s th ro u g h S e v e ra l re se a rc h S m ith s o n ia n so u rc e s w e re b ro u g h t In s titu tio n th e c o u rte s y so u rc e s to m y a tte n tio n b y G re g L a d e n , S p ra g u e . K a rlis K a rk lin s h a s p ro v id e d a b u n d a n t e n c o u ra g e m e n t. T h e fin a l im p e tu s to p u t a ll o f th is to g e th e r F . H a y e s Ill, R . K n o w le s o f th e th ro u g h th e h e lp o f th e w h ile I w a s s e rv in g a s a P o s t D o c to ra l F e llo w L in d a F e rg u s o n S c ie n c e C e n te r, C h a rle s o f C h a rle s w e re c o p ie d a n d C h a rle s F . W ra y . G e o rg e R . H a m e ll, a n d s o u rc e s , in fo rm a tio n , c a m e fro m c ritic is m , a n d th e R o c h e s te r M useum & 259 REFERENCES CITED A c c o u n t fo r P a u l L . C h o u te a u , d o c u m e n t, d a te d A u g u s t, 1 9 3 3 C h o u te a u -M a ffitt C o lle c tio n , M is s o u ri H is to ric a l S o c ie ty . A d a m s , C h a rle s 1 8 8 3 T h e N e w E n g lis h C a n a a n b y T h o m a s M o rto n . TSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA P u b lic a tio n o f th e P r in c e S o c ie ty 14. John W ils o n a n d S o n , B o s to n . A d a m s , J a n e F o rd 1 9 5 2 B u tto n -m a k in g 1961 P ro s s e r's a t M in to n s . N a t i o n a l B u t t o n B u lle tin U .S . C h in a B u tto n P a te n t. N a t i o n a l B u t t o n A lie n , J a m e y D . 1 9 8 2 a C a n e M a n u fa c tu re fo r M o s a ic G la s s B e a d s : P a rt I. O r n a m e n t 5(4):6-11. fo r M o s a ic G la s s B e a d s : P a rt 1 1 . O r n a m e n t 6(1):13,17,43. 1 9 8 2 b C a n e M a n u fa c tu re A lie n , J e a n 1 9 8 0 Id a r-O b e rs te in , 11(2):75-83. B u l l e t i n 2:109. E u ro p e 's J e w e l C ity . L a p i d a r y J o u r n a l 34:4. A n d rie s s e n , H e n d ric k 1 6 6 0 P e titio n , d a te d B e v e rw y c k , S e p te m b e r 1 8 . N e w Y o rk S ta te L ib ra ry , A lb a n y . Y o r k C o lo n ia l M a n u s c r ip ts 9 :4 2 6 . N e w A nonym ous 1 8 3 5 M is c e lla n e o u s C o m m u n ic a tio n s fro m a n A m e ric a n N a v a l O ffic e r, T ra v e llin g in E u ro p e ; F o rw a rd e d fro m th e M e d ite rra n e a n , M a y 1 8 3 4 . A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f S c i e n c e a n d A r t s 2 7 (1 ):7 4 -8 4 . 1959 S a n d a n d I m a g i n a t i o n . C o m in g G la s s W o rk s , C o m in g , N e w Y o rk . 1 9 7 6 A n n o u n c e m e n ts : T h e Illin o is S ta te M u s e u m . B e a d J o u r n a l 3(1):8. A rc h iv e s o f M a ry la n d 1885 P r o c e e d in g s of th e C o u n c il o f M a r y la n d : 1 6 3 6 -1 6 6 7 3 . M a ry la n d H is to ric a l S o c ie ty , B a ltim o re . 1887 1898 1952 P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e C o u n c i l : 1 6 6 7 -1 6 8 7 /8 5 . M a ry la n d P r o c e e d in g s o f t h e C o u n c i l : 1 6 8 1 -1 6 8 5 /6 1 7 . M a ry la n d P r o c e e d in g s of th e P r o v in c ia l C o u r t: 1 6 7 0 -1 6 7 5 H is to ric a l S o c ie ty , B a ltim o re . H is to ric a l S o c ie ty , B a ltim o re . 65. M a ry la n d H is to ric a l S o c ie ty , B a ltim o re . A u b in , G e o rg e F . 1 9 7 5 A P ro to -A lg o n q u ia n E th n o lo g y D ic tio n a ry . N a t i o n a l M u s e u m of M an, M ercury S e r ie s , C a n a d ia n C u ltu r e s , 1 5 0 4 -1 7 0 0 : A S tu d y in C a n a - S e r v i c e P a p e r 2 9 . O tta w a . B a ile y , A lfre d G o ld s w o rth y 1969 T h e C o n flic t o f E u r o p e a n d ia n C iv iliz a tio n . a n d E a s te r n A lg o n k ia n S e c o n d E d itio n . U n iv e rs ity o f T o ro n to P re s s , T o ro n to . B a rb e a u , C . M a riu s 1 9 1 5 H u ro n a n d W y a n d o t M y th o lo g y . G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y M e m o i r 8 0 , A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l 1 1 . O tta w a . S e r ie s B a rb e r, E d w in A tle e 1909 T h e P o tte r y a n d P o r c e l a i n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . G .P . P u tn a m 's S o n s , N e w Y o rk . B a rn o u w , V ic to r 1977 W is c o n s in C h ip p e w a M y th s a n d T a le s a n d T h e ir R e la tio n to C h ip p e w a L ife . U n iv e rs ity o f W is c o n s in P re s s , M a d is o n . B a ro v ie r, R o s a 1 9 7 4 R o m a n G la s s w a re in th e M u s e u m o f M u ra n o a n d th e M u ra n e s e te e n th C e n tu ry . J o u r n a l o f G l a s s S t u d i e s 1 6 :1 1 1 -1 1 9 . B a rth , F re d rik 1 9 6 7 O n th e S tu d y o f S o c ia l C h a n g e . A m e r i c a n A n th r o p o lo g is t R e v iv a l o f th e N in e - n . s . 6 9 (6 ):6 6 1 -6 6 9 . 260 B a r tr a m , John 1751RQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA O b s e r v a tio n s o n th e In h a b ita n ts , C lim a te , S o il, R iv e r s , P r o d u c tio n s , A n im a ls , a n d O th e r M a tte r s W o r th y o f N o tic e . M a d e b y M r . J o h n B a r tr a m , in H is T r a v e ls fr o m to O n o n d a g o , d o n . R e p r in te d 1 9 6 6 b y U n iv e r s ity M ic r o f ilm s , A n n A rb o r. B a s s , W illia m M ., D a v id R . E v a n s a n d R ic h a r d L . J a n tz 1 9 7 1 T h e L e a v e n w o r th S ite C e m e te r y : A r c h a e o lo g y a n d P h y s ic a l A n th r o p o lo g y . K a n s a s , P u b lic a tio n s in A n th r o p o lo g y 2 . L a w re n c e . B a u g h , T im o th y 1 9 7 0 T h e V a n d e v e r - H a w o r th S ite , W g - 1 6 , W a g o n e r C o u n ty , B a s in S u r v e y , A r c h a e o lo g ic a l S ite R e p o r t 1 7 . N o rm a n . 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