Texila International Journal of Management
Special Edition Dec 2019
Impact of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in the Generation of
Employment in Nepal
Article by Dipti Sharma
MBA, healthcare management, Texila American University
E-mail: crazzy0deep@gmail.com
Abstract
For an underdeveloped nation uplifting economy is a challenge. Raising economy in such context
must have accelerated growth and development that improves quality of life. Small and medium scale
enterprises are provisions for fast growth and fulfillment of economic prosperity by any nation. The
economic reform in the early 1990s in Nepal pulled the attention of the private and joint investment to
seek the financial sector. National development strategies, the strategies towards poverty reduction of
individual member countries should underline the importance of commercial sector promotion. In this
research the total of 200 copies of the questionnaires to be administered. The instruments to be used
are gathering information for this study includes questionnaires and interview. Two different
statistical methods are to be employed to analyze data for the study. The tools are simple percentage
and chi square test. The results of the study reveal that the most common constraints hindering small
and medium scale business growth in Nepal are lack of financial support, poor management,
corruption, lack of training and experience, poor infrastructure, insufficient profits, and low demand
for product and services. SMEs expansion boosts employment more than large firm growth because
SMEs are more labour intensive thereby subsidizing SMEs may represent a poverty alleviation tool,
by promoting SMEs and individual countries and the international community at large can make
progress towards the main goal of halving poverty. Entrepreneurial development is therefore
important in the Nepalese economy which is characterised by the following heavy dependence on
agricultural production, high unemployment, low utilization of industrial capacity, high inflation rate,
and lack of industrial infrastructural base.
Key words: Youth, Employment, Economic growth, Small and medium enterprises
Definition of keywords
Youths
Youth is the time of life when one is young and often means the time between childhood and
adulthood. It is also defined as "the appearance, freshness, energy, spirit, etc., characteristic of one
who is young."
Employment
Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid
for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative
or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.
Employees work in return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework
or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector she or he is
working in.
Economic growth
Economic growth is an increase in the production of economic goods and services, compared from
one period of time to another. It can be measured in nominal or real (adjusted for inflation) terms.
Traditionally, aggregate economic growth is measured in terms of gross national product (GNP) or
gross domestic product (GDP), although alternative metrics are sometimes used.
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Small and medium enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are
businesses whose personnel numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation "SME" is used by
international organizations such as the World Bank, the European Union, the United Nations and the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
Introduction
Economies of developing and transition economies, harmony among policy makers, economists,
development partners that of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are a potent factor for the
industrial growth and economic development. In advancement of new technologies in the competitive
world the processes of globalizing to meet the standards internationally and liberalizing, both
processes combined with fast growth advancement in information technology and communication
techniques creating new variation of production, enterprise development and internationally
competitive. Evidences show that in regions or economies where enterprises have been actively
helped the poverty rates have declined. This is especially applicable for Asia more precisely Indian
sub-continent. Economic growth is fast in the region of youthful confident population. It is thus
believed that Nepal through its young population has great expectation designed to meet the needs of
economic growth. Nepal shares much in common with India in that they being supplied with a young
energetic population. Youth entrepreneurship has vitally got primary expected to the strong rate of
youth unemployment situation in Nepal. Recent experiences in Nepal with the high rate of child
labour, involvement in violent crimes such as armed robbery and political gang fights, drugs
trafficking and human trafficking are all side effects of unemployment.
Methods
Design and setting of study
The primary objective of this study was to establish the impact of small and medium scale
enterprises on employment creation and the role of this on sustainable development of the Nepalese
economy. Sample survey research on unemployed youths of Tokha municipality
Sampling design and procedure
It is practically impossible to study all the unemployed youths and small and medium
manufacturing and services enterprise owners in Tokha municipality, the technique adopted is random
sampling technique to select samples adopted for this study. A total number of 200 samples are to be
selected for this study. 200 questionnaires are administrated to them so as to solicit the needed data.
Nature and sources of data
Due to the nature of this study, primary data appropriate for this study. The source for data, both
questionnaire and interview are adopted.
Impact of small and medium scale industries
Foreign Currency Earnings: small and medium scale industries are good means of foreign currency
earnings. The amount of export is increasing constantly. So that we can say that it provides foreign
currency in a reliable way.
It earns foreign currencies and reduces the trade deficit. Export based form creates the employment
opportunities.
Baseline characteristic questionnaires are listed in table below
Table 1. Respondent and analysis of data
S/N Questionnaire
1
2
Total
Administered
Returned
Unreturned
2
Frequency
160
40
200
Percentage
80
20
100
Texila International Journal of Management
Special Edition Dec 2019
Interpretation
Data collected through the questionnaires distributed and retrieved in order to ascertain if small and
medium scale enterprises and employment generation are related in the Nepalese economy. The
responses were collected and chi-square method.
A total of two hundred copies of the questionnaires was administered out of which one hundred
and sixty copies representing eighty percentage of the questionnaire were properly completed and
retrieved while forty copies representing twenty percentage were not retrieved. Socio economic
questions posed to the respondents and discussion of data analysis of responses from the one hundred
and sixty responses that were properly filled, completed and retrieved through the research
instruments adopted.
Table 2. Sex of respondent
Feature Code Frequency
Sex
Female 1
112
male
2
48
Total
160
Percentage
70
30
100
Interpretation
Table number 2 shows that one hundred and twelve respondents representing seventy percentage of
the sample size were females while forty-eight respondents representing thirty percentage of the
sample size were males. Thus, majority of the respondents were females.
Table 3. Age of respondent
Feature
Age
Below 25Years
25-35Years
36-45Years
Above 45 Years
Total
Code
Frequency
Percentage
1
2
3
4
26
100
32
2
160
16
63
20
1
100
Interpretation
Table 3above shows that twenty-six respondents representing 16% of the sample size were of the
age group below 25 years, 100 respondents representing 63% of the sample size were of the age group
25-35 years, 32 respondents representing 20% of the sample size were of the age group 36-45years
while option above 45 years attracted 2 respondent representing 1% of sample size. Thus, majority of
the respondents were of the age group25-35 years.
Table 4. Marital status
Feature
Marital Status
Single
Married
Divorced/Separated
Widow/Widower
Total
Code
Frequency
Percentage
1
2
3
4
76
84
160
48
52
100
Interpretation
Table number 4 shows that seventy 76 respondents representing 48% of the sample size were
singles, 84 respondents representing 52% of the sample size were married while other options made
available in the question attracted no respondent. Thus, majority of the respondents were married.
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Table 5. Education status
Feature
Education
Illiterate
below slc
intermediate
bachelors
professionals
Total
Code
Frequency
Percentage
1
2
3
4
5
10
36
40
70
4
160
6
23
25
44
2
100
Interpretation
Table number 5 shows that 10 respondents representing 6% of sample size were illiterate,36
respondents representing 23% sample size were educated below school leaving level, 40 respondents
representing 25% were educated till intermediate level,70 respondents representing 44%were
educated till bachelors’ level, 4 respondents representing 2% were professionals. Thus, majority of
respondents were educated up to bachelors’ level.
Table 6. Years in service
Feature
Years in Service
Less than 5 Years
5-10 Years
11-15Years
16-20Years
Above 20 Years
Total
Code
Frequency
percentage
1
2
3
4
5
128
24
5
3
160
80
15
4
2
100
Interpretation
Table 6 above shows that 128 respondents representing 80% of the sample size have been on the
job for less than five years, sixteen 24 respondents representing 15% of the sample size have been on
the job for a period of 5-10 years, 5 respondents representing 4% of the sample size have been on the
job for a period of 11-15 years, 3 respondent representing 2% of the sample size has been on the job
for a period of 16-20 years while option20 years and above attracted no respondent. Thus, majority of
the respondents have been on the job for less than five years.
Table 7. Accelerated economic growth and development and quality of life
SME’s
Code Frequency
Percentage
Accelerated economic growth and development and quality of life
Strongly Agree
1
48
30
Agree
2
48
30
Undecided
3
32
20
Disagree
4
18
11
Strongly Disagree 5
14
9
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table7 above shows that 48 respondents representing 30% of the sample strongly agreed, 48
respondents representing 30% of the sample agreed, 32 respondents representing 20% of the sample
undecided, 18 respondents representing 11% of the sample while another 14 respondents representing
19% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondent agreed
with the statement.
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Special Edition Dec 2019
Table 8. Contribute to global economic growth and development.
SME’s
Code
Frequency Percentage
contribute to global economic growth and development.
Strongly Agree
1
70
44
Agree
2
74
4
Undecided
3
8
5
Disagree
4
5
3
Strongly Disagree 5
3
2
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 8 above shows that 70 respondents representing 44% of the sample strongly agreed, 74
respondents representing 46% agreed, 8respondents representing 5% of the sample undecided, 5
respondents representing 3% of the sample size disagreed while 3 respondents representing 2% of the
sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondent were agreed with the
statement.
Table 9. The role of enabling environment on sustainable employment generation should be alike
SME’s
Code
Frequency Percentage
The role of enabling environment on sustainable employment
generation should be alike
Strongly Agree
1
36
23
Agree
2
24
15
Undecided
3
74
46
Disagree
4
8
5
Strongly Disagree 5
18
11
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 9 above shows that 36 respondents representing 23% of the sample strongly agreed, 24
respondents representing 15% agreed, 74 respondents representing 46% of the sample undecided, 8
respondents representing 5% of the sample size disagreed while 18 respondents representing 11% of
the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondent were undecided
about the question.
Table 10. Youth encouraged for entrepreneurial spirit
SME’s
Code
Frequency
Percentage
The youth should be encouraged to develop and nurture entrepreneurial spirit
Strongly Agree
1
74
46
Agree
2
40
25
Undecided
3
38
24
Disagree
4
3
2
Strongly Disagree 5
5
3
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 10 above shows 74 respondents representing 46% of sample size strongly agreed, 40
respondents representing 25% of sample size agreed, 38 respondent 23 respondents representing 19%
of the sample undecided, 3 respondents representing 2% of the sample size disagreed while 5
respondents representing 3% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of
the respondent strongly agreed with the statement.
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Table 11. Sustainable employment generation solve socio-economic problem inherent in national economy of
Nepal
SME’s
Code Frequency
Percentage
Sustainable employment generation solve socio-economic
problem inherent in national economy of Nepal
Strongly Agree
1
84
52
Agree
2
61
38
Undecided
3
10
6
Disagree
4
5
4
Strongly Disagree 5
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table number 11 above shows that 84 respondents representing 52% of the sample strongly agreed,
61respondents representing 38% agreed, 10 respondents representing 6% of the sample undecided, 5
respondents representing 4% of the sample size disagreed no one strongly disagreed in the statement.
Thus, majority of the respondent strongly agreed with the statement.
Table 12. Entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living
SME’s
code
Frequency
Percentage
Entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improve standard of living
Strongly Agree
1
64
40
Agree
2
38
24
Undecided
3
29
18
Disagree
4
19
12
Strongly Disagree 5
10
6
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table above shows that 64 respondents representing 40% of the sample strongly agreed, with the
statement, 38 respondents representing 24% agreed, 29respondents representing 18% of the sample
undecided, 19 respondents representing 12% of the sample disagreed while 10 respondents
representing 6% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the
respondents strongly agreed with the statement.
Table13. Youth employment reduces social vices in an economy
SME’s
Code Frequency Percentage
Youth employment reduces social vices in an economy
Strongly Agree
1
84
52
Agree
2
61
38
Undecided
3
10
6
Disagree
4
5
4
Strongly Disagree 5
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 13 above shows that 84 respondents representing 52% of the sample strongly agreed, 61
respondents representing 38% agreed, 10 respondents representing 6% of the sample undecided, 5
respondents representing 4% of the sample size disagreed while none of the respondents strongly
disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the statement.
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Special Edition Dec 2019
Table14. Entrepreneurship can promote industrial and technological growth
SME’s
Code
Frequency
Percentage
Entrepreneurship can promote industrial and technological growth
Strongly Agree
1
35
22
Agree
2
32
20
Undecided
3
31
19
Disagree
4
30
18
Strongly Disagree 5
32
20
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 14 above shows that 35 respondents representing 22% of the sample strongly agreed, 32
respondents representing 20% agreed, 31 respondents representing 19% of the sample undecided,30
respondents representing 18% of the sample size disagreed while 32 respondents representing 20% of
the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, majority of the respondents agreed with the
statement.
Table15. Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment generation are related
SME’s
Code Frequency Percentage
Promotion of SMEs and improvement in employment
generation are related
Strongly Agree
1
56
35
Agree
2
58
36
Undecided
3
13
8
Disagree
4
16
10
Strongly Disagree 5
18
11
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 15 above shows that 56 respondents representing 35% of the sample strongly agreed, 58
respondents representing 36% agreed, 13respondents representing 8% undecided, 16 respondents
representing 10% of the sample disagreed while 18 respondents representing 11% of the sample
strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondents agreed with the statement.
Table16. The economy depends on its working population for economic growth and development.
SME’s.
Code
Frequency Percentage
The economy depends on its working population for economic
growth and development
Strongly Agree
1
64
40
Agree
2
58
36
Undecided
3
Disagree
4
22
14
Strongly Disagree 5
16
10
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 16 above shows that 64 respondents representing 40% of the sample strongly agreed, 58
respondents representing 36% agreed, none were undecided, 22 respondents representing 14% of the
sample disagreed while 16 respondents representing 10% of the sample strongly disagreed with the
statement. Thus, a majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the statement.
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Table 17. The youth can enhance sustainable development of the Nepalese economy
SME’s
Code Frequency Percentage
The youth can enhance sustainable development of the
Nepalese economy
Strongly Agree
1
80
50
Agree
2
48
30
Undecided
3
16
10
Disagree
4
8
5
Strongly Disagree 5
8
5
Total
160
100
Interpretation
Table 17 above shows that 80 respondents representing 50% of the sample strongly agreed, 48
respondents representing 30% agreed, 16 respondents representing 10% of the sample were
undecided, 8 respondents representing 5% of the sample disagreed while 8 respondents representing
5% of the sample strongly disagreed with the statement. Thus, a majority of the respondents agreed
with the statement.
Employment in small and medium scale enterprises
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
number in lakh person
Figure1. Employment in small and medium scale enterprises
The growth of employment can be clearly seen in the figure 1. Employment in small and medium
scale enterprises has played vital role in national economy.
Number of employment generation in small and medium scale
enterprises
31
small
medium
69
Figure 2. Employment generation in small and medium scale enterprises
Figure 2 shows employment generation in small scale enterprises is more than medium scale
enterprises.
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Texila International Journal of Management
Special Edition Dec 2019
chart showing percentage of enterprises engaged
in service and manufacturing sector
13
service
manufacturing
87
Figure 3. Percentage of enterprises engaged in service and manufacturing sector
Manufacturing enterprises are large in number than service sectors as shown in figure 3.
Table 18. Challenges and opportunities of small and medium scale industries
Challenges faced by small and medium scale
industries
Little developed markets for many products and
high price fluctuations
Many producers with small quantities of products
receive only a small portion of the total revenue.
Lack of market information such as product prices
and available volumes and projections of future
supply and demand
Lack of marketing knowledge and skills amongst
traders
Limited access to information and technology for
product development
Lack of marketing infrastructure
Lack of branding, certification and recognized
standards for Nepali products to ensure that
products are produced organically, traded fairly,
and environmentally sustainable
Opportunities in small and medium
scale industries
Growing international and domestic
market demand
Income and employment opportunities.
Availability of external support
Conducive forestry policies
Discussion
Analyses of the research statement reveal that small and medium scale enterprises are strategic to
attainment of economic prosperity objective of the nation. For an economy to live up to expectation in
the committee of nation’s development wise, such economy must achieve accelerated economic
growth and improves quality of life. The economic growth and development depend on its working
population for economy in which the youths constitute greatest percentage and this further establishes
the reason why the youth should be encouraged to be employed. The youth must be encouraged to
develop and nurture entrepreneurial spirit since entrepreneurship reduces poverty and improves
standards of living. The youth can enhance sustainable development of the Nepalese economy. The
hypotheses tested reveal that small and medium scale enterprises and growth of the Nepalese
economy.
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Conclusions
Adequate and primarily attention must be given to wide spread of economic activities through
entrepreneurship. Small and medium scale enterprise generation. The youth is the major contributor to
all round economic growth and development. Security must be primary and paramount for greater
process capability to move economically forward.
Acknowledgement
I express my deep sense of gratitude and profound thanks to all individuals and institutions that
have kindly and generously extended their support and help in accomplishing this report.
I am highly indebted to Tokha municipality for providing me such an opportunity to conduct
research as fulfillment of MBA program. I am grateful to my research guide Mr. Suman kafle for his
valuable guidance, supervision and constructive feedback during the study period. Without his proper
guidance, meticulous advice and approval, this study would not get its real position.
I express my heartfelt thanks to my coordinator, mentors, professors' and entire TAU family for the
support, encouragement at last but not the least, I owe a deep debt of gratitude to all those who have
helped me directly and indirectly and also would like to apologize if any names of helping hands
without whom I would have not succeeded.
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