Lasbela
Integrated District Development Vision
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Published by:
IUCN Pakistan
Copyright:
© 2011 IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources.
Lasbela - Integrated District Development Vision was developed by the Lasbela
District Government, with technical assistance of IUCN Pakistan under its project
Balochistan Partnerships for Sustainable Development (BPSD) and financial
support by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (EKN).
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Citation:
Lasbela District Government (2011). Lasbela - Integrated District Development
Vision. IUCN Pakistan, Quetta, Pakistan. xii+153 pp.
Research and development:
Abdul Latif Rao
Resource person:
Hamid Sarfraz
Facilitation:
Zabardast Khan Bangash, Mehboob Ali, Nadeem Mirbahar
Editors:
Madiha Aijaz, Zeevar Scheik and Rahal Saeed
Design:
Azhar Saeed, IUCN Pakistan
Cover photographs:
Nadeem Mirbahar, Shah Murad Aliani and Hingol National Park
Printed by:
Rosette Printers
Available from:
IUCN Pakistan
Balochistan Programme Office
Marker Cottage, Zarghoon Road
Quetta, Pakistan
Tel: +92 (81) 2840450/51/52
Fax: +92 (81) 2820706
www.iucn.org/pakistan
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Contents
Abbreviations, Acronyms and Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
1.
Lasbela District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
2.
Lasbela Integrated District Development Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.1
Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
2.2
The Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
2.3
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Governance and Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
3.1
Devolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.2
Current status of governance and institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Social Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.1
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4.2
Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.3
Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
4.4
Gender Mainstreaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
4.5
Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
4.6
Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Livelihoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
4.7
Social Insurance & Safety Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Housing & Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
5.1
Housing & Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
5.2
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
5.3
Sanitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.4
Environment (and Sustainability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Natural Resource and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
6.1
Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
6.2
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
6.3
Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
6.4
Wildlife and Protected Areas (PAs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
6.5
Wetlands and Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
6.6
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Agriculture and Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
7.1
Floriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
7.2
Expansion of Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
7.3
Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
7.4
Rangelands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
8.
Coastal Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
8.1
9.
Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
9.1
Commerce and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
9.2
Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
9.3
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
9.4
Minerals and Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
9.5
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
9.6
Culture and Ecotourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
9.7
Communication and Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
9.8
The Private Sector and Public-Private Partnership . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
9.9
Macro-Economic Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
9.10 Sports and Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
10.
Disaster Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
10.1 Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
10.2 Drought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
10.3 Flood and Landslides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
10.4 Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
10.5 Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
10.6 Sea Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
10.7 Tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
10.8 Oil Spills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
10.9 Dam Brust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
10.10 Excessive Heat/Heat Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
11.
Information Management and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
11.1 Means of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
12.
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
12.1 Priority Programmes and Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
12.2 Institutional Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
12.3 Action Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
12.4 Institutional Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
12.5 Investment Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
12.6 Resource Mobilization and Efficient Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
12.7 Monitoring & Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Annex 1: UN Millennium Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AI
Artificial Insemination
BCDA
Balochistan Coastal Development Authority
BCS
Balochistan Conservation Strategy
BDA
Balochistan Development Authority
BEMIS
Balochistan Education Management Information System
BEPA
Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency
BF&WD
Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department
BHMIS
Balochistan Health Management Information System
BHU
Basic Health Unit
BLGO
Balochistan Local Government Ordinance, 2001
BPM
Best Practices Method
C&W Dept.
Communication and Works Department
CBO
Community Based Organization
CCB
Citizens» Community Board
CMI
Climatic Moisture Index
CSO
Civil Society Organization
DCO
District Coordination Officer
DCR
District Population Census Report
DERA
Drought Emergency Relief Assistance
DFID
Department for International Development, United Kingdom
DHH
District Headquarters Hospital
EDO
Executive District Officer
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EOBI
Employees Old-age Benefit Institution
EPZ
Export Processing Zone
ESR
Education Sector Reforms
ESRA
Education Sector Reform Assistance Program
GoB
Government of Balochistan
GoP
Government of Pakistan
GB
Gilgit Baltistan
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GIS
Geographic Information Systems
GST
General Sales Tax
HITE
Hub Industrial and Trading Estate
HMIS
Health Management Information System
v
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
HNP
Hingol National Park
ICZMP
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan
IDDV
Integrated District Development Vision
IEE
Initial Environment Examination
IWRM
Integrated Water Resource Management
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
IPP
Independent Power Producers
IPP
Independent Power Plant
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources
IUCNP
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources, Pakistan
KESC
Karachi Electric Supply Corporation
KPK
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
KPP
Khushhal Pakistan Programme
Lasbela CC&I Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and Industry
vi
LIEDA
Lasbela Industrial Estates Development Authority
LGOs
Local Government Ordinances
LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
MAP
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MCH
Makran Coastal Highway
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
MPA
Member Provincial Assembly
MTDF
Medium Term Development Framework
NCCW
National Council for Conservation of Wildlife
NCS
National Conservation Strategy
NEQS
National Environmental Quality Standards
NGO
Non-Governmental Organizations
NOC
No Objection Certificate
NRM
Natural Resource Management
NRSP
National Rural Support Programme
NWFP
Non Wood Forest Product
O&M
Operation and Maintenance
PAs
Protected Areas
PAMP
Protected Areas Management Project
PBM
Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal
P&DD
Planning and Development Department, GoB
PCRI
Pakistan Cotton Research Institute
PEPA
Pakistan Environmental Protection Authority
PF
Protected Forest
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
PFC
Provincial Finance Commission
PGS
Performance Grant System
PHED
Public Health Engineering Department
PIA
Pakistan International Airlines
PPIB
Private Power Infrastructure Board
PPP
Purchasing Power Parity
PRSP
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSDP
Public Sector Development Programme
PTCL
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited
PTDC
Pakistan Tourism and Development Corporation
QDA
Quetta Development Authority
QESCO
Quetta Electric Supply Company
RHC
Rural Health Centre
SEA
Strategic Environmental Assessment
SMI
Soil Moisture Index
SPO
Strengthening Participatory Organization
SPOT
Satellite for Earth Observation
STEP
Society for Torghar Environmental Protection
SUSG
Sustainable Use Specialist Group
ToRs
Terms of Reference
TB
Tuberculosis
TMA
Tehsil Municipal Administration
TMO
Tehsil Municipal Officer
TOI&S
Tehsil Officer Infrastructure and Services
TOP
Tehsil Officer Planning
TTC
Technical Training Centre
UNCED
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF
United Nations International Children and Education Fund
UPS
Uninterruptible Power Supply
WAPDA
Water and Power Development Authority
WatSan
Water and Sanitation
WB
World Bank
WCS
World Conservation Strategy
WSSD
World Summit on Sustainable Development
WWF
World Wide Fund for Nature
WWF-P
World Wide Fund for Nature - Pakistan
vii
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Executive Summary
Formerly a princely state, Lasbela District is the most south-easterly coastal district
of Balochistan Province, bordering Karachi and Dadu Districts in Sindh and
Gwadar, and Awaran and Khuzdar Districts in Balochistan. It comprises hills and
mountains in the east, north, and west, an alluvial plain in the centre and a narrow
coastal strip dotted with the mangrove swamps of Sonmiani Hor in the south. The
population of the district was 312,695 in 1998;1 it is projected to be 422,000 in
2011 and 511,000 in 2021.2 The land area is 15,1533 sq km.
A range of natural resources including water, agriculture, forests (both terrestrial and
mangrove), livestock and rangelands, wetlands and fisheries (both inland and
coastal), and wildlife and protected areas exist in the district. The natural resources
suffer from lack of land use planning and over-exploitation, resulting in degradation,
affecting the subsistence and livelihoods of the local people. A lack of
understanding, concern and investment for sustainability is also prevalent. The
recent trend of pumping out water for cultivation of banana, other fruit orchards and
vegetables is resulting in the rapid depletion of ground water.
While vast tracts of cultivable plain lands exist, water for irrigation is a key
constraint in the expansion and development of agriculture. After a long gap since
the construction of Hub Dam, the Windar Dam and Hingol Dam initiatives are now
being pursued, and there is still more potential for water development. While
agriculture and livestock marketing have remained imperfect, a proper Agriculture
Market is being established at Uthal.
The climate of the district is suitable for agriculture, livestock and poultry. However,
productivity in the agriculture and livestock sectors is low due to low inputs and
traditional practices that are an outcome of poverty and isolation. All three aspects
of the livestock sector, breed, feed and disease are weak. In the coastal areas,
mangroves are over- exploited and consistently degrading. Coastal fisheries, one of
the sectors identified by WB4 (2007) for its potential to boost the province»s
economy, have suffered due to over-exploitation and unhealthy fishing practices.
Culturally, Lasbela District is very rich, with archaeological sites, religious shrines for
both Muslims and Hindus, historical graveyards and graves. It is a peaceful district
of hospitable people living in harmony with nature, without ethnic conflict. The
natural heritage of the district is also of global importance and includes Hingol
National Park (HNP), and two Ramsar Sites, species of wild animals and plants,
vast pristine beaches and an outstanding panoramic landscape. The cultural and
natural wealth of the district has, however, not yet been exploited though tourism.
The Karachi√Quetta National Highway serves the district and its coastal areas
benefit greatly from the Makran Coastal Highway (MCH). The towns and larger
villages are linked by roads. To take advantage of their proximity to the industrial
and commercial hub of Karachi, the Hub and Windar industrial and trading estates
have been developed and the Uthal/Bela Industrial Estate at Zero Point is being
developed. Marble City is already processing the marble extracted from Dureji and
1
viii
2
3
4
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela.
Islamabad: PCO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2001.
National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS).
Survey of Pakistan √ Map of Lasbela District (2004).
World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report.
Quetta: GoB, 2008.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
other districts. Ship breaking has evolved into an
old and large-scale industry that contributes to
livelihoods and the economy.
Large volumes of industrial wastes, effluents, and
emissions are unsafely disposed of and untreated
industrial effluents are discharged into water
bodies. Workers» safety and occupational health
remain of concern. The closed textile, engineering
and chemical industrial units need immediate
government attention. Policies and other options
would be needed to restart these units or establish
new ones. The Gadani ship breaking industry
suffers from inconsistency in federal and provincial
policies, lack of economic incentives, pollution, and
out-dated technology.
The district has deposits of important metal and
non-metal minerals including lead, zinc, marble,
limestone, etc. The issues for the mining sector are
wastage, low level of exploitation, inadequate
exploration, workers» safety and occupational
health and pollution. Added to this is the weakness
of the Balochistan Directorate General of Minerals
and Mining, Quetta which manages mining. This
includes exploring minerals, developing feasibility
reports, attracting investors, collecting and
electronically managing data, promoting mining,
facilitating modernization of mining and value
addition of minerals, monitoring production of
minerals, and collecting royalty.
Unplanned development of settlements has
resulted in insurmountable environmental and other
issues. Solid waste, hospital waste, air pollution,
noise pollution, water and sanitation (WatSan) are
the pertinent issues for the housing and settlement
sector. There is no safe disposal of solid and
hospital wastes.
Social indicators relating to health, education,
WatSan and poverty are weak. Lack of drinking
water is a critical issue in the coastal areas. The
potential work force, although a great asset as a
human resource, is unskilled and lacks the aptitude
to engage in industrial and other development
activities, which require specific skills. By
developing the industrial estates of Hub and
Windar, the people of Hub have become well off,
while many people in rural areas live in poverty
without even basic facilities.
WB (2007) has identified industry, agriculture,
livestock, fisheries, minerals and mining, ecotourism, transport and trade as the pillars of growth
for Balochistan. Lasbela district has all these in
significant quantity. It is one of the two coastal
districts of Balochistan. It is rich in natural
resources and comparatively advanced in industry,
communication infrastructure and mining. Since it
is adjacent to Karachi, Lasbela is developing very
rapidly.
The Integrated District Development Vision (IDDV) for
Lasbela was developed through a wide consultative
process as a sustainable development agenda using
integrated planning for environment friendly and
sustainable development, conservation and
sustainable use of natural resources and protection
of its environment. It also provides an implementation
framework for implementing the measures listed in all
sectors and cross cutting themes.
Understanding how governance has evolved, and
responding to the critical challenges associated
with the transition can help in identifying the way
forward for a system of Good Governance. There is
a strong nexus between governance, development,
poverty and the environment in any administrative
unit, small or large. Poor governance in developing
countries has not allowed people to rise above the
poverty level and safeguard their traditional means
of livelihood or the environment.
Devolution, as one of the options to improve
governance at the local level, did not succeed in
changing the status quo in Pakistan due to various
reasons. The devolution system introduced was a
compromised one to begin with, and this was further
compromised during its implementation. The vision,
understanding and skills of the elected Nazims and
councillors to run the system successfully were not
developed to the desired level. The most important
reason for the lack of success was, however, lack of
cooperation and support by the key players, i.e., the
bureaucracy, politicians and the provincial
government because of their interest in retaining
power, authority and influence.
The local government established under the BLGO
2001 was reverted in January 2010 to BLGO 1980
in Balochistan and other provinces, and
Administrators replaced the Nazims. The revised
system of local government will be decided and
notified prior to the elections expected in 2011. It is
important that the new law incorporates the
positive points of the devolved system, especially
to ensure effective participation of people in local
government and growth of local leadership.
The priority programmes and projects envisioned in
the IDDV are:
1.
Improving coverage and quality of education,
health, WatSan, electricity, gas and other
services;
ix
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
2.
3.
4.
Expanding, modernizing and commercializing
the agriculture sector including the use of
efficient irrigation systems; improved inputs,
i.e., seeds, fruit planting stock, manure and
natural and chemical fertilizers, agricultural
machinery and equipment, integrated pest
management (IPM), appropriate agricultural
pre- and post-harvesting practices; expanding
floriculture; improving coordination between
research and extension and outreach of the
latter; improving marketing information and
facilities (early completion and operation of the
Agriculture Market at Uthal); and facilitating
access to credit;
Modernizing and commercializing the livestock
sector by developing dairy farms; improving
breeds, health and feed of livestock;
procurement of and cross breeding with high
yielding milk, beef and meat breeds (using
proven sires and artificial insemination);
expansion of areas under fodder crops; and
development of rangelands; managing
sustainable grazing; improving coverage of
vaccination, de-worming and treatment of
livestock; and partnership between the public
and private sectors and communities with
guaranteed equity in benefit-sharing with
communities;
5.
Further developing poultry farming to its
optimum potential;
6.
Conserving and sustainably utilizing the
coastal fisheries and mangroves for
subsistence and livelihood of the coastal
communities by establishing best practices;
7.
x
Surface water development by developing
mega and small storage and recharge dams
respectively, including early completion of
Windar and Hingol Dams, with environmental
safeguards including the environmental flow to
estuaries and mangroves; controlling depletion
of ground water by shifting subsidy on
agricultural tube wells to technology-based
efficient irrigation systems (drip, bubbler,
sprinkler); land levelling; water management
including lined channels or PVC pipes; fruit
and crop diversification to include the low delta
demanding; and controlling water pollution
from municipal discharges and industrial
effluents;
Further expanding the industrial base with
greater focus on SMEs and improving the
environment friendliness of industries at Hub,
Windar, Zero Point, etc.;
8.
Promotion of natural resource-based (e.g.
fruits, vegetables, livestock, poultry and
fisheries) small and medium enterprises;
9.
Further exploration and expanding
exploitation and value addition of minerals,
and asking for strengthening of the
Balochistan Directorate General of Minerals
and Mining as a first step;
10. Realizing the huge potential of nature and
culture tourism and ecotourism;
11. Developing the skills and aptitudes of the
labour force by launching intensive human
resource development initiatives for promoting
SMEs and livelihoods;
12. Protecting and rehabilitating natural forests
and raising and maintaining forest
plantations of multipurpose and low delta
demanding trees on marginal lands or as
agro-forestry;
13. Conservation and sustainable use of wildlife
and protected areas on scientific lines though
management planning and implementation
with community participation;
14. Environmental protection including controlling
air, water, noise, soil, land, coast and sea
pollution; safe disposal of sewerage and
industrial effluents, solid waste, hospital waste
and industrial waste;
15. Master planning and up-gradation of all
existing large settlements and proactive
planning of new medium sized settlements,
especially near the industrial and trading
estates, and centres of commerce and trade;
16. Reprioritisation of investments for boosting
health, WatSan, agriculture, livestock and
rangelands, fisheries, wildlife and protected
areas, tourism and watershed and forestry
sectors. Currently the five priority sectors in
the district in accordance with current trends in
allocation of funds through PSDP during three
years (2008-2011) in descending order are
Roads, Education, Irrigation, Drinking Water
and Power.
17. Developing natural resource sectors, especially
agriculture, livestock and poultry, coastal
fisheries, mineral and mining, wildlife and
protected areas, tourism, health, WatSan, and
human resource development for SMEs and
livelihoods;
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
18. Improving governance by strengthening
institutions; enhancing capacities of
individuals; turning political interference into
positive involvement; improving intra- and
inter- agency coordination and horizontal
information flows, especially to the masses;
establishing effective one-window complaints
and grievance mechanisms in the office of the
Deputy Commissioner/DCO; establishing a
comprehensive data base at the district level
with nodes to all district offices; displaying
transparency by introducing an effective
monitoring and accountability system; ensuring
objectivity and results; curbing corruption,
malpractices and delays; promoting
participatory and consultative decision making,
planning and management mechanisms; and
providing an enabling environment for public
sector agencies, the private sector, NGOs,
academia and the media;
19. Undertake a complete overhaul of the
mandates, priorities, structures, systems and
procedures of all public sector agencies at the
district level, which is informed by their SWOT
analyses and Management and Programme
Review;
20. Seizing the opportunity to develop Lasbela
District as a twin satellite of Karachi, as has
happened in case of industry, and proactively
planning its growth and development
accordingly.
The balanced growth model is appropriate for
Lasbela District, despite resource and capacity
constraints. A balance between society, economy
and the environment is crucial for sustainable
development. The balance between population and
resources is lacking and natural resources are
depleting due to unsustainable use by the past and
present generation, not caring for the needs of the
future generations. The real issue is of relative
prioritization and sharing of financial resources. For
example, the major investments in the public sector
were on roads and other infrastructure with very
low or no investment in natural resources and the
social sectors. A balanced re-prioritization is
needed for future investment.
Improvement in both macro- and micro-economic
conditions is important for the sustainability of the
district. The former creates an enabling
environment for appropriate economic growth (with
participation and equity) and the latter helps in the
trickle-down effect, which helps in equity and
poverty reduction. For example, corporate farming
uses technology and reduces production,
transportation and marketing costs and can involve
the community through cooperative farming or
shareholding in corporate farming programmes.
The policy and legal framework approved by the
federal and provincial governments creates an
enabling environment and provides positive or
perverse economic incentives. An example is the
subsidized flat rate tariff on agricultural tube wells,
a joint policy decision by the federal and provincial
governments and WAPDA with short-term benefit
to agriculturists but long-term repercussions on
ground water.
An implementation strategy will consist of a short
term Five-Year flexible First IDDV Action Plan
coinciding with the Five-Year Plan 2010-2015 of the
government to implement short-term measures; a
medium-term flexible Five-Year Second IDDV
Action Plan for implementing the medium-term
measures and throw forward in the various sectors
during 2015-2020; and a Five-Year flexible Third
IDDV Action Plan to implement the long-term
measures and the throw forward during 2020-2025.
The implementation of the Action Plan will be
monitored annually and major constraints in
implementation will be identified and addressed. Its
mid-term impact on sustainability of the district will
be assessed in the third, eighth, and thirteenth
years of implementation to see its effectiveness and
impact, and make adjustments and revisions as
required. The IDDV may be revised in 2025, in case
the situation, issues and options to address the
issues have changed significantly and additional
opportunities have been created by that time.
Funds will remain the main constraint to the district
in implementation of the IDDV. Lasbela District
generates significant revenue and for this to
continue it needs a major share of the revenue for
maintenance alone, apart from a development
budget, which will create additional assets,
capacities and resources. The district has great
potential in this regard. It is therefore, important
that it should get adequate allocations from the
revenue budget and share from the GST to avoid
degeneration of its capacity to generate revenue
and enough of a development budget for maximum
realization of its development potential.
xi
Hingol National Park
Q IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
1. Lasbela District
A
former princely state in India,
Lasbela takes its name from two
words, «las», meaning plain, and
«bela», meaning jungle. Lasbela was
notified as a district on 30 June, 1954. The
district is on the border of Balochistan
province and is situated between 24°-54»
and 26°-37» north latitude and 64°-02» and
67°-28» east longitude. In the north, it
borders District Khuzdar, in the east, Dadu,
Karachi East and Karachi West, which are
districts in Sindh, in the south, the Arabian
Sea, and in the west, the Gwadar and
Awaran Districts of Balochistan.
Lasbela»s geography and landscape is
diverse and interesting. The district is
divided into three distinct geographical
regions: the north-eastern mountains and
hilly areas, the south-western hilly area
and the central plain or the Porali trough.
In between the ranges are the important
valleys of Windar, Wirahab and Hub. These
are the flood plains of the rivers and
streams flowing from the hills of Moro and
Pub ranges in the north and east of the
plain and Haro and Hala ranges lying close
to the western boundary of the district.
The alluvial plain surrounding Bela Town
extends southwards up to Sonmiani Bay,
which is flanked by the mud flats of Damb
and raised sea-beaches, situated some 15
to 25 metres above sea level.
1
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The plain consists of alluvium deposits of
Porali, Kud and other rivers. The hilly region
situated on the west of the alluvial plain of the
Porali extends along the Makran coast.
In the south is Sonmiani Hor, a narrow coastal
strip dotted with mangrove swamps. It is an
agriculturally underdeveloped zone with
untapped water resources.
According to the population census of 1998,
the population of Lasbela District was
312,695 persons in a land area of 18,254
sq. km. The National Institute of Population
Studies, Islamabad projects that the
population will increase further, to 422,000
and 511,000 in 2011 and 2021,
respectively.5
Map of Lasbela District
Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008)
2
5
NIPS (2004). Pakistan Population Datasheet and Estimates of Population of Provinces and Districts of Pakistan 2001, 2004, 2011 &
2021; National Institute of Population Studies, Population Division, Islamabad.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
2. Lasbela Integrated District
Development Vision
2.1 Context
A
development vision should be able
to mobilise people and resources
ƒ financial, environmental and
political ƒ to achieve common
development goals. It must be shared by a
majority of the people and therefore, it is
crucial for it to be developed through a
consultative process involving local
residents as well as a wide range of
stakeholders.
In the context of Lasbela District,
stakeholders include the people of the
district as well as the local, provincial and
federal governments, the private sector,
civil society organisations, educational
institutions, research organisations, the
media, and donors.
Global Initiatives
Growing international concern over
unsustainable levels of resource use and
recognition of the need to combat
environmental degradation led to the
development of the World Conservation
Strategy (WCS), published in 1980 by the
International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN),
3
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and the World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF). The main objectives of the WCS were
to maintain essential ecological processes and
life support systems, preserve genetic
diversity, and ensure the sustainable utilisation
of species and ecosystems. The WCS
stressed the importance of development
within ≈the reality of resource limitation and
the carrying capacities of ecosystemsΔ
(http://anewmanifesto.org/timeline/the-worldconservation-strategy). In 1987 Our Common
Future, also known as the Brundtland Report,
was published, providing what has become
the standard definition of sustainable
development: development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. The concept of conserving
genetic diversity also influenced the
formulation of the Convention on Biological
Diversity in 1992.
Rio Declaration and Agenda 21
The Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, and the Statement of Principles
for the Sustainable Management of Forests,
were adopted in 1992 at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED). Agenda 21, also adopted at
UNCED, outlines a comprehensive plan of
action for sustainable development, with
measures that are to be taken not just
globally but also at the national and local
levels (see Box 1). The need to fully
implement Agenda 21 and to abide by the
commitments of the Rio Declaration were
reaffirmed by the global community at the
World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD) in 2002
(http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21).
Millennium Development Goals
The United Nations Millennium Declaration,
adopted in 2000, calls for a global partnership
to reduce extreme poverty and ensure
environmental sustainability. It sets a series of
time-bound targets, with a deadline of 2015.
These targets have come to be known as the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
(http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/bkgd.sht
ml) (see Annex 1). As a signatory to the
Millennium Declaration, Pakistan has
committed to achieving the MDGs by 2015.
Most importantly, for the purposes of the
IDDV, many of these goals are to be
implemented at the local level.
The federal as well as the provincial
governments of Balochistan have
Box 1: Local authorities» initiative in support of Agenda 21
Agenda 21 recognises the importance of local-level action (Chapter 28):
Basis for action
28.1. Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in
local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling
its objectives. Local authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental
infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental policies and regulations, and
assist in implementing national and subnational environmental policies. As the level of governance closest
to the people, they play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote
sustainable development. [º]
Activities
28.3. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private
enterprises and adopt ≈a local Agenda 21Δ. Through consultation and consensus building, local authorities
would learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and
acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. The process of consultation would
increase household awareness of sustainable development issues. Local authority programmes, policies,
laws and regulations to achieve Agenda 21 objectives would be assessed and modified based on local
programmes adopted. Strategies could also be used in supporting proposals for local, national, regional
and international funding.
4
(http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/res_agenda21_28.shtml)
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
incorporated the MDGs into various policies
and programmes. At the federal level, for
example, the Mid-Term Development
Framework (MTDF) 2005√2010 and the
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
provide a policy framework for poverty
reduction and the achievement of MDG
commitments. The Balochistan Integrated
Water Resource Management (IWRM) Policy
incorporates the MDGs at the provincial level.
National, provincial and
district-level initiatives
Accepting the recommendations of the World
Conservation Strategy (WCS), the Government
of Pakistan (GoP) developed and approved, at
the federal cabinet level, the Pakistan National
Conservation Strategy (NCS) that had three
primary objectives: (i) conservation of natural
resources, (ii) sustainable development, and
(iii) improved efficiency in the use and
management of resources.
Seeing the usefulness of the consultative
process of development, and that of the NCS
itself, the Government of Balochistan (GoB)
developed the Balochistan Conservation
Strategy (BCS), with the technical assistance
of IUCN, and approved the same in 2000 for
implementation. The BCS aims at the wellbeing of the people and ecosystems in
Balochistan. It provides a framework and a
strategic plan for the protection of the
environment, conservation and sustainable
use of natural resources and sustainable
development in the province of Balochistan.
Pakistan in the 21st century:
National Vision 2030
The emphasis of the National Vision 2030 is on:
Economic Growth: To build a nation whose
development is measured by economic
growth as well as the quality of life enjoyed by
its people.
Society: To evolve into a tolerant and
productive society which is at peace with itself
and the outside world within a framework of
sovereignty and security.
Law: To establish rule of law as a bedrock
principle encompassing all spheres of life.
6
Role of the State: To encourage freedom of
enterprise and innovation in the marketplace
together with the state»s responsibility for the
provision of basic services to all citizens,
including education, healthcare, water supply
and sanitation, shelter, and security under
law.
Employment with special emphasis on
women»s rights: To make employment and
employability a central theme in economic and
social policies, with special emphasis on the
economic rights of women.
Poverty Reduction: To eliminate abject
poverty and ensure social protection for the
weak and the vulnerable in society.
Education: To generate, absorb knowledge
and utilise technology for the good of all while
promoting the social sciences/humanities as
an essential branch of knowledge.
Economic Stability: To sustain an average
growth of 7 to 8 per cent in the long term
through effective investment and saving
strategies while maintaining macroeconomic
stability.
Economy: To take advantage of globalisation
through enhanced competitiveness in a global
economy relating to commerce, manufacturing
and services, with increased diversity and
quality of content.
Brand Pakistan: To facilitate the emergence
of ≈Brand PakistanΔ, which will result in
several large conglomerates becoming global
players, and many more regional hubs and
centres established in Pakistan.
Governance: To re-design the structures of
the state and instruments of government in
terms of citizens» participation, improved
delivery of services and good governance.
Demographic Transitions: To maximise
dividends from the demographic transition
in the coming years, while avoiding its
pitfalls.
Energy6: To manage the anticipated growing
competition for access and ownership of
resources and energy, both regionally and
globally.
Current per capita energy consumption is low (14 million BTUs as against 92 million BTUs for Malaysia). A target of 162,000 MW of
power generation by 2030 is projected in the Energy Security Plan (2005) against the current supply of less than 18,000 MW.
5
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Climate Change: To prepare for climate
change and its likely unfavourable
implications.
Natural Resources: To minimise wastage of
natural resources as an important tool for
preserving inter-generational equity.
Urban Growth: To prepare for the dynamics
and imperatives of growth of large cities,
urban concentrations and expected internal
and international migration.
Education and Employment: To achieve
significant breakthroughs in the sectors of
education, employment and energy while
consolidating and expanding, and gathering
momentum in infrastructure and service
sectors.
As the arena of action is mostly district, it is
important that the IDDV contributes towards
assessing the situation regarding these high
objectives and in planning implementation of
the national vision at the district level.
Rationale for the Lasbela IDDV
Following the publication of the NCS,
strategies for sustainable development were
prepared by three of the country»s provinces
as well as two specially administered areas.7
Since then, districts across the country have
attempted to implement the broad principles
and measures outlined in the provincial
strategies by formulating more focused
district-level integrated development «visions»
(IDDVs). The first to do so was Chitral, in the
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, followed
by other districts in KP as well as
Balochistan and Sindh.8 IUCN continues to
play a role in assisting provincial and district
governments in formulating these
development plans.
The importance of district-level development
planning has been recognised internationally,
for example, in Agenda 21 (see Box 1).9 In
Pakistan the policy basis for the preparation
of IDDVs comes in part from the provincial
Local Government Ordinances (LGOs) of
2001 (now repealed), which introduced a
7
8
6
9
devolved system of local government. In the
Balochistan Local Government Ordinance
(BLGO), the Zila Nazim (head of the district
government) was responsible for providing a
≈vision for the district-wise development,
leadership and direction for efficient
functioning of the District GovernmentΔ
(section 18(1)(a)). Similarly, the Zila Mushavirat
Committee, a consultative body comprising
the Nazims of all local government
administrative units, was required to ≈to
crystallise [a] vision for [the] integrated
development of the districtΔ (section
140(4)(a)).
Although the LGOs were repealed in 2010 and
the devolution system disbanded, the need for
a district-level framework development plan
remains critical. The IDDV is an important
planning tool, serving not only as a road map
for sustainable development but also as a
symbol of political commitment and a
reflection of the will of the people.
2.2 The Vision
The Lasbela IDDV aims to contribute to the
meaningful and sustainable development of
the district, taking into account the needs and
priorities of the people, as articulated by the
people themselves. These include the
following elements:
Adequate and efficient provision of
social services including safe drinking
water, sanitation, health, education
and energy.
Planned, environmentally-friendly and
sustainable housing, settlements and
communications infrastructure.
Sustainable agriculture comprising:
z
Low delta fruit orchards,
vegetables and other ecologically
suitable crops
z
Irrigation development and
efficient water use for the
expansion of agriculture.
Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP, formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province) and Sindh have published sustainable
development strategies, along with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the Northern Areas. The Punjab government is
currently preparing its provincial sustainable development strategy.
Abbottabad (2004), Chitral (2004) and Dera Ismail Khan (2007) in KP; Badin (2006) in Sindh; Gwadar (2007) and Qila Saifullah (2007)
in Balochistan. Integrated development visions for the Balochistan districts of Lasbela, Mastung, Pishin and Ziarat are currently being
prepared.
It is worth noting that the process of IDDV formulation was launched in Abbottabad and Chitral before the LGOs were enacted.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
IDDV consultative process in progress
Sustainably managed improved
rangelands that support healthy
livestock.
Conservation and sustainable use of
natural forests and farmland plantation
to meet the need for wood and nonwood forest products as well as
environmental services.
Sustainable livelihoods based on
improved agriculture, livestock rearing
and range management, along with
expanded mining, commerce, trade
and transport.
The development of micro, small and
medium enterprise in a wide range of
sectors including fruit and vegetable
cultivation and marketing, poultry,
animal fattening, milk production,
wool processing and products, bee
keeping, sericulture, handicrafts,
automobile workshops and
agricultural machinery, sale and repair
of communication equipment, and
waste recycling.
Efficient and effective institutions with
competent and service-oriented staff.
Objectives
The objective of the IDDV is to plan, catalyse,
promote, support and monitor sustainable
development in Lasbela District. This includes:
Conservation and sustainable use of
natural resources
Environmental sustainability
Poverty reduction through sustainable
livelihoods
Human resource development
Strengthening of the institutional
framework
Improving the quality of life of the
people of the district
Gender mainstreaming and the
removal of gender disparities
Improving access to information
To achieve these objectives, the following
measures will be required:
7
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Strengthen the natural resource base,
curbing and where possible reversing
degradation, and promoting
development that is sustainable.
Develop and promote alternative and
sustainable livelihoods aimed at
poverty reduction, at the same time
reducing the degradation of natural
resources.
Create an enabling environment for
institutions, communities, the private
sector, civil society organisations,
academia and the media to participate
fully in the development process.
Learn from the experiences of
community-based initiatives
elsewhere in the country, which have
been supported by civil society
organisations.
Avail the training and education
facilities at the provincial and national
levels to develop human resources.
Focus on gender mainstreaming and
eliminating gender disparities.
Adapt to the changing globalised
world while preserving positive
cultural values, norms and traditions.
Principles
The following principles have been used to
develop the IDDV and will be equally
applicable during implementation:
8
Consultation with and participation of
communities and all other
stakeholders
Joint responsibility
Long-term sustainability
People- and environment-friendly
development
Integrated planning and management
Gender mainstreaming.
2.3 Methodology
Development of the Lasbela IDDV included
broad-based consultations with stakeholders.
The initiative was launched in Consultative
Workshops at Uthal and Hub under the chair
of the EDO Finance and Revenue and Tehsil
Nazim (Hub) respectively. Twenty-four
meetings, with 285 participants, were held
with politicians, secretaries and senior officials
from provincial government agencies, LIEDA,
Lasbela CC&I, tribal elders, religious leaders,
members of civil society organisations and
academic institutions, and representatives
from the media. These provided important
information as well as direction. Essential
contextual and statistical information was
gathered through a survey of published and
non-published materials as well as internet
research.
The draft of the IDDV was circulated widely for
comments and was discussed and debated in
a Consultation Workshop held under the chair
of the DCO at Uthal. The feedback, comments
and suggestions from the Consultation have
been incorporated in the document.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
3. Governance and Institutions
G
overnance covers the different
aspects of relations between the
state and civil society. It is the
process through which societies or
organisations make important decisions,
determine whom they involve and how
they make them accountable. Good
governance is about both achieving
desired results and achieving them in the
right way. According to CIDA, governance
means the manner in which power is
exercised by governments in the
management of social and economic
resources. ≈GoodΔ governance is the
exercise of power by various levels of
government that is effective, honest,
equitable, transparent and accountable.
Generally, governance includes the
development and working of policy, legal
and institutional frameworks. Good
governance leads to positive
consequences, including trust, clear
direction, positive inputs from stakeholders,
good decisions, ability to withstand crises
and financial stability. The concept and
practice of governance of natural resource
management (NRM) is emerging as a
popular debate in many countries.
9
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
This debate enshrines many aspects including
people, processes and structures in a range of
circumstances. Hence, wider participation of
all civil society segments is crucial.
Some key characteristics of good governance
are given in Box 2.
The progress in sustainable development
depends on flawless governance. The global
principles, for successful application, may
need some prioritisation for improvement in
governance keeping in view the local
conditions. The role of the Judiciary and
media is critical to monitor weaknesses in
governance. Civil societies can also play a
vital role in identifying weaknesses and
helping in improving transparency and
accountability.
The government»s ability to ensure law and
order and provide services such as education
and healthcare is vital for winning the trust of
the public, and restoring links between
citizens and the state. However, it is admitted
that decades of mismanagement, political
Box 2: Characteristics of good
governance
10
z
Efficiency, discipline and accountability.
z
Continuous monitoring and a system to
address public grievances.
z
Democratic control for police accountability.
Protection of the police from extraneous
pressures.
z
Overseeing bodies at the district and
provincial level to handle complaints and
allied issues. These bodies, comprised of
elected MNAs/MPAs and eminent persons
from civil society, in addition to government
officers, to provide policy guidance and
redress complaints against them.
z
Suo moto actions by the superior judiciary,
writ jurisdiction of courts and checks on the
working of trial courts.
z
Continuous accountability, under an
independent media regime.
z
Change in the mind-set of public servants
towards performing their duties and serving
the public.
z
Evolving institutional cooperation and
coordination.
manipulation and corruption have rendered
Pakistan»s civil service incapable of providing
effective governance and basic public
services. The situation needs to be improved,
and this forms a part of the IDDV.
Transforming the civil service into an effective,
more flexible and responsive institution is
required. There is also a need for modernising
bureaucratic rules, procedures and structures
and arranging training programmes for
inculcating a spirit of public service among
civil servants. Accountability of officials must
be effective, impartial and transparent.
Incentives for corruption could be reduced
significantly with higher salaries and benefits,
and better conditions of employment.
3.1 Devolution
It is critical to increase community
involvement in activities that contribute to the
social capital and provide a forum for all
residents to participate in establishing and
achieving the objectives of sustainable
development of the district. The Devolution
was the most significant change in the
governance system towards achieving
community participation. GoB enacted the
Balochistan Local Government Ordinance
(BLGO) 2001 and transferred some of the
functions and powers of the provincial
government to the local governments at
district, tehsil/town and union council levels.
The devolved system of local government
created under the BLGO had five main
objectives; (i) devolution of political power, (ii)
decentralisation of administrative authority, (iii)
distribution of resources to the districts, (iv)
de-concentration of management functions,
and (v) diffusion of power and authority. The
aim of the BLGO was to create a fully
participatory, responsible and accountable
local government system. This called for a
rather fundamental change in governance with
redistribution of economic resources and
consequently social power.
The devolved system was supposed to use a
proactive approach to involve people in
development through CCBs as participatory
development institutions for undertaking local
community development initiatives. These
could not be, however, formed or registered
during the first term of the district
government. Similarly, village and
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The 813 km RCD Highway passes through Karachi, Bela, Khuzdar, Quetta and Chaman continuing into Afghanistan
neighbourhood councils, as grassroots
participatory planning institutions, could not
be formed in any district of the country10.
Under the devolved system of local
governments, the district government used to
be headed by the District Nazim and
supported by the District Coordination Officer
(DCO). The DCO»s job was to coordinate the
district level officers for coherent planning,
synergistic development, and effective and
efficient functioning of the district
administration. His other function was to
ensure that the official business in the district
was managed in accordance with the laws
and defined procedures. District Police
Officers, EDOs of Revenue, C&W, PHE,
Education, Health, Agriculture, Forests,
Livestock and Community Development led
their respective departments.
The Tehsil Officer, Infrastructure and Services
(TO I&S) was responsible for water, sewerage,
drainage, sanitation, LG roads, streets and
streetlighting, fire-fighting and park services.
The PHED was devolved partially, the
provincial tier»s responsibility being for
projects of Rs. 5 million or more and of its
10
district office for projects of lower amounts.
The coordination between the two PHED parts
and their cooperation with the Tehsil Officer,
Planning (TOP) remained weak. The latter was
responsible for spatial planning and land-use
control; building control; and coordination of
development plans and projects with Union
Council Administrations, Village Councils and
other local governments.
The local government is a provincial subject
under the Constitution but it was included in
the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution
forbidding the provinces from making any
changes in the law without prior approval of
the President of Pakistan. The status stands
reversed after 31 December 2009 when the
subject stood transferred to the provinces
under the Constitution. The provinces are now
free to devise their own policies for their local
bodies. However, the federal government
wishes to develop consensus among the
provinces for a uniform system.
The devolved system could survive, against
odds, for less than eight years. Major
development projects in Quetta, even during
devolution, were implemented by the federal
Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development and World Bank. Devolution in Pakistan: An Assessment and
Recommendation for Action. Islamabad: ADB, DFID & WB, 2004, Page 24.
11
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
and provincial governments» agencies without
the involvement of the district government.
The district government departments were
engaged in their routine activities and were
sidelined in major developments taking place
in the district.
The International Crisis Group (ICG)11 (2010)
analysed the structure and functioning of
Pakistan»s civil bureaucracy, identified critical
flaws and suggested measures to make it more
accountable and able to provide essential
public services. According to ICG, ≈DevolutionΔ
of power led to an increase in administrative
confusion and the breakdown of service
delivery at the district level. It led to greater
collusion between unscrupulous district officials
and corrupt police. Low salaries, insecure
tenure, and obsolete accountability
mechanisms spawned widespread corruption
and impunity. Recruitments, postings and
promotions were increasingly made through
other channels instead of being based on
merit. It identified for Pakistan the issues of
mismatched skills, undue political interference
and lack of objectives or priorities during the
period of devolution.
Prior to Devolution, projects were identified,
selected and developed by the line
departments at the provincial level. The local
communities were neither consulted in
planning nor involved in implementation.
Participation of local communities in planning
was the main purpose of Devolution. People
suggested projects to their councillors, who
approached the line departments and the
district government for their funding.
The change in the governance system was
very slow as the majority of stakeholders tried
to maintain the status quo. The failure of the
Devolution system had several reasons. It was
not supported; rather impediments were
created in devolution of administrative and
financial powers, devolving the function-andactivities related budgets, and providing
technical guidance and supervision to the
devolved staff.
Management skills and professional or
technical skills are of different nature.
Generally, professionals were assigned to
managerial positions, e.g., posting of teachers
and doctors, who had no previous experience
12
11
in managing personnel, and allocating or
utilising budgets, as EDOs or district officers
of education and health, respectively.
Management structure and functions were
often mismatched. The government managers
were not responding to the concerns of the
representatives of the people.
The government managers faced the
interference of politicians in district affairs
constantly. Local government»s allocation of
budget to the social and natural resource
sectors was very low and actually precluded
the delivery of quality services and results
respectively.
Few local governments had clearly stated
objectives and priorities, which meant that the
resource allocation process lacked direction,
as did policy priorities of the provincial
government. Fund allocation was conceived
as a tool for political purposes for winning
votes rather than to promote health-care and
education sectors or to sustain natural
resources sectors such as agriculture, forest
and wildlife, and livestock and rangelands. No
attempts were made to ensure that current
budget allocations were sustainable as
defined in the ADP. Financial management and
procurement systems within district
governments were bureaucratic and not
transparent.
The councillors and Nazims were elected on a
non-party basis but with active, behind the
scene support from political parties, which
created confusion in the minds of voters. A
lack of basic qualification and necessary
experience did not allow the elected
representatives to perform as expected.
The Nazims and councillors prioritised the
short-term developments, e.g., streetlights,
pavement of streets, storm water and sewer
drains, water supply, roads etc. even at the
expense of the programmes and activities of
the natural resources sectors. As a result, the
budgets of agriculture, livestock, forest and
wildlife departments were affected negatively
and even their regular functions came to a
standstill. They survived on the budget meant
for projects funded by provincial or federal
government or donors during the Devolution
period, even for their regular maintenance
works.
International Crisis Group. Reforming Pakistan»s Civil Service. Asia Report # 185, 16 February 2010. Islamabad: ICG, 2010. Available
http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/185%20Reforming%20Pakistans%20Civil%20Service.ashx.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Though efforts were made to develop
capacities of Nazims and councillors to run
the business of the devolved local
governments, the system lacked continued
patronage and support of the provincial
government. Even otherwise, any new system
takes much longer, especially against odds, to
show its usefulness and results. The devolved
system changed the established system of
authority and decision-making in the
provincial and district governments.
Obviously, ready acceptance could not be
expected. Adoption and acceptance of the
new system required continuous support,
monitoring, adjustment and institutional
strengthening, but this did not happen.
The tenure of local councils in the devolved
system expired in October 2009, but there
was no legal or constitutional recourse
available with the provincial government to
dissolve the then existing local councils.
Therefore, the Provincial Assembly passed a
bill on January 5, 2010 for the enabling
powers to do so, which became a law on
signing by the Governor. Through an
Amendment Bill, a new Section 179-B was
inserted in the Local Government Ordinance,
2001. This section empowers the provincial
government to dissolve district, tehsil and
union councils. As a result, all Nazims, Naib
Nazims and other members of district, tehsil,
town and union councils ceased to hold their
respective offices and the Administrators
replaced Nazims to look after the local
governments at the various levels pending the
elections, which may be held on a politicalparty basis during 2011.
3.1.1 Best practices resulting
from devolution
The devolved governments in various districts,
where the leadership was dynamic, developed
best practices. Spatial planning, both rural
and urban, comes under the purview of the
tehsil administration. The experiences of some
TMAs in the country are positive with regard
to the use of the GIS facility and information
management12 in this regard. The replication
and introduction of such practices in other
districts is possible. Most of these are
included as measures.
3.1.2 Status of key elements of
governance and
devolution
Policies and laws
The federal government makes policies and
laws regarding the subjects on the Federal
List, and the Concurrent List until the 18th
Amendment of the Constitution of Pakistan.
The provinces can make policies and laws of
the subjects on the provincial and recently
devolved Concurrent List. However, the
provincial governments have been reluctant to
make policies, even for the subjects in their
jurisdiction.
According to the amended law, the
government may from time to time issue
directions to Administrators for performance
of their functions or exercise of powers. The
amendment drew criticism from Nazims and
councillors and a one-day strike was observed
in mid-January 2010 in Quetta and some
other areas in Balochistan. Local governments
were dissolved by the GoB on 19 March 2010
and Administrators replaced the Nazims.
There are a few exceptions, e.g., the Forest
Policy (1999) and Forest Law (2002) of Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and the Forest Statement (1997)
of Punjab. The provincial governments have,
however, been legislating on the subjects in
their jurisdiction and have been making
operational policies on specific issues, e.g.,
installation of tube wells to guard against
overexploitation of groundwater. The districts
implement the policies, whatever they may be,
but do not contribute at all in the making of
policies and provincial laws, although they are
meant for implementation at the district level.
It is crucial that the district-specific guidelines
are developed for effective implementation of
federal and provincial policies in the district.
However, now that the BLGO has been
repealed, the district should aim for improving
the governance and delivery of services to
people with their participation under the new
system of provincial-cum-local government
administration.
The NCS and BCS are policy and strategy
documents regarding sustainable
development for Pakistan and Balochistan
respectively. These cover protection of the
environment, conservation of natural
resources, and socio-economic well-being of
12
TMA Jaranwala, Faisalabad District, 2006. Available http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk/departments/tma_jaranwala.php.
13
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
the people. Similarly, the IDDV fills in the
policy and strategy gap at the district level
and is credible, having been developed
through a consultative process. Policy
formulation, law enactments, and IDDV
developments are a major feat but their
implementation remains a real challenge.
Legislative cover, in most aspects, is
comprehensive in the country but its
enforcement is generally very weak. Effective
enforcement will help in implementation of the
law-related aspects of the IDDV, e.g., pollution
control; sustainable use of groundwater;
environment-friendly mining, water, infrastructure
and other developments; sustainable use of
natural resources, workers» safety and
occupational health in the mining sector.
Need for coordination
Coordination is defined as ≈working
cooperatively to more effectively apply the
resources of several organisations for
achieving targets of common interest.Δ
Coordination among various levels of
government, between line agencies and with
other stakeholders including civil society
organisations, private sector, academia and
media is very weak at present. The
government departments do not usually share
resources and information with others. The
vertical links are strong in the current
hierarchical structure and horizontal links are
missing. The coordination mechanisms
instituted for specific purposes also fail to
meet the objectives.
Need for planning at the
district level
14
Planning in Pakistan is centralised at the
national and provincial levels. The MediumTerm Development Framework (MTDF) is a
five-year plan for 2005-2010 prepared by the
federal government. The provincial public
sector programme is prepared by the line
departments and is consolidated and
approved by the provincial Planning and
Development Department (P&DD). MNAs and
MPAs also play an important role in defining
priorities for the federal and provincial public
sector development programmes regarding
their respective districts. However, the District
Development Working Party (DDWP) was the
approval forum for PC-1s for projects
implemented with funds allocated to the
districts.
The planning did not devolve to the district
level in the true sense even during the
devolution period, which lasted from 2001 to
2009. Planning at the district level is at
present very weak and short-term, often
limited to a one-year period. As a result,
medium-term and long-term priorities are lost
as the horizon of thinking and planning is
narrow. Generally, the sort of planning done at
the district level is in a responsive way to
utilise the allocated budget. The concepts of a
long-term vision and sustainable development
need to be introduced at the district level.
The current 5-Year Plan of the federal
government was developed with input from
the provincial governments and other
stakeholders. However, it appears that the
district governments were not able to
participate in and provide input to this
exercise traditionally as well as due to
uncertainty of the system of local bodies.
Need to improve transparency
and accountability
Good governance and public accountability
are vital for effectiveness of any management
system but both are generally weak in the
public sector, including at the district level.
These aspects of governance improved to a
certain extent during the Devolution period
regarding the development works carried out
through their elected councillors.
Good governance and public accountability
need to move beyond rhetoric in the country,
the province and the district. One of the
objectives of the devolved local government
system was to bring transparency and
accountability. The BCS had emphasised
devolution of power for accountability and this
was enshrined in the devolved system of local
governments. Providing information to the
masses about development plans,
programmes, projects, funding,
implementation methodology, process,
schedules, monitoring mechanisms and how
they can participate or contribute can be an
important step forward for transparency and
public accountability.
The provision of non-intrusive monitoring of
government departments in the BLGO by the
peoples» representatives-led monitoring
committees was a useful instrument for
accountability but it was not used. The office
of the District Ombudsman provided in the
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
BLGO was another measure in the same
direction but it was not set up in Quetta
District, as in other districts. The district
government needs to take steps to ensure
accountability and transparency in the
functioning of line departments, TMAs, etc.
The BLGO made provision for several house
committees responsible for ensuring good
governance and accountability of the district
government. The functioning of these legally
mandated committees, especially the
Mushavirat Committee and Monitoring
Committees, was necessary to ensure
transparency and accountability of the district
government. The District Council formed
these committees but these remained
dormant.
Need for information management
Information Management for the district
administration refers to the effective
collection, storage, access, use and
dissemination of information to support
government functions of policy-making,
planning and meeting the information needs of
the public, stakeholders and other users.
Information management is weak in the public
sector at all levels generally and at the district
and lower levels in particular. Inconsistencies
in the available data are common as well as in
the data and situation on the ground, partly
due to lack of updating of data. There are
wide gaps in district-related information
needed for planning and management for their
own needs and for sharing with other
departments and stakeholders.
A system is needed for information-need
identification, collection, classification,
documentation and its presentation on an
annual basis in the sector departments or
centrally in the province, or in any district.
Management Information Systems were,
however, established in the Education and
Health Departments at the provincial and
district levels and are functioning well.
Information is used generally as a tool for
holding power and is not shared readily.
Poor information management is the greatest
hurdle in situation analysis and development
planning. There is a need for capacity building
of line departments in collection and
management, and use and presentation of
reliable data about their assets, services and
sectors.
Need for improved research and
development
Innovative approaches and research are
required to catch up with the contemporary
global society of the 21st century.
Organisations and researchers around the
world have been creative in working with
communities living in situations of fragility and
remoteness to find solutions to ensure delivery
of basic services, improve governance and
create opportunities of livelihoods.
Innovation that utilises cutting-edge
technologies and communication tools can
help in improving service delivery or improving
citizen-government relationships through
enhanced transparency and accountability.
The delivery of basic social services (e.g., in
the health and education sectors) and
governance and accountability (e.g., budget
oversight and expenditure tracking) can be
improved with the use of communication
tools. Innovative research and practical
approaches for preventing violence and
reducing incentives for crime are also
required.
It is important to identify high-impact
approaches, and innovative solutions and
models that were tested and have potential for
scale up, and experiences of other places for
benefitting, establishing collaboration, and
forging longer-term partnerships. Researchers
in universities and research organisations within
and outside Balochistan and Pakistan should
be encouraged to conduct research to provide
effective responses to the local situations in
Quetta District and Balochistan. Proposals
should present practical solutions in the short
run to address the root causes of issues and
long-term development needs, which is a
lasting route to achieving the welfare of people,
and their peace and security.
3.2 Current status of
governance and
institutions
Lasbela is one of two coastal districts in the
Balochistan Province. It was accorded the
status of a separate district in the Kalat
Division on 30 June 1954.
Lasbela and Awaran Districts have a joint
constituency in the National Assembly (NA
15
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
206 Lasbela-cum Awaran). It has two
constituencies in the Provincial Assembly: PB44 Lasbela-I and PB-45 Lasbela-II.
For administrative purposes, Lasbela District
is structured into sub-divisions, tehsils and
sub-tehsils. The Bela Sub-division comprises
of Bela, Uthal, and Lakhra Tehsils and the
Liari Sub-tehsil. Hub Sub-division includes
Hub and Sonmiani (at Windar) Tehsils and
Gadani Sub-tehsil. Dureji and Kanraj have the
status both of Sub-divisions and Tehsils.
There are 21 (14 rural and 7 urban) union
councils in the district, and their elected
representatives have formed the Zila, Tehsil
and Town Councils.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
The local government set up at the Tehsil level
during the devolved system comprised of 5
Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs) at
Uthal, Bela, Gadani, Hub and Dureji; and 22
Union Municipal Administrations (UMAs):
Windar, Sonmiani, Kanraj, Gadani, Hubco,
Allah Abad, Berot, Patara, Sakaran, Lohi,
Dureji, Uthal, Kahwari, Wara, Lakhara, Lahari,
Shah, Bela City, Kathore, Wellpat (South),
Wellpat (North), and Gador.
A glimpse of Bela town
16
13
Local law enforcement agents.
There are nine police stations with the following
total strength: DPO (1), DSP/ASPs (2),
Inspectors (4), Sub Inspectors (10), ASIs (23),
Head Constables (92) and Constables (467).
The district head during the devolved system
was the Zila Nazim, supported by the District
Coordination Officer (DCO). Since reversal of
the system to pre-devolution status in January
2010, the DCO is now head of the district
administration. He plays a number of roles
including District Magistrate, Collector,
Revenue, and Coordinator of the functions of
all nation-building departments at the district
level for administrative purposes. The DCO is
also generally the ex-officio head of the
various committees and forums in the district.
Maintenance of law and order is categorised
into areas ≈AΔ and ≈BΔ. Areas under Category
≈AΔ are urban areas and are managed by the
police department. These include Hub, Bela
and Uthal. Areas under Category ≈BΔ are rural
areas and are managed by levies13 under the
supervision of the Assistant Commissioners
and Tehsildars. Levies have generally been
effective at maintaining law and order in the
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
remote rural areas. In the devolved system,
law and order was supervised by the
Superintendent of Police (SP), with a minimal
role played by the Zila Nazim and the DCO.
The overall security situation in the district is
satisfactory, although Hub Town is vulnerable
to disturbance due to its large population and
incidents of ethnic conflict. The crime rate has
been increasing slowly as a result of increase
in population, poverty, and the disintegration
of traditional governance systems. Civil and
Qazi courts administer Justice.
District courts are functioning at Uthal and
Tehsil courts at Hub.
Generally, the district level officers who are
based in Uthal Town head the departments.
Some others are located in Hub Town such as
the Executive Engineer of the Public Health
Engineering Department (PHED).
The tenure of local councils in the devolved
system expired in October 2009, but there
was no legal or constitutional recourse
available with the provincial government to
dissolve the then existing local councils.
Therefore, the Provincial Assembly passed a
bill on January 5 to enable the provincial
governments to have this power. As a result of
the amendment bill, Section 179-B was
inserted in the Local Government Ordinance
and subsequently, all Nazims, Naib Nazims
and other members of district, tehsil, town
and union councils ceased to hold their
respective offices.
According to the amended law, the government
may from time to time issue directions to
administrators regarding performance of their
functions or exercise of their power. The
previously mentioned amendment drew
criticism from Nazims and councillors and a
one-day strike was observed in January 2010
in Quetta and other towns in Balochistan.
The GoB has appointed Administrators to look
after the local governments at various levels
prior to the elections. Two notifications were
issued, one for dissolution of local councils
and the other for appointment of
administrators to reduce the administrative
vacuum in the municipal services.
statements, programme frameworks,
targets, etc.
Weak intra- and inter-agency and
stakeholder coordination.
Lack of transparency and
accountability.
Lack of Information collection,
management and dissemination.
Lack of support for Research and
Development (R&D).
Low revenue generation and
subsequent dependence on external
resources.
Few departments have clear
statements of objectives, priorities or
programmes, as a result of which the
resource allocation process, as well as
the policy and programme priorities of
the provincial government lack
direction.
While politicians provide oversight to
the public sector agencies to assess
their efficiency, effectiveness and
delivery, their negative interference in
administrative matters adversely
impacts their effective functioning.
Financial management and
procurement systems are bureaucratic
and lack transparency.
Fund allocation is done for political
purposes to win votes rather than to
promote progress in social sectors,
especially WatSan, health and
education, and natural resourcedependent sustainable livelihoods.
Budget allocations fluctuate
significantly and are not sustainable,
and in fact preclude the delivery of
quality services and targets.
Measures
1. A Citizens» Committee will be
established at the district level to
provide support to the police and hold
them accountable.
Key Issues
Lack of provincial sectoral and crosssectoral thematic policies, priority
2. A system will be established to monitor
and address public grievances.
17
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
3. There will be positive responses to suo
moto actions by the superior judiciary, writ
jurisdiction of courts and checks of trial
courts.
4. The media will be provided support for
on-going accountability.
z
Information sharing regarding
public sector programmes,
projects, roles and responsibilities
of public sector agencies and their
staff as well as procedures
z
Establish a one-window operation
and complaint redressing system
to improve transparency and
accountability
z
Include stakeholders in
departmental committees and
forums
z
Encourage and support senior
officers to be role models with
their efficiency, conduct,
transparency and accountability
z
Discourage negative political
interference, which negatively
affects merit, efficiency and staff
conduct, encourages favouritism
and nepotism, and supports
corruption.
5. Public sector agencies will be
strengthened and the competence of their
staff will be developed.
6. A central information system will be
established at the district level with nodes
to the departments.
7. Intra- and inter-agency and stakeholder
coordination will be improved.
8. Efficiency, effectiveness, service delivery,
transparency and accountability will be
improved.
9. Accountability of service providers will be
enhanced, and end-users of service
delivery will play a formal role through the
involvement of local communities in the
management of facilities.
10. The following incentives will be provided
to reduce corruption:
z
18
Higher salaries and benefits, and
improved conditions of
employment
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
4. Social Development
E
ducation rates in Balochistan are
lower than in the rest of the country,
including in Lasbela District. Less
priority is placed on girls» education and
girls are often made to drop out of school
to assist with domestic chores, including
looking after younger siblings. Schools,
similar to the healthcare facilities, are
often short staffed, with many teachers
remaining absent for long periods, since
there is no retribution for absenteeism.
They may also be located far away from
homes, resulting in children whose
families cannot provide transport for them
being unable to attend.
The population is widely scattered in small
settlements, with difficult access to towns
and medical facilities. This presents a
problem for both provision and
supervision of primary healthcare facilities
in rural areas.
In Balochistan it is almost impossible for
women to exercise their legal and social
rights due to prohibitive local customs
and practices. They have a very limited
role in decision-making and their rights
are generally contravened, rather than
recognised. Generally, women are denied
their right of inheritance to property, in
violation of Pakistani law that grants
them this fundamental right.
19
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
They are rarely allowed to own productive
assets such as land or livestock and
generally have no control over their income
from labour. Literacy rates for women are low
due to socio-cultural norms that do not
support girls» mobility or education, although
in the urban areas parents are increasingly
taking an interest in their daughters»
education. Medical facilities for women are
also limited and many women visit pirs
(spiritual leaders), maulvies (religious leaders)
and quacks rather than doctors or
paramedics for medical treatment, and
depend on dais (traditional birth attendants
or TBAs) for delivery of babies.
Social Change
Social change is inevitable in any society and
Lasbela District is no exception. Positive
changes include awareness due to less
isolation and improvement in mobility, and
greater emphasis on health, education and
drinking water.
Most of the social change in the district
appears to be negative. Community
management and control against over
exploitation of natural resources via forests,
rangelands, fisheries, water has been
weakening. The size of the land holdings has
been decreasing due to mutation of land
based on inheritance. The number of housing
units and area under settlements has been
increasing with the increase in population,
which puts more pressure on limited
resources. The undesirable habit of chewing
betel leaves and nuts and Gutka has cropped
in, especially in the coastal and urban
population, affecting the health of the people
and sanitation. Bidi smoking is also common
in fishermen.
The strategy to overcome resentment and
alienation of local population would involve:
Preparing and implementing a programme for
recruitment of local people in Pakistan Coast
Guards and other civilian armed forces and
security agencies, sooner than later;
Establishing Citizens Committee at the district
level to monitor and guide the security
situation in the district;
Developing a mechanism to ensure effective
representation of local people in all offices;
Skill development and hiring of local labour by
industries, mining and commerce companies,
contractors and monitoring by the government
for strict compliance of the law of minimum
wages.
Measures
1. Participation of people remains a crucial
need in any local government system to
improve governance for effective delivery
of services. A mixed system of provincialcum-local government administration will
be evolved in the scenario of reversal to a
provincially-led governance system.
2. The government and civil society
organizations will raise awareness of
communities regarding the need to elect
honest and capable heads and councillors
of local bodies. Capacity of future heads
and councillors of local bodies will be
developed.
3. Transparency and accountability in the
working of local bodies will be
incorporated and implemented.
4. The government functionaries will
cooperate with and involve the heads and
councillors of local bodies in planning and
decision-making.
5. Federal and Provincial governments will
involve the local governments in policy
and law making, and the local government
at the district level should participate
proactively in such developments.
4.1 Education
The vision of the sector is to ensure education
and skill development for all, and to develop
the people of Lasbela District into an
educated society that meets most
requirements of the district for human
resources for its development; conserves and
sustainably uses its natural resources; and
protects its environment to improve the quality
of life of the people.
Pakistan»s budget for education has never
20
14
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 1a:
Number of Schools, Enrolment and Teaching Staff in District Lasbela
(2004-05 to 2007-08)
Financial Year Sex
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
Primary Schools
Number
Enrolment Teaching
of schools
Staff
Middle Schools
Number
Enrolment
Teaching
of schools
Staff
Male
366
11450
566
32
3948
362
Female
127
8944
200
6
972
67
Male
367
11833
569
32
4064
370
Female
130
9647
201
7
1368
70
Male
366
12222
561
33
4557
378
Female
125
8908
191
11
2212
130
Male
366
12359
565
33
5163
378
Female
125
8428
193
11
2840
130
Source: BEMIS, 2008
Table 1b:
Number of Schools, Enrolment and Teaching Staff in District Lasbela
(2004-05 to 2007-08)
Financial Year Sex
Number
of schools
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
High Schools
Enrolment Teaching
Staff
Intermediate Colleges
No. of Intermediate
Teaching
colleges
Staff
Male
16
6557
359
1
8
Female
4
3029
95
0
0
Male
17
6486
371
1
10
Female
4
2985
95
1
0
Male
18
6778
395
1
15
Female
4
2863
95
1
10
Male
18
7547
395
1
16
Female
4
2216
95
1
10
Source: BEMIS, 2008
exceeded 2 per cent of GNP14. According to
the latest Pakistan Labour Force Survey 200910, the overall literacy rate (age 10 years and
above) is 58 percent (70 percent for males and
45 percent for females)15 which is lower in
Balochistan Province and Lasbela District, at
27 per cent16 (1998) and 2217 per cent (1998)
respectively.
There is a high dropout rate because of
poverty. Parents engage their children in
subsistence or income earning activities and
such children generally begin school later than
15
16
17
other children of the same age. Consequently,
their adjustment in school becomes difficult.
Lack of parental attention to their children»s
education also has an adverse impact.
Generally, teachers in rural areas are untrained
and underpaid, and lack incentives to
motivate children»s interest in education. Boys
are considered assets for the family, since
they can be sent to work and earn an income,
while girls are considered liabilities; therefore,
girls» education is given little importance.
There is also a higher dropout rate for girls in
rural areas since they are required to assist
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development. Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-11. Islamabad: GoP, 2011.
Government of Balochistan. Planning and Development Department. Bureau of Statistics. Development Statistics of Balochistan
2009. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics
Division, GoP, 2001.
21
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
with domestic chores or are constrained by
societal restrictions.
Key issues
The Education Department of the provincial
government is primarily responsible for the
education system. Private sector involvement
is low but the involvement of international
donors has been helpful in creating an
enabling environment in rural areas, especially
for primary education and girls» education .
Overall, the literacy rate in the district is 22
per cent (32 per cent male, 10 per cent
female). Urban literacy is 35 per cent (46 per
cent male, 20 per cent female) and rural
literacy is 15 per cent (24 per cent male and 5
per cent female).18 The number of schools and
intermediate colleges in District Lasbela and
their enrolment and number of teaching staff
in 2004-5 to 2007-2008 is given in Tables 1a
and 1b.
z
A shortage of schools, colleges
and teachers
z
Defunct schools
z
Low level of school enrolment,
especially girls» enrolment.
Schools are unplanned and
appointments, postings and transfers
of teachers are not based on merit or
performance. Many posts remain
vacant and many teachers, especially
those posted in remote rural areas
and female teachers, do not attend
their duties regularly. There are singleteacher primary schools which are
forced to remain shut when the
teacher is absent.
Classrooms in schools in urban areas
are often overcrowded, since there are
few schools, with an even smaller
Q NRSP, Faizur Rehman
There are 417 boys» schools, 140 girls»
schools, one male and one female
intermediate college (BEMIS 2007-08). There
is also one degree college and a university in
the district. In addition, there is one private
school with total enrolment of 91 (25 boys, 66
girls) and a teaching staff of six (two male and
four female teachers).
Public sector education services in
the district are weak and inadequately
organised, managed and monitored,
resulting in:
Children at G.G.P.S government primary school, Mureadani Goth, Bela
22
18
Government of Balochistan. Department of Education (2008). Balochistan Education Management Information System (BEMIS).
http://www.bemis.edu.pk/
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
number of schools for girls than for
boys. Many children, especially in the
rural areas, cannot attend school
because it is far from home and there
is no public transport.
There is a higher dropout rate
amongst girls especially after primary
school since middle and high schools
are even further away.
There is a dearth of appropriately
trained teachers.
Many schools do not have adequate,
safe buildings and those that exist are
in dilapidated condition.
No boarding facilities are available for
non-local students in middle and high
school.
Water, toilet facilities and boundary
walls are lacking in many girls»
schools, which pose a considerable
hindrance in girls» being able to attend
school.
There is a lack of equipment, furniture
and teaching materials, which
demotivates both teachers and
students.
Monitoring, support and facilitation by
senior staff, and adherence to
regulations and procedures, is weak
or non-existent.
The District Education Plan has not
been developed.
BEMIS is an excellent facility but its
potential for planning and
management is not being fully utilized.
There is very little data regarding
private educational institutions in
urban areas, since according to the
data available there is only one private
school in the whole district.
Funding is often restricted to activities
specified by the government or
donors who allocate funds without
taking into account the actual
requirements at the district level, and
without allowing for flexibility for other
uses.
Measures
1. The standard of education will be
improved, accessibility to education for all
people will increase, particularly in the
rural areas and vocational and technical
education will be provided.
2. Areas for vocational training for
developing human resources through a
crash programme as short- and mediumterm solutions will be identified.
3. Local CBOs/CCBs will be activated and
supported for repairing school buildings
with community participation.
4. Staff performance and absenteeism will
be monitored.
5. Inspectors and assistant education officers
(AEOs) will conduct regular monitoring visits
and annual school inspections to assess
absenteeism and teaching standards.
6. The EDO Education will develop simple
benchmarking tools and guidelines to
assess school performance in key areas.
This will provide valuable information for
service providers and managers as well.
7. A District Education Plan for regular and
technical education will be developed and
implemented.
8. Provincial and federal government and
donor support will be sought for
implementing the Plan, and an enabling
environment with incentives for the private
sector to collaborate in providing
vocational, technical and professional
education and training facilities in the
district will be created.
9. The number of schools and trained
teachers will increase.
10. Incentives will be provided to parents,
teachers and students to improve access
to quality education.
11. A mass awareness campaign will be
implemented so that all tiers of local
government, CSOs, CBOs, and CCBs
raise awareness among communities
about the importance of education and
the need to enrol all boys and girls of
school going age; enrolment in schools
23
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
will increase with the help of the ESRA
component on PTMC for community
mobilisation; and enrolment of girls in
boys» primary schools where girls» schools
are not provided will be encouraged.
12. Performance appraisal systems will be
developed to shift the focus of school and
health unit inspections towards providing
technical skills. Inspectors will provide
service providers with solutions to
problems on the spot, which will help
inspectors to follow up on inspections and
allow tracking of progress.
13. The district administration will monitor
quality and provision of education at the
district level and provide feedback to the
education department at the provincial level.
14. Quality, cost-effective new primary school
buildings may be constructed on the
pattern of the Khairpur model (Box 3), as
opposed to the current practice in
Lasbela, in which the cost of construction
of school buildings by government
agencies is very high.
15. A culture of zero-tolerance for staff
absenteeism in government institutions
will be inculcated, with high-level political
backing.
Box 3: Khairpur Experience of Cost
Effective Construction of School Buildings
The Khairpur district government constructs
cheaper and higher quality schools through local
councils. Construction cost estimates of
government agencies are based on a composite
schedule of rates. On the other hand, local
councils procure materials and construction
labour based on actual rates in the market. For
example, Khairpur government agencies
constructed a primary school building for Rs.0.78
million. The Khairpur local councils brought down
the construction cost for similar buildings to Rs.
0.2-Rs. 0.25 million. The Khairpur district
government experiment in school construction
confirms international findings of similar
programmes that: the schools are well
constructed; costs are remarkably lower; and
completion time is much shorter. By following the
example of Khairpur local councils the Lasbela
district government can construct a large number
of schools with available funds.
24
19
16. Key education indicators for five-yearly
review of progress will be incorporated such as:
Net Primary Enrolment Ratio ( per
cent)
Net Secondary Enrolment Ratio ( per
cent)
Youth Literacy rate per cent (age 1524)
Public Expenditure on Education as
percentage of GDP
4.2 Health
The vision of public health in the district is
improved health of the population and
increased life expectancy; decreased infant,
child and maternal mortality rates in line with
MDGs 4, 5 and 6 targets. Essential indicators
for organising, managing and supporting
health services will include life expectancy at
birth (in years), infant mortality rate per 1,000
live births, percentage of population with
sustainable access to improved sanitation and
an improved water source, and public health
expenditure as a percentage of GDP.
It is the joint responsibility of the State,
employers, families and individuals to ensure
that they live a healthy life. Ill health reduces
efficiency, potential, productivity, income and
happiness, incurs a financial burden and adds
to poverty. ≈Some years ago, issues like air
pollution, exposure to hazardous chemicals
and heavy metals, contaminated food and
water, sustainable urban transport, road
safety, and the contribution of the environment
to changing lifestyles were considered luxury
items on the political agendas of developing
countries. Not anymore,Δ said Dr. Margaret
Chan, WHO Director-General, at the launch of
the WHO/UNDP first global project on public
health adaptation to climate change in 2010.
According to the HMIS (2006-2007), the
district had a 20-bed hospital, two RHCs of
30 beds, eight dispensaries, 2 RHCs, 14
BHUs, two MCHs, and one T.B. Clinic in
2006-200719. During this period, these
facilities handled over 1.5 million cases. The
type and number of health staff in Lasbela
District is shown in Table 2.
Balochistan Health Management Information System. Available http://57.69.14.59/evaldatabase/files/PAK_99-800_Part2.pdf.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 2: Health Staff in Lasbela District (2006-07)
Male
Doctors
Female
Doctors
37
6
Male
Nurses
1
Female
Nurses
Pharmacist
3
Drug
Inspector
1
1
Health
LHVs
Education MidOfficer
wives
-
Dais/
17
35
Source: HMIS, Office of the Directorate General of Health, Balochistan, at Quetta
3,066 blood slides were examined for malaria
during 2007 and 428 malaria cases were
detected and treated.
Suspected cholera, meningococcal meningitis,
poliomyelitis, measles, neonatal tetanus,
diphtheria, whooping cough, goitre, viral
hepatitis, and AIDS are priority diseases but
there is no data available. The locals prefer to
use tertiary level health facilities in Karachi
City, despite the higher cost of healthcare.
Cases reported regarding priority diseases in
Lasbela District are given in Figure 1.
Health facilities for women are scarce.
Government health practitioners are
poorly paid compared to the private
sector.
Very few funds are allocated for
operations, maintenance and medical
supplies for health centres and health
workers.
No support is provided to health
workers; staff rarely receive adequate
professional support from their line
managers.
Medical staff at government health
facilities has little or no say in the
allocation of the medicine supply
budget, and, as a result, units run
short of required medicines, while
receiving medicines they may not
need. Delays in procurement also
result in irregular supply of drugs.
Some health staff are difficult and
uncooperative with poor patients.
Key Issues
Weak healthcare infrastructure.
Widely scattered population in small
settlements with difficult access to
towns and medical facilities,
presenting a problem for provision
and supervision of primary health care
facilities in rural areas.
A large number of medical staff
positions in the district are vacant.
Figure 1: Priority Diseases in Lasbela District during 2007
60000
< 1 yr
No. of cases
50000
1-4 yr
5 yr & above
Total
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Diarrhea Dysentry
A.R.I
Fever
Cough >2 Measles
weeks
W.C
SVH
S.B.P
D.B
Scabies
Source: Balochistan Health Management Information System
20
ARI (Acute respiratory infection), W.C (Whooping cough), SVH (Suspected viral hepatitis), SBP (snake bite poisonous), DB (dog bite)
25
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
A culture of absenteeism, which
pervades government health facilities,
especially in rural areas.
Unwillingness of health staff and
doctors, especially females, to work in
remote areas, compounded by lack of
accommodation and inability to
reverse remote area transfers, which
contributes to absenteeism.
No good schools for children of health
staff, and no facilities for private
practice in case of remotely appointed
doctors.
Insufficient medicines and equipment
for emergencies.
Lack of appropriate sanitation facilities
in healthcare centres including for
unmanaged hospital waste.
Recurrent patterns of disease, due
largely to lack of preventive healthcare
as well as inadequate solid waste
management and the absence of a
sewerage system.
Supply of untreated drinking water
from dead storage through a
conveyance system comprising of
old pipelines, resulting in a
Q NRSP, Faizur Rehman
26
Rural Health Center, Uthal, Lasbela
prevalence of water borne and
infectious diseases including
Hepatitis.
Lack of awareness of HIV/AIDS
amongst a majority of the population,
resulting in cases remaining
unreported.
Chewing of betel nut and
consumption of Gutka (an addictive
preparation of narcotic drug and toxic
substances, known for causing mouth
ulcers and mouth cancer), especially
in urban and coastal areas of the
district. Reportedly, colours and
chemicals used for processing of
hides are also used for preparation of
gutka in Lasbela Town. There is no
restriction on the sale of gutka in the
district, and gutka is brought from
Karachi as well.
Measures
1. An awareness campaign will be
implemented to promote understanding of
the link between a healthy environment
and a healthy population.
2. Coordination among departments and
agencies dealing with various aspects of
health will be improved.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
3. Four-wheel drive ambulances in hospitals
and BHUs for transportation of patients
from villages to hospital at short notice
will be made available.
4. The senior health administration in the
district and province will manage the
health staff, in particular doctors,
transparently and actively, and help them
to resolve the problem of absenteeism.
5. Simple benchmarking tools and guidelines
will be developed by the Health
Department to assess health centre
performance in key areas; this will provide
valuable information for service providers
and managers as well.
6. Comprehensive legislation and regulations
covering all factors contributing to
environmental health will be developed
and enforced.
7. Emphasis will be placed on primary and
preventive health care.
8. Appropriate medical staff will be
appointed on all vacant seats.
9. Awareness campaigns on health-related
environmental issues, preventive
measures, infectious and communicable
diseases, combating social evils, and
changing undesirable attitudes and habits
such as the use of betel nut and gutka,
and excessive tea drinking will be
implemented.
10. A legal ban on sale and use of Gutka will
be imposed.
11. An enabling environment will be created
and incentives will be granted to the
private sector for providing affordable
health care, especially tertiary health care.
Effective mechanisms to monitor quality
and ensure reasonable pricing will be
implemented.
12. Performance appraisal systems will be
developed to shift the focus of health unit
inspections away from finding faults,
towards providing technical support.
Those carrying out inspections should be
able to agree with service providers on
21
problems faced and actions needed to
improve service delivery on the spot,
rather than taking time to respond. This
will also help inspectors to follow up on
inspections and allow tracking of
progress.
4.3 Population
The population of Lasbela District in 1998 was
312,695 persons (density 21 per sq. km.), with
an annual growth rate of 1 per cent for the
period 1981-1998.21 The National Institute of
Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, has
estimated the projected population at 422,000
and 511,000 in the years 2011 and 2021
respectively. There is large migration to the
district because of its cultivation potential due
to fertile soil, availability of irrigation water,
and other opportunities for employment
including industry, mining, poultry, commerce
and trade and transport.
Most of the native population is rural and
tribal. All tribes other than Baloch, Brahvi,
Med, Khoja and Hindus settled in Lasbela are
known as Lasi. The five principal Lasi tribes,
collectively known as Panjraj, a sort of tribal
confederation, are the Jamot, Roonjhas,
Sheikh, Angaria and the Burra. Under each
«raj» are a large number of minor
heterogeneous groups, such as the Gunjas,
Sinars, Sangurs, Burfast, Chhuttas, Khojas,
Khaskheli, Baradia, Moondra, Doda, Gujar,
Brahvi, Baloch, Bandicha, Missan, Achra,
Wahora, Mandra, Gador, Sabra, Wachani and
Bakhra. The Meds are fishermen who live
along the coast, mainly at Miani and
Sonmiani. The Hindus of the district are Arora
by caste. Sindhi (Lasi), Balochi and Brahvi
languages are spoken in the district.
The people are predominantly dependent on
agriculture, livestock and fisheries. The other
main sources of income are industrial and
mining labour, business, and poultry farming.
The Hindus are mainly traders, and some of
them have acquired land, by purchase or
mortgage, which is cultivated by tenants.
Key Issues
Rapid migration to the district may
result in depletion of resources.
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics
Division, GoP, 2001.
27
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Health and education facilities are
already scarce. If these do not
improve, the increased migration to
the district will result in a greater
population that is uneducated and
lacking in access to healthcare.
generally contravened, rather than
recognised.
The social structure is patriarchal and
almost all community, political,
religious and social leaders are men.
Generally, women»s» right of
inheritance (property) is denied, in
violation of Pakistani law that grants
them this fundamental right. Women
are rarely allowed to own productive
assets such as land or livestock and
generally, have no control over their
income from labour. Their economic
contribution is excluded in most
official statistics.
The literacy rate among women is low
due to socio-cultural norms that do
not support girls» mobility or
education, although in the urban areas
parents are increasingly taking an
interest in their daughters» education.
The number of girl students has been
increasing since 2005.
Measures
1. Population growth will be managed to
ensure that the area»s natural resources
do not deplete fast.
4.4 Gender Mainstreaming
According to the Constitution of Pakistan, all
citizens have equal rights. The Constitution
authorises the State to make special
provisions for the protection of women and
children»s rights and labour laws ensure full
participation of women in all socio-economic
sectors of life. The law allows women the right
to vote and to hold office. They also have
reserved seats in the National and Provincial
Assemblies and local bodies. The Protection
Against Harassment of Women at the
Workplace Bill (2009) was signed by the
President of Pakistan on 29 January 2010.
The Bill mandates enhanced punishment of up
to three years» imprisonment, with a fine of up
to Rs 500,000. It also proposes penalties for
convicted offenders, such as demotion,
compulsory retirement and dismissal from
service. This law is seen as a major step
forward to protect women from harassment
and help them feel more secure although the
test of its effectiveness and impact will be
seen once it is implemented.
Medical facilities for women in the
area are limited; only three ladydoctors serve at the District
Headquarters Hospital at Hub. Many
Women visit pirs (spiritual leaders),
maulvies (religious leaders) and
quacks rather than doctors or
paramedics for medical treatment and
depend on dais (traditional birth
attendants or TBAs) for delivery of
babies.
The Benazir Income Support Programme and
the Smart Card launched by the government
are aimed at empowering women and
eradicating poverty. However, it remains to be
seen whether these programmes will reach all
the women who deserve to benefit from them.
Generally, women observe the veil
(purdah), but in the rural areas, poor
women work in the fields unveiled.
Cases of violence against women are
neither reported nor do women lodge
complaints or seek any legal remedy.
A few NGOs work on gender issues
but almost all of these are led by men
and none of them focus on enhancing
women»s participation in social and
political arenas.
Key Issues
28
Constitutional guarantees of equality
are rarely safeguarded. In Balochistan
it is almost impossible for women to
exercise their legal and social rights
due to prohibitive local customs and
practices. As in other districts of the
province, women in District Lasbela
have an extremely very limited role in
decision-making and their rights are
Measures
1. The Protection Against Harassment of
Women at Workplace Bill 2009 was signed
by the President of Pakistan on 29
January 2010. The Bill envisages
enhanced punishment increased to three
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Local women attending Education for Sustainable Development workshop
years imprisonment with a fine of up to Rs
500,000. It also proposes penalties, such
as demotion, compulsory retirement and
dismissal from service for offenders. This
law is seen as a major step forward to
protect women from harassment and help
them feel more secure although the test of
its effectiveness and impact will be seen
once implemented.
2. The Women»s Protection Bill which was
passed by the National Assembly of
Pakistan on 15 November 2006 is an
attempt to amend the heavily criticized
Hudood Ordinances,1979, which
governed punishment for rape and
adultery in Pakistan. The new Women»s
Protection Bill brings rape under the
Pakistan Penal Code, which is based on
civil law, rather than on Sharia (Islamic
law). The Bill removes the right of police
to detain people suspected of having sex
outside of marriage, instead requiring a
formal accusation in court. Under the
changes, adultery and non-marital
consensual sex is still an offence but
judges can now try rape cases in criminal
rather than Islamic courts. The Bill also
does away with the need for the four Male
Muslim adult eye witnesses that were
required by the Hudood Ordinances and
allows convictions to be made based on
forensic and circumstantial evidence.
3. Girls» participation in education through
community support for girls» enrolment
will be expanded.
4. Achieving the targets of MDGs 2 and 3 on
enhancing female literacy will be made a
priority.
5. Women will be integrated in the
development process through
opportunities to participate in and form
CCBs and develop projects for women»s
development.
6. Women»s skills will be enhanced through
special training programmes aimed at
providing income opportunities.
7. Women will be involved in the
implementation of resource management
(fruit and forest nurseries, kitchen
gardening, and environmental
programmes.
8. Scholarships will be provided to women
for higher education in universities and
professional colleges.
29
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
9. Women will be encouraged to take on
new roles in productive sectors such as in
poultry and livestock, fish processing,
drinking water conservation and
protection against pollution; and their
access to training in these skills will be
ensured.
Lack of exposure, especially for
community leaders and
representatives, to the outside world
with regard to accessing and availing
employment opportunities.
10. More opportunities for women»s
participation in government and civil
society organizations will be created.
Measures
11. High school education facilities for girls in
large villages will be provided and
adequate boarding houses in girls» high
schools in all tehsil towns of the district
will be established.
1. Human resource development for men
and women will take place in the district
at three levels, i.e. officials of the
governments, CSOs and
livelihoods/SMEs.
12. A Degree College for girls will be
established in the district with adequate
boarding facilities.
2. Large-scale need-based,
government/donor/private sector funded
industry, SMEs, mining, tourism,
agricultural, livestock and fisheries
related trainings at various levels,
preferably district, at technical training
centres, vocational training institutes
and the University at Uthal will be
organized.
4.5 Human Resources
According to the Population Census 1998, the
total labour force in district Lasbela was 27 per
cent (50 per cent male and 1 per cent female).
Most of the working population, i.e. 44 per
cent, was engaged mainly in agriculture and
fisheries with 60 per cent of total employed
workers (60 per cent males and 67 per cent
females) self-employed in the district. The
overall unemployment rate was 27 per cent (28
per cent male and 2 per cent female).
In Lasbela the literacy rate and level of
education and skills, other than for those
involved in agriculture and traditional livestock
herding, are low.
There is an urgent need to develop a skilled
labour force and use its full potential in
sustainable development of the district. It is
also imperative to focus on poverty reduction,
sustainable livelihoods, and development of
SMEs.
Key Issues
30
sector institutions and civil society
organizations, staff performance and
efficiency have not improved.
A large section of the work force is
unskilled.
Public sector institutions have
unqualified and untrained staff.
Despite a number of trainings funded,
organized and conducted by public
3. Briefings will be arranged for tribal elders,
religious leaders, progressive farmers and
officials on the potential of SMEs and
employment opportunities in the district,
Balochistan and other provinces; and
prerequisites will be provided for availing
these opportunities.
4. Technical training for the labour force in
line with market requirements in
vocational and training centres and
institutes, or on the job will be arranged.
This training will be on industry, mining,
SMEs, etc., and may be held in the district
and in other parts of the province
including Hub, Windar, Mable City, Gadani
and Quetta, as well as outside the
province, e.g., Karachi.
5. The mechanism of employment exchange
will be revived, with a focus on private
sector employment.
6. A market place for skilled labour will be
established.
7. Needs-based vocational/technical training
centres and training institutes in the
district will be revived or established
(where required).
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Community at Phore village in Lasbela
4.6 Poverty Reduction
and Sustainable
Livelihoods
The vision for Poverty Reduction and
Sustainable Livelihoods is to promote
alternative sustainable livelihoods such as
from tourism; provide value addition for
agriculture, livestock, fishery, poultry products
and minerals; and develop the skills and
aptitude of the local labour force in this regard
through a crash programme to reduce poverty
and enhance the long term social and
economic well-being of the people of Lasbela
District. Workers with lower education levels
can provide the bulk of the work force in
industrial and commercial establishments and
earn their livelihood if their skills and attitudes
towards industrial and mining jobs are
improved.
The main stay of the majority of population is
agriculture, livestock, coastal fisheries,
commerce and trade, transport and poultry
farming. A fraction of the labour force
engaged in industry and mining is local; most
of it comes from outside. Thus there is great
scope for engagement of the local labour
force in industry and mining. However, this
depends on the resolve of the public and
private sectors to develop appropriate skills in
the labour force and create appropriate
opportunities, as well as on the readiness of
the latter to avail these opportunities. The
labour force, in turn, will need to be willing to
accept the available jobs and perform them
efficiently.
Value addition in agriculture, livestock, poultry
and mining is not recognized or practised,
despite its potential. Development of microenterprise and SMEs can go a long way in
creating livelihoods and poverty reduction.
Tourism should be introduced in the district
since there are important cultural and natural
sites and tourism destinations including
protected areas, beaches and coastal areas,
and religious sites for Muslims and Hindus.
Some possible socioeconomic indicators for
poverty and income distribution could be GDP
per capita, per cent population below
absolute poverty line, income distribution
(preferably using Gini index) and the Gender
Development Index (GDI).
Key Issues
The poor are among the worst
affected due to:
31
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
z
Lack of definition of their rights for
the use and development of
natural resources.
z
Negligence in focusing on poverty
reduction.
z
z
Over-exploitation of dwindling
natural resources, resulting in low
resource productivity.
Degraded and depleted natural
resources, including groundwater,
land, soil, rangelands, livestock,
forests, wildlife.
Wastage of low quality fruits.
Low literacy rate, lack of appropriate
access to education and poor quality
education.
Unskilled, unemployed and underemployed human resources.
Natural disasters such as cyclones,
tsunamis, floods, droughts, landslides
and earthquakes.
Limited job opportunities, lack of jobhunting skills, and a mismatch of
available labour with available jobs.
Lack of district-specific data regarding
employment.
Political interference and lack of
consideration of merit in filling in
public sector positions.
Lack of awareness, expertise,
entrepreneurship and micro credit for
micro, small and medium enterprises.
4. Access to micro credit for both men and
women (following the example of
Grameen Bank in Bangladesh) will be
facilitated to support self-employment.
5. Existing micro enterprises such as
handicrafts will be supported through
technological and economic incentives.
6. Setting up of new micro enterprises will
be supported, including agriculture and
livestock related value addition such as
food processing (preparation of jams,
jellies, pickles for home use and for
marketing, using low quality or surplus
fruits and vegetables), and handicrafts
(knitting, sewing, embroidery).
7. Access to state-of-the-art technology as
well as to markets will be provided.
8. Community development and involvement
in planning and management, cooperative
enterprise development, management and
marketing through social mobilization and
capacity building will be supported.
9. Women will be encouraged to take up
commercial poultry farming, apiculture,
sericulture, and handicrafts; adopt careers
in the education and health sectors and
garment or pharmaceutical factories; and
will be provided appropriate incentives
and training.
10. Awareness will promoted and information
will be provided on potential micro
enterprise opportunities and SMEs
including sustainable livelihoods based on
local resources and traditional knowledge.
11. A District Sustainable Livelihood Plan and
a Human Resource Development Plan will
be developed and implemented.
Measures
1. Data will be collected on human resources
and existing livelihoods, and the potential
of sustainable alternative livelihoods will
be explored.
2. There will be a focus on human resource
development, including skills development
and focusing on the poor, keeping in view
existing and potential livelihoods.
32
3. A marketplace will be developed for
skilled labour in the district.
12. Technical and vocational trainings for
producing a skilled work force for feasible
small and medium enterprises will be
arranged.
13. Training will be provided to farmers on
livestock and poultry farming.
14. Processing and use of various local raw
materials for value addition will be
encouraged; and links with markets will be
facilitated.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
15. Merit-based employment in public sector
agencies will be ensured.
16. Economic incentives for sustainable use
of natural resources, e.g., technologyintensive efficient irrigation systems will be
provided.
17. Sustainable collection of wild plants and
products and cultivation of local medicinal
and aromatic plants will be promoted.
18. The production, processing, grading and
marketing of honey on a commercial scale
will be encouraged and supported.
19. The potential of the following SMEs will be
explored:
20. The establishment of small and medium
enterprises will be identified, encouraged
and supported by creating an enabling
environment and facilitating access to
state-of-the-art technology, credit and
development of a skilled labour force.
21. There will be settlement of land ownership
and usufruct rights.
22. Value addition will be facilitated and
markets will be established for innovative
products.
23. Ownership or access for the poor to
available resources and assets will be
enhanced.
Fruit and vegetable grading, packing,
preservation, processing, other value
addition and marketing
24. Appropriate measures will be taken to
eliminate discrimination based on gender,
ethnicity or caste; and ensure equal
access to justice regardless of gender or
social status.
Efficient irrigation techniques and
related technology, including land
levelling, on-form water management,
drip/bubbler and sprinkler irrigation
25. Roads from farms to markets will be
developed.
26. Measures will be taken to discourage and
curtail child labour and facilitate children»s
access to school.
Agriculture engineering including the
repair of agricultural machinery such
as tube well machinery
Cold storage
Solar, wind, biogas energy, fuelefficient cooking and heating stoves,
and cheap insulation for houses
Dairy farming; beef and meet
fattening, and livestock farming
Livestock and poultry feed including
urea molasses blocks and ureatreated straw;
4.7 Social Insurance and
Safety Networks
Handicrafts. including carpets, rugs
and other articles;
Upgradating chromite
Repair of household equipment;
automobile repair; bee-keeping or
apiculture; sericulture; basket making
from mulberry twigs; computer and
internet training; composting; cooking
and baking, interior decoration, trade
and commerce including import and
export
Pakistan has considerable legislation on
labour laws, but few benefits reach the
working class. The important laws include: (i)
The Employees Social Security Ordinance
1965, (ii) The Employees Old-Age Benefits Act
1976, (iii) The Employment of Children Act
1991, and (iv) The Minimum Wages Ordinance
1961.
27. The Waseela-i-Haq (livelihood) programme
launched by the federal government for
poverty reduction will be redesigned and
reactivated. This focuses on employment
and housing projects for the poor and
infrastructure building (e.g. roads and
irrigation channels) in under-developed
areas.
Key Issues
Workers are usually hired on monthly
wages and are neither registered for
33
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
nor receive social protection benefits,
even though all establishments
employing more than five workers are
required to register their employees
and pay for their social security
benefit under the Balochistan Social
Security Act.22
All establishments employing more
than 10 workers are required to
register and pay old-age pension
benefits for their employees.
Measures
1. The application of Social Security, EOBI,
Minimum Wage and Employment of
Children Act in Economic Free Zones,
Special Industrial Zones, Export
Processing Zones and mining areas, and
their compliance, enforcement and
monitoring will be ensured.
2. The Balochistan Social Security Institution
and the Employees Old-age Benefits
Institution will register establishments with
more than five and ten workers and their
employees.
34
22
3. The district administration will pursue
registration of establishments and workers
in the district with EOBI and BESSI for
social benefits. Social security provides
health care facilities to all workers and
their families and provides wages in case
of some chronic disease that require longterm treatment. EOBI provides pension to
workers on retirement and a one-time
registration is comprehensive for life, even
if the worker changes jobs.
4. Offices of the Balochistan Employees
Social Security Institution and Employees
Old-age Benefits Institution in Gadani and
other places where there is labour force
concentration will be established.
Currently, these are only present in Hub
and Windar.
5. There will be better and transparent
management of Bait-ul-Mal (government
department for collecting and distributing
zakat) and Benazir Income Support
Programmes.
Provincial Employees Social Security Ordinance, 196, and Balochistan ESS (Procedure for Deciding Complaints and Review of
Decisions) Regulation, 1994
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
5. Housing and Settlements
5.1 Housing & Settlements
T
he vision of the sector is to provide
safe shelter for all with facilities and
utilities in upgraded and planned
settlements. An affordable housing
strategy for the district would increase the
supply and diversity of modest-cost
housing, eliminate homelessness and
respond to the needs of low-income
families. The goals of land use planning
and transportation would be to create
compact urban areas, support a
sustainable economy, develop and protect
the green zone, develop complete and
resilient communities, and support
sustainable transportation choices that
are environment- and user-friendly,
convenient, and affordable.
The goals for solid waste management
would be to minimize waste generation;
maximize reuse, recycling, material
recovery (e.g. compost) and recovery
energy production in Hub where the
quantity of solid waste is significant; and
to extract maximum benefit from the
disposed waste.
35
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
In terms of ecological health, the district will
be more sustainable if important ecological
areas are secured, protected, and managed,
pollution and use of energy are reduced, and
the green lungs of settlements are restored or
created and maintained.
The word ≈LasΔ means a plain and ≈BelaΔ
mean forest. Surrounded by hill ranges, the
greater part of the area is a flat plain, Bela
being the main town at the apex of the plain
about 100 km from Karachi. Uthal Town has
great potential as a trade centre for all coastal
areas of Balochistan and for the southwestern parts of the province.
There are five urban settlements in Lasbela
District.23 Their characteristics and issues are
listed in Table 3.
There are 288 rural localities in the district.
Two localities have a population of 5,000 and
above; 18 have a population of 2,000-4,999;
37 have a population of 1,000 to 1,999; 65
have a population of 500 to 999; 77 have a
population of 200 to 499; 63 have less than
200 people and 26 localities are uninhabited.
49,171 housing-units were recorded in
Lasbela District during the 1998 Census:
33,966 (69 per cent) in rural areas and 15,205
(31 per cent) in urban areas. 90 per cent of the
housing units were self-owned. The
percentage of rented housing units in urban
areas was higher. 52 per cent housing units
were built more than ten years ago, 28 per
cent during the last 5-10 years and 19 per
cent during the last five years. Construction of
new housing units continues in both rural and
urban areas, with a higher percentage being
built in rural areas.
In urban areas, 52 per cent of the housing
units had standard pucca (baked brick) walls,
made of baked bricks/blocks or stones with
cement bonding; the rest, in both urban and
rural areas were kutcha (mud or unbaked
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Seventy-two per cent of the housing units in
the district were single-room; this was 30 per
cent higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
The percentage of housing units with 2 to 5
rooms and the number of rooms per housing
unit were higher in urban areas than in rural
areas. The level of congestion in terms of
persons per housing unit is however higher in
urban areas at seven persons per unit, in
contrast to six persons per unit in rural areas.
Therefore, construction of more housing units
is required in urban areas.
Information center and rest house at Hingol National Park
36
23
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics
Division, GoP, 2001.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 3: Characteristics and Issues of Urban Areas in Lasbela
Key Characteristics
1 Hub Chauki Town
l Population: 62,763 (1998)
l Civil Sub division and Tehsil
l Some district-level offices located in Hub
Town,
l Regional office of BEPA
l Urban
l Industry, trade and commerce
l Concentration of industrial work force
l Drinking water from obtained from Hub Dam
through open canal
l Comparatively better education and health
facilities than in other parts of the district
Main Issues
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Industrial waste and effluent not treated and
discharged untreated through a drain in the
Hub River
Strikes and problems with law and order
Unplanned development and growth
Traffic congestion due to the Makran Coastal
Highway passing through the town
Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital
waste
Overcrowded schools
High prevalence of disease
2 Uthal Town
l
l
l
l
l
Population: 13,319 (1998)
District Headquarters
Urban
Trade and commerce
Comparatively better education and health
facilities including the Lasbela University of
Marine Sciences
l
l
l
l
l
Unplanned development and growth
Traffic congestion in the NHW passing through
the town
Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital
waste
Overcrowded schools
High prevalence of disease
3 Bela Town
l
l
l
l
l
Population: 16,705 (1998) Civil Sub division and Tehsil
Urban
Comparatively better education and health
facilities than in other parts of the district
Seat of political power and influence
l
l
l
l
Unplanned development and growth
Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital
waste
Overcrowded schools
High prevalence of disease
4 Windar Town
l
l
l
l
l
Population: 11,569 (1998)
Tehsil Headquarters of Sonmiani
Semi urban
Industry, trade and commerce
Industrial work force
l
l
l
l
Industrial waste and effluent not treated and
discharged untreated
Unplanned development and growth
Traffic congestion in the NHW passing through
the town
Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital
waste
5 Gadani
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Population: 11,068 (1998)
Tehsil Headquarters
Urban
Ship breaking industry
Concentration of labour
Coastal town
Energy-related and other industries planned to
be set up in the surrounding areas
brick). 40 per cent of the housing units had a
separate kitchen, 33 per cent units had
separate bathrooms and about 20 per cent
units had separate latrines. The percentage of
shared kitchens was 38; 34 per cent houses
l
l
l
Pollution from ship breaking industry
Unplanned development
Unsafe disposal of solid waste and hospital
waste
had shared bathrooms and 23 per cent shared
latrines. More than 20 per cent of the houses
had no kitchen or bathroom facility and more
than 56 per cent had no latrine facility. The
position of the rural areas was worse.
37
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Regarding other facilities24, in urban areas,
49 per cent housing units got piped water, of
which 37 per cent was inside the houses. In
comparison, in rural areas, 8 per cent of
homes had piped water, of which 2 per cent
had it inside the house. Two important
sources of drinking water both inside and
outside the houses are hand pumps and
wells, which fulfil the need of 51 per cent of
housing units in rural and about 20 per cent in
urban areas. The pond was the single largest
source of drinking water outside the houses,
used by more than 16 per cent rural and 6 per
cent urban housing units.
Electricity was available to 29 per cent of the
housing units in the district, and was
significantly higher in urban areas (69 per
cent) than in rural areas (11 per cent). More
than 87 per cent of the housing units in rural
areas used kerosene oil as a source of
lighting, as against 28 per cent in urban areas.
More than 88 per cent of the housing units in
the district used wood as fuel for cooking, 95
per cent in rural areas compared to 74 per
cent in urban areas. Use of gas was 15 per
cent in urban houses as against 0.3 per cent
in rural areas. Kerosene oil was used as
cooking fuel by 7 per cent of housing units in
urban areas as compared to 3 per cent in rural
areas.
About 14 per cent of the total households in
the district had access to television, 31 per
cent to radio and 15 per cent to newspapers.
A higher percentage of households in urban
areas had access to information.25
Key Issues
24
38
25
The 2008 population census was not
undertaken and is expected to be
conducted in 2011. This results in a
lack of accurate information, which is
a serious constraint in planning
facilities and utilities for settlements.
Lack of planning at house, town and
regional levels.
The design of houses and the
construction materials used,
especially in the rural areas, cannot
withstand earthquakes, cyclones or
floods.
Scarcity of safe drinking water.
Lack of drains or sewerage systems
and treatment of sewerage.
Incomplete and/or unsafe disposal of
waste (solid, hospital and industrial).
Pollution (air, water, land, soil, noise).
Vegetable cultivation with untreated
sewage in urban suburbs.
Lack of open green spaces and parks
in urban areas.
Traffic congestion and rural
depopulation.
Periodically insecure situation in Hub
Chauki Town due to strikes.
Measures
1. There will be a credible and complete
census of housing units in the district in
2011 as an integral part of the population
census.
2. The planning tool below will be used for
housing and settlements.
3. Safe disposal of solid waste, industrial
waste and hospital waste will be ensured.
4. User charges and property tax will be
levied and collected, and octroi or similar
charges will be revived.
5. Transparent working of security networks
for the poorest of the poor will be
ensured.
6. A one-window complaint and grievance
addressing systems in all urban
settlements will be established.
7. Regional planning, master planning of
urban areas and potential growth centres,
and development planning control will be
ensured.
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics
Division, GoP, 2001.
Government of Pakistan. Population Census Organisation. District Census Report (1998) Lasbela. Islamabad: PCO, Statistics
Division, GoP, 2001.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 2: Housing and Settlements Strategy
District Vision
Role and Mission
Values
Sustainability Principles
Service and
Delivery
Plans, Policy
and Regulations
Political
Leadership
Sustainability in
Action
Suite of Plans
Collaborative
Governance
- Water
- Master Plan
- Sewerage
- Drinking Water
- Solid Waste Disposal
- Solid Waste
- Zoning
- Liquid Waste
- Consultative
Mechanism
- Parks and Sports
Complex
- Air Quality
- Outreach
- Growth Management
- Advocacy
- Housing
- Housing
- Education
- Commerce and
Trade Areas
- Parks and Sport
Complex
- Non-polluting
industries
- Ecological Health
- Transport
Measures and Targets
8. A drainage or sewerage system will be
constructed where needed and treatment
of the sewage and industrial wastes of
Hub Chauki, Windar, Bela, Uthal and
Gadani Towns will be implemented.
9. Smaller settlements will be clustered and
readjusted for provision of facilities and
utilities.
10. Risks, especially in urban areas, will be
reduced by providing manhole covers, fire
brigades, civil defence and disaster risk
management.
11. Security in Hub Chauki will be improved.
12. Environment-friendly development in
and around settlements will be
ensured.
13. There will be good governance,
transparency and accountability in
managing settlements and all public
services.
14. Pollution control (air, water, land, soil and
noise) will be ensured.
15. Access roads, inter-city and intra-city
vehicle stands, street pavements and
lights will be provided.
39
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
16. Supply of adequate and environmentfriendly transport by the private sector will
be ensured.
17. Adequate and quality facilities (health,
education, WatSan, livelihood and utilities
(electricity, gas) will be provided wherever
possible.
5.2 Water
Drinking Water
The vision of the district is safe drinking water
and sanitation for all. The goals of the drinking
water resources strategy are to provide clean,
safe drinking water, ensure sustainable use
and efficient supply of water, and manage and
protect the watersheds that provide the
district»s water. The goals for liquid waste
management include protecting public health
and the environment and managing liquid
waste affordably and effectively.
PHED and municipal committees are
responsible for supplying safe drinking water in
rural and urban areas respectively. Some
people get drinking water from hand pumps;
others are dependent on agricultural tube wells.
However, the majority of the rural population
does not have access to safe drinking water.
They fetch water from ponds or other sources
of stagnant water, which is not clean enough to
drink. In urban areas, water in broken pipelines
sometimes mixes with the sewage water,
causing diseases among people.
Safe drinking water is a basic human need
and the government is committed to halve the
proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water within two
kilometres or 30 minutes (return) and basic
sanitation under MDG 7 by the year 2015.
Only one third of the population of the district
has access to safe drinking water. The MICS
(2004) estimate of higher coverage is based
Canal water, which is stored in open tanks
through open drains and is used for drinking,
as in Hub Town, needs filtration according to
the World Health Organization»s health
standards. The incidence of hepatitis, typhoid
and other infectious diseases has been
increasing in the district and is due primarily
to drinking polluted water. This is a significant
problem that needs immediate attention.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
40
on a small sample and is unreliable. This
target is challenging and needs maximum
effort if it is to be achieved. Containing
demand, efficient use, enhancing water
recharging and controlling water pollution are
some of the important related aspects of
water supply that need to be addressed.
Community-managed well at Kund Malir, Hingol National Park
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 4: Water Filtration Plants Installed in Lasbela District under Phase 1 of the
CDWI Project 2005-06
S.No.
Tehsil
Locations
1.
Hub S/Tehsil
Under the overhead Reservoir at Hub Water Works
2.
Bela Tehsil
Under OHR near Chutki Road PHE Water Supply Scheme, Tehsil Bela
3.
Uthal
Near Jamote Street & Civil Hospital, Tehsil Uthal
4.
Lakhra
Near Main Bazaar & Police Station, Tehsil Lakhra
5.
Liari S/Tehsil
Liari Bazaar near Moolchand House and Shop, Tehsil Liari Lasbela
6.
Gadani S/Tehsil
Near Township Wadera Khuda Baksh Abbad and Ship Breaking Road, Fire
Brigade Station, Fadani City
7.
Dureji
Mohallah Kacho, Near Cattle Barah, behind Sardar Saleh Bhotani House,
Tehsil Dureji
Source: Deputy Project Director: CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives Islamabad
Table 5: Water Filtration Plants, installed in Union Councils of Lasbela District in
Phase II of the Clean Drinking Water for All (CDWA) Project 2007-10
Union Council Locations
Bela
1. Rural Health Centre,
Bela city
2. Goth Saleh chib
3. Jam Yousafabad Danda
4. Goth Mossiani
5. Goth Issa
Uthal
1. Uthal City
2. Kheer Golai Mauza Chotra
3. Goth Haji Sidiq Shaikh
4. Jamia Masjid
5. Near Buldia Rest House
6. Near Fire Brigade Office
7. Gujar Goth, near Bhawani
Madrasa
8. Gaddani Bazaar
9. Bhria Sonmiani
Dureji
1. Dureji Town Area
2. Goth Haji Saddiq Jamali
3. Chotair Rest House
4. Baghow stoc
5. Poi bazaar
6. Rigurah cross
Source: Deputy Project Director: CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives Islamabad
Clean Drinking Water programme: Water
filtration plants have been installed in the
tehsils of Lasbela district under the Clean
Drinking Water Initiatives (CDWI) Project. The
scheme consists of three phases. The first
phase, which was planned for the tehsil level,
started in 2005 and was completed in 2006.
The second phase is under execution at the
Union Council level. So far, 390 plants have
been installed in different part of the Province.
Phase III is for villages with populations of
1,000; the scheme is expected to start after
completion of the current phase. Water
filtration plants installed under Phase 1 are
given in Table 4.
≈According to the relevant federal agency, almost
all installed plants are operational and being
maintained by the Public Health Engineering
Department (PHE Dept.), as the executing
agency, in the Government of Balochistan.
Water filtration plants installed in the union
councils of the district in Phase II of the Clean
Drinking Water for All (CDWA) Project 2007-10
are given in Table 5.
≈The federal government»s commitment for
funds for O & M of the installed plants is for
three years, thereafter the provincial
government is expected to take on this
≈The PHED has contracted two firms for
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the
installed plants at tehsil level, but the firm that
installed the plants at the UC level is
responsible for their O & M for a period of
three years post installation. The O& M
requires change of media, change of
membrane (filter), chlorine-dozing, hourly
backwash system (installed for every plant).
41
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 6: Issues, Policies and Strategies for Drinking and Sanitation Water
Water for Drinking and Sanitation
Policy
Issue
Lack of access to safe drinking
water
Inadequate availability of water
for drinking and sanitation
Provision of safe drinking water
to be respected as a fundamental
right
Strategy
Set annual plans and targets to
increase percentage of
population with access to
safe/piped water
Reduce the proportion or people
without sustainable access to
safe drinking water progressively
(halve by the year 2015)
Provide adequate budgetary
allocations to achieve targets
Ensure provision of adequate
water to meet the needs of rural
and urban populations
Identify new schemes and
additional sources of water
supply
Separate arrangements for
supply of potable water should
be encouraged wherever feasible
Conduct technical and economic
feasibility studies for transporting
water through pipes and pumps,
even over long distances, and to
higher elevations
Ensure adequate investment
through PSDP and promote
public-private partnership
Dilapidated state of water supply
systems (wherever these exist)
Improve maintenance of
infrastructure to reduce wastage
of water through leaking pipes
Effective rehabilitation and
improvement in efficiency of
existing water supply systems.
Poor quality and microbially
hazardous drinking water
Improve water quality in
accordance with
national/international standards
Establish laboratories for water
quality testing within convenient
distances. Laboratories should be
equipped properly, maintained and
operated by qualified field staff
Lack of testing, monitoring and
enforcement of standards
regarding quality of water
Ensure regular testing of water
Creation of appropriate Water
Quality Monitoring Authorities in
provinces and Federal Territories
and enforcement of quality
standards
Lack of operational sewage
treatment facilities and direct
effluent disposal, polluting fresh
water bodies (streams, lakes, etc)
Unaffordable water charges and
subsequent consumers» concern
42
Provide hygienic sanitation
facilities for 100 per cent of the
urban and rural population by
2025 through the provision of
appropriate waterborne sewerage
system and sewerage/
wastewater treatment plants
Promote water metering and
demand-based affordable water
charges
Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006.
Create water and Sewerage
Agencies/Boards in major
cities/towns and provide
adequate financing to cope with
the problem
Enhance water use efficiency
through mass awareness. Provide
subsidy to keep the water rates
at affordable levels
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 7: Issues, Policies and Strategies Regarding Water Pollution
Water for Drinking and Sanitation
Issue
Policy
Deterioration in water quality due
to salt contamination from
agrochemicals, municipal and
industrial effluents.
All users of water, public or
private, shall have the right to
receive water of specified quality
at their premises of use; and they
shall concurrently have the
obligation not to degrade the
quality of water beyond what is
acceptable.
Strategy
Maintenance of water quality in
rivers, reservoirs, lakes, canals,
water bodies and coastal areas
including groundwater shall be a
national priority.
Strengthen, promote and support
public and private research
organizations and universities to
undertake research to develop
appropriate technologies for
issues related to saline water
agriculture, hydraulic
performance of channels, salinity
modelling, etc.
Implementation of monitoring
programme to:
l
Establish quality standards
for water for different uses
and for surface and
groundwater.
l
Develop and implement a
comprehensive programme
for water quality monitoring.
Standards of NEQS be reviewed,
updated and enforced for
agricultural drainage, municipal,
rural and industrial wastewater
treatment and safe effluent
disposal
Undertake, encourage and
support Research and
Development (R&D) in improving
water management.
Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006.
responsibility. The monthly expenditure of one
plant is Rs 12,500/, which includes the
operator»s monthly salary of Rs. 5000/.Δ26
arrears accumulate or the deficit is
covered by mainstream revenues or
the regular budget. However, tube
wells run by village development
organizations (VDOs) in rural areas
lack a safety net and are often forced
into disuse when the revenues
collected are insufficient to pay
electricity bills and other maintenance
expenses.
The issues, policies and strategies regarding
water pollution are given in Table 7.
Key Issues
26
Despite scarcity of drinking water,
there is considerable wastage due to
loss during transportation and unwise
use for domestic purposes.
PHED and municipal authorities are
often reluctant to collect water bills
regularly given the high political cost of
cutting off water supply to defaulters.
In both rural and urban schemes,
water supply costs are high as
compared to income from payment of
water bills. Electricity bills and staff
overheads are also high.
Consequently, either large electricity
Wastewater treatment systems do not
exist in urban centres in the district.
Untreated sewerage causes many
problems including large-scale water
pollution and disease. The same water
is also used for growing vegetables,
which are unhealthy and pose a
significant public health risk.
Measures
1. It will be ensured that the surface water
used for drinking in towns such as Hub,
through water supply schemes, is treated
Personal conversation with the Deputy Project Director, CDWA Ministry of Special Initiatives, Islamabad
43
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
and the sand filters on dead storage are
maintained properly.
2. An integrated approach will be adopted,
with rational resource use, and water
efficient techniques will be introduced.
13. Quality of the water supply for drinking
purposes will be maintained in conformity
with WHO recommended standards.
3. Performance and utilization of local
systems through better planning,
management and community participation
will be improved.
14. Studies will be conducted to develop
alternative sources of water supply in the
district.
4. Understanding of linkages between
hygiene and health through community
education campaigns, especially among
women and children will be improved.
5. Simple benchmarking tools and guidelines
will be developed to assess the quality of
operation and maintenance of water
supply schemes.
6. Water supply pipelines will be maintained
and replaced if old, leaking or damaged,
to avoid danger of contamination.
7. PHED and municipal committees will
establish strict controls on security of
pipelines to prevent installation of
unauthorised water connections of suction
pumps on main supply pipelines.
8. A Drinking Water Management Plan will be
developed and implemented for adequate
water supply for all urban centres and large
villages with populations of more than
2,000, to contribute to a healthy
sustainable district through wise
stewardship of its drinking water resources.
9. A Code of Conduct for Drinking Water
Conservation will be developed and
promoted, which is essential in the wake
of rapid growth in population and the
consequent increase in demand.
10. The effectiveness of WatSan and waste
disposal activities will be regularly
monitored through credible citizens»
monitoring committees and their
recommendations will be implemented.
11. Coverage of communal filtration plants will
be extended and regular maintenance of
water filters, etc will be ensured.
44
12. Quality of and easy access to water supply,
especially for women will be improved.
27
15. There will be a focus on institutional
strengthening, capacity building and
human resource development.
16. Water desalination units will be
established in coastal areas for drinking
purposes.
17. Water storage dams will be developed
with designs based on careful study of
water flows and flood data.
18. Proper structural maintenance of storage
dams will be ensured.
5.3 Sanitation
The vision for sanitation is toilets in all houses,
and complete coverage, safe disposal and
treatment of sewerage and industrial
discharge in urban and rural areas of the
district.
Wastewater treatment systems do not exist in
the urban centres of the province (only one
wastewater treatment plant has been recently
installed in Quetta City and work on another
two is on-going). Untreated sewerage causes
many problems including large-scale water
pollution and disease and is used for growing
vegetables, which is unhealthy and creates a
significant public health risk.
The National Sanitation Policy (NSP- 2006)27,
approved by the federal government in 2006,
focuses on safe disposal of excreta through
the use of latrines, the creation of an open,
defecation-free environment, safe disposal of
liquid and solid waste, and the promotion of
safe health and hygiene practices. In order to
support implementation of the guidelines,
effective institutional and financial
frameworks are envisaged. Sanitation
Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Environment (September 2006). National Sanitation Policy.
http://www.Pakistan.gov.pk/divisions/environment-division/media/Sanitation%20Policy.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
Q NRSP, Faizur Rehman
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Poor sanitation √ a sore sight in the district
programmes are linked with environment,
housing, water and regional planning policies
and programmes.
The federal government provides incentives
for the implementation of the NSP such as
rewards for open, defecation-free tehsils and
towns, the cleanest tehsils/towns with 100 per
cent sanitation coverage, and the cleanest
industrial estates or clusters.
reuse in agriculture, city parks and
lawns.
Open defecation in rural areas due to
lack of latrines in many houses.
Used polythene bags thrown in the
open, which are a hazard to
cleanliness, safe water, and human
health; aggregate the problem of solid
waste and choke sewer lines and
drains.
Illegal water connections, which are a
menace to PHED and the municipal
committees in terms of theft of water,
loss of revenue, poor sanitation, etc.
Key Issues
Lack of proper sewerage or
inadequate drainage system
throughout the district.
Throwing of garbage in sewer drains,
wherever they exist, e.g., in Hub
Town, and lack of maintenance of the
drains to control ground water
pollution.
Discharging untreated sewerage and
industrial effluents in water bodies,
such as in Hub and Porali Rivers and
the Arabian Sea.
Lack of treatment of sewerage and
recycling of treated sewerage for
Measures
1. The production and use of polythene bags
will be restricted and the use of reusable
cloth bags or biodegradable bags will be
promoted.
2. Hygiene kits to students will be supplied
periodically.
3. The sewerage system in towns and large
villages will be provided and/or maintained.
45
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The same will be reused for agriculture,
lawns and grassy grounds; the expertise in
the field of wastewater irrigation will include
a mix of agronomists, engineers, social
scientists and public health experts.
4. Construction of latrines in households and
public places where non-existent will be
supported, open defecation will be
discouraged, and public toilets will be
kept clean through a user fee system.
5.4 Environment (and
Sustainability)
The vision of the environment in the district is
of being NEQS-compliant and engaging in
environment-friendly development and
production, safe disposal of all kinds of
wastes and effluents, and developing and
maintaining green lungs in all urban centres.
The goals of environmental improvement
include reduction in air, land, soil, noise and
water pollution and creation of a healthy
environment for better quality of life and
optimum productivity. The goals of air quality
management would be to minimize the risk to
public health from air pollution and minimize
the district»s contribution to climate change.
The discussion in this section focuses on
overall environmental health in the district, its
impact on the people and a broader approach
to address environmental issues.
Most of the district is free from pollution.
However, the industrial cum urban areas of
Hub, Gadani, Windar, and Marble City are
polluted because of industrial emissions,
wastes, effluents and municipal wastes and
discharge. The mining areas in the district are
polluted due to waste and alteration of
landscape. The furnace oil-based Hub Power
Plant is also a source of pollution, resulting in
a serious pollution in Hub Town.
The municipal effluents and solid waste of
Bela Town are disposed of in Porali River.
Similarly, the untreated industrial and
municipal effluents and wastes from Hub
Gadani Towns are discharged into Hub River
and the Arabian Sea respectively.
46
The quality of drinking water in most parts of
the district is low mainly due to pollution from
various sources. Open defecation is practiced
by the inhabitants of houses without latrines.
Similarly, hand washing before meals is
generally neglected.
Climatic Change and Rising
Sea Level:
The mean sea level is rising slowly but
gradually due to global warming at a rate of
about 1.1 millimetres per year. This will have
an impact on the low-lying coastal areas of
Lasbela District, especially the beaches,
lagoons and estuaries of the rivers, and the
rivers for which there are plans to build dams,
such as the Hingol and Windar Rivers. The
rising sea level will increase salinity of the
water and change the ecological character of
these water bodies. Rising of the sea level
may also increase the salinity level of
freshwater surface reservoirs and groundwater
in coastal areas.
Key Issues
The deteriorating environment is a major issue
in Lasbela District, in particular in Hub,
Gadani, Windar and Bela Towns and other
urban areas. The issues faced in the district
include:
Emissions from transport, industries,
dairy farms and human population in
urban areas are polluting the air and
impacting people»s health.
Unsafe disposal of untreated industrial
effluents and sewerage.
Improper and unsafe disposal of solid
waste, hospital waste and industrial
waste including used polythene bags.
Occupational health and workers»
safety issues in industries, SMEs, and
mines are affecting workers.
Incomplete or no coverage for
workers of services in terms of social
security, old age benefits, etc.
Spraying vegetables and orchards
with pesticide, which is polluting the
soil, the air and the water.
Lack of or uncoordinated
development planning and
implementation.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Box 4: Functions of the BEPA Regional Office √ Hub Town
BEPA has established its Regional Office in Hub Town in January, 2010, to perform the following
functions:
l
Seek compliance and enforcement of NEQS;
l
Ensure, guide and assist advocates for new projects to submit an Initial Environmental Examination
(IEE)/ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the Director General, EPA, for approval;
l
Ensure implementation of environmental protection and preservation measures for all development
projects at the district level
l
Sensitize government agencies on environmental issues;
l
Identify the need for legislation in various sectors on environmental matters;
l
Provide information and guidance to the public on the environment;
l
Regulate motor vehicles according to the provisions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act,
1997;
l
Encourage the establishment of non-governmental organizations, to work on pollution control and
sustainable development;
l
Undertake regular monitoring of projects and submit progress reports to the DG, EPA, for publication
in the EPA»s Annual Report;
l
Ensure timely publication of Annual Reports.
Inadequate housing and development
of slums (kachi abadis) as well as mud
houses in rural areas and slums in
urban areas, which are vulnerable to
destruction by earthquakes, cyclones,
floods and even strong winds.
Weak compliance and enforcement of
laws.
Low quality (from ponds and open
stagnant sources) and scarcity of
drinking water due to mismanagement
of freshwater resources and
groundwater recharge problems.
Contamination of water supply due to
mixing of sewage with drinking water
because of leaking sewer lines, and
broken conveyance and distribution
pipes for drinking water in urban
areas, e.g., Hub Town.
Growing of vegetables with untreated
sewage in some urban suburbs.
Pollution from untreated industrial
effluents and sewerage is affecting the
Hub and Porali Rivers and the Arabian
Sea.
Noise pollution on highways and
roads passing through urban centres.
Smoke and emissions from industries
and transport (due to lack of tuning,
use of old vehicles and traffic
congestion) are polluting the air and
impacting the health of people living
near industries and roads.
The southern suburbs of Hub Town
are the backyards for some of the
waste from Karachi City.
Measures
1. There will be awareness raising on
environmental issues among teachers,
students, policy makers, planners and the
general public.
2. Participatory planning, management and
implementation for addressing
environmental issues, and achieving
environment-friendly development and
47
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
environmental sustainability will be
introduced.
3. BEPA will monitor air and water pollution
in industrial and urban areas and monitor
water quality throughout the district.
4. BEPA will seek compliance of and enforce
National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS) for air, water and other
environmental parameters in municipal
effluent, industrial discharge and
development projects.
5. BEPA will issue environmental orders for
all violations of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act, 1997, and
pursue cases in the Environmental
Tribunal.
6. Public and private sector projects will
comply unequivocally with the
requirements of the IEE and EIA under the
EIA Guidelines of the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency,
irrespective of emergency or priority. While
BEPA will review these through a wide
consultation process, unnecessary delays
in the EIA review process will be avoided.
7. There will be periodic checking of vehicles
jointly by BEPA and police staff for air and
smoke emissions.
48
10. Leakage of sewer and drinking water lines
will be repaired and steps will be taken to
ensure that the lines do not get mixed
11. Silencers of rickshaws, motorcycles and
other vehicles will be checked periodically
and their repair will be ensured to reduce
the high noise levels in urban areas.
12. Hospitals, courts, educational institutions,
government and private agencies» offices
and public parks will be designated as
silent zones (blowing of horns will be
banned) and this provision will be strictly
enforced.
13. BEPA will periodically survey new sources
of pollution.
14. A combined industrial and sewerage
treatment plant in Hub will be installed.
15. WatSan coverage to all large settlements
will be extended.
16. Auto-rickshaws will be switched to CNG
or phased out to reduce air pollution and
noise. New licenses for petrol rickshaws
will not be given.
17. Urban planning with implementation will
take place for all towns.
8. Stringent annual/bi-annual checking of
vehicles for safety and emissions by the
Motor Vehicle Examiner will take place.
18. Landfill site development for proper
management and safe disposal of
municipal waste and non-hazardous
industrial waste will be ensured.
9. There will be regular cleaning and
disinfection of overhead water tanks in
houses.
19. Safe collection, transportation and
incineration of waste produced in all
hospitals in the district will be ensured.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
6. Natural Resource and
Climate
≈Expanding human requirements and
economic activities are placing ever
increasing pressures on land resources,
creating competition and conflicts and
resulting in suboptimal use of both land
and land resources. If, in the future,
human requirements are to be met in a
sustainable manner, it is now essential to
resolve these conflicts and move towards
more effective and efficient use of land
and its natural resources,Δ emphasizes
Agenda 21.28
Integrated physical and land-use planning
and management are an eminently
practical way to achieve this. By
examining all uses of land in an integrated
manner, it makes it possible to minimize
conflict, to make the most efficient tradeoffs and to link social and economic
development with environmental
protection and enhancement, thus helping
to achieve the objectives of sustainable
development.
28.
Agenda 21 is one of the outcomes of United Nation»s Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) held at Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in
1992, which was attended by the Heads of States including the Prime
Minister of Pakistan, as the leader of the Group of 77.
49
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The integrated approach to planning and
management requires reorganization and,
where necessary, strengthening of the
decision-making structure, including existing
policies, planning and management
procedures and methods that can assist in
putting in place an integrated approach to
natural resource and socioeconomic
development.
The operational aspects of planning and
management are more appropriately dealt
with under the relevant sectoral
programmes in this chapter. However,
cross-sectoral consideration is also
necessary in decision-making for
sustainable development.
Key Issues
Statistics for the reported area are not
reliable. About 17 per cent of the
geographical area is still un-reported,
which means its land use is unknown.
Although livestock grazing is a major
activity in the district, the exact area
and location of rangelands are not
available.
Details of the cultivable waste area are
not available.
The forest cover area, notwithstanding
the notified forest area, is not known,
making planning and supporting forest
management in collaboration with
communities difficult.
Some forest areas were transferred to
industrial estates and some to the
Prison Department.
There are no land use planning or
development planning controls in the
district.
Land records are maintained manually
and are not computerised.
6.1 Land
The total geographical area of the district is
1,515,30029 ha. The reported area is
1,255,39030 ha (83 per cent) of which 71 per
cent (893,190 ha) is cultivable waste. The
cultivated area comprises 83,356 ha (7 per
cent) i.e., 50,203 ha current fallow land
(abnormally large) and 33,153 ha net sown
(comparatively low). 0.2 per cent is
waterlogged and 10 per cent (grossly under
estimated) is not available for cultivation due
to topography and lack of irrigation facilities.
Thus, the total area available for cultivation is
976,546 ha (64 per cent of the total
geographical area), which is considerably
over-estimated.31 A large area of the district
can be cultivated if water can be developed
for irrigation, although this too, is an optimistic
estimate. All these figures need validation by
determining existing and potential land use
with the help of GIS-based maps developed
from satellite images.
Expansion of cultivation through publicprivate-community partnerships needs to be
explored. Land use planning of the district is a
priority in order to maximise benefit and
reduce conflict. The market prices of the land
need rationalisation; at the minimum
provisions of the Land Acquisition Act 1894
should be applied and speculative buying
should be discouraged.
50
Measures
1. Mutation of the state land of Hingol
National Park in the name of the
Balochistan Forest and Wildlife
Department will be done. It will be
ensured that there is no delay since that
may cause litigation, especially in the
wake of development of Hingol Dam.
2. GIS-based maps of land use in the district
will be prepared with the help of
appropriate land satellite images. This will
provide an accurate and comprehensive
inventory of natural resources and land
use in the district for planning and policy
decisions, as well as for use as relevant.
3. Land settlement in the remaining area,
wherever administratively possible, will be
29
30
Survey of Pakistan map of Lasbela District
31
Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan
2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan
2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Tube well at a farm in Uthal
undertaken. This is an important
prerequisite for development of land for
agriculture.
4. Land consolidation, and completion and
computerisation of land records will be
ensured.
6.2 Water
The vision for the water sector in the district is:
To become a provider of water for
WatSan, agriculture, industry,
fisheries, nature conservation, tourism
and other uses, mainly through
surface water development
To be a controller and regulator
against inefficient use, ground water
mining and water pollution; and
To provide coordination for all water
use and stakeholders regarding
participatory policy-making,
compliance and enforcement of laws,
planning, management and monitoring.
Water is key for livelihood, sustenance,
economic development and conservation of
nature. The main uses of water are for
drinking and domestic needs; for food
(agriculture, fisheries); for development
(energy, industry, transport, tourism); and for
nature (wetlands, water birds and other
aquatic life, mangroves and plantations). It is
also a source of power and often leads to
conflict of interests and identity battles. Fresh
water has great significance for arid districts
such as Lasbela.
In addition to traditional water use for
domestic purposes and irrigation, its wider
aspects include an array of political and
ecological processes that influence water
governance, water rights,
hydropower/irrigation dam construction, water
pollution, water organizations, participation,
river basin management, water policy
implementation and judicial decision-making
in water conflicts.
Social participation in water management and
governance exists traditionally in tribal societies
such as Lasbela but has not evolved as
effectively in case of new developments such as
canal irrigation in Hub Tehsil. The key
dimensions of contemporary water
management relating to participation are
indigenous water governance, gender dynamics
in water management, river basin governance,
implementation of water management, and the
politics of water governance.
51
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The complexity of current water resource
management poses many challenges. Water
managers need to resolve a range of
interrelated water dilemmas, such as
balancing water quantity and quality, ground
water depletion, flooding, drought, and
maintaining biodiversity and ecological
functions and services, in a context where
human beliefs, actions and values play a
central role. Furthermore, the growing
uncertainties of global climate change and the
long-term implications of management actions
make the problems even more difficult.
In terms of inland surface and ground water
resources, the district is much better than
many other districts in the province. In
addition, this is one of two coastal districts in
Balochistan. Despite its arid climate, Lasbela
District is endowed with many water bodies
including rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs,
estuaries, the famous Sonmiani Bay and
lagoons. The important rivers in the district
include Hub, Porali, Hingol and Windar.
The Mor range and Khude are surrounded by
Sman Branch of Kolachi River on the south,
Hub River on the east and Gidar Dhor River
on the west. Valleys of the Kharari or Kanrach
and the Mithri, Mohbar and Chebechi torrents
are situated in the south. From its entrance
into Lasbela district, the Porali River runs over
a stony course and has low banks as far as
Mangia, where it passes through clay soil. A
dam has been constructed at Shah Lakhra.
About 89 km downstream of the dam, a
branch of the Porali River, known as the Titian
River, takes off and eventually flows into the
Siranda Lake. There are numerous streams
and water channels at the head of the valley
above Bela.
52
The two current new mega developments in
the water sector in the district are the
construction of Windar Dam and Hingol Dam.
The feasibility and planning of the former is
complete and the same is being worked out
for the latter (the earlier feasibility was rejected
due to negative impact on Hinglaj Maata/Nani
Mandar). There is additional potential for water
development. However, such developments
have diverse social, economic and
environmental negative impacts upstream and
downstream. It is important that the negative
impacts are eliminated or mitigated and the
benefits are maximised by conducting and
evaluating environmental impact assessments
(EIAs), and through the development,
implementation and monitoring of
Environmental Management Plans (EMPs).
As mentioned earlier, the situation of ground
water in most parts of the district is better,
with the exception of the coastal areas, but
rapid depletion of ground water has started
where intensive tube well irrigation is
practiced for cultivation of banana, vegetables
and other high delta crops. Ground water
depletion and pollution have emerged as
recent concerns in the industrial areas of Hub,
Windar and Marble City. The new Uthal-Bela
Industrial Estate being developed at the Zero
Point of the Makran Coastal Highway is also
likely to face these issues if adequate
environmental safeguards are not taken.
The use of irrigation water is generally high
per unit area and is quite inefficient due to
significant wastage. This has implications not
only for ground water depletion but also for
extra consumption of electricity or diesel for
tube wells and increase in cost of production.
This allocation is quite inadequate considering
the potential for water development through
mega projects in the district.
Key Issues
Increasing demand for water due to
increasing human and livestock
populations, expansion of agriculture,
industrial use of water, and indiscriminate
abstraction of groundwater resources
with tube wells for high delta orchards,
e.g., banana and vegetables.
Lack of water conservation (reduced
recharge, ground water mining,
inefficient use and water pollution).
The reduced recharge of groundwater
is due to destruction of vegetation
cover and degradation of forests,
rangelands and other watersheds.
Inefficient irrigation practices and
water use (high efficiency irrigation
systems not adopted). There is also
inefficient use of water for Sailaba
(flood irrigated) and Khushkaba (rain
fed) farming systems.
Economic incentives through subsidised
flat rate electricity tariffs for agricultural
tube wells, which encourage excessive
pumping, create a financial resource
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
gap to the provincial exchequer, and
inequity in favour of the ≈havesΔ.
Pollution of water bodies and ground
water due to untreated discharge of
sewerage and untreated industrial
effluents.
Brackish ground water in the coastal
areas and severe problem of water
supply for drinking.
Long drought periods, such as from
1998-2004, which result in negative
impact on the availability of water and
livelihood of rural communities.
Inadequacy and unreliability of data is
one of the major factors affecting the
planning, development and
management of water resources.
Lack of coordination among water,
housing and planning. municipal,
agriculture, forest, wildlife and
rangeland, fisheries, and tourism
agencies and industry.
Lack of an integrated approach to
natural resource management and
project planning and implementation.
Inadequate and ineffective monitoring
and evaluation of projects.
Lack of political will to conserve,
develop and manage water resources
sustainably.
Lack of recovery of user charges for
water for drinking, irrigation and industry.
Lack of or inadequate and ineffective
participation of stakeholders,
especially water users, in planning,
managing and using water.
Institutional set-up and constraints
that restrict effective management of
water resources.
The issues, policies and strategies for
the water sector are extracted and
adapted from the draft National Water
Policy for the district in Table 8:
Table 8: Issues, Policies and Strategies for the Water Sector
Issue
Policy
Strategy
Drainage and Reclamation
Water logging.
Drainable surplus at source will
be minimized through improved
irrigation practices and reuse of
drainage effluents wherever
feasible.
On-farm drainage on agriculture
lands, salt leaching, use of
chemicals (e.g. Gypsum) and
biochemical techniques will be
promoted.
Build-up of salts in irrigated
areas.
Inadequate drainage
interventions
Promote salt-tolerant crops.
Waterlogged areas will be
properly identified and better
irrigation practices will be
adopted.
Line water canals will be built
with priority given to saline areas.
Participation of beneficiaries in
cost-effective technologies will
be encouraged and financial
support will be provided
wherever feasible.
Feasibility studies for the
disposal of saline effluent,
preferably locally, and to the sea
only when unavoidable will be
expedited, and the requisite
infrastructure will be constructed.
No project shall be undertaken in
saline ground water areas, unless
safe disposal of effluent is
possible.
53
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issue
Policy
Strategy
Equity and Water Rights
Inequitable distribution of water
Water rights as specified in
various laws and agreements will
be fully respected and enforced.
Lack of managerial efficiency
Lack of transparency and
accountability in provision and
withdrawal of water
Training, capacity building and
institutional reforms in the water
sector will be supported.
Stakeholders» participation in
distribution through formation of
Farmers» Organizations (FOs),
etc. will be encouraged
Periodic water audits will be
conducted.
Equitable distribution of water to
facilitate authorized supply at
canal tails will be ensured.
Research and Development
Adoptive and problem oriented
research will be encouraged.
Integrated Planning and Development of Water Resources
There will be a non-integrated
approach towards water resource
planning and development.
The principles of Integrated and
Unified River Basin Development
will be adopted to ensure that all
aspects of decision making for
water resource development are
taken care of on a holistic basis.
It will be ensure that water
resource plans take a balanced
approach to integrated
development across all sectors.
Water budgets for basins, subbasins and each canal command
will be prepared to ascertain
availability for all requirements
and additional development
potential for surface water,
groundwater and rainfall
harvesting.
Development Plans for each area
for all water uses will be
prepared. The Development
Plans will also take into account
environmental aspects.
Traditional means of irrigation
such as karezes, wells, ponds,
small dams, check dams, etc. will
be rehabilitated and sustained.
Improving Water Management
a) Water related Laws
Lack of updating of water related
Acts and Laws.
Tube well installation regulations
to check groundwater depletion
will be updated.
Tube well installation regulations
will be reviewed and revised.
All categories of personnel and
farmers involved in water
management and use will be
trained.
The plan will cover training in
information systems, sectoral
planning, project planning and
formulation, project management,
operation of projects and their
physical structures and systems,
and the management of water
distribution systems.
b) Training
Lack of human resource training
in water management.
54
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issue
Policy
Strategy
An enabling environment for
active stakeholders will be
created, with consultation and
participation at all levels and in all
aspects of water resources
including irrigation, drainage,
domestic water supply, flood
protection, drought mitigation,
waste water treatment and
pollution control.
A strategy will be developed to
engage stakeholder participation
in all aspects of the water sector.
Initial focus will be placed on
water users» involvement in:
Farmers» Organizations will be
organized and involved.
c) Stakeholders» Participation
Lack of stakeholders»
participation in development,
management, operation and
maintenance of water resource
development and management
projects
l
Water distribution to ensure
that all members receive
their due share of water
l
Periodic maintenance
l
Assessment and collection of
water charges
l
Monitoring water and soil
quality
l
Controlling pollution and
wastage
l
Resolution of local disputes
among members
l
Coordination of participatory
programmes with policies
and programmes of all other
public and private bodies to
encourage partnership and
avoid conflict.
Management practices will be
promoted that will enable
community participation in the
construction, operation and
maintenance of water
infrastructure.
d) Sustainable Water Infrastructure
Lack of physical and financial
sustainability of infrastructure
Water-related infrastructure will
have physical and functional
sustainability.
Existing water right disputes will
be settled by improving the design
of water distribution structures,
especially in Lakhra Tehsil.
Engineer, construct and operate
the accessory infrastructures of
the Hingol and Windar dams so
that each component serves its
purpose without undue wastage
of water.
Field investigations and required
studies will be carried out before
designing any project. The safety
and sustainability of all new
infrastructures will be a
prerequisite. The existing
infrastructure will be evaluated for
its sustainability and undertake
necessary remedial work will be
undertaken.
55
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issue
Policy
Strategy
The National Dams and Barrages
Safety Council will carry out
periodic inspections of all vital
infrastructures
Each agency in charge of
infrastructure will carry out
relevant, periodic inspections.
Each relevant agency will prepare
and update Inspection Manuals
specifying the interval of each
inspection, inspection procedures
for each type of infrastructure
and the authorities responsible
for remedial action.
e) Financing for Water Sector
Inadequate budgetary allocation
for water sector
PSDP allocation and other fiscal
measures will be enhanced.
All resources including donor
financing will be tapped.
Water charges/service fees will
be introduced and rationalized to
reduce resource gaps.
Recovery rates will improve.
The Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM) Policy32 provides a solution to the
problems and issues in the short, medium and
long terms. 16 policy areas have been
identified by the Balochistan Resource
Management Programme (BRMP) for the
IWRM Policy (Box 5).
Measures
1. Awareness of water conservation against
pollution, wastage, inefficient use and
over exploitation will be raised.
2. Staff competencies will be developed and
water-related public sector agencies,
NGOs, and CBOs in various aspects of
water conservation, planning,
management and monitoring will be
strengthened.
3. Institutional weaknesses such as sectoral
isolation, e.g., inadequate planning and
IWRM Policy implementation, and lack of
involvement of relevant public sector
agencies and communities for operation
56
32
and maintenance of water schemes will
be addressed.
4. Excessive irrigation will be avoided and
irrigation will be adjusted according to the
specific crop requirement. Cropping
patterns and practices, e.g., promotion of
low delta crops and fruit plants in areas
affected by ground water depletion will be
adjusted.
5. Irrigation and Agriculture Departments and
beneficiary communities will work together
to discontinue inefficient irrigation and
promote high efficiency irrigation systems
for agriculture by raising awareness,
providing technical support service and
economic incentives, developing rainwater
harvesting, and harnessing torrents on
scientific grounds for agriculture and other
uses.
6. Watershed and water recharge
programmes will be launched in the
catchment areas of water stressed basins
and sub-basins, and the appropriate
Government of Balochistan. Department of Irrigation and Power. Integrated Water Resources Management Policy. Quetta: GoB,
2005.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Box 5: Areas of Balochistan IWRM Policy
1)
Water availability and potential for development
2)
Water resource assessment and monitoring
3)
Managing water demand
4)
Linking water development with IWRM approaches
5)
Applying IWRM to agriculture
6)
Adjusting crops and cropping patterns with water availability
7)
IWRM for other sub-sectors (non-agricultural) of water use
8)
Environmental water management,
9)
Cost recovery of irrigation infrastructure
10) Electric tariff for tube wells
11) Cost-effectiveness of water conservation interventions
12) Promoting inter-provincial cooperation,
13) Fostering participation
14) Institutional restructuring and strengthening
15) High efficiency irrigation systems
16) Groundwater development and management
design of delay action dams (DAD) for
effective and long-term recharge will be
used.
7. Sewage and industrial effluents will be
treated before dumping or discharging
into water bodies.
8. The potential of Porali River for developing
dams for water storage and water
development for agriculture will be
explored.
9. Watershed management programmes will
be extended to all other river basins and
sub-basins.
6.3 Forests
The National Forest Biodiversity Vision 2030
states that ≈By 2030, Pakistan will be
managing all types of forests on the
ecosystem approach, enabling them to
perform potential functions of conserving
biodiversity, providing sustainable livelihood to
dependent communities....Δ
Forests are vital for the environmental and for
maintaining the ecological balance. They play
an important role in the supply of wood and
non-wood products including water, grazing,
medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP);
maintaining watersheds, wildlife habitats and
the dependent species of wild animals and
plants, control of erosion and conservation of
soils, sequestration of carbon and provision of
countryside recreation and ecotourism.
Mangrove forests are critical components of
the deltaic ecosystem and provide a complex
habitat structure for numerous juvenile fish
species. In addition to providing an essential
habitat, they stabilize near shore sediments
and help mitigate coastal erosion. They also
interrupt freshwater discharge, and are sinks
for organic and inorganic materials as well as
pollutants. Highly dense mangrove forests
also play a protective role against sea surges
and coastal storms. Awareness about the
ecological functions and value of mangrove
ecosystems is low among decision-makers
and communities.
Generally, the terrestrial vegetation of Lasbela
District is scanty and consists of xerophytes
including the thorny Euphorbia nerifolia,
Caragana polyacantha, and Convolvulus
spinosus. Seasonal rivers, streams, and
gorges as in the mountain areas of Hingol
57
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
National Park (flora described in Section
5.9.1), and small valleys, such as Bilawal in
the Pub mountains have more vegetation
including tree species. Their lifeline is
rainwater or water springs. Fagonia arabica,
Acacia rupestris, Astragalus spp., capparis
aphylla, bushy and leafy Salsola spp., the stiff
leaved fan palm or mazri palm, and the rigid
tamarisk (kirri) also grow naturally in the
district. Mesquite, an exotic species that is
bushy in shape, has spread over large areas in
the south-eastern parts of the district. These
plants are exceptions in the prevailing barren
landscape.
The coastline of Pakistan spans a total length
of 990 km, of which 241 km is in the province
of Sindh and 660 km in the province of
Balochistan (IUCNP 2005), spread in Lasbela
and Gwadar Districts. Mangrove swamps are
only found in Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hor. The
SUPARCO study in 2003, using SPOT
imagery, suggests that Miani Hor contains
about 3,409 ha of mangrove forest, i.e., about
84 per cent of the total mangrove area (4,059
ha) in Balochistan, which in turn is 4.68 per
cent of mangrove forests in Pakistan (86,731
ha). The area of mangrove forests in Miani
Hor, which has been designated as protected
forest is 8453 ha (details in Table 12).
This tidal lagoon is about 50 km long and 20
km wide and its total area is 363 km2. The
Porali River and its distributaries drain into it.
The lagoon changes greatly between high and
low tides and typically the area comprises of
narrow twisting channels with steep mud
banks visible at low tide, surrounded by
numerous flat islets of mud covered with
mangrove trees. Avicenia marina (Timmer),
Rhizophoras mucronata (Kumri) and Ceriops
tagal (Kain) are three common species of
mangroves present in the lagoon. In fact, the
lagoon is the only area on the coast of
Pakistan that can boast of a naturally existing
stand of R. mucronata. The enhanced satellite
colour image of Miani Hor is shown in Figure
3. On this map, dense mangroves are shown
in magenta, normal mangroves in green and
sparse vegetation in orange.
The legally designated forests in Lasbela District
are listed in Table 9. Most of these are tropical
thorn forests followed by rangelands, 2000
River Basins of Balochistan
58
Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008)
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 3: Mangroves Cover in Sonmiani Bay (2003)
Legend
Dense Mangroves
Normal Mangroves
Sparse Mangroves
Natural Vegertation
Dry Mud Flats
Wet Mud Flats
Sandy Area
Saline Area
Deep Water
Shallow Water
Turbid Water
Highly Turbid Water
Satellite Image by SUPARCO
acres of mangroves forests, and riverine (bela)
forests. Some of these, including Dureji (a game
reserve) and Sonmiani Bay (a Ramsar Site),
have also been designated as wildlife areas.
There are three villages along the Bay, namely
Sonmiani, Bheera and Damb. A synopsis of
the forests in Lasbela District, designated as
≈Protected ForestsΔ, is given in Table 9.
Some forest areas in Quetta, Sibi and Lasbela
Districts were de-notified for conversion to
other land use in the province.33 81 ha of
Chichai Protected forest (PF) and 405 ha of
Joria PF were transferred to Industrial Estate
and 22 ha of Gadani State Forest were
transferred to the Prison Department. The
Province did not accept the demand of two
Defence agencies for transfer of a large area
of Hingol NP in the recent past.
None of the forests in the district or even in
the province (state owned, communal or
privately held) are capable of sustained
exploitation of wood on a commercial scale.
Rather, these are serving to meet the
subsistence requirements of local
communities for forest products, irrespective
of legal rights. Conservation of biodiversity
33
and sustainability of forests do not receive any
consideration by the communities. Forest
Management is exercised by the Forest
Department through ≈protectionΔ as per the
Pakistan Forest Act, 1927.
Problems hindering the Department are low
pay and insufficient training for their staff. The
biodiversity and environmental aspects (water
recharge, soil conservation, safeguard against
floods, sea erosion, fish nursery function,
protection against cyclones and tsunamis,
countryside recreation and tourism, carbon
sequestration) and meeting the subsistence
needs of local communities are more
important than developing wood and nonwood forest products (NWFPs) for commercial
exploitation or even for local livelihoods.
Nevertheless, these aspects could receive
priority, attention and acceptance if the
communities have access to alternative
sources of wood and NWFPs from forests to
meet the consistently increasing demand.
Key Issues
WWF-P. ≈Conversion of Forests to Non-Forestry Uses in Pakistan.Δ
(http://www.wwfpak.org/newsroom/250610_shockingforestland.php)
The reduction of freshwater and silt
flow downstream the proposed dams
(Windar Dam and a dam on the Porali
59
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
River) will impact the health of
mangroves in the Sonmiani Bay and
the construction of Hingol Dam will
have serious adverse impacts on the
ecology of the Hingol estuary and the
related subsistence fisheries.
The changing patterns of marine
deposition will cause encroachment
by sand of mangrove forest areas and
reduction in coastal productivity.
Pressure on mangroves will be
enhanced due to the rapidly growing
population in the three villages along
the Bay to meet their requirements of
fuel wood, fodder, timber, grazing,
thatching material, etc.
Over-exploitation of forests and
vegetation in the rangelands and outer
countryside, resulting in their deforestation and degradation.
The processes of regeneration,
reforestation and new plantations are
very slow, if any.
Ineffective law enforcement and low
penalties for forest offences.
Charcoal-making is practiced in the
district, which is adding pressure on
the existing vegetation.
Measures
1. It will be ensured that all forest
management is centred on participatory
planning and decision-making.
2. Capacity of forest staff and all other
stakeholders will be developed to orient
them to the new approaches of forest
management.
3. Capacity of forest staff and local people
will be developed on participatory
management, through site specific and
needs-based training programmes.
4. Capacity of farmers and fishermen in
agro-forestry, mangrove planting and for
nursery raising will be developed.
Table 9: Designated Forests in Lasbela District
Sr.
Forest/ Legal Status
PF34
1
Wingoi
2
Awara PF
Notification
Area
No. SOFT-XI(167)63 dated Oct.2, 1963
Rights: Free from rights
7,040 acres
No. SOFT-IV(Agri)-XVIII-2/ WP-I dated Dec.3, 1964
30,080 acres
Rights: The Existing rights of communities and individuals
over the said lands shall not be abridged or affected.
3
Chichai PF (Hub)
No. SOA/FST/1-14/70 dated Nov.3, 1970
30,710 acres
4
Pir Sawai PF (Uthal)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
63,360 acres
5
Khurkhera PF
(Sonmiani)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
45,312 acres
6
Porali PF (Bela)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
2,000 acres
7
Dombi PF (Uthal)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
47,550 acres
8
Joria PF (Uthal)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
16,000 acres
9
Dureji PF
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
63,200 acres
10
Catchment area of
Hub River and its
embankments (Dureji)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
87,040 acres
11
Pir Hayat PF
Mangrove (Sonmiani)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
12
Guru Chela PF
Mangrove (Sonmiani)
No. SOFT(Agri)-XVIII-2/ 64-III dated Feb.9, 1965
Source: Balochistan Forest & Wildlife Departments
60
34
Protected Forest
530 acres
20,350 acres
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
5. Social mobilisation will be encouraged
and village-level organizations will be
supported for participatory forest
development through a consultative,
participatory process.
6. Communities will be involved in the
protection and management of state
forests including control on illegal cutting,
grazing, etc., through legal cover and
formal agreements. Village participatory
forest management plans for the areas
outside state forests will be developed
and implemented.
7. Institutional reorientation and
strengthening of the Forest & Wildlife
Department and capacity building of
Department staff will be ensured.
8. Early enactment, compliance and
enforcement of the new Draft Forest law
that was developed through a consultative
process will be ensured.
9. The role of the private sector, NGOs,
CBOs and communities with adequate
legal coverage will be enhanced.
10. Two management plans will be developed
and implemented, one for all terrestrial
forests and the other for mangroves in the
district.
11. Alternate sources of livelihood for forestdependent communities will be promoted.
12. Import of timber from outside the district
without imposition of local taxes will be
encouraged.
13. Alien invasive species will be eradicated
wherever possible.
earmarked, with adequate water
allocation.
17. The ecology of degraded forests will be
restored by planting the maximum number
of trees of appropriate native species, and
their maintenance and protection will be
ensured by using improved techniques of
regeneration.
18. Appropriate concepts and practices for
ecosystem approaches for forest
management will be promoted.
19. Energy efficiency will be enhanced
through promotion of fuel-efficient stoves
and provision of alternate energy sources
such as biogas.
20. WAPDA and the Karachi City District
Government/Sindh Government will be
approached to fund watershed
management programmes in the
catchment areas of Hub Dam.
21. Landowners will be motivated to retain
sufficient numbers of trees (about 70 per
acre) while converting forested areas for
agriculture or other purposes.
22. Charcoal making will be discouraged by
bringing it under the tax regime.
23. A provincial forest, wildlife, wetlands and
ecotourism policy will be developed to
support forests and forestry, and
conservation and sustainable use of
wildlife and wetlands in the province.
24. All forests will be managed for biodiversity
values and environmental functions, and
subsistence use by local communities will
be accommodated to the extent of
sustained productive capacity.
14. Watershed management will be launched
in the catchment areas of Hub Dam,
Windar Dam, Hingol Dam and other future
mega dams in the district; the
construction cost of the dams will include
the cost of watershed management.
25. It will be ensured that the major share of
revenue from natural forests is generated
from non-wood forest products, ecotourism,
water production, carbon sequestration and
income from protected areas.
15. Farmland planting will be promoted with
economic incentives and technical
support, and farming communities will be
mobilized.
26. Sustained supplies of timber and fuelwood from commercial plantations and
farm forestry will be obtained from
appropriate native species.
16. A percentage of land in the command
areas of new dams for planting will be
27. Commercial forestry will be limited to
farmlands and commercial plantations.
61
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 10: Protected Areas in Lasbela District
Established to Protect
Current Status
Remarks
Hingol National Park (HNP)
All native flora, fauna, habitat,
ecosystems and landscape, in
particular the marine/ estuarine
and terrestrial fauna such as
Marsh crocodile, Olive Ridley and
Green Turtles; Marsh crocodile,
Masheer fish, houbara bustard,
Dalmatian pelican, Spot-billed
pelican, Plumbeous ad other sea
dolphins, Sindh Ibex, Urial,
Chinkara, Pangolin, Leopard, etc.
The original area of the park was
165,000 ha. Park boundaries
were extended in 1997 by the
Government of Balochistan under
the Balochistan Wildlife
Protection Act, 1974, to cover
about 619,043 ha. It includes the
Hingol Estuary and offshore
waters to a depth of 5 fathoms.
Limited law enforcement by
Forest Department and Coast
Guards. Management Plan is
being finalized. Significant
improvement has been seen in
the management of key species
(e.g., Sind Ibex) of HNP due to
implementation of PAMP by the
BF&WD.
l
Important fishery in its
marine area
l
Ranked as a protected area
containing globally important
ecosystems and species,
excellent lowland and
mountain desert panoramas.
About 3,000 people live
inside or in villages adjacent
to park boundaries.
l
Indiscriminate hunting of Ibex,
Urial, Chinkara and Crocodile
by influential persons and
government officials has
reduced significantly during
the implementation of the
Hingol NP component of the
GEF/WB/GoB funded
≈Protected Areas
Management Project (PAMP)Δ.
Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary
Chinkara
Notified.
No wildlife in the area.
Dureji Game Reserve
Sindh Ibex, Blandford»s Urial,
Chinkara Gazelle, and Marsh
crocodile.
Area was never managed as a
game (wildlife) sanctuary. It was
re-designated as a game reserve
in 1998 by the Government of
Balochistan under the
Balochistan Wildlife Protection
Act, 1974.
l
Viable wild animal
populations still exist.
l
A large area is in use for
grazing, agriculture,
settlements, communication
infrastructure, and mining.
l
The Forest Department has
de jure ownership.
l
Largest mangrove
ecosystem on the
Balochistan Coast with more
diversity in mangrove
species than the mangroves
on the Sindh coast
l
Reservoir built on Hub River,
mainly to supply drinking
water to Karachi and Hub
town. Water also used for
agriculture and industry.
Sonmiani Ramsar Site
Dry tropical mangrove ecosystem
including mud flats with
associated species including sea
dolphin species, waterfowl and
other wildlife
Notified as a Ramsar Site by the
Government of Pakistan on 10
May, 2001
Hub Dam Ramsar Site
Migratory waterfowl and
Mahsheer fish species
62
Source: Ramsar Convention Publications
Notified as a Ramsar Site by the
Government of Pakistan on 10
May, 2001
Q IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Marsh Crocodile at Hingol National Park
6.4 Wildlife and Protected
Areas (PAs)
Lasbela District is rich in biodiversity including
terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine
species. The protected areas (PAs) include
Hingol National Park, Dureji Game Reserve,
Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary, and the
Ramsar sites of Sonmiani Bay/Miani Hor and
Hub Dam. The key species found in these
protected areas are listed in Column 1 of
Table 13.
Protected Areas in Lasbela
1. Hingol National Park (HNP) was
established in 1997 over 619,043 ha by
including the area of Dhrun Wildlife
Sanctuary (since 1988). It is situated in
Lasbela, Gwadar, and Awaran Districts
and comprises terrestrial and marine
areas.
2. Khurkhera Game (Wildlife) Sanctuary was
established in 1972 over 18345 ha.
3. The Dureji Game Reserve3 was established
over 178259 ha in 1998 by downgrading
its previous status of Game Sanctuary,
which it had enjoyed since 1972. This was
to accommodate exploitative uses of oil
and gas exploration, trophy hunting,
mining, cultivation, presence of a large
settlement, and a significant area that was
privately held and cultivated.
4. Sonmiani Ramsar Site √ a coastal wetland
of international importance for migratory
birds.
5. Hub Dam Ramsar Site √ a fresh water
reservoir wetland of international
importance for migratory birds.
Some important information regarding these is
provided in Table 10 below.
There is no specific provincial biodiversity,
wildlife and PAs policy for comprehensive
direction or guidance. The Biodiversity Action
Plan for Pakistan (2000) and the National
Forest Biodiversity Vision 2006 of the Ministry
of Environment are, however, useful. Their
implementation in Lasbela District is
comparatively better due to implementation of
PAMP in HNP. The 1974 wildlife law is
outdated but it has been revised recently and
is expected to be enacted by the Provincial
Assembly in the near future.
63
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The punitive wildlife protection approach has
failed to halt the decline of wildlife and
degradation of PAs due to the alienation of
local communities, the punitive nature of the
wildlife law and its lack of enabling provisions,
as well as weak enforcement. However, the
successful community conservation initiative
of the Society for Torghar Environmental
Protection (STEP) and SUSG is an example of
community involvement in public sector
wildlife initiatives such as PAMP.
6.4.1 Flora
The vegetation of Lasbela District is SaharoSindian type. Overall species diversity is
generally low but better in the relatively moist,
deeply incised mountain valleys and northern
slopes of mountains and higher altitudes. The
total number of plant species so far listed in
HNP is about 150. Several endemic species
and species with limited distribution belong to
the general Tamarix and Heliotropis.
The floral species include Tamarix sultanii;
Arthrocnemum sp., Urochondra setulosa,
Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria, Acacia
nilotica, A. jacquemontii, Capparis deciduas,
Haloxylon sp, Aerva javanica, Suaeda sp.,
Heliotropium sp. Grewia domaine, Alhaji
camelerum, Salvadora oleoides, Zizyphus
nummularia, Acacia jacquemontii, Calligonum
polygonoides, Rhazya stricta, sp.,
Heliotropium sp. and Aerva javanica,
Euphorbia caducifolia, Haloxylon sp. (two
types, one with white flowers and the other
with pink flowers), Commiphora mukal (gugul),
Heliotropium sp. (merin), Aerva javanica
(Gujo), Inula montaine (kulumurak), Grewia
domaine (chill), Myro (A leguminous small
bush), Rhazya stricta, Acacia senegal,
Capparis aphylla, Aerva javanica, Inula
grantoides, Alhaji cameleron, Leptodenia sp.
Lasiurus sp. Cymbopogon sp., Panicum sp.
and small leguminous bush. The main grass
species were Panicum spp., Lasiurus sp.,
Cenchrus sp., Aristida sp. (Nadak) and
Chrysopogon sp. (Boch).
64
The species endemic to Makran coastal areas
and found in the HNP in Lasbela District are
Cadaba farinosa ssp. Rariflora, Gypsophylla
mekranica, Heliotropium alii, H. Ophioglossu,
H. remotiflorum, H. Lamondiae, Lotus
mekranicus, Matthiola macranica,
Psammogeton stocksii, and Viola mekranica.
The invasive alien species in the HN P are
relatively very few so far, and the only species
of major concern is Mesquite (Prosopis
juliflora).
6.4.2 Fauna
The situation regarding the species of wild
animals found in Lasbela District can be
understood from the information documented
in the Management Plan of HNP for two
reasons
It has been studied comprehensively;
and
The park has the maximum diversity
of habitat and species in the whole
district.
Mammals: About 30 mammal species are
present, indicating that the park has a
relatively high diversity of species given its
desert environment. However, the population
of a number of species is critically low
including for Wolf, Leopard, Hyena, and
possibly Caracal and Honey Badger. The
populations of Chinkara are also vulnerable,
and there has been no recent sighting of the
Desert Wolf in the park. The status of urial,
chinkara, desert wolf, leopard, caracal, hyena,
wild boar, and honey badger needs to be
studied in more detail.
The IUCN Red List of mammals for Pakistan
includes many mammals of HNP. A list of
threatened (status on the IUCN Red List)
mammals found in the district is given in
Annex III.
Many species in HNP have become vulnerable
due to fragmentation of habitats. The range of
species has also reduced due to construction
of the Makran Coastal Highway (MCH), since
highway crossings pose a threat to the
animals» lives. Their access to the water
points located in the vicinity and across the
MCH has been jeopardized and their
vulnerability to hunting has increased due to
the easy access provided to hunters by the
MCH. The threats to the species and their
habitats will grow with more and more
development along the MCH.
Fortunately, many culverts and bridges
constructed on the MCH in HNP for storm
water drainage serve as crossing passages for
wild animals, although their vulnerability to
predators increases while crossing. Some
culverts, however, require broadening for
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
providing ease of crossing to wild animals,
especially in the 1.4 km section of the MCH
from Kund Malir Fish Market towards Ras
Malaan.
Birds: According to the HNP Management
Plan, the total number of species listed thus
far for HNP is 185. The species diversity of
the Park is relatively high for a desert area due
to the diversity of habitats including sea,
coast, estuaries, mudflats, desert, riverines
and mountains up to 1580 m. The largest
number of species is found on the seacoast,
the estuary and along the Hingol River and its
tributaries. The major groups among these are
seagulls, terns, pelicans, flamingos, herons,
egrets, plovers, lapwings, stints, sandpipers,
godwits, shanks, coots, curlews, kingfishers,
osprey, etc. The typical desert-related bird
groups (low populations) include wheatears,
common babblers, larks, sand grouses,
partridges, the houbara bustard, some shrikes
and buntings. Birds of prey include eagles,
vultures, hawks, buzzards, and falcons.
Bee-eaters, hoopoes, seed eaters such as
pigeons and doves, birds with a more varied
diet such as white-eared bulbuls, sparrows,
the brown-headed raven, shrikes, pigeons,
owls, nightjars, woodpeckers, rollers,
swallows, martins, wagtails, chats, robins,
warblers, white-throats, flycatchers, sunbird,
drongo, mynas, sparrows, and buntings are
also found.
Some bird species, such as house sparrows,
silver bells, white-eared bulbuls, buntings,
common babblers, white throated and brownheaded raven, profit from cultivation. Trees of
Kandi (Prosopis glandiflora), Kikar (Acacia
nilotica), and Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) attract
fruit-seed eating birds such as the white-eared
bulbul, lesser white-throats, house sparrows
and others. They also provide nesting sites for
many bird species.
Blossoms and fruits of trees such as
Salvadora spp. and Capparis decidua usually
attract several bird species including the
purple sunbirds Nectarinia asiatica. These
trees are however scarce and have decreased
in number as a result of cutting for domestic
needs. It is assumed that the MCH had
significant negative impact on flora due to
cutting of trees while it was being
constructed.
35
Will be impacted adversely due to Hingol Dam
The Brown-headed Raven Corvus rufficollis is
a restricted range species and HNP is its
extreme limit. The Sooty Falcon may be
breeding in HNP. At least half of the bird
species listed for the park are migratory; the
Park is part of the ≈Asian FlywayΔ. They arrive
in autumn (Aug-Nov) and return in spring
(Feb-May). Egrets and Herons stay in the park
for the entire winter.
The largest concentrations of migratory birds
can be found at the Hingol estuary35 and
lower Hingol River plains. The species include
great white pelicans, spot-billed, Dalmatian
pelicans, great cormorants, little cormorants,
western reef egrets, little intermediate and
great egrets, purple and grey herons, black
ibis, spoon bills, ducks (Eurasian wigeon,
gadwall, common teal, and northern shoveler),
and 40 other species including great stone
plover, whimbrel and Eurasian curlew. Terns
and gulls can also be found in large numbers.
Spot-billed and dalmatian pelican, the Pallas
fishing eagle, the eastern imperial eagle,
sociable plover, houbara bustard, vultures,
saker falcon, black ibis and black-tailed
godwit are the bird species of major
conservation interest, and are listed in the
IUCN Red Data Book.
Amphibians and Reptiles: A total of 64
amphibian and reptiles are listed from a part
of the HNP, close to MCH. These included 2
toad, 1 frog, 4 sea turtle, 30 lizard and 27
snake species of which 9 are sea snakes.
There are no tortoises.
The reptilian fauna of Hingol shows good
representation of the restricted range species
(e.g., Laudakia melanura liratusnasiri black
rock agama, Trapilis agilis brilliant agama),
Crossobamon orientalis yellow sand
gecko/Sindh gecko, Cyrtopodion kachhensis
warty rock gecko/kachh spotted ground
gecko), Bufo olivaceus olive toad, Laudakia
fusca yellow-headed agama and
Acanthodactylus micropholis yellow√tailed
sand lizard).
The snakes are represented mainly by
poisonous kraits and snags (16 species) and
non-poisonous coluber snakes (8 species).
The kraits and snags include 7 terrestrial
snake and 9 sea snake species. The terrestrial
snakes include the common krait, cobras (the
65
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
common cobra and the brown or oxus cobra)
and four species of viper. The Echinatus
carinatus sochurecki saw-scaled sand viper
and the Pseudocerastus persicus horned
viper are both common in the Park.
adverse impacts on biodiversity,
wildlife and protected areas (PAs) is
ignored.
The Federal Government has
exempted the Makran Coastal
Highway (MCH) from the EIA, though
it was a mega project that has
impacted on the Hingol National park
in Lasbela and Gwadar Districts.
Several other mega developments
envisaged in the district, which will
have a negative effect on habitats and
species.
Over exploitation of species,
especially due to illegal and unwise
hunting, killing and trapping.
Excessive use of agro chemicals in
orchards and vegetables and the
introduction of invasive alien plant
species (e.g., mesquite).
Wetland-related issues such as
reduction in environmental flows with
construction of dams (Hub, Windar
and Hingol); sedimentation of
wetlands (Hub) and turbidity of water
due to soil erosion in the catchment
areas; water pollution due to industrial
effluents and sewerage (Hub and
Porali); eutrophication from detergents
in sewerage, e.g., from Hub Town and
agrochemicals in run off waters; and
introduction of exotic fish species as
in the Hub Reservoir.
A long-term vision, goals and
management objectives for these
resources with a view to conservation
and sustainable use are lacking. Use
of these resources currently is, at
best, ad-hoc and unscientific.
No specific provincial biodiversity,
wildlife or PA policy to provide
comprehensive direction or guidance.
The institutional framework is
generally inadequate, inappropriate
and weak. The capacity of the
BF&WD to undertake education,
training, research, survey, assessment,
planning, management, and
monitoring of biodiversity, wildlife and
PAs is weak as well. It is
The park harbours large reptiles including the
≈vulnerableΔ marsh crocodile or mugger
Crocodyles palustris and two monitor lizards,
the Bengal Varanus bengalensis and the grey
monitor lizard Varanus griseus.
Four of the worlds» five globally endangered sea
turtles including the loggerhead turtle, green
turtle, hawksbill turtle and olive ridley turtle have
been reported from the beaches in the park.
Amongst the amphibians are two toad (Bufo
stomaticus, Bufo olivaceus) and one frog
species (Euphlyctis c. cyanophlyctis).
The reptile species of major conservation
interest in the park include sea turtles and the
Marsh crocodile. Probably only two species,
the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas)
and the endangered olive ridley (Lepidochelys
olivacea) visit the Sohor Chakuli beach
between Kund Malir and Malan. One colony of
about 20 endangered Baloch Spiny-tailed
Lizards (Uromastyx hardwicki) is known to
exist in the park in the Sangal coastal plains.
Monitor Lizards (Varanus species), Russels»
Viper/Royal snake and cobras are of National
Conservation Interest. These are trapped for
their skin; the latter also for its poison to make
anti-snakebite serum. The terrestrial reptiles
are vulnerable when crossing roads, and the
MCH may pose life threats to these.
Invertebrates of the HNP
The invertebrate fauna species of HNP
includes beetles, grasshoppers, spiders,
butterflies and several species of scorpions.
Key Issues
66
Rapid human population growth and
consequential land use change with
expansion of settlements and
agriculture.
Industrialisation and development,
leading to threats to habitats and
species.
The vital need to plan and manage
these inevitable changes with least
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
comparatively better in Lasbela
District, again due to PAMP
implementation, but the staff lacks
mobility and other facilities to perform
their envisioned roles.
Inter- and intra-agency coordination
and interaction with non-state
stakeholders (non-government
organisations, communities, private
sector, research and educational
institutions, and the media) are weak.
The current management of the HNP
is not in accordance with the
Baluchistan Wildlife Protection Act,
1974 and the existing categories of
PAs are insufficient to address such
legally invalid but otherwise
acceptable uses, within sustainability
limits, for ensuring community
participation and support.
The current and potential social,
economic, environmental and cultural
value of biodiversity, wildlife and PAs
is not widely recognised.
Provincial funding is low and there is
lack of political will, resulting in low
priority given to wildlife.
The terms ≈biodiversity and PAsΔ are
still unfamiliar to most people as well
as to politicians and thus have not
attracted the attention of decision
makers and investment planners.
Measures
1. Environmental and biodiversity safeguards
in land use change will be institutionalized
to arrest further loss or degradation of
species and habitats as the landscape
can change significantly due to rapid
population growth, industrialization, and
deteriorating food security.
3. It will be ensured that BF&WD plays a
proactive role in collaboration with BEPA
and development agencies.
4. A comprehensive education and
awareness programme will be developed
and implemented.
5. The successful models implemented in
Torghar, KP, Gilgit-Baltistan and Dureji on
community participation through social
mobilisation, organisation, awareness
raising, capacity building and provision of
economic incentives (community-based
trophy hunting) will be replicated and
institutionalized.
6. Institutional strengthening and capacity
building of staff, communities and other
stakeholders will be ensured to plan,
manage and monitor biodiversity
conservation.
7. The Management Plan of HNP will be
implemented.
8. Efforts will be made to ensure enactment
of the new Wildlife and PAs law.
9. Funding and replication of successes for
the work undertaken with PAMP will be
ensured in order for it to be sustainable.
10. The Community Fund established for HNP
will be managed transparently and an
active role for the community to conserve
the wildlife of HNP will be guaranteed.
11. Hunters» associations will be formed and
supported and their cooperation in
sustainable hunting will be encouraged.
12. Development and implementation of the
management plans of Sonmiani Bay
Ramsar Site and Dureji Game Reserve will
be pursued.
13. A GIS-based database will be established.
2. Environmental assessment tools such as
strategic environmental assessment (SEA)
of policies, plans and programmes; and
initial environmental examination (IEE) will
be used; and environmental impact
assessments (EIA) will be conducted of
projects and developments that may
impact wildlife and PAs adversely. It will
be ensured that any potential negative
impacts are mitigated or eliminated.
14. A biodiversity database will be developed
along the lines of the GIS-based wetland
database, to be maintained by the
National Council for Conservation of
Wildlife (NCCW) with support from the
Pakistan Wetland Programme. This will be
used to promote sound scientific
planning, management and monitoring of
conservation resources. The management
67
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
plans of PAs and the recovery and reintroduction plans for endangered and
extinct species will be developed and
implemented.
15. Over-exploitation and other detrimental
practices will be minimized and ultimately
eliminated through raising awareness of all
user, stakeholder and development
agencies; local communities; teachers,
students and academia; media,
politicians, decision makers and planners.
22. A Management and Programme Review of
the BF&WD will be conducted so that it
can revisit its mandate, develop a long
term vision, goals, objectives and Action
Plan for 5-10 years. The required human
and financial resources will be identified
so that it can fulfil its mandate.
16. Best practice field models for replication
through documentation and dissemination
will be established and promoted with
economic incentives and technical
support. Inter-and intra-agency
coordination will improve by changing the
composition and mandate of the Wildlife
Management Board and making it
functional to support these efforts.
6.5 Wetlands and Fisheries
17. The Provincial Biodiversity, Wildlife, PAs
and Ecotourism Policy will be developed
and adapted, which will significantly
support wildlife and PAs conservation,
sustainable use and management. A new
Wildlife and Protected Areas Law has
already been developed by the BF&WD
for consideration of approval by the
Balochistan Assembly.
Coastal fishery is widely practiced in
Balochistan; freshwater fishery has only been
done in the Hub Reservoir by WAPDA, for
which Balochistan is a co-beneficiary with
Sindh. Exotic fish for commercial netting has
been introduced here. This contradicts the
principle of preserving native fish fauna, which
includes the popular Mahsheer fish from
Karachi.
18. The Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan
and the National Forest Biodiversity Vision
2030 will be used to develop the action
plan for this sector. Both documents
provide roadmaps to addresses
biodiversity issues including promoting
conservation and sustainable use of
biodiversity.
Commercial fishery of exotic fishes is also in
conflict with the objectives of managing this
wetland of international importance (formerly
designated as a Ramsar site by the
government of Pakistan), as the wintering of
migratory water birds and the fishing period
coincide. As a result, water birds, especially
ducks and coots, get disturbed and
occasionally caught in nets by fishermen.
Potential sites for development and
management of fisheries resources in the
district include the proposed Hub Dam,
Windar Dam and Porali River, Malir Nadi,
Hingol River, Siranda Lake (seasonal but very
important for water birds), etc.
19. The management of the marine area of
Hingol National Park will be strengthened.
20. A strong and effective set up for wildlife
and PAs will be established to conserve
the unique natural heritage of the district,
with participation of local communities.
21. The conservation-related institutional
framework will be strengthened and the
competencies, commitment, motivation,
objectivity and accountability of staff at all
levels will be enhanced. Specialists will be
inducted on biodiversity, wildlife, wetlands
68
and PAs into the BF&WD to ensure proper
planning, implementation and
management.
The vision of the sector is to restore, develop
and sustainably use fisheries, in particular
coastal fisheries, as a fundamental source of
economic growth of the district and province
as mentioned in a World Bank Report36; and
enhance the livelihoods and delivery of social
services to fishing communities.
The potential of freshwater fisheries in Lasbela
District has not been studied yet and should
be the first step in developing inland fisheries.
Development of fish hatcheries and stocking
the potential waters with local fish species
also needed to be looked into. Meanwhile,
further conflict such as commercial fishing
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Trash fish in Dam Bundar
with nets during the wintering period of
migratory water birds and introduction of
exotic species should be avoided.
Coastal and Marine Fisheries
District Lasbela»s location on the coast
enables it to exploit coastal and marine
fisheries. The estuaries of all of the rivers
mentioned above, Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hoar
and the coastal waters up to 12 nautical
miles, provide fisheries-related subsistence
and livelihood for the people living in the
coastal areas of the district.
Only Gwadar District shares this advantage,
since the location of the fish landing sites is
either close to Karachi (e.g., Sonmiani) or is
connected to it (Sumar Bandar, Phor Bandar,
Sapat Bandar, Wadh Bandar, Kund Malir, Malan
Bandar) since the fish catch is sent to Karachi
by the Makran Coastal Highway for sale.
In Gadani, a coastal town of Lasbela District,
the primary local profession is fishing, but this
is declining because use of wire nets (Gujja),
37
38
dredging for fishmeal and other malpractices
have significantly reduced the amount of fish
in the sea. Fisheries have suffered the most in
the coastal waters of Gadani, affecting the
subsistence and livelihood of its local
communities.
Lasbela District»s coastal waters have a lot of
shrimp, which are in high demand and fetch a
good price. However, there is considerable
concern among local fishermen and mole
agents about the gradual decline in the shrimp
catch over the past several years due to
overexploitation.37
Shrimp farming can further be developed at
appropriate locations in the Sonmiani Bay and
on the banks of estuaries, however, the lands
under mangrove cover must not be used.
Shrimp farming has been attempted by the
private sector in the past, albeit haphazardly,
in the coastal areas of Sindh, because of the
high mortality of juvenile shrimp. In 1995, the
Marine Fisheries Department implemented a
project for fish and shrimp seed production for
private farms but this was unsuccessful,38 due
Government of Pakistan, WWF and IUCN. Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan. Islamabad: GoP, 2008. Page 20.
Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Coastal Development Authority. Agriculture, Food Cooperatives and Fisheries Department.
Prospects of Shrimp Aquaculture on Balochistan Coast. GoB. Page 5.
69
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
mainly due to lack of appropriate expertise. In
the recent past, Sri Lankan experts have been
invited to share their expertise on potential
shrimp farming, which has yielded positive
results.
IUCN is funding a demonstration project on
shrimp farming on the Lasbela coast that may
pave the way for commercial shrimp farming.
Lobster farming is another possibility and
needs to be explored.
In order to support fisheries, the Balochistan
Coastal Development Authority (BCDA) has
launched a project ≈Construction of Jetty and
Fish Harbour at DambΔ costing Rs. 536 million
through the Public Sector Development
Program (PSDP) 2008-2009, with an initial
allocation of Rs. 17 million.
Perishable nature of catch and
urgency in selling, notwithstanding the
low rates offered at times.
Use of traditional fishing facilities and
techniques by the poor fishermen,
which enhance their catch effort and
yield less catch.
Acute shortage of drinking water in
the villages of fishing communities.
Poor hygienic conditions in the
coastal villages and in handling the
catch.
Measures
1. The Balochistan Fisheries Ordinance will
be reviewed for required amendments.
Key Issues
Over-exploitation of fisheries and use
of unsustainable fishing practices.
Pollution from industrial effluents,
municipal discharges and solid wastes
disposed of from Hub, Gadani, Bela
and other towns and settlements in
Lasbela District and also from the oil
and air emissions of boat engines.
Deforestation and degradation of
mangroves, which are the nursery
grounds of shrimps and many fish
species.
70
Lack of jetties and other facilities at
catch landing sites (Bandar).
Damages from cyclones e.g. Phet
Cyclone in 2010 and droughts
(reduces fresh water and
sedimentation input into the estuaries
and mangroves).
High costs of boats, machinery,
equipment , nets and other fishing
gear.
Exploitation of fishermen by money
lenders and middlemen due to lack of
credit facilities, which forces the
fishermen to take loans from money
lenders at very high interest rates and
obliges them to sell the catch to them
at very low rates.
2. All bottom trawling in coastal waters will
be banned and the ban on all fishing
crafts including those registered in
Balochistan will be enforced. Significant
penalties will be imposed including
confiscation of fishing craft and gear to
control bottom trawling and prosecution
of all offenders. Offenders will remain in
judicial custody in case of grave offences
until completion and submission of case
(in a reasonable period) in the court.
3. All other practices that deplete fisheries,
stop rehabilitation and sustainable use,
and affect the livelihood of local fishermen
in the long term will be stopped.
4. The mobility of fisheries staff in coastal
waters will be improved by providing
funds for repairing and maintaining
existing patrol boats and providing
additional ones to control bottom trawling
in the provincial waters.
5. The Balochistan Fisheries Department will
be strengthened for controlling bottom
trawling, use of illegal nets by fishermen,
and fishing in Balochistan waters by boats
registered in Sindh, and with vessels
registered for deep sea fishing by the
Marine Fisheries Department.
6. Access to credit for procurement of
fishing gear and engines will be improved.
7. The warning system will be improved and
preparedness for cyclones, tsunamis, oil
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
spills and earthquakes for fishermen at
sea will be enhanced.
records higher temperatures. The average
monthly climate data from 1960-2004 is
presented in Figures 3 and 4.
8. New jetties will be constructed in
consultation with mole agents and
fishermen.
Rainfall is low and unreliable with periodic
droughts for short and long periods, which
negatively affects natural resources and
livelihoods. Average total annual rainfall is less
than 20 cm., most of which is during the
monsoon season. However, very heavy
downpour has taken place occasionally, such
as in the summers of 2005 and 2009. Cyclonic
showers were also experienced in 2010.
During the rare periods of heavy rains,
storm/flood water drains away, scouring and
damaging protection embankments and
diversion structures. In addition, District
Lasbela, like other areas in Balochistan, has
experienced long periods of drought as from
1998-2004. The district is vulnerable to a rise
in the sea level due to global warming. The
weathering process in the mud rocks is
accelerated by these climatic elements.
9. An enabling environment will be created
for import of items required by
subsistence fishermen.
6.6 Climate
The vision for climate is to reduce air
emissions and manage comprehensive
weather and climate data in usable form for
Gadani, Bela and a hilly area. This will be
done for different applications such as
weather forecasts and long-term trends and
projections for agriculture, water, drought,
floods, windstorms, heat waves, relief and
rehabilitation, post-disaster situations, etc.,
and the information will be posted on the
Meteorological Department»s website.
The area suffers from low rainfall and hot, dry
summers. The coastal areas of the District
have a more moderate and moist climate than
that of the interior, which ranges from warm to
hot. The temperature ranges from 3≥C
minimum to 17≥C maximum in January and
24≥C to 38≥C in June. Bela Town often
The climate of the district is dry and
temperate in most parts and humid in the
coastal areas. Except for the peak summer
months, which are very hot, there is not much
variation in climate in the remaining months of
the year. The daylight hours are long and solar
radiation is very high, indicating strong
potential for generation of solar energy. The
wind velocity in the coastal areas and in the
Figure 439: Average Monthly Climate Data for District Lasbela √ 1961-2004
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Mean Max. Temp.(≥C)
Mean Min. Temp.(≥C)
Rainfall (mm)
Reletive Humidity (%)
Daily Sunshine (hrs)
ETo (mm/d)
Nov
Dec
Source: IUCN Study: Water Requirements of Major Crops for Different Agro-climatic Zones of Balochistan (2006).
39
ETo √ Daily reference evapotranspiration
71
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 5: Average Monthly Wind Speed Data for District Lasbela √ 1961-2004
300
Wind speed
250
km/day
200
150
100
50
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Avg.
Source: IUCN Study: Water Requirements of Major Crops for Different Agro-climatic Zones of Balochistan (2006).
valleys is also high, with potential for
generating wind energy.
These climatic conditions are suitable for a
wide range of agricultural crops and fruit
orchards, especially tropical fruits such as
banana, mango, dates, jujube (bair), jambu
fruit (jamun), coconut, chico, custard apple
(sharifa), lemon, and guava, provided irrigation
water is available. There is also potential for
poultry farming, warm water and coastal
fisheries, and biodiversity including both flora
and fauna.
The winter climate and the productive
wetlands in the district host diverse large
populations of migratory water birds.
Key Issues
72
There is only one weather station, in
Bela Town, even though the weather
conditions in the coastal and hilly
areas of the district are often different.
Management practices in natural
resource sectors have not adapted to
global warming and climate change,
despite the threat these pose to the
sustainability and productivity of
natural resources.
Measures
1. A comprehensive network of
meteorological stations will be established
based on the standards of the World
Meteorological Organization that are
geared to the province»s requirements
using Remote Sensing Technology.
2. Two additional stations will be established,
one in Gadani and the other in a suitable
hilly place away from Bela Town, to cover
all areas of the district. These stations will
be located at representative sites and will
take advantage of seasonal satellite
images.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
7. Agriculture and Livestock
7.1 Floriculture40
F
loriculture encompasses the growth
and use of cut flowers, raising
nurseries of ornamental plants,
ornamental gardening and landscaping. It
is a comparatively new agricultural activity
in the province although research and
promotion for this began in the 1980s. The
private sector also has come forward in
this business but this enterprise is still in
its infancy in Balochistan.
The Agriculture Department is growing
flowers for demonstration and sale at
Quetta and setting up floral shops in
towns with divisional headquarters.
However, it is essential to develop and
promote a floriculture strategy for
potential districts including Lasbela.
Promoting techniques for growing flowers
in plastic tunnels is also required.
Lasbela District is located close to the
supply catchment area of Karachi, which
is the largest cut flower, ornamental plant
and rose petal market in the country and
is also an outlet for export of flowers to
foreign markets.
40. Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop
Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2008-09.
Quetta: GoB, 2009.
73
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The district also hosts a large number of
Muslim shrines and Hinglaj Maata Hindu
pilgrimage sites, which are visited by a large
number of devotees who like to purchase and
offer flowers there.
Floriculture has the potential to improve
farmers» socio-economic conditions if they
grow cut flowers, and raise nurseries of forest,
fruit and ornamental plants on farmlands.
However, the floriculture effort in the district is
limited. For example, roses were grown on
3.24 ha41 of land during 2009-2010, which
produced 215,420 cut flowers.
Key Issues
Floriculture is not a traditional practice
in the district, and farmers do not
know the techniques of growing,
harvesting and marketing, or its
economics.
Floriculture expertise in the
department, especially its extension
staff, is limited as is the scope, which
is confined to cut flowers.
Flowers are a perishable commodity
and require swift and certain markets.
Floriculture requires exacting inputs,
investment, skills, intensive work, and
turnover, which needs a progressive
mind-set and a willingness to take
risks.
Measures
74
A Floriculture Promotion Strategy will
be developed and implemented for
the province including Lasbela
District.
Exposure visits for interested farmers
will be arranged from the district to
ornamental nurseries and cut flower
growing fields in Karachi, Pattoki and
other places.
Procurement, multiplication and
marketing of flower seeds, bulbs, and
ornamental plants such as herbs,
shrubs and trees will be facilitated.
Technical advice and service will be
provided regularly to growers.
Access to credit from financial
development institutions will be
facilitated.
7.2 Expansion of
Agriculture
Lasbela is one of the most fertile and
productive districts of Balochistan with the
majority of the local population engaged in
agriculture. The main staple grain is wheat
while other crops include castor, sesame, guar
seeds and fodder. Vegetables grown in
Lasbela include onions and red chillies and
fruits include bananas, chico, and papayas.
Soil: The soil in Lasbela District is alluvial and
is composed of light loose clay, mixed with
fine sand. In some parts of the district, the soil
contains saline ingredients and preserves a
hard smooth surface, in others, it crumbles to
fine dust. The ground in many parts is covered
with large round stones. The best soil is a light
loam mixed with a moderate amount of sand,
known as the cultivator»s milk. Next in fertility
and most common in the district is aawari,
clay overlaid sand.
Crops42: The Rabi crops include wheat,
vegetables, fodder and rapeseed, and
mustard. The Kharif crops are sorghum (jawar),
millet (bajra), sesame, caster seed, maize,
vegetables, melons and cotton. In cereals,
wheat is the main crop producing 15018
tonnes from 7591 ha (1978 Kg/ha), followed by
1405 tonnes of sorghum (jawar) grown on
2011 ha and 564 tonnes of maize from 567 ha.
Moong is cultivated on 1310 ha, producing
880 tonnes (672 Kg/ha) while oil seeds include
castor seed grown on 6030 ha, producing
2412 tonnes (400 Kg/ha) and sesame (til) on
317 ha with production of 138 tonnes (435
Kg/ha). In 2005-06, rice was produced in the
district but it has been replaced by other crops
since then. Cotton is being promoted through
research and extension.
Tomato crop is cultivated on 95 ha with
production of 1,415 tonnes (14,895 Kg/ha)
during Rabi season while 4,854 tonnes of
41
Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan
2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
42
ibid.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
tomato was produced on 640 ha (7,584
Kg/ha), total production and yield being 6,269
tonnes and 8,529 Kg/ha respectively. It is
followed by 2,246 tonnes of ladyfinger
produced on 400 ha (5,615 Kg/ha) and 1,072
tonnes of bitter gourd on 152 ha (7,053
Kg/ha). Other vegetables include radish,
cauliflower, bottle gourd, spinach and
cucumber.
Currently, vast cultivable areas are lying
barren in the district due to non-existence of
irrigation facilities. Agriculture depends largely
on sailaba and khushkaba systems of
cultivation and tube wells installed by the
owners of large land holdings to irrigate
orchards and vegetables. Generally, the land
is cultivated by the local people. Sorghum,
guar seed, castor seed, melons and wheat
Figure 6: Area, Production and Yield of Major Rabi Crops in Lasbela District during
2008-0943
40000
Area (ha)
35000
Prod (tonnes)
Avg. Yield (kg.ha)
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Wheat
Barley
Mutter (Peas)
Vegetables
Fodder
Total
Figure 7: Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops in Lasbela District during
2008-0944
60000
Area (ha)
50000
Prod (tonnes)
Avg. Yield (kg.ha)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Cotton
Sugarcane
Guar Seed
Coriander
Fodder
Chillies
Melons
Vegetables
Onion
Fruits
Moong
Castor seed
Sesamum
Maize
Millet (Bajra)
Sorghum
(Jawar)
43
Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan
2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
44
ibid.
75
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
are cropped on the khushkaba or sailaba
system. Generally, spate irrigated areas
support low value agriculture. The crops
yields are low. Even if optimal rainfall is
received, the income from crops is lower than
from competing alternate livelihoods, where
available.
A comparison of the average yield of Rabi
crops for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09 for
Lasbela District is given in Figure 7.
The area, production and yield of major
Rabi and Kharif crops in the district during
2008-09 are given in Figures 5 and 6
respectively.
Two agriculture research and demonstration
farms in Lasbela District are maintained by the
Department of Agriculture; a Coconut Farm
over an area of 81 ha at Uthal and the
A comparison of average yield of Kharif crops
for the years 2007-08 and 2008-09 for
Lasbela District is given in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Comparison of Average Yield of Rabi Crops for the Year 2007-08 and
2008-09 for Lasbela District
35000
2007-08
2008-09
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Wheat
Barley
Mutter (Peas)
Vegetables
Fodder
Rape Seed
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09
Figure 9: Comparison of Average Yield of Kharif Crops for the Year 2007-08 and
2008-09 for Lasbela District
60000
2007-08
50000
2008-09
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
Cotton
Sugarcane
Guar Seed
Coriander
Fodder
Chillies
Melons
Vegetables
Onion
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09
Fruits
Mash
Moong
Castor seed
Sesamum
Maize
Millet (Bajra)
Sorghum (Jawar)
76
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 10: Agriculture Machinery in District Lasbela (2008-09)
1600
Govt.
1400
Private
Total
1200
No.
1000
800
600
400
200
0
T.Well (elec)
T.Wells (Diesel)
Trctors
Threshers
Reapers
Bulldozers
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09
Figure 11: Source of Irrigation and Area (ha) Irrigated in Lasbela District
Canal
Wells
Tube wells
4408; 21%
13503; 63%
3421; 16%
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan 2007-08 and 2008-09
Agriculture Research Fruit Experiment Station
Wayaro Farm of 67 ha. Fruit nursery plants
produced at these farms are supplied to
farmers at subsidized rates.
Orchards45: Banana is the major produce but
its water requirements are very high. Being a
coastal district, the coconut produce is over
9,567 tonnes; followed by 5,382 tonnes of
banana, 5,082 tonnes of papaya, 1,924 tonnes
45
of mangoes and 1,749 tonnes of guava. A
demonstration agriculture farm for fruits has
been established at Uthal. The other fruits
produced in the district include banana,
mango, jujube (bair), jambu fruit (jamun),
coconut, dates, chico, custard apple (sharifa)
and lemon.
The agricultural machinery in the district is
shown in Figure 9.
Government of Balochistan. Agriculture Department. Directorate of Crop Reporting Services. Agriculture Statistics of Balochistan
2008-09. Quetta: GoB, 2009.
77
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The major sources of irrigation in the district
are tube wells, wells and canals. The area
irrigated by each of these sources is shown in
Figure 10.
Lasbela has the highest potential for wheat
production in the province after the eastern
Indus system»s canal irrigated districts,
provided the surface water resources are
developed. The district has also high potential
for growing fruit orchards (for example
banana), early and late summer vegetables
and other high value cash crops, which are
usually preferred by farmers. Therefore, it is
important to choose crops that suit the
farmers (economic return) as well as the
province (food security) through price
incentives or subsidies. In either case,
development of surface water resources is an
essential requirement.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Corporate Farming: Corporate farming,
with the involvement of and financing by the
private sector, can promote the
development of commercial agriculture in
the district. This will result in the
introduction of technology and will provide
the advantage of scale and marketing, thus
revolutionizing traditional agriculture in the
district. It can merge well with the surface
water development initiatives of Hingol Dam
and Windar Dam.
78
Cotton fields in Winder, Lasbela
There is a need to develop a feasible model of
public√private-community partnership based
on equitable benefit sharing that can be
replicated and scaled up within the district
and province, as well as elsewhere in the
country. The partnership model should focus
on joint planning, implementation and
monitoring, and provinces and communities
can contribute state or communal land. The
federal and provincial governments and a
consortium of private investors can share the
cost of mega water development and other
long-term infrastructure projects. In addition,
the private sector can invest in appropriate
and efficient technology and management, the
latter in partnership with communities. The
cost of water development can be recovered
through water charges paid by users at
different tariffs. Manual labour can be
provided by the community and the
consortium of private investors can ensure
skills development of suitable community
members. Flexibility in this partnership will be
essential. Once the model has been
developed, lessons learned should be
documented so that it can be replicated and
scaled up.
Other Facilities: A large area of the land is
cultivable waste, which can be transformed
into arable land with appropriate inputs,
especially irrigation water. Introduction of
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
modern technologies with regard to the use of
water, timely supplies of quality seeds, and
other agricultural inputs such as machinery,
equipment, fertilizers, pesticides and credit,
would contribute to increasing yields. An
improved marketing system (that reduces the
involvement of middlemen) will also benefit
the farmers.
BPM Cotton Growing: Pesticide use on
cotton is highest amongst crops in the cotton
growing areas in Punjab and Sindh, which is
undesirable in terms of environmental damage
and cost of production. The best practices
method (BPM) that will evolve for cotton
growing in Bahawalpur by WWF-P will help
the cotton growers in the district. It is,
therefore, critical that the current cotton
promotion project of the Pakistan Cotton
Research Institute (PCRI) incorporates the
BPM concept in its research and promotional
work.
Pesticide use: Local adapted varieties of
cotton are grown in the flood-irrigated areas.
The timing of the flood determines the choice
of the crop and there is little room to
manoeuvre, resulting in monoculture and
vulnerability to attack by plant pests and
diseases. The use of pesticides is almost
negligible due to farmers» lack of awareness of
Integrated Pest Management (IPM), limited
technical knowledge about various aspects of
plant protection, and the high costs of
pesticides, spraying and dusting equipment.
Cotton, among crops, requires the use of
maximum pesticides, which is being promoted
in the district by a project of the Pakistan
Cotton Research Institute (PCRI).
Agricultural Marketing: Accurate and timely
marketing information is vital in helping
farmers make profitable marketing decisions,
such as what to produce, where to market the
produce, and what price to expect. The GoB»s
Directorate of Agriculture, Economics and
Marketing Balochistan, Quetta, is planning to
develop a database system of this information
at the provincial level.
In Balochistan, the Directorate of Agriculture
Services for Crop Reporting has set up an online information system. The Directorate is
now analysing supply and demand of the
various agricultural produce in order to
distinguish those crops that continuously face
marketing problems (i.e., more or less
production than demand, especially of
perishable commodities such as tomatoes,
other vegetables, onions and fruits). However,
forecasting future demand to guide farmers in
their production planning is a more difficult
task and will need sophisticated working, time
and effort.
Providing price information about bigger
markets and through radio and newspaper
has limited use as the farmers are interested
mainly in local market prices, which is where
they sell their goods. Market information
services, therefore, need decentralization at
the regional or district level. The AGMARKET
in Balochistan has decentralized the
marketing information system to improve
access to information in districts.
A modern vegetable and fruit market is being
established at Uthal. While it is strategically
located for servicing the coastal up-country
areas, it faces strong competition from the
Karachi market and will have to be managed
well for sustainability.
Water issues, policies and strategies relating
to agriculture are given in Table 11.
Key Issues
The district lacks a canal irrigation
system despite having the potential
for one.
Traditionally weak agricultural
practices including layout, levelling
and tilth due to uncertain and erratic
rainfall conditions, as a regular
cropping calendar is difficult to follow.
This affects seed germination, crop
stand, health and productivity.
The Agriculture Department arranges
improved seeds of major crops at
Uthal Town and recommends the seed
rate. However, farmers generally use
local seed of low quality at low seed
rate, with poor germination.
Lack of irrigation and credit facilities
constrains the planting of fruit plants
and development of orchards.
The soil is deficient in organic matter;
the use of chemical fertilizers for
crops is low and limited to vegetables
and orchards; and the use of farmyard
manure is low.
79
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 11: Water Issues, Policies and Strategies Related to Agriculture for Surface Water
Issues
Policy
Strategy
a) Enhancing Availability of Water
Depleting reservoirs
Inadequate storage
Seasonal variations
Capacities of existing reservoirs
(such as Hub Dam), mitigation of
sedimentation, etc. will be
improved.
l
A study will be undertaken
on enhancing capacity of
existing reservoirs
l
A Watershed Management
Programme will be launched,
dams will checked, soil
conservation measures will
be implemented and sluicing
devices in new dams will be
incorporated.
l
There will be construction of
new multipurpose storage
facilities, e.g., Hingol Dam,
Windar Dam, and a dam on
Porali River
l
There will be education,
dissemination of knowledge
and creation of awareness
about the need for additional
water reservoirs
l
Rainwater harvesting and
other conservation measures
will be undertaken.
l
Major storages and small
dams will be constructed
wherever feasible.
l
There will be judicious
regulation of water storage.
l
l
For sustainability of
groundwater, groundwater
recharge will be promoted
wherever technically and
economically feasible
(pumping will not exceed
recharge).
Studies and measures will be
undertaken to conserve
water and offset seasonal
effects.
l
The Watershed Management
Programme will be launched.
l
Pilot projects will be
prepared; timely
implementation and
adequate funding will be
ensured.
l
Research and development
in improved irrigation
practices will be undertaken.
l
Awareness raising and
education of farmers will be
undertaken.
l
Studies will be conducted to
rationalize water allowances.
b) Improving Irrigation Practices
Traditional methods of irrigation,
e.g., flood irrigation
Lack of demand-based irrigation,
e.g., fixed ≈wara bandiΔ rather
than need-based withdrawal in
distribution system.
80
l
Better irrigation practices at
farm level will be promoted
such as furrow and border
irrigation, land levelling and
use of technology-based
high efficiency irrigation
systems
l
Flexibility will be introduced
in the system and reregulation capability will be
improved.
l
Water allowances on various
canal commands will be
rationalized.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issues
Policy
Strategy
l
Pilot demonstration projects
will be developed for
replication by farmers.
Low crop yields and cropping
intensity
l
High delta crops will be
discouraged and better
operational practices, e.g.,
seed certification, farm
mechanization, adequate use
of IPM, fertilizers, etc., will
be promoted, coupled with
judicious use of water.
l
Availability of quality inputs
at affordable prices will be
ensured, with easy
accessibility to farmers.
Lack of modern irrigation
techniques and low irrigation
efficiency
l
Use of high technical and
modern irrigation techniques,
e.g., sprinklers, drip irrigation
system, etc. will be
promoted.
l
High tech irrigation systems
will be indigenized at
affordable prices with easy
access to farmers.
l
l
Laser levelling of agricultural
lands will be encouraged.
Low cost laser levelling
equipment will be
manufactured/marketed.
c) Enhancing Irrigation Infrastructure and Sustainability
Low efficiencies in conveyance of
water (conveyance losses).
Higher efficiency in conveyance
and use of irrigation water, e.g.,
lining, rehabilitation, silt
clearance, re-sectioning, etc. will
be promoted and supported.
Sustainability of infrastructure will
be ensured through adequate
funding for O&M.
Inadequate maintenance and
deterioration of canal
infrastructure.
Preference will be given for
concrete over brick lining.
Lining and rehabilitation of water
conveyance infrastructure will be
promoted, giving priority to saline
zones, high filling and sandy reaches
Periodic rehabilitation and
remodelling of canal systems will
be implemented.
Commitment will be given by the
provincial government to ensure
adequate budget allocation as
per yardsticks for O&M, and
periodic revision of yardsticks.
l
There will be better vigilance
and monitoring of irrigation
infrastructure.
l
Annual and periodic safety
inspections of dams and
canals will be carried out.
l
Performance-based O&M
contracts will be introduced
on a pilot basis.
l
Mechanized maintenance will
be introduced wherever
feasible.
l
Beneficiaries» participation in
maintenance will be
promoted.
l
The province will commit to
allocate adequate funds.
l
Formation of Farmers»
Organizations for O&M of
tertiary irrigation systems will
be encouraged.
81
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issues
Policy
l
The existing canal system
will be remodelled and new
infrastructure will be
constructed to increase
cropping intensities in
existing commands. New
areas will be brought under
irrigation.
Strategy
l
Subject to availability of
water, new canals will be
constructed and periodic
remodelling will be carried
out wherever required.
l
Appropriate financing will be
ensured to undertake
required projects.
l
Satellite imageries/aerial
photography will be used to
support field assessment.
l
Availability of credit
incentives will be supported,
such as allocation of land in
new areas.
Lack of private investment in
infrastructure.
l
Pilot private sector project
on development of water
infrastructure based on the
pattern of highways,
telecommunications, etc. will
be developed and
implemented.
l
Reasonable return on equity
will be facilitated by
recovering charges from land
users.
Insufficient cost recovery
l
The assessment and
collection system for abiana
(water rates/charges) will be
improved.
l
Existing assessment and
collection system will be
reviewed through improved
management, modern
technology and incentives.
l
Abiana rates will be
rationalized in phases to
ensure full O&M recovery.
l
There will be phased
enhancement of abiana rates
and elimination of subsides.
Improving Groundwater irrigation
Excessive Pumping (Lop-sided
pumping).
l
Excessive pumping will be
avoided.
l
A Groundwater Regulatory
Framework will be developed
for the district to control and
optimize groundwater
exploitation in conjunction
with surface water.
l
Pumping of water will be
rationalized.
Provinces will develop a
Groundwater Management Act.
82
Groundwater regulatory
framework will be strictly
enforced to avoid over
exploitation.
l
Areas with falling water table
will be delineated for
restricting uncontrolled
abstraction.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Issues
Policy
Strategy
l
Monitoring efforts to determine
sustainable groundwater
potential will be strengthened.
l
Groundwater budgets for subbasins and Canal Commands
will be prepared for improved
aquifer management.
l
All sources of
recharge/discharge and their
interaction with the
groundwater reservoir will be
evaluated.
Poor quality groundwater in some
areas, contamination/ up-coming
(upward vertical movement of
saline interface), and poor
drainage.
l
Skimming wells will be
promoted through education
of farmers.
l
Bank credits will be provided.
Land deterioration, i.e.,
secondary salinisation,
sodicity, etc.
Fresh groundwater bodies will be
protected from contamination by
lateral and/or vertical movement
of saline groundwater.
Optimal groundwater pumping in
waterlogged areas to lower water
tables in fresh groundwater
areas, while restricting pumping
in saline areas, giving due regard
to safe and acceptable disposal
of effluent will be promoted.
Depletion of ground-water in
certain areas.
Mining of ground water will be
prohibited.
The Provinces will prepare a
groundwater Atlas for each Canal
Command and sub basin and
enact groundwater control
regulations, which will be
enforced at the district level.
The potential of hill torrents fully
to supplement surface water
irrigation will be exploited.
l
The Master Plan/Feasibility
for Harnessing of Hill
Torrents will be developed
and updated.
l
Projects in Hill Torrent Areas
will be developed to
supplement water availability,
improve and extend agriculture
and alleviate poverty.
Various technologies being used
for undisturbed extraction and
skimming of fresh groundwater
layers overlying saline water will
be evaluated.
Harnessing Hill Torrents Irrigation
Under-utilization of potential of
Hill Torrents.
Lack of investment to harness
the flood flow of hill torrents.
Resources will be generated for
harnessing the flood flow of hill
torrents.
Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006, Adapted by R-SDCS (2010)
Funding will be arranged from
indigenous and international
resources to construct Hill
Torrents management structures
for flood control and maximum
utilization of flows.
83
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The lack of irrigation facilities, high
costs of inputs such as improved
seeds, tube well water, fertilizer and
pesticides, poverty, and lack of
adequate and appropriate credit
facilities are major constraints in the
development of agriculture, improved
farming practices, and productivity.
Disasters such as droughts and floods.
Measures
Lack of provincial responsibility
including for research and extension,
institutional strengthening and
competency development, because of
which the needs of the district are not
met.
1. A plan will be developed to increase the
availability of surface water for agriculture,
WatSan and other purposes.
Banana requires a very large amount
of water and is dependent on tube
wells.
3. Installation of new tube wells in ground
water stressed areas will be controlled.
Rapid depletion of ground water.
No system of monitoring tube well
installation; the increase in the number
of installed tube wells is very high.
2. Water will be conserved and wastage will
be controlled through efficient use.
4. Cropping patterns and fruit orchards will
be reviewed for incorporating low delta
crops and fruit plants.
Agriculture is still being done using
old practices.
5. A corporate farming model of publicprivate community partnership will be
developed.
6. Middle-men in marketing will be
eliminated.
There are streams all over the district
7. Supply of agricultural inputs will improve.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
84
that drain water from the mountains,
hills and uplands. The fast moving
waters or flash floods cause soil
erosion on agricultural land
Wheat threshing at Uthal
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Livestock grazing at Kandraj, Hingol National Park
8. Capacity building for farmers will be
implemented.
9. Check dams will be conducted over small
streams to help decrease the speed of
flood water, trap soil, recharge ground
water and stabilise with planting.
10. Organic farming and marketing of
vegetables will be promoted.
11. The BPM concept in the research and
promotional aspects of the current PCRI
cotton project will be incorporated.
12. Human resource in commercial agriculture
will be developed.
13. Success of the new agriculture market at
Uthal Town will be ensured.
14. Small, medium and mega dams will be
constructed over seasonal and perennial
rivers and streams.
15. Technology-based efficient irrigation
systems with subsidies, technical support
and maintenance mechanisms will be
introduced and promoted.
46
7.3 Livestock
The vision of the livestock sector in the district
is to develop it as a pillar of growth through
improvement of breeds, feeding and health
facilities; dairy development; commercializing
management of range dependent livestock for
beef and meat; value addition of livestock
products; and taking advantage of Karachi»s
proximity to supply livestock products and
develop a livestock market near Hub Town for
Karachi.
68 per cent of the households own livestock
and the mean value of the owned livestock
is Rs. 50,000/-.46 A significant percentage of
the workforce and households in the district
are engaged in livestock rearing. Though the
district has great potential for this, the
sector has not received any attention so far.
The importance of livestock as a major
source of livelihood has decreased due to
growing of orchards and vegetable cropping
with irrigation. The district also suffers from
periodic droughts. The recent long drought
of 1998-2004 resulted in livestock mortality
and loss to livestock-dependent
households.
Government of Pakistan. Agriculture Census Organisation. Livestock Census 2006. Islamabad: ACO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2007.
85
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The subjects of livestock and rangelands are
kept separate for administrative purposes,
and come under the Livestock and Forest
and Wildlife Departments respectively.
Coordination between the two is almost nonexistent. The livestock sector is informal and
disorganized in the district as elsewhere in
the province. The concept of
commercialisation, which is being discussed
at the provincial level, has not yet been
translated on the ground. As a result, the full
potential of livestock resources has not yet
been realized.
Lasbela District ranks 12th for percentage of
households keeping livestock (68 per cent)
among 26 districts (MICS-2004).
In 2006, the total number of livestock47 in
Lasbela District was 1,331,797 and poultry
was 226,710. This includes 101,084 cattle,
7,980 buffalo, 367,262 sheep, 794,296 goats,
Figure 12: Livestock Population in Lasbela District (2006)
900000
Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goats
Horse
Mule
Asses
Poultry
Camel
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
Figure 13: The Number of Cattle by Sex and Breed in Lasbela District (2006)
35000
Male
30000
Female
Total
No.
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Foreign
Gabrali
Achai
Lohani
Kankraj
Dhanni
Rojhan
Bhag Nari
Thari
Red Sindhi
Sahiwal
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
86
47
Government of Pakistan. Agriculture Census Organisation. Livestock Census 2006. Islamabad: ACO, Statistics Division, GoP, 2007.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 14: Number of Buffaloes by Breed in Lasbela District (2006)
8000
Male
7000
Female
Total
6000
No.
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Othes
Azakhale
Hundhi
Nili/Ravi
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
Figure 15: Number of Sheep by Breed in Lasbela District (2006)
30000
Male
Female
25000
Youngstock
Total
No.
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
Kail
Kachhi
Kooka
Rakhshani
Kaghani
Damani
Bibrk
Balochi
Harnai
Buchi
Thalli
Kajli
Lohi
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
32,202 camels, 1,857 horses, 581 mules,
26,535 donkeys and 226,710 poultry birds.
Goats, sheep, cattle, camels, and donkeys
predominated. Other livestock was 62,542
(25,494 male and 37,048 female). These are
also shown in Figure 11.
slaughterhouses. 19,210 animals (2028
buffalo/cattle, 994 sheep and 16,188 goats)
were slaughtered in the open in 2006.
There were 5 veterinary hospitals and 13
veterinary dispensaries in Lasbela District in
2006. 251,072 animals were treated, 338,417
vaccinated and 785 castrated in 2006. 16,911
animals (496 buffalo/cattle, 994 sheep, 15,282
goats and 139 camels) were slaughtered in
The number of buffaloes by sex and breed in
the district in 2006 is given in Figure 13.
The number of cattle by sex and breed in the
district is given in Figure 12.
Majority of the sheep are local breeds
comprising of 43431 males, 162483 females,
and 120991 young stocks below 1 year with
87
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
3,269,051. The improved breeds and their
numbers are shown in Figure 14.
Annual veterinary coverage of livestock in the
district in 2006 is shown in Figure 16.
The majority of the goats are local breeds
comprising 73,011 male, 335,599 female, and
136,010 young stocks, making their total
number 544,620. The improved breeds and
their numbers are shown in Figure 15.
Only one livestock project, Research Centre
Dairy, costing Rs. 49.2 million, was included in
the Public Sector Development Programme
(PSDP) 2008-09 and 2009-10.
Key Issues
Artificially inseminated cows and buffaloes
during 12 months in the district prior to the
census 2006 were less than one per cent.
The three main elements for livestock,
breed, feeding and health are weak,
Figure 16: Goat Improved Breeds and their Numbers in Lasbela District
200000
180000
Male
160000
Female
Youngstock
140000
Total
No.
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Chappar
Lehri
Pateri
Barbery
Jatan
Nachi
Daira din panah
Damani
Kaghani
Kamori
Beetal
Teddy
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
Figure 17: Annual Veterinary Coverage of Livestock in Lasbela District (2006)
30000
Vaccinated
25000
Fallen Sick
Treated
No.
20000
15000
10000
5000
Camel YS
Camels
Goats YS
Goats
Sheep YS
Sheep
Buffaloe YS
Source: Balochistan Livestock Census, 2006
Buffaloes
Cattles YS
88
Adult Cattle
0
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
as a result of which productivity of the
animals is low.
Breeds
Large numbers of less productive
animals.
Inadequate facilities for artificial
insemination (few insemination centres
that are distantly located).
Poor results of artificial insemination
(AI) in the past and social reservations
about AI.
Not culling less productive animals
since they are considered to be status
symbols and handy cash.
Lack of conscious gene pool
conservation.
Lack of sires of better breeds for
improved breeding.
Feeding
Low fodder production due to low
cultivation and small cultivated
holdings.
No introduction of high yielding fodder
varieties.
Forage yield in rangelands less than
its potential due to overgrazing,
degradation and no grazing
management (rotational and deferred
rotational grazing, early spring and
late grazing at the time of seed
ripening), and lack of investment in
reseeding, seeding, development of
water points, placement of salt licks
and grazing management.
Health
Inadequate preventive (vaccination)
and curative health facilities for
livestock.
Damage to Forests
Camel browsing and lopping of
mangroves for fodder.
Trampling and foraging by livestock.
Value addition
Lack of value addition of livestock
products, e.g., wool, hides, skins,
horns and hooves.
Lack of commercial production of
meat for marketing within the country
and outside.
Lack of biogas production from
livestock dung and urine and using
the slurry as manure.
Measures
1. Breed, feeding (including range
management), health disease/parasite
control, commercial meat and beef
production, and marketing improvement
programmes in the district will be
launched.
2. Awareness raising and capacity building
programmes for relevant staff of public
sector agencies and livestock farmers will
be implemented.
3. Institutional strengthening of relevant
agencies and organizations will be
ensured.
4. Preventive health cover including
vaccination against infectious and
communicable diseases, control ticks, and
curative treatment including de-worming
will be provided.
5. Use of water from Hub Dam for WatSan
and industry, livestock and fodder will be
prioritized.
6. The use of diclofenac will be discouraged,
which has been found fatal for vultures
feeding on dead animals» carcases
containing its residue.
7. Livestock management will be
commercialized on a sound scientific
basis with involvement of local
communities.
8. Integrated planning and management of
livestock, rangelands, forests, agriculture
and water will be implemented.
9. Reliable data collection and its
interpretation at the village level for
planning and management will be
implemented.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
10. Public-private-community partnership in
livestock and range improvement,
management and marketing programmes
will be implemented.
11. Breeds will be improved while ensuring
conservation of the indigenous gene pool
of livestock in the district, from amongst
the best animals.
12. Dairy farming will take place in the canal
command areas of Hub Dam and underconstruction Windar Dam, Hingol Dam,
and other future dams.
13. A regular livestock market near Hub
Chauki will be established and operated
that is large enough to be developed as
one of the livestock markets for Karachi,
especially for Eid ul Azha.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
14. Rangelands will be improved,
improved/high yielding fodder crops with
more varieties, grown over a larger area,
will be cultivated, and use of animal feed
(urea molasses blocks, urea treated straw
or feed from mills) to provide adequate
quantities of quality feed for animals will
increase.
90
Rangeland at Kanraj, Edu village area
15. Close coordination between the
livestock, forest and wildlife, agriculture
and irrigation departments will be
ensured for improvement of livestock and
rangelands; and joint livestock and
rangeland projects, interventions and
activities, for implementation by joint
teams.
16. The number of low productive animals will
be reduced.
7.4 Rangelands
The vision of rangelands in the district is to
enhance their productivity to their optimum
potential with investments in range
improvement and grazing management. Local
communities should be aware of the links
between livestock productivity and health of
the rangelands; their capacity for rangeland
improvement and grazing management should
be built; and planning and management of
livestock, rangelands and agriculture should
be integrated.
Though a significant proportion of the district
population is engaged in livestock rearing, this
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
sector, particularly rangelands, has not
received any attention so far.
Overgrazing and grubbing of bushes
for fuel.
The importance of rangelands has decreased
due to growing of orchards and vegetable
cropping with irrigation. Periodic droughts
have also affected rangelands √ the recent
long drought of 1998-2004 resulted in
degradation of rangelands.
Lack of coordination among range
resource related agencies, especially
the Forest and Wildlife Department
and the Livestock Department.
Lack of investment for maintaining
productivity.
There are vast rangelands in the district. The
major land use in Lasbela District is livestock
grazing on rangelands, on which most of the
livestock in the district depends. They are
also the principal watersheds for the waterstarved lands. Other products of the
rangelands include medicinal plants, fuel
wood and wildlife. Large areas of rangelands
were converted to land use for agriculture,
housing and settlements, industry, and the
communication sectors. Conversion of more
areas is planned for mega developments in
the water and other sectors mentioned
above.
The rangelands have degraded due to
overgrazing and lack of inputs and
management. Any focus of the Forest
Department on rangelands in the province
has remained limited to the central and
northern parts of the province, with little
consideration for Lasbela District. The sixyear long drought from 1998-2004
aggravated the situation since there was
livestock mortality and weight loss. The
productivity of rangelands has declined, their
water-recharge capacity has reduced and the
ecological character as a wildlife habitat has
deteriorated.
Key Issues
Low forage yield due to low
precipitation and degradation.
Periodic droughts.
Disappearance of traditional
community institutions for natural
resource management, resulting in
unmanaged grazing of livestock.
The general perception of rangelands
as wastelands and lack of awareness
of communities, political leaders and
decision-makers regarding their loss
and degradation and its
consequences.
Measures
1. There will be mobilization, organization
(including revival of local institutions),
motivation, participation and capacity
building of communities in planning,
improvement and management of
rangelands.
2. Advocacy will be conducted to prioritize
rangelands for investment and create
awareness of their sustainable use, i.e.,
avoid overgrazing.
3. Water recharge/storage/harvesting will be
promoted and best practices for fodder
cultivation and improvement of rangelands
will be disseminated.
4. Close coordination between the Livestock,
Forest and Wildlife and Agriculture
departments, and communities and other
stakeholders will be encouraged for
improvement of livestock and sustainable
management of rangelands.
5. There will be investment in rehabilitation
(increase productivity) of rangelands,
provision of economic incentives to
communities and promotion of sustainable
management through integrated planning
and management. This will also help
enhance recharge of water and conserve
biodiversity, especially the palatable plant
species and dependent species of all
forms of wild animals.
6. Replicable models of livestock and range
management will be established and the
same will be documented and
disseminated for scale up and replication.
7. The pressure of camel browsing and
forage collection on mangroves in
Sonmiani Bay will be reduced and
management of mangroves for nonexploitative uses, as a nursery of coastal
91
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
fisheries, especially for shrimp, and for
tourism will be prioritized. There are vast
alternative areas for camel browsing in the
district.
8. Joint livestock and rangeland projects,
interventions and activities by relevant
public sector agencies will be
implemented, that can also be
implemented by joint teams of veterinary
and animal husbandry specialists,
foresters, agriculturists and sociologists.
92
9. Free grazing of livestock will be
discouraged and gradually reduced, and
replaced with rotational and deferred
rotational grazing in accordance with the
carrying capacity of the rangelands and
forests. A moratorium will be imposed on
grazing/browsing in regeneration areas
and plantations until rotational and
deferred rotational grazing is fully
established.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
8. Coastal Resources
T
he vision of coastal resources is of
their integrated planning and
management for rehabilitation and
sustainable use, primarily for the welfare
and social development of the coastal
communities; controlling over-exploitation
and pollution of coastal resources;
enhancing alternate sustainable
livelihoods of communities including from
non-exploitative uses of resources such
as ecotourism; accommodating
environment friendly industrial
development along the coastline; and
proactive planning to minimise losses
from disasters.
The key coastal resources of Lasbela
District include mangroves, fisheries,
wildlife and protected areas, bay,
estuaries, beaches and mud flats. The
existing developments and further
potential include ship breaking, harbour,
jetties, power plants, oil refineries and
ecotourism. Integrated panning and
management are appropriate tools for
sustainable development of coastal zone
and marine areas.
93
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Integrated Coastal Zone
Management Plan (ICZMP)
ICZMP of the entire coastal zone of
Balochistan needs development, using
modern planning and resource management
methods, as well as interdisciplinary expertise.
Agenda 21 has recommended that each
coastal state should develop a policy and
planning framework and establish a high level
planning body involving local populations for
integrated coastal management48.
The ICZM Plan of Balochistan will include the
coastal districts of Lasbela and Gwadar. The
planning will involve the setting of national,
provincial and district policies and goals;
inventories of resources; identification of
stakes, stakeholders, conflicts, issues,
challenges and statistics; identification,
selection and implementation of management
systems, such as guidelines, permits and
economic incentives; socioeconomic and
environmental assessment; conflict resolution
techniques; land use planning and enforced
zoning; and protection of sensitive areas. This
intervention will help in breaking the sectoral
barriers, minimising negative environmental
and social impacts and maximizing the
benefits from the resources and developments.
The BCS recommended guidelines for
preparing ICZMP are given in Box 6.
Solid waste (municipal, industrial and
hospital) also added into coastal
waters.
Degradation and depletion of
mangroves and fisheries respectively
in coastal areas due to over
exploitation e.g. camel browsing and
lopping of mangroves and fire wood
removal, and harmful fishing practices
e.g. use of Gujja and wire net.
Reduction in the flow of fresh water
and sediment in the estuaries due to
construction of dams e.g., Hub Dam
and the future dams such as Hingol
Dam and Windar Dam with adverse
impacts on their ecological characters
and sustainability, e.g., effects on
mangroves, breeding and nursery
areas of marine fauna, erosion of
coastline.
Land erosion at Damb coast and the
resultant damage to property.
Disasters such as cyclone, tsunami,
oil spill, flood and earthquakes.
Untapped ecotourism potential √
sandy beaches, mangroves, wildlife
watching (migratory and resident
water birds, marine turtles, dolphins
and porpoise), angling and fishing,
sea sports, natural areas and cultural
sites etc.
Acute problem of drinking water, lack
of WatSan facilities, acute poverty,
poor facilities of education and health,
excessive use of Gutka and betel
leaves and nuts.
Key Issues
94
48
Lack of awareness and
comprehension of issues and the way
forward.
Weak capacities of and poor
coordination between communities,
CBOs, government organisations and
other stakeholders.
Lack of integrated planning and
management of coastal areas.
Concentration of industrial growth on
the coastline of Lasbela District,
especially near Gadani beach.
Untreated industrial effluents of HITE,
WITE and municipal discharges
released in the coastal waters directly
and through rivers e.g. Hub River and
Porali River.
Measures
1. Awareness raising and capacity building
of local communities, CBOs, public sector
agencies and other stakeholders will be
undertaken and coordination between all
relevant organisations and stakeholders
will be improved.
2. The Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Plan of Balochistan Coast including the
coastal areas of Lasbela District will be
developed.
Government of Balochistan and IUCN. Balochistan Conservation Strategy. Quetta: IUCN, 2000.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Box 6: Guidelines for preparing ICZM Plan
Establish a high-level steering committee to:
l
Develop the goals, objectives and principles of the plan;
l
Define planning boundaries and scope of the plan;
l
Oversee development and implementation of a participatory planning process;
l
Ensure inter-agency coordination; and
l
Guide the preparation of the plan, its approval and implementation.
l
Establish and mobilize a small, multidisciplinary core group to prepare the plan.
l
Establish a broadly based interest group composed of all stakeholders.
l
Collect secondary data and information, and analyse.
l
Identify information gaps and commission-required studies.
l
Define issues and trends.
l
Establish priorities.
l
Identify alternative ways of managing human activities causing adverse impacts.
l
Evaluate alternative management strategies.
l
Finalize and obtain approval of the plan.
l
Implement the plan and establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism
3. Only environment-friendly developments
along the coastline will be allowed.
4. It will be ensured that local communities
are not marginalised further due to
developments along the coast, rather they
are the major beneficiaries.
5. Rehabilitation, conservation and
sustainable use of mangroves by reducing
the level of exploitation, planting
mangroves over additional areas, and
ensuring environmental flow from the
dams will be ensured.
6. Rehabilitation of coastal fisheries,
especially shrimp fisheries by
strengthening legislation and enforcing it
to control all harmful fishing practices will
be ensured.
7. Fishing by the fishing boats of Sindh and
trawlers and vessels registered for deepsea fishing will be controlled.
8. The size of the fishing fleet of Balochistan
coastal areas will be kept within the
carrying capacity of coastal waters. Efforts
will be made to restrict the boats to the
coastal areas of the district.
9. Alternate sustainable livelihoods will be
promoted including ecotourism, captive
fisheries, e.g., shrimps, lobsters, fishingnet making, mangrove planting, boat
repair, etc.
10. Direct and indirect (into rivers draining into
estuaries) untreated effluents and
discharges of all kinds of solid waste will
be controlled.
11. Social indicators will be improved by
enhancing coverage and improving
delivery of social services, especially
WatSan, health, and education.
12. The parts of the Balochistan Disaster Risk
Management Plan relevant to the coastal
areas will be implemented, in particular
preparedness to minimise losses from
cyclones, tsunamis, oil spills, floods and
earthquakes.
95
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
8.1 Fisheries
Inland Fisheries
Coastal fishery is widely practiced in
Balochistan Province. Fresh water fishery has
been managed only in the Hub Reservoir
(Balochistan Province is a co- beneficiary with
Sindh Province) by WAPDA with the
introduction of exotic fish for commercial
netting.
This clashed with the principle of preserving
native fish fauna, which included the
Mahsheer fish popular with the anglers from
Karachi.
The commercial fishery of exotic fishes is also
in conflict with the objectives of managing this
wetland of international importance (formerly
designated as a Ramsar site by the
government of Pakistan) as the wintering of
migratory water birds and the fishing period
coincided. As a result the water birds,
especially ducks and coots were caught in
nets by fishermen besides disturbing them.
The potential sites for development and
management of fisheries resources in the
district include the proposed Hub Dam,
Windar Dam and Porali River, Malir Nadi,
Hingol River and Siranda Lake (seasonal but
very important for water birds) etc.
The potential of freshwater fisheries in Lasbela
District has not yet been studied and ought to
be the first step in developing inland fisheries.
In the meanwhile, further conflicts i.e.
commercial fishing with nets during the
wintering period of migratory water birds and
introduction of exotic species should be
avoided in planning and managing inland
fisheries in the district. Fish hatcheries
development and stocking the potential
waters with local fish species also needed to
be examined.
Coastal & Marine Fisheries
The estuaries of all of the rivers mentioned
above, Sonmiani Bay or Miani Hoar and the
coastal waters up to 12 nautical miles provide
fisheries related subsistence and livelihood for
the people of coastal areas in the district.
96
District Lasbela»s location on the coast
enables it to exploit coastal and marine
fisheries.
Only Gwadar District shares this advantage,
the location of the fish landing sites either
being close to Karachi (e.g. Sonmiani) or
being connected with it (Sumar Bandar, Phor
Bandar, Sapat Bandar, Wadh Bandar, Kund
Malir, Malan Bandar) by Makran Coastal
Highway the fish catch reaches Karachi for
further disposal. The mole agents and
middlemen collect the catch themselves from
the landing sites and transport it to Karachi.
Gadani is a coastal town of Lasbela District.
The profession of locals is fishing. However,
the fishery is on the downfall as wire nets,
Gujja, dredging for fishmeal and other
malpractices have degraded the sea life. The
fisheries have suffered the most in the coastal
waters of Gadani, affecting the subsistence
and livelihood of local communities there.
The coastal waters of Lasbela District are
endowed with shrimps. The shrimp catch is in
high demand and fetches good price.
However, there is considerable concern
among the local fishermen and mole agents
about gradual decline in the shrimp catch in
coastal waters since past several years due to
overexploitation49. In 2002, the total shrimp
catch on the Balochistan coast was 639
tonnes and its value was Rs. 218 Million,
Lasbela»s share of the catch is not known.
Shrimp farming is unknown on the Lasbela
coast although it could be developed at
appropriate locations in the Sonmiani Bay and
on the banks of estuaries. However, it must
not use the lands under mangrove cover.
Shrimp farming was tried in the coastal areas
of Sindh haphazardly by the private sector in
the distant past but was unsuccessful
because of the high mortality of juvenile
shrimps. In 1995, the Marine Fisheries
Department implemented a project of fish and
shrimp seed production for supply to private
farms but the project was not successful50.
The lack of success is mainly due to lack of
appropriate expertise in the country. The
involvement of Sri Lankan experts in the
recent past in exploring the potential of
49
Government of Pakistan, WWF & IUCN, Biodiversity Action Plan for Pakistan, page 20.
50
Government of Balochistan, Prospects of Shrimp Aquaculture on Balochistan Coast, Balochistan Coastal Development Authority,
page 5
Q IUCN, Balochistan Programme
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Fishermen arriving with fresh catch at the shore
shrimp farming on Sindh coast has resulted in
positive results. It appears that there is great
potential of shrimp farming on Balochistan
coast but it is yet unexploited.
IUCN is funding a demonstration project on
shrimp farming on the Lasbela coast that may
pave the way for commercial shrimp farming
in the area. Lobster farming is another
possibility and needs exploring at medium to
large scale.
Balochistan Coastal Development Authority
(BCDA) launched a project ≈Construction of
Jetty and Fish Harbour at DambΔ costing Rs.
536.1 Million through Public Sector
Development Program (PSDP) 2008-2009 with
an allocation of Rs. 17.1 Million.
and other towns and settlements in
Lasbela District and also from the oil
and air emissions of boat engines.
Deforestation and degradation of
mangroves, which are the nursery
grounds of shrimps and many fish
species;
Lack of jetties and other facilities at
catch landing sites (Bandar)
Damages from cyclones e.g. Phet
Cyclone in 2010 and droughts
(reduces fresh water and
sedimentation input into the estuaries
and mangroves)
High costs of boats, machinery,
equipment , nets and other fishing
gear
Exploitation of fishermen by money
lenders and middlemen due to lack of
credit facilities, which forces the
fishermen to take loans from money
lenders at very high interest rates and
Key Issues
Over exploitation of fisheries and use
of unsustainable fishing practices
Pollution from industrial effluents,
municipal discharges and solid wastes
disposed of from Hub, Gadani, Bela
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
obliges them to sell the catch to them
at very low rates
Perishable nature of catch and
urgency in selling, notwithstanding the
low rates offered at times
Use of traditional fishing facilities and
techniques by the poor fishermen,
which enhance their catch effort and
yield less catch
Acute shortage of drinking water in
the villages of fishing communities
Poor hygienic conditions in the
coastal villages and in handling the
catch
The vision of the sector is to restore,
develop and sustainably use fisheries,
in particular coastal fisheries, as one
of the pillars of economic growth of
the district and province as expected
in the Balochistan Economic Report51;
and enhance the livelihoods of and
delivery of social services to fishing
communities.
Measures
1. The Balochistan Fisheries Department will
be strengthened for controlling bottom
trawling, use of illegal nets by fishermen,
and fishing in coastal waters of
Balochistan by the boats registered in
Sindh and the vessels registered for deep
sea fishing by the Marine Fisheries
Department.
2. The Balochistan Fisheries Ordinance will
be reviewed.
3. Bottom trawling in coastal waters by any
method will be banned.
98
51
4. All fishing crafts including those registered
in Balochistan will be treated equally for
enforcing controls on bottom trawling.
5. Penalties will be enhanced to a significant
level including confiscation of fishing craft
and gear to control bottom trawling.
6. Offenders will remain in judicial custody in
case of grave offences until completion
and submission of case (in a reasonable
period) in the court.
7. All offenders will be prosecuted.
8. All other practices that deplete fisheries,
stop rehabilitation and sustainable use,
and affect the livelihood of local fishermen
in the long term will be addressed.
9. Mobility of fisheries staff in coastal waters
will be improved by providing funds for
repairing and maintaining the existing
patrol boats and providing additional
patrol boats to control the menace of
bottom trawling in the provincial waters.
10. New jetties will be constructed in
consultation with mole agents and
fishermen.
11. An enabling environment will be created
for import of items required by the
subsistence fishermen.
12. Access to credit for procurement of fishing
gears and engines will be improved.
13. The warning system of cyclone, tsunami,
oil spill, and earthquake for fishermen
while at sea will be improved.
14. Preparedness against cyclone, tsunami,
oil spill, earthquake and flood will be
enhanced.
World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
9. Economic Development
Industry, transport, commerce and trade
in the urban centres and agriculture,
livestock and fisheries in the rural areas
are the pillars of economic growth in
Lasbela District. The sustainability of the
economy of Lasbela District can be
evaluated from its ability to:
Provide a desirable quality of life to its
people
Attract and retain the required labour
force in the district, especially for
industry, mining, ship-breaking,
orchards, vegetable growing, poultry
farming, etc.
Maintain a positive business environment
Ensure continued investment in
productive sectors and urban
infrastructure that support economic
productivity.
Despite ups and down in the industrial
sector, the economy of the district has been
sustained by the private sector, as shown
by Hub and Gadani, which have generated
significant economic opportunities.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
9.1 Commerce and Trade
chemicals, marble processing, electronics, oil
blending and lubrication, and packaging. Most
of the companies and workforce came from
Karachi, located only 11 km from the Hub
Industrial and Trading Estate. Since the end of
the eight-year tax holiday in 1996, almost half
of the 178 manufacturing enterprises have
closed down.
Commerce and trade is one of the pillars of
growth in the district. The important centres in
this regard include Hub, Uthal, Bela, Windar
and Gadani. Commercial activity will increase
further in Uthal Town once the agriculture
market is established. Uthal has the potential
of developing into a wholesale market for
coastal areas and the northern parts of the
province.
However, the goal of real development in
Balochistan Province was defeated by many
investors, whose prime objective was to avail
the tax holiday and concessions for scaling up
or setting up their units at Karachi but not to
make any commitments in real terms. Apart
from the phasing out of fiscal incentives, other
reasons for the closure of industrial units
included the high cost of raw materials and
the poor management of the industrial
estates. As a result, many units became sick
and Federal and provincial government
attempts to revive these through incentivebased policies were only partially successful.
9.2 Industry
Lasbela Industrial Estates
Lasbela, particularly Hub, has the advantage
of close proximity to Karachi with its
enormous market and export facilities; this
has been a decisive factor in the development
of Lasbela»s industrial sector. Two projects in
the Industries and Commerce sector, ≈Marble
City at GadaniΔ for Rs. 50 million and ≈Supply
of Gas to Windar Industrial AreaΔ for Rs. 138
million were included in the Public Sector
Development Program 2008-2009.
The establishment of LIEDA has introduced
improvements in management and triggered a
revival of fortunes. LIEDA provides onewindow services. For example, it purchases
bulk electricity from the Karachi Electric
Supply Corporation (KESC) and ensures the
reliable supply of electricity through its own
distribution network. It is also involved in
vocational training in collaboration with local
enterprises and the local community to help
address skilled labour shortages. Beyond
improved management and services, the
inflation in the cost of land in Karachi has
induced companies to benefit from favourable
land leases by LIEDA, which provides 99-year
land-leases at nominal rent.
There are about 360 industrial units, of which
135 are functional and 125 are sick or closed.
The key large and functional ones are listed in
Table 12.
The World Bank (2008)52 reported on the
issues and gains of Lasbela»s Industrial
Estates. Tax holidays offered by Lasbela»s
industrial estates in the late 1980s and early
1990s attracted significant investments in the
fields of textiles, engineering,
pharmaceuticals, food and confectionery,
Table 12: Large and Functional Industries in Lasbela Industrial Estates (2009)
S. No. Industry
Nature
IPP
S. No.
Industry
Nature
7
Dawood Yamaha
Motor Cycle
Assembling
1.
HUBCO Power Plant
2.
Gatron Industries Ltd.
Polyester
8
Attock Cement
Pakistan Ltd
Cement
3.
Pakistan Synthetic Ltd. Polyester.
9
Falcon Cement
Cement
4.
Cadbury Pakistan Ltd. Confectionary
10
P&G Pakistan Ltd
Consumer goods
5.
Allied Electronics
LG Production
11
Otsuka Pakistan Ltd.
Pharmaceutical
6
Candyland
Confectionary
Source: Lasbela Industrial Estates Development Authority (LEIDA)
100
52
World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008, Page 88.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Ship breaking in progress at Gadani
Environmental pollution, especially brown
pollution, is considerable in the district, due to
the operation of 135 industrial units (Hub,
Windar, Uthal, Gadani Ship Breaking, Marble
City and other sources discussed in the
respective sections). Untreated effluents from
the HITE (Hub Industrial and Trading Estate)
industries are discharged into Hub River; there
are also issues of emissions and unsafe
disposal of industrial solid waste.
and suppliers of the Plant had conducted a
survey and proposed to LIEDA to conduct a
topographical survey of HITE and other
industrial areas to ensure proper installation of
sewerage system so that all the waste water
can go to the main sewerage outlet. LIEDA
has completed the survey and is working on
setting up a proper sewerage system.
A Turkish consultancy firm, engaged on the
initiative of the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency (Pak EPA), had carried out
the feasibility of a combined treatment plant
for the effluents of industries in HITE and
found out that the small volume of discharge
of divergent nature was prohibitive to the
economic feasibility of such a treatment
plant53. It was reported in the Annual Report
of Activities of the Lasbela Chamber of
Commerce and Industry, 2006-07, that the
installation of a Combined Affluent Treatment
Plant in Hub was envisaged jointly by the
Federal, Provincial and District Governments
and industrialist stakeholders to treat
industrial effluents before discharging into the
Hub River in compliance with the
requirements of the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act, 1997. The Turkish consultants
Gadani ship breaking, as the name implies, is
situated on the Gadani coast of Lasbela
District. It was started by and is also currently
managed by, the Balochistan Development
Authority (BDA). There are 314 plots of 4 acres
each, out of which 132 have been utilized so
far; 101 plots are privately owned. 31 plots are
state owned, out of which 21 were allotted
and 10 are un-allotted. Fishing activity in the
coastal waters of Gadani has finished due to
the ship-breaking industry.
53
Ship Breaking at Gadani Beach
There is a public water tank of PHE, which
supplies water to Gadani Town and ship
breaking facilities.
Ship-breaking is a «dirty» industry and has
been eliminated by developed countries.
Although even competitive developing
Personal communication with the President, Lasbela Chamber of Industries, in a meeting in his industry office at Hub on 19
June 2009
101
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
countries such as India are reducing this
industry, the sector has the potential to
provide jobs and boosts the economy if its
adverse environmental and social impacts can
be corrected.
The breaking, storage, transportation, disposal
of wastes and other operations creates impact
but the most important part of the operation is
the cleaning of the vessels before breaking.
This is supposed to be performed outside
Pakistan»s territorial waters, in another
country, before the vessels are berthed at
Gadani.
jobs and income. The environmental concerns
about marble processing units in Marble City
relate to air pollution and discharge of liquid
waste in the wet cutting process.
Concerns regarding workers» safety and
occupational health are relevant to all three
types of industries discussed above.
The common water related issues, policies
and strategies regarding industries are given
in Table 13.
Key Issues
Inspection of cleaning of previously loaded
cargo remains, oil washing, etc., is necessary
but is not done.
The ship breaking industry has seen
many ups and down due to internal
and external factors including tax and
other policies of the federal
government.
Employment of skilled and organized
labour from outside the District since
local people do not have the required
skills or aptitude for working long and
active hours.
Marble City
Marble City was established near Hub in
2008-2009 to promote the value addition of
the marble extracted from Lasbela (e.g.,
Dureji) and other districts in Balochistan. Many
marble units are operational and are providing
Table 13: Common Water Related Issues, Policies and Strategies Regarding Industries
Issues
Policy
Strategy
Water for Industry
102
Inadequate water supply for
industries
Adequate supplies of water for
industry on will be ensured
priority basis to promote
industrial development and
economic growth.
Water for industry needs in all
future planning will be reviewed,
enhanced and incorporated.
Unauthorized ground water
extraction
Unauthorized groundwater
extraction by industries will be
curbed.
Existing legislation will be
reviewed and amended regulation
laws related to water pumping,
licenses, etc. will be enacted.
Disposal of Industrial effluent
without treatment (e.g., in Hub
River)
l
Measures for treatment of
industrial wastewater (under
EPAs) to protect water
bodies will be enforced.
l
Effective monitoring will take
place.
Source: Draft National Water Policy Water and Power 2006.
l
Industrial expansion on
larger industrial estates will
be promoted to simplify
wastewater treatment and
monitoring of effluent
disposal.
l
Effective implementation of
effluent disposal standards
will be enforced.
l
Community participation to
check water pollution will be
promoted.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Marble city near Hub
Health and other facilities that should
be provided through the social
security system and the Employees
Old Age Benefit Scheme are available
only to the permanent workers,
leaving out a significant number of
daily wage workers.
Measures
1. The Balochistan EPA, Regional Office,
Hub, will conduct regular periodic
monitoring to confirm that the municipal,
industrial and hospital wastes, sewerage,
and industrial effluents are within
acceptable limits and safely disposed of,
and that all concerned comply with NEQS.
2. Industries and LIEDA will be pursued for
treatment of industrial effluents.
3. The staff of Labour Department and
Mining Directorate will monitor workers»
safety and occupational health conditions
as well as efficient delivery of social
security facilities and old age benefits to
the workers of industries and mines
respectively.
4. The advantage of Lasbela District over
Karachi in terms of availability of land will
be exploited on easier terms for growth
and development of industry.
5. Industry as well as services/utilitiesrelated policies will aim at keeping the
industries competitive and attractive for
existing and new investors.
6. The number of water filtration plants in
industrial and other towns and large
villages will be increased.
9.3 Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprise
Enhanced technical skills and organisational
capacity are essential for SMEs to be
competitive. Earlier attempts in this direction
in Pakistan and elsewhere were not very
successful, partly due to limited
conceptualisation of the role of technology in
development, and lack of practical experience
in project implementation and delivery
mechanisms.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
National Vision 2030 proposes to overcome
the SME deficit in order to interact positively
with large modern companies in Pakistan or
abroad. To achieve this goal, there needs to
be a focus on skills development through
training as well as capacity building for better
managerial practices and improved technical
knowledge (see Box 7).
Key Issues
Lack of information regarding
potential, technology and costs.
Lack of or low technical and
managerial skills and entrepreneurial
capacity.
Unsupportive policy, regulatory,
taxation and bureaucratic environment
is prohibitive in achieving
establishment and growth of SMEs,
enhancing employment, and reducing
poverty.
Lack of credit facilities or difficulties
involved in accessing credit.
Competing with well-established,
advantageously located enterprises,
availability of skilled labour, and
access to credit, information,
technology and market chains is
difficult unless public sector incentives
and patronage become available.
There are plans to implement the
National Vision 2030 regarding SMEs
given in Box 754. The focus in the
district will however be on promoting
SMEs, mainly for increasing the
production of raw materials,
mechanization of agriculture and
mining, promoting poultry farming,
handicrafts, ecotourism and value
addition of agriculture and livestock
products.
Measures
1. A comprehensive study for setting up
SMEs will be conducted.
2. Internal and external difficulties in
establishing SMEs will be removed.
Box 7: National Vision 2030 √√ SMEs
National Vision 2030 proposes to overcome the SME deficit through improvement of hardware and
processes, increasing internal and external efficiencies through skills-based and other training, better
managerial practices and improved technology. The purpose is to bring SMEs to a point where they can
interact positively with large modern companies in Pakistan or abroad, including the SMEs in the Newly
Industrialised Countries (NICs).
Technology and business skills are integrated into SMEs using change management, which has been
institutionalised in a series of clusters and training programmes across the country.
Business networking and trust will be enhanced through better contract enforcement, as part of the effort
towards creating an enabling environment. Instruments for micro-credit and information technology will
help further in filling the gap in the SME sector, specifically, networking and match making for markets
and technology. Since women outnumber men in farming and dairy activities, it will be essential to
prepare female trainers to improve the capacity of rural women. An important initiative is the recently
launched AHAN project (Aik Hunar-Aik Nagar or «One» Product - «One» Village), which is expected to play
an important role in upgrading skills and marketing village enterprises. It will also help improve linkages
with small farmers, who generally remain removed from large industry.
Non-farm activities and incomes will be further strengthened through encouragement of cooperatives,
which can promote small-scale industry and help poor non-farm households improve their livelihood. The
initiative for more efficient use of water for agriculture (land levelling, or drip/sprinkler irrigation) is one
example of new activities, which require a higher set of skills for operation and maintenance, and are
therefore eminently suitable for developing new rural micro-businesses.
54
104
In this regard, the steps required are identification of the types of SMEs, their technical and economic feasibilities, support required
by such ventures, and developing and implementing feasible action plans. The way forward can be worked out in collaboration with
SMEDA. The key ingredients needed to make SMEs competitive are enhanced technical skills and organisational capacity. Earlier
attempts in this direction in Pakistan and elsewhere were not very successful, partly due to limited conceptualisation of technology
and its role in development, and lack of practical experience in project implementation and delivery mechanisms.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
3. Small SME estates will be planned
proactively, with all facilities, to avoid
unplanned growth and the subsequent
environmental and other issues.
4. Comprehensive EIAs of all industrial and
most SME projects will be ensured and
mitigation measures will be implemented.
5. Improvement of SMEs» access to credit,
ability to use information technology,
networking and match making for markets
and technology will be facilitated.
Networking and trust of SMEs through
better contract enforcement for positive
interaction with large modern companies
in Pakistan and abroad will be enhanced.
6. Formal and on-the-job training (in
collaboration with established mega
industries) on customised skills, better
managerial practices and technological
innovations will be provided.
7. Public sector investment on developing
technical expertise and skills will increase
and opportunities for modernisation of
agriculture, livestock and mining sectors
and development of SMEs in the district
will be improved.
8. The initiative for more efficient use of
water for agriculture (land levelling, or
bubbler irrigation) is one example of new
activities which will require a higher set of
skills for operation and maintenance, and
are therefore eminently suitable for
seeding of new rural micro-businesses.
9.4 Minerals and Mining
The vision is to explore and exploit the full
potential of mining in the district, modernize
the mining sector and add value where
possible, with full participation of the private
sector (offering incentives and technical
support) and local communities (share in
royalties and employment opportunity for
community members).
The district is endowed generously with
mineral wealth. As in other areas of the
province, lack of funds for exploration of
minerals, and development of proper
feasibility studies regarding exploitation is the
55
key constraint. The potential of this sector
needs the attention of the provincial
government and the private sector.
Marble, serpentine, barite, shale, and
limestone are the major minerals in the
district. Red ochre and some other mineral
deposits have been discovered near Khannar
towards Khuzdar. Small quantities of chromite
and significant deposits of lead and zinc have
also been found; lead and zinc are being
exploited by a Chinese company.
Large deposits of marble exist in Dureji Tehsil.
While good potential for mineral extraction
exists in Bela Tehsil, it remains unexplored
due to political pressure and lack of road
facilities.
Minerals in the district are mined in traditional
ways; very few mine owners use the improved
practices. The marble is processed in Mable
City and the other minerals are transported to
Karachi for processing and sale or use.
Generally, factory owners purchase the
minerals directly from mine owners or lessees
but chromite is sold through middle men who
export it to China.
The overall production of minerals has
increased during the last five years but the
production of basalt, quartzite, red ochre and
building stone has been stopped as the cost
of production and transportation increased
rapidly, making the mining of these minerals
uneconomical.
Mineral wise prospecting license numbers and
mining leasing numbers in Lasbela District (as
of 30 June 2009) are given in Figure 17.
The mining localities and production of
minerals in the district are given in Table 14.
According to Mushtaq, Faisal (2005),55 the
Pakistan-China Agreement on the
development of lead and zinc in Balochistan
(including Lasbela District) has opened
avenues for economic exploitation and
utilization of abundant mineral resources on
modern lines. Base metal deposits, i.e.,
chromite, copper, iron ore, lead and zinc, and
the non-metallic i.e., barite, marble, limestone,
coal, dolomite, calcite, silica sand, building
and engineering stones are found in Lasbela
District. Mining in the private sector is carried
The DAWN Group of Newspapers (2005).The Pakistan-China agreement on the development of lead and zinc in DAWN 4 Apr. 2005
(archives.dawn.com/2005/04/04/ebr5.htm - Cached).
105
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
out on a sporadic basis to supply small
tonnages only, as and when the opportunity
arises. Royalties are payable on any mineral
that is mined and hence the lessees of the
mines declare only a part of the production to
avoid payment. This leads to discrepancies in
statistics.
Minerals and rocks are used in local industries
and for domestic purposes. Potential exists for
large-scale export of certain mineral
commodities such as marble, magnetite and
dimension/building stones (granite, agglomerate
etc.), provided export markets are developed.
Enormous resources exist for local consumption
in the form of cement raw material and
aggregates for use in the construction industry.
Industrial minerals, such as silica sand and
magnetite, construction materials such as
limestone, dolomite, sand and gravel deposits,
are also found in the district.
A number of metallic and non-metallic
minerals are being mined on a small scale.
Mines are generally not mechanized, and
manual labour is used for trenching, open-pit
mining and quarrying until these operations
become too dangerous for further excavation.
Coal and chromite mining requires digging
and inclines. This method of mining is labourintensive and comparatively inexpensive for
small mines, allowing them to stay in
production. The mining industry could
generate as many more jobs as presently
exist, but the majority of labour force engaged
in coal mining comes from outside the
province.
Little has changed in the mining sector since
van Gils, H.A.M.J. et.al (1992)56 prepared the
Environmental Profile of Balochistan. At that
time, concern was expressed about water and
air pollution from coal mining. Remedies were
proposed including the treatment and
management of coal waste and sulphur
dioxide emissions as well as the preparation
of EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) of
potential mining developments.
The production of copper blister requires
twice the volume of water for each ton of ore
processed. Assuring a sustainable supply of
water and mitigating the effects on other
users (communities, agriculture and wildlife)
are important. The development of major
mines and the lack of attention to water
management may preclude other mining
operations in the basin, both in terms of water
availability and economics.
Key Issues
Minerals and mining have remained
provincial subjects as they were not
devolved. The current environment is
not enabling for exploitation of the
great potential of mining in the
province; there is much room for
Figure 18: Prospecting Licenses Number and Mining Leases Number in Lasbela
District (as of 30 June 2009)
100
90
Prospecting licenses number
80
Mining leases number
Total
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Rutile
Quartizite
Manganese
Limstone
Lead Zinc
Gravel
Basalt
Bajri Sand
Barite
Marble
Chromite
Source: Mineral Directorate General Balochistan
106
56
van Gils, H.A.M.J. (editor) and M. Shabbir Baig (editor). Environmental Profile Balochistan Pakistan. Enschede: ITC, 1992.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 14: Mining Localities and Production of Minerals in Lasbela District (2009)
S. No. Mineral
Field/ Locality
Quantity
Additional Information/ Remarks
1.
Chromites
-
-
Small reserve √ not being
exploited currently
2.
Marble
Dureji, Sakraan,
Lohi Nala, Lakha,
Goth Muhammad Hashim,
Barag
203,215 MT
Mainly processed in Hub &
Karachi, recently in Marble City,
Hub
3.
Barite
Kharari Nadi
2482 MT
4.
Bajri Sand
Hub River
Unmeasured
5.
Basalt
Gajri Nala
186 MT
6.
Gravel
Hub River
Unmeasured
7.
Lead/Zinc
Dudhar
Unmeasured
Production started recently
8.
Lime stone
Baawani Nala, Goth Addu,
Chorli peae, Goth Siddique
1,016,783 MT
Used by Attock Cement
9.
Manganese
Gasheri Dhora Kharari Nadi
2748 MT
10.
Iron ore
Goth Basho
-
11.
Quartzite
Vakacho
-
12.
Rutile
Rathi
-
13.
Shale
Sameatg
1,495,508 MT
14.
Clay
Pabni Naka
15 MT
15.
Copper Ore
Dhom Dhora
Unmeasured
16.
Sarpentine
Dodo Dhora, Pohara Dhora
1441 MT
Used by Attock Cement
Source: Directorate General of Minerals & Mining, Quetta
improvement by the provincial and
federal governments.
Research and management data is
shelved in manual files without
analysis and is not used for policy and
management decisions. Accounts are
still prepared manually and are not
computerised. Exploration licensing
and mining licensing approvals are
thus granted on an ad-hoc basis.
Geologists and other professionals
feel frustrated since decision making
in the department is generally made
by the mining engineers. This results
in lack of monitoring of the leases, the
relevant expertise in the provincial
department not fully used, and the
decisions regarding factors such as
licensing, exploration and royalty
rates, not based on sound scientific
knowledge. This impacts the revenues
of the provincial government.
The auction system, although well
conceived, is said to have failed to
yield results due to faulty
implementation. Value addition e.g.,
by upgradation of chromite, is not
done. Extraction of marble blocks
through traditional methods results in
wastage and increase in
transportation costs.
The full mining potential of District
Lasbela has not yet been explored.
The main bottlenecks in exploitation
and development of minerals are lack
of infrastructure and the high cost of
estimating reserves and preparing
feasibility reports.
Most minerals are exported in raw
form with no value addition, thus
limiting employment and income
generation opportunities.
Often, mine owners do not get a fair
price due to distantly located
markets.
The production of minerals is grossly
under-reported to pay fewer royalties.
107
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Monitoring mechanisms and their
implementation are weak.
Measures
1. A computer-based system for data and
information management in the 107
Directorate General of Mines and
Minerals, Quetta will be established.
2. Value addition will be promoted instead of
marketing raw minerals.
3. Production will be monitored and full
royalty will be realized.
4. Technology will be used for improving
efficiency and quality of extracted materials.
5. The mining sector will be modernized,
public-private sector cooperation will be
promoted and obstacles faced by the
mining sector will be resolved.
6. Institutional strengthening will take place,
with a focus on modernizing the working
of the Balochistan Directorate General of
Minerals and Mining.
7. Cutting and transportation of marble
sheets will take place at the mining sites,
which is more economical and will provide
jobs to the local people. Wastage in
marble extraction will be minimized with
the use of appropriate technology.
8. Data and information will be updated and
managed electronically on each mineral
and site regarding area, quantum of
deposit, mining status with details, e.g.,
lessee, mining method, production,
royalties received and due, if any, workers
employed, conditions and measures taken
regarding workers» safety, occupational
health, social security, employees old age
benefits; and other relevant information
that is useful for potential entrepreneurs.
9. An Export Processing Zone will be
established at Hub for minerals mined in
Lasbela and adjoining districts, including
marble, magnetite, lead and zinc (already
being exploited by a Chinese company).
10. An enabling environment for investors will
be created.
108
11. Worker»s safety and occupational health
conditions in mines will be improved.
12. Technical support and monitoring will be
provided.
13. Provision of electricity, water, roads, other
infrastructure, and credit will be facilitated.
14. Minerals and non-mineral deposits will be
explored and exploited further.
9.5 Energy
The vision of energy in Lasbela District is
complete coverage of all large settlements in
the district, with uninterrupted supply of
electricity and natural gas at reasonable tariff
rates; harnessing the potential of solar, wind
and biogas energy in the medium term and
wave and tidal energy in the long term;
harnessing the opportunities of exploration
and exploitation of oil and gas, development
of power plants and refineries in the district by
the private sector in an environment-friendly
manner, with benefits to local communities;
supplying power to the national grid at
reasonable tariffs; and making refined oil
available at reasonable rates. From a longterm environmental and economic
perspective, appropriate energy goals for the
district are meeting the shortfall of power and
fossil fuels, especially natural gas and CNG,
and conservation of energy.
The role of energy in all aspects of life is
crucial, for lighting, cooking, heating,
household gadgets; WatSan, health, education
and transport services, communication,
automation in businesses, mining, agriculture,
livestock and poultry farming, tourism, and all
kinds of developments. The simplest divisions
of energy are power or electricity, oil and gas,
biomass energy, and alternative sustainable
energy.
Oil & Gas
Lasbela District has natural gas and oil
deposits on land and off-shore. Lasmo and
Premier Oil have been exploring oil and gas in
Dureji Tehsil, and there are plans to set up an
oil refinery in the Gadani area. It is important
that these developments are environmentfriendly, and are ensured through
comprehensive EIA submission and review
processes.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Solar panels generating electricity for Sardar Hasan village and surrounding hamlets in Phore, Lasbela
Natural gas is supplied to HITE and Hub
Town. Gas connection figures are not
available. Kerosene is the second largest
source for lighting after electricity, but is
expensive. LPG cylinders fill the gap for
natural gas and firewood in urban centres for
cooking purposes but are not used
extensively due to their high cost and
problems with supply.
Power
Electricity is the main source of lighting in the
district. A large number of industrial units and
a limited number of businesses use electric
generators or UPS during load shedding,
which is common. Agricultural tube wells also
suffer from load shedding. Electricity is
supplied is by the Karachi Electric Supply
Company (KESC).
At the national level, current per capita
electricity consumption (14 million BTUs as
against 92 million BTUs for Malaysia) is low in
Pakistan. A target of 162,000 MW of power
generation by 2030 was projected in the
Energy Security Plan (2005-2030) to meet the
shortfall, as against the current supply of less
than 18,000 MW. Leaving apart electric supply
to industry, the situation in Lasbela District is
even worse.
Biomass Energy
Firewood is mainly used for cooking in
urban centres and rural areas, where
natural gas is not supplied. There is
growing pressure on forest and rangeland
vegetation resulting in the dwindling status
of biomass energy sources for cooking. The
progress in producing biogas, as an
alternative source of energy, is rather slow
despite the great potential for it in the
district.
HUBCO Power Plant was developed as an
Independent Power Plant (IPP) in the early
1990s and was funded primarily by the World
Bank. It is a furnace oil-based plant, which
supplies electricity to the national grid.
HUBCO was involved in litigation with GoP for
a long time in a payment issue and finally the
case was settled through mutual consent.
While it releases emissions, they are within the
limits of NEQS.
Land has been allocated for a proposed oil
refinery on the Gadani coast and some foreign
investors have expressed an interest in it on a
public√private partnership basis. The EIA
would need to play an important role in this
project.
109
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Two proposed imported coal-based thermal
power plants (AES and Mitsui Co.) were
cleared by the Private Power Infrastructure
Board (PPIB) a while ago and have been
awaiting approval from BEPA on their EIAs.
These or other thermal power plants are
expected to be built here due to the suitability
of this site.
Supply of electricity to agricultural
tube wells on subsidised flat rates,
resulting in ground water depletion.
Bottlenecks for companies in
procuring from speculative buyers and
processing the EIA of thermal power
plants by BEPA.
Key Issues
Exploration in and exploitation of oil
and gas from protected areas without
environmental safeguards.
Pollution from thermal power plants.
Incomplete coverage of electricity.
Measures
Steep rise in power tariffs and prices
of fossil fuels.
Considerable inconvenience to the
public, industries, tube well ownerfarmers, traders, transporters,
commuters and others.
1. Coverage of electricity and natural gas will
improve and load shedding and
fluctuation in power supply will be
reduced.
110
Breakdown of power generation and
conveyance systems, load shedding
and fluctuation in voltage.
High production costs for industrial
products, transportation charges, and
travel fares.
Reduction in agricultural production to
impact of load shedding and
fluctuation in power supply for tube
wells, which affects the water supply.
Declining efficiency of the work force
due to load shedding.
Shortage of energy supply, in addition
to other factors, which has obstructed
the development of SMEs in the
district outside of the industrial
estates.
Lack of progress in developing
alternative energy such as solar
energy, despite long sunshine hours
and high radiation. The high initial
cost remains a prohibitive factor.
Conveyance losses in power, and
theft and inefficient use of power by
consumers.
Defaulting of public sector agencies
and commercial entities in payment of
power and gas bills.
2. Biogas plants for cooking and heating in
rural areas will be promoted and
supported.
3. Use of fuel-wood will be minimized, to
reduce pressure on natural vegetation in
wild lands and forests by promoting fuelefficient stoves and alternatives such as
coal and coal dust or bricks and biogas.
4. Agro-forestry and tree plantations of
multiple purpose tree species including
energy plantations will be facilitated and
supported.
5. The use and regular supply of LPG
cylinders will be promoted in urban areas
through regulated marketing mechanisms
that will be monitored to reduce pressure
on vegetation in forests, rangelands and
the outer countryside.
6. Efficient use of energy (tuning of vehicles;
maintenance of household gadgets and
tube well machinery; using energyefficient machinery, equipment cooking
stoves and saver bulbs; and energy audits
of industries and businesses and taking
remedial measures) will be promoted.
7. Metering of electricity tube wells will be
introduced and a slab system of tariffs on
the power consumed, subsidizing to a
reasonable extent, will be adopted.
Alternately, shift subsidy on power supply
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
to tube wells will be introduced for
procurement and use of efficient
technology-intensive irrigation systems.
8. Exploration of gas and oil in the district
and off shore will be encouraged.
9. Development of power plants and
refineries in the Gadani area will be
encouraged, with environmental
safeguards.
10. An independent, reliable power supply
system will be instituted, especially in the
wake of rapid industrial growth in the
district, as opposed to obtaining the
power supply from KESC as it does at
present, which has been facing
tremendous problems.
11. Solar energy will be exploited, which has
considerable potential due to long
radiation hours. Alternate energy
development will be promoted, including
off-grid solar PV, with subsidies for rural
electrification, and solar thermal for heavy
load, especially for dispersed application.
12. Suitable sites in the district for generating
wind energy for localised application or for
supplying to the national grid will be
explored. The same will be promoted to
the private sector.
13. Tidal and wave energy technology will be
considered for future use.
9.6 Culture and Ecotourism
The vision of culture in IDDV is to preserve the
cultural and religious heritage of all religions in
the district as a resource for spiritual
fulfilment, historical and economic significance
for enjoyment by the present generation, and
posterity and for creating harmony among the
followers of different religions and ethnic
groups. One goal of the cultural strategy will
be to promote the cultural heritage across the
district, province, and country, as well as
internationally, to promote tourism, which will
contribute to the district»s economic
development.
The National Vision 2030 aims to exploit the
great potential of cultural, natural and religious
tourism of the country to its optimum level for
employment generation. Lasbela district will
adopt and implement this vision. The district
wants tourism to be the seventh best income
earner for the local people after industry,
agriculture, livestock, fisheries, mining, and
commerce and trade by 2025.
Archaeological Sites and
Historical Monuments
The most important prehistoric settlements in
Lasbela District are Adam Buthi, Niai Buthi,
and Balakot, which are located 80 km. south
of Bela on the Khurkera plain. Adam Buthi,
Muridani and sites dated to the historic period
and the so-called Edith Shahr A and B
Complexes are located north of Bela, closer to
the mountains bordering the plain towards
Jhalawan, while Niai Buthi lies more towards
west. These zones are environmentally very
different from one another.
Apart from one Islamic site, Kaiara Kot, which
was first noted by Sir Aurel Stein, and sites
dating back to the British Period, the southern
central and eastern parts of Lasbela District
are devoid of archaeological sites. This part is
flooded during rains and, south of Sirinda
Lake, through tidal waters, turning the whole
area into a large, inaccessible mud plain.
The tomb of General Muhammad-Ibn-Haroon,
who accompanied Muhammad-Bin-Qasim, is
a place of historical importance in the town of
Bela. On the western side of the Porali River is
the tomb of Sir Robert Sandeman, made of
granite and white marble and surrounded by
beautiful gardens, which bears testimony to
the cultural heritage of this town.
The Shrine of Shah Bilawal is located in Shah
Bilawal village, west of the Tira Hub stream.
Lahut-i-Lamakan is another shrine of repute
that devotees visit in all seasons. It is located
south of Shah Bilawal. The tomb at Himidan is
located near the confluence of the Himidan
rivulet and Hub River, about 85 km. from
Karachi. The graveyard, in which these tombs
are present, includes a large number of
Muslim graves. The caves at Mai Goudrani,
hewed out of solid conglomerate rock situated
20 km. to the north of Bela town, are worth
visiting.
There is a spring called Sassi Waro-Chodo
(Sassi»s Spring), the heroine in the romantic
legend of Sassi and Punnun. This place is
located near Paboni Naka, about 68 km. from
111
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Karachi. Kumbh Shirin Spring is on the
western slope of the Haro or Hala hills on the
route between Awaran and Karachi, which
passes through Lasbela over Jau-Lak. The
tomb of Shireen and Farhad is also located
here; they are buried in one grave.
It is believed that Hinglaj Maata, a site in
Hingol National Park (HNP), represents the
remains of the skull top of the Goddess Sati,
the divine consort or Sati of the God Shiva.
The main shrines of pilgrimage (Teertha Yatra)
for devotees of Maata Hinglaj are the ones
dedicated to Bhagwan Ganesh, Kalika Maata,
Guru Gorakhnath Dhooni, Brahma Kund, Tir
Kund, Guru Nanak Kharao, Ram Jharokha
Baithak, Anil Kund (located at Chaurasi
Mountain), Chandra Goop, Khari River and
Aghore Pooja.
The specific sites of worship for Hindus in the
Hinglaj Mata gorge Chandargupt mud
volcano, Aghore Pooja, Ashnaan (bathing by
males and female separately) at the crossing
of the Hingol River for Hinglaj gorge, and Liari
Pooja.
112
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
In the Hinglaj gorge, the sites of worship are
Ganesh Pooja (at the raised bank of the
Hinglaj stream, where the new main parking
area is proposed across the stream), which is
a worship place and sacred pond, Hanumaan
The Roomi Graveyard in Hub
Pooja, along the Aneel Kund track, at the start
of the main complex of permanent facilities,
Ashapur Pooja, in the main complex of
permanent facilities, Mallri Maata Pooja, at the
end of the main complex of permanent
facilities, and at the main Nani Mandar in the
cave, Kali Maata (at the ground level), and
Nani (upstairs in a room). The cave is believed
to have been used by a Muslim saint for
worship/hiding).
The key built cultural heritage of Lasbela
District is summarized in Table 15.
The religious and cultural festivals include (1)
Pir Fida Hussain at Uthal, (2) Pit Muhiuddin at
Bela, (3) Annual Urs of Baba Haji Taj
Muhammad at Sonmiani, (4) Mela of Meeran
Pir at Sonmiani and (5) Sassi and Punnu at
Mouza Mumbar in Tehsil Sonmiani.
Key Issues
Lack of tourism-related infrastructure
and facilities.
Lack of interpretation and promotion
of tourism assets.
The requirement of NOC (No
Objection Certificate)/visit permit
issued by the provincial Home
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Table 15: Mining Built Cultural Heritage of Lasbela District
Site/Period/Legal
Status
Area/Location of the Sites/Salient Features
Nindowari
Bronze age
l
106x95.3m, height: 9m.
l
Located in Lasbela region between Porali and Kud river, 250 km from
Karachi
l
Excavated in 1962
l
Yielded structure, figurines of bulls and humans, and beautiful pottery
l
180 x 144m plain level of 2.8 Ht. Located in Lasbela region 88 km northwest
of Karachi
l
Excavated in 1973
l
Yielded Harrapan cultures artefacts and Nal polychrome type of pottery
l
About 200 manmade chambers, each with a veranda and one room, made in
a relatively vertical rock cliff of conglomerate formation. Mentioned by
Captain Careless and others as the Buddhist dwelling.
l
Chert blades and coarse handmade pottery found indicate that these
dwellings were built in the Neolithic period, about 6,000 BC.
l
Adam Buthi is the earliest site discovered in south-eastern Balochistan. It
was occupied around the mid-4th millennium BC and abandoned around
3000 BC, well before the height of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization
l
It is a small (0.14 hectares), but high mound (7.5 meters). The sections
revealed several phases of super-imposed, well-built stone houses terraced
along the slope of the mound.
l
Niai Buthi is the most impressive early 3rd millennium BC site in the plain of
Las Bela.
l
It is 13 hectares large and 13 meters high. Two trenches were opened in
1999.
Murda Sang
Third Millennium:
3000 - 2500 BC
l
Murda Sang is the largest prehistoric site in the Kanrach Valley (53)
l
It was discovered in 1997 and trial trenched in 1998
Jamia Mosque Bela
1838
Unprotected
l
Located in the Bela town, built by Jam Mir Khan II
l
The architecture is based on the central Asian style of fourteenth century
Tomb of Ibne Haroon
1600 AD
l
Located in the north of Bela town
l
Built of burnt bricks comprising a dome
Graveyard of Jams
of Lasbela
1800 AD Protected
l
Graves of Jam and Mengal families
l
Floral motifs in fresco on the graves
Graves and Tombs
1400 AD
l
Graves and a canopy have been constructed in yellow sand stone with
jewels, motifs and with some inscriptions of verses from the Quran
l
One tomb was built with burnt bricks
Bala Kot
Bronze age
Gundriani
6,000 BC
Unprotected
Adam Buthi
Fourth Millennium:
3500-3000 BC
Niai Buthi
Third Millennium:
3000-2500 BC
Source: BCS (2000) and Balochistan Archaeology (http://www.harappa.com/baluch)
113
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Department for foreigners for visiting
places in the district is a negative
factor for tourism. It also validates the
concerns of the foreigners about the
likely security situation.
Insecurity in the central districts of the
province is incorrectly attributed to
Lasbela district, which acquires by
association the same image as
reported for other parts of the
province.
Most visitors make day trips, which
do not contribute to significant
income for the local people.
Measures
1. Natural areas such as Hingol National
Park, Hub Dam and Miani Hor Ramsar
Sites, cultural sites and properties such as
Hinglaj Maata, shrines, Shahi Mosque and
other religious places, archaeological
sites, and elements such as handicrafts
and folklore will be preserved, interpreted
and promoted for tourism.
2. There will be a focus on improving
security conditions in the province.
3. Once security is improved, the province of
Balochistan including Lasbela District will
be opened to foreign tourists. The
condition of visit permits will be eliminated,
which prevents promotion of tourism as
long as it is applied and enforced.
4. Archaeological and religious sites and
natural areas for will be improved tourism
and promotional packages will be
developed.
5. A tourism marketing strategy (communitybased for enhancing local people»s
income) and action plan for the district will
be developed and implemented.
6. The private sector will be encouraged to
develop tourism infrastructure including
lodges, eating places and other tourist
facilities and attractions.
7. Tourism assets of the district will be
identified, interpreted and promoted.
114
8. Road infrastructure will be improved and
tourist infrastructure will be developed
including accommodation and cultural
events in the evenings to motivate visitors
to stay overnight or for longer periods.
9. Local educated youth will be selected and
trained as tour guides and will be linked
with national and international companies.
Receptionists, cooks, porters, drivers,
camel men, horsemen and other persons
linked with tourism will be trained.
10. Codes of conduct for visitors,
communities, tour guides and tour
companies, transporters and drivers will
be developed and implemented.
11. Sites for development of facilities for
tourists will be identified and planned and
projects will be prepared for investment
by the private sector or PTDC if the
private sector does not come through.
12. Federal and provincial government
support will be sought for providing
incentives to the private sector for
development of tourism facilities.
13. Sports and local cultural activities as well
as those relating to interpretation and
promotion of tourist attractions in schools
will be supported and encouraged.
14. Community-based tourism
(accommodation and meals to be provided
by community organisations at reasonable
rates and ensure tourists» interaction with
the communities for folklore, songs, music,
dance, handicrafts) will be promoted.
Involvement of local communities in visitor
management and their participation in
various tourist- or visitor-based livelihood
pursuits will be improved.
15. Awareness and love for nature, including
wetlands, mangroves, wildlife, protected
areas, etc., will be created by sensitizing
and educating visitors and allowing them
to experience and enjoy nature.
9.7 Communication and
Infrastructure
A network of metalled roads links all the major
towns and villages of the district. Lasbela»s
major lifeline is the national highway from
Quetta to Karachi. The coastal areas are
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
effectively served by the Makran Coastal
Highway. A main road links Awaran, Kech and
Panjgur Districts with Lasbela District; Dureji is
linked to Hub Chauki and Karachi. Gadani,
Sonmiani, Kanraj and Lakhra are linked with
the Karachi-Quetta National Highway. In
addition, there are metalled and shingle roads
in most parts of the district. The length of the
Provincial (C&W) black topped roads in
District Lasbela is 115 km. The coastal areas
are also accessible by sea. However, there is
no airport, railway or seaport in the district;
the air link to District Lasbela is from Karachi.
Telephone and internet services are provided
by PTCL in the main towns as well as in some
adjacent localities. There are seven telephone
exchanges in the district. Mobile telephone
services are provided by Ufone, Mobilink,
WARID and Zong, but do not cover the entire
district as yet.
Key Issues
There is no direct air link to Lasbela;
the only link is from Karachi.
There is also no railway or seaport in
Lasbela.
Lack of adequate telephone and
internet coverage can pose a
hindrance for businesses and
negatively affect business
development opportunities.
Measures
1. Access via railway, air and sea will be
improved.
2. Telephone and internet coverage for the
entire district by PTCL as well as by
mobile phone companies will be ensured.
the private sector»s investment initiatives have
been hindered by factors such as high prices of
utilities, and administrative barriers to
investment such as corruption, red tape and
higher costs of inputs (such as fertilizer for the
farming community) resulting from the
ubiquitous imposition of 15 per cent GST.
In this context, privatisation of strategic assets
in energy (looming shortages) may need to be
re-examined, and separation of ownership
from responsible corporate management
practices must be reinforced. Public-private
partnerships have been most successful in
telecommunications (privatisation and
management transfers) or in highways
(construction and /or toll collection).
Such partnerships can also be extremely
effective for sanitation and waste collection.
New models for partnership are being
experimented with in Pakistan at present. A
policy and operational framework for fostering
public-private partnerships is gradually
evolving in order to facilitate provision of
resources, technical expertise, outreach, and
financial mechanisms. The private sector
should be regulated to the extent that it does
not stifle their initiatives, while the state
should focus on institutional arrangements,
performance assessment, licensing and
accreditation of service delivery facilities, and
quality assurance mechanisms.
Recent studies suggest that governance in the
private sector needs significant improvement.
Social accountability, observation of
international norms in labour laws and right of
association, together with environmental
standards, need to be widely accepted and
enforced in a speedy manner.
Key Issues
9.8 The Private Sector
and Public-Private
Partnership
The revival of private sector investment with
regard to deregulation, liberalization and
privatisation, is a major element of the National
Vision 2030. According to the World Bank
(2007), the private sector has failed to make the
right qualitative and quantitative investments in
the domestic economy, despite a host of tax
concessions and incentives. On the other hand,
High prices of utilities and
administrative barriers such as
corruption, red tape and higher costs
of inputs due to imposition of GST,
negatively affecting private sector
investment.
Measures
1. Governance in the private sector will be
improved.
2. Development of a policy and operational
framework for fostering public-private
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
partnerships to facilitate provision of
resources, technical expertise, outreach,
and financial mechanisms will be ensured.
3. Privatisation of strategic assets in energy
to counter potential shortages will be reexamined.
9.9 Macro-Economic
Situation
Being adjacent to Karachi, Lasbela, especially
its Hub, Gadani and Uthal Tehsils, is rapidly
developing. The district has potential for
further development of water, agricultural,
fisheries, industrial, mining, livestock and
poultry. The development of the industrial
state of Hub and Windar has provided a good
source of income for the people of Hub
although populations in the rural areas live in
poverty and without basic facilities.
The inactive textile, engineering and chemical
industrial units need urgent attention from the
government and investors and a Hub-specific
policy is required.
The process of rapid development induced
through incentives is often accompanied by
lapses and oversight in regulatory controls,
leading to lack of sustainability and over
exploitation of resources, environmental
degradation and marginalisation of some
sections of the population, as can be seen by
the industrial growth in Hub. The WB (2007)57
identified the pillars, sectors and areas of
economic growth in Balochistan: Natural
Resources (marble and coastal fisheries in
Lasbela District), value-addition in Industry
hubs like Hub in Lasbela and support services
in urban areas, e.g., Hub and Uthal Towns, and
a business environment that can be enhanced
with transport, education and information.
Agriculture, poultry farming and tourism are
other important potential sectors for growth
and a source of livelihood and poverty
reduction in the district.
Land Acquisition for
Development
Many mega developments, both in the public
and private sectors, are envisioned in the
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57
district in the future, such as dams, industrial
estates, thermal power plants, refineries,
mining, tourism, and corporate agriculture,
livestock and poultry, etc. Access to land for
development needs to be fair to those who
own or have usufruct rights (individuals or
communities) as well as for those who require
it for immediate use. The role of the
middlemen and speculative buying needs
discouraging, and a comprehensive strategy
for land acquisition is required in this regard. A
participatory approach for land acquisition
through community consultations should be
adopted.
The resettlement guidelines and framework
developed by several donor-funded projects in
Balochistan emphasize preparing an
Entitlement Matrix and Resettlement Plan,
which should protect the livelihoods and help
avoid disruption in the lives of affected
persons.
Prices should be paid at the current market
level for all entitlements. The private sector,
while setting up industries, should purchase
lands directly from the owners, in consultation
with the communities, at the current market
price. The coercive provisions in Part II and
Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894
should not be used in this regard.
Water Development
The demand of water has increased manifold
in the district due to the rapidly growing
human population (requiring enhanced
domestic water supply) and livestock
(requiring water, fodder), expansion of
agriculture (especially high delta fruit orchards
e.g., banana and other fruits of wet tropics,
vegetables) and expansion of industry. The
pressure for meeting the increased demand
has been mainly on the ground water in the
district, although surface water was harnessed
by constructing Hub Dam, mainly for
supplying water to Karachi. The demand is
growing continuously and calls for
construction of more and more dams to bring
large areas of current fallow (50,203 ha) and
cultivable waste (893,190 ha) in the district.
Hub Dam was built in 1981 and the use of its
water is shared by Sindh and Balochistan
Provinces. It supplies water to agricultural
areas and Hub Chauki through pipes and
World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Economic Report. Quetta: GoB, 2008.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
canals. Its catchment area is about 7874 sq.
Km., storage capacity 717000 acre ft.,
discharge capacity 370 cusecs, upper level
339 ft. (asl), length of Lasbela canal 33.8 km,
length of spillway 1829 m and command area
8903 ha. The water share for Karachi (Sindh)
is 109 MGD and 59 MGD for Hub
(Balochistan).
Hub Dam is a Ramsar Site due to wintering of
a large number of waterfowl. Hence,
maintaining its ecological character is
important.
Windar Dam: After completing the feasibility
study, project planning and arranging funds,
the construction of Windar Dam on the Windar
River (seasonal) was launched in February
2010. Its command area falls in Kassi,
Khurkera, Windar, Chhor and Dan villages of
Sonmiani Tehsil of Lasbela District under the
administrative control of the Uthal Irrigation
Division. The construction of the Windar Dam
Project will bring economic benefits to the
inhabitants by bringing vast cultivable land
under irrigation. Due to an assured water
supply, cropping intensities and crop yields
will increase and living standards of the
inhabitants will improve.
Hingol Dam: The planning for construction of
the Hingol Dam on the Hingol River for
irrigation purposes is in its advanced stages.
Its initial site near the Aghore Bridge (on the
Makran Coastal Highway) has been moved up
stream on the protest of Hindu Mandli (a
religious organization) since the expected
water level in the proposed reservoir was a
threat to the Hinglaj Maata /Nani Mandar and
access to this shrine would have been
impossible. The dam, even up stream, will
have negative impacts on Hingol National
Park, especially on the ecology of the
downstream part of the river including the
Hingol Estuary. However, it will irrigate a large
area for cultivation.
It is important that the state owned area of
HNP is not given out for cultivation and
people from outside the park area are not
settled here. Mutation of the state lands within
the notified boundaries of the HNP in favour
of the Balochistan Forest & Wildlife
Department needs to be completed by the
Revenue Department to avert chances of
transfer or encroachment by influential
persons, as well as to avoid potential
litigation.
Drinking water from the canal at the junction
with MCH needs to be supplied to Aghore and
other settlements through properly laid out
PVC pipes. Environmental flow downstream
the dam up to the estuary is also required
essentially for survival of the dependent
habitats, ecosystems and species of wild
plants and animals including marsh crocodile,
water birds and ungulates.
9.10 Sports and Tourism
Sports: Sports are a cost effective and easy
source of recreation, inspiration and
channelling youth enthusiasm in the right
direction; and a way to develop team spirit,
respect for rules, and a tolerant and positive
attitude in youth. Football, volleyball, cricket
and malakhra are popular sports in the
district. Sea sports, despite their potential, are
uncommon due to lack of affordability.
Tourism
The vision for tourism in the district is to
develop it as one of the main sources of
livelihood for the people similar to agriculture,
livestock and coastal fisheries. The strategy
for tourism development would include
interpretation and promotion of tourist
attractions and destinations, capacity building
of communities in community based tourism
and as tour operators, skill development of
community members as tour guides, sight
planning and development of tourist
destinations and provision of tourist
infrastructure. The federal and provincial
governments» support and economic
incentives to communities and the private
sector for tourism development will also be
necessary.
The National Vision 2030 aims to exploit the
great potential of cultural and religious tourism
of the country (see Box 8). From a global
tourism income of USD 514 billion, Pakistan»s
share is only USD 135 million i.e. 0.03 per
cent. Out of the total tourist arrivals in the
world estimated at 694 million per year,
Pakistan receives only 0.5 million. The coastal
areas including Lasbela District remain
unexploited so far.
The district is rich in natural and cultural ecotourism resources. Muslim and Hindu religious
places throughout the district make Lasbela
an attractive place for a variety of religious
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
followers . Lasbela»s tourism assets also
include a pristine coastal zone along the
Arabian Sea, which offers opportunities for
long-term development of beach resorts and
sea sports. The globally important and diverse
terrestrial, wetland and marine resources are
potential sources of ecotourism. The tourism
resources in the district include:
Hingol National Park
Hingol National Park is situated in Tehsil Liari
of District Lasbela along the Arabian Sea. The
park has an aesthetic landscape and scenic
panoramas, sandy beaches, estuaries and
carved figurines as well as religious, natural
and geological sites of great importance. The
site of Hinglaj Maata or Nani Mandar (temple)
is a sacred religious-cum-cultural site located
in the Hinglaj gorge in the Park. The Hinglaj
area and the Chandragup and Khandewari
volcanoes are major Hindu pilgrimage
destinations in the park.
Hinglaj Maata Site: The Hinglaj area became
one of the most important pilgrim sites
believed to represent the remains of skull top
of the Goddess Sati, the divine consort or Sati
of the God Shiva. The access to the site of
Hinglaj Maata in the distant past was via
camel from Liari or Ormara and by sea from
Karachi. The number of devotees at that time
was very small, which increased gradually
with the dirt road connecting Ormara with
Liari.
Until early 1980s, the Hinglaj Maata site, in
terms of physical infrastructure, was only a
natural point in the gorge, which opened on
the upper side into a watershed inhabited by
the Sind goat, urial and predators such as the
common leopard. There was also a stream of
clean water with native fish and other aquatic
fauna. There were no built structures at the site
of Hinglaj Maata and in the adjoining areas,
and there was no solid waste at that time.
It was only with the construction of the shingle
road and the Makran Coastal Highway that
the number of yatrees and devotees increased
and tourists interested in the natural
(biodiversity and geology) and cultural
attractions of the park also began to visit.
Now, yatrees, devotees and visitors from all
parts of the world visit the Nani Mandar of
Hinglaj Maata. However, the growth of yatrees
and tourists has not been managed well due
to lack of proactive planning and facilities.
The main shrines for pilgrimage (Teertha
Yatra) for devotees of Maata Hinglaj are the
ones dedicated to Bhagwan Ganesh, Kalika
Maata, Guru Gorakhnath Dhooni, Brahma
Kund, Tir Kund, Guru Nanak Kharao,
Ramjharokha Baithak, Anil Kund located at
Chaurasi Mountain, Chandra Goop, Khari
Box 8: National Vision 2030: Tourism Sector Objectives
(a) To enhance tourism activities, increase tourist arrivals, and make tourism an instrument for generating
employment, alleviating poverty, and increasing foreign exchange earnings.
(b) To promote affordable, accessible and enjoyable domestic tourism and cultural and sports festivals;
tourism of the religious sites and old civilizations; and foreign tourism linked to regional tourism
particularly among SAARC and ECO countries and
(c) To enhance coordination between public and private sectors and upgrade resources to ensure desired
standards of quality service.
The strategy would be to develop appropriate incentives to promote greater private sector investment in
creation of tourist facilities. Public sector investment in the development of infrastructure facilities will be
made part of overall national development effort. While the on-going projects will be completed as part of
federal PSDP, the development requirements for new projects will be met from privatisation of existing
motels (already started). Greater financial autonomy will be given to the public sector tourism agencies.
118
With the adoption of a holistic and integrated approach for tourism development, an emphasis on
product development and promotion, linked with human resource development and through strategic
alliances, there is considerable potential for tourism industry to grow over the vision period. This strategy
will be developed in the context of high growth in regional prosperity and tourism, which will facilitate the
prospects of increased tourism as part of multi - country travel and package tours. Vision 2030
incorporates specific programmes for promoting this goal.
Q IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Chandargupt mud volcano at Hingol National Park
River and Aghore Pooja. The worship sites of
some of these are:
the Hingol River are the main considerations
when fixing specific dates for the gathering.
1) Outside the Hinglaj gorge: Chandargupt
mud volcano, Aghore Pooja, Ashnaan
(bathing by males and female separately)
at the crossing of the Hingol River for
Hinglaj gorge, Liari pooja
Opportunities: There are several
opportunities for benefitting from the natural,
cultural and religious resources of the HNP.
These include:
2) In the Hinglaj gorge: Ganesh Pooja at the
raised bank of the Hinglaj stream ( the
new main parking is proposed across the
stream there), place of worship place and
a sacred pond along the Aneel Kund
track, Hanumaan Pooja at the start of the
main complex of permanent facilities,
Ashapur worship in the main complex of
permanent facilities, and Mallri Maata
worship at the end of the main complex of
permanent facilities
Creating awareness and love for
nature and support for the Park by
sensitizing and educating visitors
Expanding the yatree/tourist base;
enhancing the cultural (non-religious)
ecotourism in this area; organizing
services for yatrees, devotees, tourists
and visitors; and enhancing
community participation and local
livelihoods.
Other important tourist destinations are:
3) At the main Nani Mandar in the cave: Kali
Maata (at the ground level), Nani (upstairs
in a room), the Cave (believed to be used
by a Muslim saint for worship in isolation).
Although religious worship gatherings at Nani
Mandar are held on certain dates during all
months, the annual gathering takes place
every spring. Weather and flood conditions in
1. Gadani Beach
2, Dam Bandar (fish landing site)
3. Sonmiani Bay/Miani Hoar (A Ramsar Site,
important for migratory water birds,
angling and fishing, mangroves, dolphins,
sand dunes)
119
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
4. Dureji Game Reserve (important for Sind
goat, urial, chinkara gazelle)
5. Hub Dam - (A Ramsar Site, important for
migratory water birds, angling and fishing
(including Mahasheer). The western part
of the reservoir and dam is in Lasbela
District
6. Hub River, known for its marsh crocodile
population and other aquatic biodiversity
cricket, hockey and kabaddi as well as
individual players of malakhra (wrestling)
will be encouraged.
3. Whereas the rapid increase in visitor
numbers at Nani Mandar of yatrees,
especially at the annual gathering, has
created problems, it has also provided
economic opportunity. The Management
of Hingol National Park has prepared site
plans for five tourist destinations in the
park in 2009, which will be implemented.
7. Shahi Jamia Masjid (mosque)of Bela
8. Sassi Waro-Chodo (Sassi»s Spring near
Paboni Naka)
9. Kumbh Shirin Spring
10. The tombs of General Muhammad-IbnHaroon, Sir Robert Sandeman, Sassi, and
Shireen and Farhad
11. The Shrines of Shah Bilawal in Shah
Bilawal Village at Hamidan Hub River
12. Lahut-i-Lamakan, about 6 kms. from Shah
Bilawal Village
13. Pir Fida Hussain, Pir Moosiani, Pir Mohiuddin, Mai Gondrani, Karia Pir at Bela
14. Popular Melas (festivals and Urs include
Pir Fida Hussain at Uthal, Pir Muhiuddin at
Bela, Sassi and Punnu at Mouza Mumbar,
Tehsil Sonmiani, Annual Urs of Baba Haji
Taj Muhammad at Sonmiani, and mela of
Meeran Pir at Sonmiani).
Measures
1. Sports will get support and patronage at
all levels, from government, civil society
organizations and the public for
developing and maintaining sports
infrastructure (play grounds, a sports
complex or stadium, as well as for
providing services such as coaching and
health and fitness.
2. Sports will be strengthened in educational
institutions, in particular schools, and local
and district teams of volley ball, football,
120
4. Arrangements will be made to
accommodate the growing number of
yatrees and devotees through visitor
management and staggering visitation
between various events and festivals
through information, awareness raising,
and proactive planning.
5. A high and sufficiently long bridge on
Hingol River for safe crossing of visitors
and their vehicles will be constructed.
6. Excavations on hillsides in the Hinglaj
gorge in general and the main complex in
particular will be avoided for expansion of
construction.
7. Clean drinking water in the Aghore-Hinglaj
area for visitors and local people from the
proposed Hingol Dam will be made
available.
8. The Code of Conduct for visitors and the
local people, as suggested in the
Ecotourism Study Report of Hingol NP,
will be widely and frequently
dissemination and will also be
implemented. This includes avoiding water
pollution, disturbance to wildlife due to
noise, honking and blowing horns, bright
lights of vehicles, playing loud music and
respecting the local people and their
traditions, etc.
9. Involvement of local communities and
local people in visitor management and
tourist or visitor based livelihood pursuits
will be increased. Mistrust between the
Hindu Mandli and the Park Management
will be addressed.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
10. Diaster Management
Disasters
Lasbela District is vulnerable to a host of
disasters including tsunami (1945),
cyclones (Phet √ 2010), floods, landslides,
mudslides, earthquakes, droughts (19982004), locust attacks, transport, industrial
and mining accidents, and excessive heat
waves. Potential disaster risks include oil
spills in coastal waters, fire and industrial
accidents, especially in industrial and
urban centres, and dam bursts.
Lasbela was ranked as a severely
affected58 area by drought. The relative
severity of drought in Lasbela District is
medium. The relative severity59 of floods in
the district is high. There is low incidence
of earthquakes, locusts and pests,
transport accidents, and tsunami.
58
United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs. Area
Development Programme Balochistan. PAK/96/006. Social Assessment
Study on Water Scarcity in Balochistan. Islamabad: UNDP, December
2000.
59
Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Disaster Management
Authority. Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan. Quetta: GoB,
2008.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
A number of terrorism and sabotage
incidents60 occurred from 2002-07 including
18 bomb blasts, one land mine, one hand
grenade, and one rocket fire. These caused
seven fatalities and 24 injuries. There are three
ambulances and six fire brigades in Lasbela
district for emergency response.
The government of Balochistan has
established the Provincial Disaster
Management Authority (PDMA) and developed
a Disaster Risk Management Plan, 2008. Its
implementation is awaited. The Plan
discusses in detail the strategic areas, focus,
outputs, indicators and implementing
agencies.
It is important to understand that planning and
management of evacuation, rescue, relief and
rehabilitation operations are primarily the
responsibility of the District Administration
with support from all departments and
agencies in the district, and that all outside
agencies play a supportive role.
Notwithstanding the availability of funds,
machinery and equipment (or lack of it), the
district administration and all other
departments and agencies should always be
ready to perform their planning, management,
information and coordination roles in case of
any disaster.
Common issues and measures relevant to all
disasters are given below; disaster-specific
issues and measures are given below each
topic:
Key issues
122
60
Lack of district-specific Disaster Risk
Management Plan.
Implementation of the Balochistan
Disaster Risk Management Plan could
not be started due to low priority,
weak governance and lack of funding.
Lack of warning systems for tsunamis,
cyclones, droughts, floods and
earthquakes.
Lack of preparedness and poor
capacity to handle any disaster.
Low quality of design, construction
materials and workmanship of
infrastructure, including mud and
thatch houses, bridges, roads, etc.
Lack of land use and development
planning control.
Existing emergency response
machinery and equipment are not
enough to meet the needs of any
large or small disaster in Lasbela
District.
Total reliance on support from
provincial and federal governments,
which limits local capacity to take
swift action.
Loss of life, property and livelihoods.
Measures
1. The Disaster Risk Management Plan for
Lasbela District will be developed and
implemented.
2. The capacity of all institutions to play their
role effectively and cohesively in case of
any disaster will be developed. Training
will be provided to CBOs, staff of public
sector agencies, community activists and
other groups in the district to develop this
capacity.
3. Capacity of police, relief workers,
healthcare workers, fire fighters, etc. will
be developed so that they can respond
swiftly and effectively to any disaster.
Health facilities will be equipped to handle
large numbers of emergencies resulting
from disasters.
4. Civil Defence will be strengthened, and
volunteers will be enrolled and their
capacities built.
5. Mock exercises will be conducted
periodically as a part of training for
everyone, thereby raising public
confidence.
6. Adequate budgetary allocations will be
provided for capacity development.
7. The priority of disaster risk management
at the national, provincial and district
levels will be raised.
Government of Balochistan. Balochistan Disaster Management Authority. Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
8. Awareness of disasters including causes
and measures, the set-up of the disaster
management system, and the roles of
various agencies including Civil Defence
will be raised.
Key Issues
9. Preparedness for swift action in case of a
disaster will be maintained, at least for the
initial hours or days, until such time as
provincial and federal help becomes
available.
Measures
10. Land use planning and implementation
and development planning control through
legal means will be ensured.
11. The design, appropriateness of
construction materials and workmanship
of infrastructure including houses, bridges,
roads, etc. will be improved.
12. Housing (mud and thatch houses) and
settlements will be upgraded.
13. Social services, basic facilities and natural
resources will be rehabilitated.
14. Livelihoods of communities and affected
groups after any disaster will be restored.
10.1 Earthquake
The district experienced major tectonic
upheavals in the prehistoric period. The
coastal uplifting resulted in the formation of a
number of temporary inland lakes, such as the
one now represented by the broad inland
valley of Tranche. Large coastal lagoons such
as the Miani Hor at the coast of the Lasbela
plain are also a product of uplifting. The Dhak
plain in the coastal area of Hingol NP is also a
former inland bay, which had an opening to
the sea between Sapat and Poti Bandar
(Wadh Bandar) west of Sappat Mountain
(Jebel-u-Ghurab). However, no major or
devastating earthquake has been recorded in
the recent past.
The greater part of Lasbela District is in
Seismic Category III, i.e., moderate risk, and
its coastal areas are in Category II, high risk
in terms of severity, impact and damage
from earthquakes. The seismic factor
ground acceleration may vary from g/10 to
g/20 with possibility of minor to moderate
damage.
Use of inappropriate construction
materials in rural housing such as
prevalence of mud houses
Institutional Arrangements
The Provincial Disaster Risk Management Plan
has identified the following institutional
arrangements:
Provincial Disaster Management
Commission (PDMC):
A Provincial Disaster Management
Commission (PDMC), chaired by the Chief
Minister, will be established, since disaster
risk management is a provincial subject.
Provincial Disaster Management Authority
(PDMA):
A Provincial Disaster Management Authority
(PDMA), which serves as the Secretariat of the
Provincial Commission and is headed by a
Provincial Director General will be established.
The Authority»s mandate is development,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
disaster risk reduction activities in vulnerable
areas and sectors in the province.
District Disaster Management Authorities will
be established by the provincial government
in hazard prone areas on a priority basis.
Municipal Disaster Management Authorities
(MDMA) will be established in urban areas on
similar lines.
Tehsil and Town Authorities: Institutions at
this level are at the frontline of disaster risk
reduction and response. For many
departments this is the lowest level of
administration where they interface directly
with communities.
Union Councils: Elected representatives from
village and ward levels form these bodies,
which play an important role in allocation of
resources for local development works. Union
Councils are also crucial for advocating
demands of communities to the District
Councils and Disaster Management
Authorities. These may include requests for
allocation of resources from local budgets for
hazard mitigation and vulnerability reduction
activities such as spurs for flood control,
rainwater harvesting structures for drought
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
mitigation, vocational training for livelihoods to
reduce vulnerability, etc.
Community Based Organizations: The
capacity of existing community-based
organizations will be developed and enhanced
by district and Tehsil authorities to promote
community level disaster risk management
activities. In the absence of community
organizations, new groups will be established
to work on disaster risk reduction and
management.
District Police Department: The District
Police Department is responsible for these
functions with reference to disaster risk
management: maintenance of law and order
in and around the scene of the incident;
cordoning the affected area and controlling
crowds to facilitate the rescue operation;
and providing rescue workers with all
relevant assistance to carry out emergency
work without any disturbance or
interference.
The following Provincial Government
Departments and other stakeholders also
have important roles in Disaster Management
and Control: Irrigation and Power;
Environment and the Environment Protection
Agency; Health; Public Health and Engineering
(PHE); Planning and Development; Finance;
Communication; Works; PP&H (C&W);
Information Technology; Legal; Information;
Women Development; Traffic Police; Fire
Brigade; Civil Defence; Provincial
Meteorological Department; local
nongovernmental organizations, and Major
Hospitals.
Other Stakeholders are QESCO; Sui Southern
Gas; Civil Aviation Authority; Ambulance
Services; Balochistan Coastal Development
Authority (BCDA), Quetta Development
Authority (QDA); Water and Sanitation
Authority; Banks; Private Sector; Media;
Pakistan Red Crescent Society √ Balochistan
Branch; and local non-governmental,
academic and research institutions.
Figure 19: Map of Earthquake Density of Balochistan
124
Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008)
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The disasters relevant to Lasbela District have
been discussed above. Severe disasters are
managed by federal and provincial agencies
but they cannot deliver without local support
and meaningful participation by all
concerned. Institutional arrangements,
therefore, will be made at the district level for
linking with and supporting the national and
provincial efforts as well as identifying what is
required, providing feedback and proactively
doing whatever is possible at the district
level. The district will develop a preparedness
strategy of response to these disasters. An
Earthquake Density Map of Balochistan is
given.
10.2 Drought
An emergency water shortage can be caused
by a prolonged drought, poor water supply
management, and/or contamination of surface
water source or aquifers. Droughts also create
environmental conditions that increase the risk
of other hazards such as fire.
The annual precipitation in Lasbela varies from
50-150 mm, most of which is expected during
the monsoon season. Long periods of
droughts are common; the last one occurred
from 1998- 2004.
Key Issues
Lack of data and capacity of
interpretation and analysis
Lack of a strategy and plan to reduce
damage, manage drought-related
relief and undertake rehabilitation in
the district
Lack of alternative means and options
for overcoming droughts
Lack of facilities for speedy
processing and marketing of livestock
products and refrigeration of large
quantities of meat
Measures
1. Mass level awareness raising and training
of extension staff and community will be
provided on:
Strategy to respond to drought
Domestic level water conservation
techniques
Use of technology-based, efficient
irrigation systems such as drip,
bubbler, and sprinkler
2. Capacity of public sector organizations,
grazers, farmers, CSOs, and CCBs in
preparation for drought, coordination,
information dissemination, relief and
rehabilitation will be developed.
3. The Disaster Risk Management Plan
for Lasbela District will be extrapolated
from the Provincial Plan and
implemented.
4. Water will be conserved to cope with
droughts, since this will ensure that water
is available for critical needs.
5. Water will be conserved in homes: lowflush toilets will be installed,
displacement devices will be used in
toilet tanks and dripping faucets will be
repaired.
6. Early marketing of less productive and
lean livestock will be facilitated to reduce
the numbers.
7. People and livestock will be shifted to
areas less affected by drought and will be
provided appropriate assistance.
8. Water, health (vaccination and treatment)
and feed (urea molasses blocks and urea
treated straw) requirements of livestock
will be met.
9. Low delta crops in drought-prone areas
will be grown.
10. Potential droughts at the district level will
be monitored continuously through
observation of quantity of rainfall and
comparison with existing water needs.
11. Damage and loss will be reduced by
ensuring preparedness regarding
planning, implementation and monitoring
of mitigation, relief and rehabilitation
measures.
12. Water will be conserved through rainwater
harvesting for use during dry conditions.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
13. Certain areas of rangelands will be used
for grazing only during droughts.
14. Fodder-tree groves will be raised at
appropriate sites for use only during
periods of drought.
15. Livestock pens and water points will be
provided within grazing areas and at
make-shift sites to tide over the drought
period.
16. Speedy marketing of livestock to reduce
losses from drought will be facilitated and
supported.
17. Mobile facilities for hygienic slaughtering
and refrigerated storage vans will be
arranged along with rational purchase
prices to motivate owners to sell their
livestock, which they cannot afford to
maintain or which is likely to die because
of drought.
18. Livelihoods in various parts of the district
will be planned and promoted keeping in
view the effect of droughts.
19. The federal government will establish a
satellite monitoring system for
Balochistan, Sindh, Southern Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and Southern Punjab for
monitoring and early warning of droughts,
interpretation of data and dissemination of
information as relevant.
20. The GIS facility at the Provincial
Headquarters will be strengthened to
prepare district-wise Climatic Moisture
Index (CMI) and Soil Moisture Index (SMI)
maps with the help of Remote Sensing
and GIS facilities.
21. A Disaster Emergency Fund will be
established at the national, provincial and
district levels with reasonable allocations
for floods, drought and cyclones.
Figure 20: Annual Precipitation in Balochistan
126
Design: Mumtaz Haider Khan, IUCN. Source: Balochistan Disaster Risk Management Plan (2008)
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
detergents, shelter; spread of
diarrhoea, gastroenteritis, skin and
other water borne diseases; and lack
or shortage of health care facilities for
flood affected persons.
10.3 Flood and Landslides
Floods are one of the most common hazards
in Lasbela District. The effects vary from local
level impact to entire river basins. Flash floods
develop quickly, sometimes in a few minutes,
without any visible signs of rain. Flash floods
often have a dangerous wall of roaring water
that carries rocks, mud, and other debris and
can sweep away most things in its path.
Overland flooding occurs outside a defined
river or stream and is often destructive.
Flooding can also occur when a dam breaks,
producing effects more serious than flash
floods. People living in low-lying areas or
coastal areas, near river, canals or
downstream from a dam, face additional risk
from flooding.
The Porali River and the Phore stream (near
the eastern boundary of HNP) carry flash
floods that have often destroyed or damaged
bridges on the Karachi Quetta National
Highway and MCH, blocked traffic and caused
inconvenience to commuters. Flash floods
affect highways and roads at many points as
well as houses and other infrastructure. Floods
also damage sewerage systems and storm
water drains in urban centres and cause
landslides, mudslides and soil erosion.
In a landslide, masses of rock, earth, or debris
move down a slope. Landslides may be small
or large, slow or rapid. They are activated by
storms, earthquakes, fires, and steepening of
slopes by erosion or human modification.
Landslides are more common in the district
during flash floods and indirect impacts of
cyclones, which cause heavy downpour.
Key Issues
The natural drainage for water has
been blocked or narrowed, resulting in
further havoc.
Calls for evacuation are delayed, and
there is no facilitation for the poor, old,
young or sick people during an
evacuation.
Loss of life of or injury to human
beings, livestock and wildlife
(especially mammals, reptiles and the
breeding and nesting areas of birds).
Damage to or destruction of houses,
valuables, food grains, other
household commodities, sources of
clean water, machinery, equipment,
vehicles, land, soil, orchards, standing
agricultural crops, etc.
Disruption in supply of electricity and
gas, and destruction of or damage to
communication infrastructure, making
provision of relief supplies difficult.
Enhanced risk of dam bursts,
landslides and mudslides.
Measures
1. Precautionary measures will be taken in
planning, designing, implementing,
maintaining and monitoring of all types of
communication infrastructure, housing and
settlements and water-related infrastructure,
based on 100 year-projections of severe
floods. This will help reduce losses and
damages from flash floods.
2. Landslide hazards will be evaluated and
corrective techniques will be developed to
reduce landslide risk.
3. Channels or deflection walls will be built in
mudflow areas to direct the flow around
buildings and other infrastructure.
4. It will be ensured that natural waterways
are not blocked or disrupted and
alternatives will be provided if this is
unavoidable.
People are reluctant to leave, mainly
due to absence of measures to ensure
safety of their property, unless it is
already too late.
5. Preparation will be made for landslides at
vulnerable places and relevant machinery
and equipment will be kept ready for
clearing affected areas, in particular
highways, roads, bridges, houses, etc.
Lack or shortage of safe drinking
water, food, utensils, soap,
6. Ground cover using bioengineering
technology (e.g. placid structures) will be
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
built on slopes. Retaining walls will be
built as well.
In the event of a flood or landslide:
Make timely calls for evacuation and
help those who cannot vacate on their
own
Ensure swift and organised rescue
and relief for all affected persons
Replant damaged ground as soon as
possible since erosion caused by loss
of vegetation can lead to flash
flooding and additional landslides in
the near future
10.4 Fire
Housing and settlements, industrial estates
and properties, coalmines, oil and gas fields
and pipelines, petroleum and gas stations,
stores of explosives, forests during dry hot
season, and picnic areas, are very vulnerable
to fires.
Key Issues
No attention paid to preventive
measures
Measures
1. Greater focus will be placed on awareness
raising and preventive measures.
2. Compliance with a Code of Conduct by
picnickers and communities in forests and
protected areas will be sought.
3. Fire brigades will be provided with
required fire control equipment including
long ladders and water hoses for high-rise
buildings, and fire extinguishing supplies
(water, chemicals, etc.).
4. Fire fighters will be provided adequate
training of fire fighters. Their availability in
all urban and industrial areas will be
ensured.
5. All common passages on all floors of
buildings will have fire extinguishers and
buckets of sand, and water, towels and
red flags for help in all rooms.
128
6. Fire lines in vulnerable dry forests will be
cleared and maintained; fire-fighting
equipment in sufficient numbers will be
kept ready at a central place; and a group
of volunteers from local communities will
be developed and trained in forest fire
fighting.
7. Bush and grass around houses and
settlements located within or around
forests and rangelands will be cleared.
8. Availability of a helicopter to rescue
stranded persons will be ensured.
9. Exits (other than lifts) and outer stairs will
be incorporated into the design of all high
buildings for use during fire.
10.5 Cyclones
Lasbela District is located on the coast of the
Arabian Sea, which is a part of the Indian
Ocean and is known for cyclones and
tsunamis. Tsunamis are more severe in gravity
than cyclones.
The neighbouring Sindh province has
experienced several cyclones in the past few
decades. Fourteen cyclones approached the
coastal areas of Sindh from 1971-2001. The
1999 cyclone hit the Sindh coast and caused
serious damage in terms of lives and property
in Thatta and Badin districts; 73 settlements
were wiped out, with over 75,000 houses
destroyed. A cyclone in 1965 killed over 1000
people in Sindh, while the most recent
cyclone, which hit two districts in Southern
Sindh, killed 258 persons, affected 600,000
persons and also killed 11,000 livestock.
Economic losses were severe since
agricultural lands and crops were inundated
and household belongings destroyed.
The Makran coast has also suffered from at least
three cyclones during the past five years; the last
one was Phet, which ravaged the Makran
coastal areas and the Indus delta in 2010.
Key Issues
Difficulty in informing fishermen
engaged in deep sea fishing about
impending cyclones
Cyclones generate heavy rains, which
cause flooding and consequential loss
and damage
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Measures
1. Ways to convey information about
impending cyclones to fishermen engaged
in deep sea fishing will be developed.
10.6 Sea Erosion
The major reasons for sea erosion are a rise in
sea level due to global warming and reduced
inflow of fresh water to counter the tide action
on the coastline. This process is further
aggravated when the coastal land is sandy or
offers low resistance due to the absence of a
strong network of roots of mangroves or
clayey profile of land. Sea erosion is currently
(2010) taking place on the coast of Damb near
Sonmiani.
A short-term measure would be to construct a
pucca embankment of boulders and stones at
the affected site after the monsoon season
when the tide level and action subsides. The
long-term solutions include raising of
mangrove plantations and ensuring
environmental flows when the water of the
feeding rivers has been dammed.
10.7 Tsunami
The earthquake measuring 8.6 on the Richter
scale that hit Balochistan on November 28
1945, at 05:26 PST, caused a huge tsunami in
the Arabian Sea. It was centred 97.6 km SSW
of Pasni in Balochistan and caused great
damage to the entire Makran coastal region
including Lasbela. The tsunami reached a
height of 40 feet in some fishing villages on
the Makran coast and killed more than 4,000
people (there was an extremely low population
on the coast at that time). The villages of
Pasni and Omara were badly affected and
were reportedly underwater after the tsunami.
Pasni»s postal and telegraph office,
government buildings and rest houses were
destroyed and many people were washed
away. Telegraphic communications to these
two communities were also cut off. The cable
link between Karachi and Muscat was
interrupted, and the Cape Monze lighthouse,
close to the south-eastern border of Lasbela,
was damaged. The shock was recorded by
observatories in New Delhi and Calcutta.
Several mud volcanoes in Lasbela District
including the famous Chandargupt in HNP
erupted due to that tsunami and four small
islands off the Makran Coast were formed.
This was the last known major
tsunami√generating earthquake in the
Arabian Sea that severely affected the
Makran coast.
The recent mega tsunami in the Indian Ocean
that hit many Asian countries including
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Islands,
Timor-Leste, Thailand, India and Myanmar
generated more interest in the international
community than ever before. The examples of
relief and rehabilitation during this time need
to be studied to ensure preparedness for such
eventualities in future.
Key Issues
Deforestation and degradation of
mangroves and removal of sand and
sand dunes from the coastal areas,
weakening the defence against the
impact of tsunami.
Lack of land use and development
planning control in the coastal areas
of Lasbela District impact on the
development of environmental friendly
and safe industrial and other
infrastructure close to the sea.
Measures
1. A tsunami forecasting centre in the Region
will be established and linked with other
centres including the Hawaii Centre.
2. Mangroves will be conserved and planted
in Miani Hor and a moratorium will be
imposed on removal of sand from the
coastal areas.
10.8 Oil Spills
The coastal areas of Lasbela District are
vulnerable to oil spills due to the heavy traffic
of oil tankers from the Gulf to Pakistani ports
(Karachi, Gwadar) through the Arabian Sea or
other countries of the East, proximity to oil
producing Middle Eastern states, and because
of off shore oil exploration and exploitation in
the EEZ of Pakistan.
Fortunately, no major incident has happened
so far. Even the Tasman Spirit Oil Spill (TSOS)
in 2003 in the Karachi Port area did not affect
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
the Lasbela coast due to the opposite wind
direction.
However, this does not mean that threats do not
exist. The approval and implementation of an
Oil Spill Contingency Plan for the Balochistan
coastal waters and areas is necessary. The
Pakistan Maritime Force, Karachi Port Trust,
Coast Guards and the Pakistan Navy have a
critical role in ensuring this.
10.9 Dam Burst
Pakistan has a limited history of burst dams
with the most serious incident occurring in the
neighbouring district of Gwadar where the
Shadi Kaur storage dam on the Shadi Kaur
River burst in a flash flood and caused heavy
losses to the Makran Coastal Highway and to
settlements downstream. The maintenance
and operation of the existing Hub Dam, the
proposed Hingol and Windar Dams, and other
future dams is, therefore, important.
Key Issues
The district is situated in the hot
tropics and is also affected by global
warming.
Most of the population in the district is
rural and is dependent on agriculture,
livestock, coastal fisheries and
industry. The people have to work
hard, often under the sun, for their
livelihood, and are, therefore,
vulnerable to dangers from heat.
High humidity in the coastal areas
compounds the effect of heat.
A large section of society cannot
afford proper clothing and other gear,
due to poverty, which can help
alleviate some of the damaging effects
of heat.
The designs of the dams should use the
experience of floods during the last 100 years.
It is also important that development of
permanent infrastructure including settlements
and roads is not allowed within the original
width of the riverbed downstream after
construction of a dam. All dam structures
including gates of spillways should be
maintained regularly.
Measures
10.10 Excessive Heat/
Heat Wave
2. The Health Department will monitor the
situation and advise people regarding
precautionary measures and treatment
through electronic and print media.
People working in open under the sun and
those living in urban areas may be at greater
130
risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave,
and excessive heat can be deadly. Conditions
that can induce heat-related illnesses include
stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor
quality of housing or work conditions.
1. The Meteorological Department will warn
the people about excessive heat and heat
waves.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
11. Information Management
and Communication
The vision is for the free flow of all kinds
of information from government agencies
to the masses, specific target groups and
other users. Setting up of a
comprehensive GIS- based database and
a website for the district are envisioned
for wide dissemination of information.
It is important that people are able to
obtain information that they require;
information is also essential for
maintaining transparency and public
sector accountability.
Information refers to all aspects and
sectors: the social sector, NRM sectors,
environmental parameters, sustainable
development; policies, plans, programmes
and projects; statistics, data, research
papers and studies; the positions of the
federal, provincial and local governments
on any controversial issue; and information
needed by people in their daily life such as
laws, rules, regulations, orders, public
sector systems, procedures and formalities.
Information is also needed by the public for
livelihood opportunities including
employment, technology and investment.
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Information management at the district, tehsil
and union council levels is almost nonexistent. While it exists at the provincial level,
it is not adequate. Timely and direct
clarification provided by public sector
agencies motivates the public to participate in
public sector-led programmes, projects and
activities.
In order for the GIS to evolve into a proper
Decision Support System, it must have as
many data layers as needed. GIS application
can help in sustainable development,
sustainable management of natural resources
and environmental protection; and in planning,
management, monitoring and evaluation of
programmes and projects.
The Statistical Cell in the Planning and
Development Department is now active after a
long period of dormancy and compiles
Balochistan Development Statistics annually,
which contain district specific information at
the apex level. Coverage of education, health,
agriculture and livestock sector statistics is
comparatively better than for other sectors.
Inadequate and outdated information on the
Planning and Development Department
website is also an issue.
In order to computerize and handle the
enormous amount of data at the provincial
level, a basic Geographic Information System
has been established to meet the overall
needs of the province. A comprehensive GISbased database is also required at the district
level that is connected to all district heads as
well as to the provincial database. Such a
network would enhance the efficiency of the
district administration manifold.
The Balochistan Education Management
Information System (BEMIS) and the
Balochistan Health Management Information
System (BHMIS) have established a system at
the provincial level for spatial/temporal data
manipulation and decision making with nodes
at the district level. This is useful for planning,
management and monitoring and must also
be used optimally at the district level.
Public Access to information: If they are to
demand quality services, consumers need
access to the following information:
What they should be entitled to in
terms of service delivery from the
different tiers of government, including
the types, standards, and funds
allocated for service delivery, and their
performance benchmarks in the
district.
The role of government officials in
service delivery.
Computerization is crucial for efficiency,
accuracy, and cost effectiveness as well as for
developing management information systems
that can help in appropriate and speedy
decision-making. Fortunately, it is now affordable
and institutions today can use information
technology to enhance their efficiency.
The role of public representatives in
service delivery and their responsibility
for provision of education, health and
WatSan services.
Where and how to complain if
services are not adequately provided.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer a
set of effective tools to increase efficiency in
decision-making, transparency, and
demonstrate public accountability. All over the
world, the use of this technology at the
municipal level has shown highly successful
results in handling diverse data of various
scales. Even in Pakistan, pilot projects that
have used the GIS facility, have produced
remarkable results. The GIS system of TMA,
Jaranwala is one such example.
All levels of government √ federal,
provincial, and local √ need to ensure
that the public gets adequate
information regarding its rights.
Information can be provided in the
following ways:
Educational, Health, WatSan and all
other service provider agencies be
required to display public information
on the services they are supposed to
HMIS data can also be used to decide to take
timely decisions regarding drug procurement
and supply to health facilities, health
education on current pandemics, as well as
for support staff supervision. These systems if
used correctly can come up with data aligned
with implementation of MDGs targets.
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11.1 Means of
Communication
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Jetty at Dam Bundar
deliver, including the names and
attendance of staff members, e.g.,
teachers and doctors, as well as
monthly revenues and expenditures.
District, tehsil and union council plans
and budgets, allocations for service
providers, sector-wise expenditure,
and performance reports should be
published and disseminated. Local
media can help in presenting and
discussing service delivery-related
issues with the help of the provincial
government.
Service delivery policies, standards,
avenues for complaint, budget
allocations, and comparative service
delivery performance in districts
should be publicized through media
such as television, radio, and the
national and regional press.
While a local radio station and local
newspapers would be the ideal
mediums to disseminate information,
these do not exist in Lasbela or in any
other district. It is crucial to develop
local channels for dissemination that
are independent of the establishment;
otherwise public messages may be in
danger of distortion by local
bureaucracy and politicians. It is often
the local media that ensures
accountability at the local level, as has
happened in many countries.
The information that is disseminated
must be free of party politics to
establish its credibility. Bulletins and
other materials that relay information
should have a standard design and
logo for visibility and recognition.
Creating Demand is another way. This is to
create a direct link between user fees, local
taxation and service delivery as under:
Retaining user fees and spending
them locally. User fees collected
should be retained and spent by their
respective service providers, who
should be guided by User
Committees. This would ensure that
public money spent on services
contributes to the services that the
public receives.
Providing information on how user
fees and local revenues are spent.
Service providers and local
governments should be required to
publish statements on how the user
fees or local revenues are spent. The
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Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
public needs to be aware of the role
of both locally raised revenues and
user fees, and be encouraged to ask
how its taxes or user fees are being
spent.
Public sector agencies do not provide
information directly and pro-actively to
the people regarding their policies,
plans, programmes, and projects, nor
do they convey the cooperation
required from the public. Participation
and contribution of stakeholders and
people in programmes and projects
suffers due to a lack of sharing of
information. These factors also lead to
a lack of transparency.
Data produced for public
consumption is not readily available.
Most of the information is in English,
which automatically excludes the
masses and therefore their critical
participation.
The district lacks web-based
integrated information management
(for all sectors or for any individual
sector), making the use of available
information for planning, management
and monitoring impossible, especially
for an integrated project or
programme.
There is low use of computers and
very little use of GIS technology at the
district level.
Demand for services can be generated
by subsidizing many of the costs of
accessing these services directly.
Key Issues
Lack of reliable water and sanitation
data is a major hurdle in service
delivery. The relevant staff in the
service departments is unaware even
of the presence and operation of most
of the water and sanitation schemes
in their areas.
Underlying the problem of poor
information management is the weak
demand for information, because
implementers and managers have
limited capacity and incentive to use
this information. The first is due to
limited managerial skills and the
second to the fact that managers have
little real autonomy to make decisions
or incentive to perform, and therefore,
to use information effectively.
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
134
Mobile tower at Zero Point coastal highway, Uthal
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
There is a tendency to withhold
information and not share it, either
horizontally within organizations or
with other stakeholders;
Data and information is not
adequately used in planning and
implementation.
The credibility of government
agencies regarding accuracy of
information is questionable. Rumours
take place in the absence of timely
and accurate information from
government agencies.
Measures
1. The key areas of information for
dissemination will be identified, and
efficient systems for information
dissemination will be developed and
operated.
2. Public sector agencies and other
stakeholders will promote effective
communication in the district through:
Electronic and Print media, especially
radio and Urdu newspapers
Bulletins pasted at conspicuous
places in government offices, public
sector institutions such as schools,
colleges and hospitals and other
healthcare facilities, bus stands,
courts, post offices, markets etc.
Bulletin distribution with newspapers
Local announcements by drum
beaters
Development and maintenance of an
official common district website for all
government agencies working in or at
the district level, and linking with
websites of relevant government
departments, NGOs, CSOs, and
private sector organizations such as
the Lasbela Chamber of Commerce
and Industry
Information booths at social
gatherings and cultural events
3. The information gap between the
government and the masses will be
bridged and the masses will be
continuously updated. The District
Administration will distribute hand-outs
and district level departments will develop
and disseminate targeted materials and
information through periodic bulletins.
4. Coverage and access to the radio will be
extended, especially in remote rural areas.
Relevant Lasi, Sindhi and Urdu
programmes from radio and television will
be presented, which will provide
information and raise awareness of
grazers, farmers and others.
5. An official website for all government
agencies in the district will be developed
and maintained.
6. Issues such as the likely crisis of
groundwater depletion will be addressed;
active participation in the 2011 Population
Census will be promoted; participation in
the design and planning of mega and
large projects will be sought; human
resources will be developed and
employment opportunities explored; SMEs
will be planned and developed;
environmental issues will be addressed;
technology and other innovations will be
promoted; heritage will be conserved; and
campaigning against societal problems
will take place through raising awareness
and dissemination of information.
7. The Integrated Development Vision (IDDV)
of Lasbela District will be translated into
Urdu and copies will be distributed to key
stakeholders and implementing agencies
including all educational institutions,
public offices, NGOs, provincial
departments and relevant federal
ministries and agencies.
8. All topographical sheets and other district
maps and thematic data linked to maps to
users will be digitized, printed and
disseminated. This will help improve
efficiency and quality of decision-making
as well as the performance of government
agencies and partner organizations.
9. A comprehensive land use map of the
district will be developed from appropriate
satellite images.
10. The information needs of all target groups
and stakeholders will be fulfilled.
135
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
11. The use of information technology will be
promoted.
12. E-mail service in public sector agencies
and in towns and villages where electricity
and telephone facilities are available will
be promoted, introduced or expanded as
required.
13. Information centres will be set-up at the
district, tehsil and union council levels.
14. A GIS-based database and website-based
information system will be developed and
operated at the district level for
dissemination of various kinds of
information.
136
15. The use of newspapers as a means of
communicating information, made
interesting with pictorials, graphics,
cartoons, etc. will be promoted.
16. Television coverage will be extended
televisions will be supplied in common
meeting places for communities in remote
rural areas (separately for men and
women) at subsidised rates or even free,
for communal use.
17. Community organization-managed local
broadcasting units at tehsil and district
levels will be promoted.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
12. Implementation
The real value of this document is in the
implementation of priority programmes
and projects by all implementing agencies
and stakeholders for their part in the
flexible District Action Plan.
12.1 Priority Programmes and
Projects
The priority programmes and projects
envisioned in the IDDV are:
1. Improving coverage and quality of
education, health, WatSan, electricity,
gas and other services.
2. Surface water development by
developing mega and small storage
and recharge dams respectively
including early completion of Windar
and Hingol Dams, with environmental
safeguards including the environmental
flow to estuaries and mangroves; and
controlling depletion of ground water
by shifting subsidy on agricultural tube
wells to technology based efficient
irrigation systems (drip, bubbler,
sprinkler), land levelling, water
137
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
management including insulated channels
or PVC pipes; fruits and crops
diversification to include the low delta
demand; and controlling water pollution
from municipal discharge and industrial
effluents.
3. Expanding, modernizing and
commercializing the agriculture sector
including the use of efficient irrigation
systems; improved inputs, i.e., seeds, fruit
planting stock, manure and natural and
chemical fertilizers, agricultural machinery
and equipment, integrated pest
management (IPM), appropriate
agricultural pre- and post-harvesting
practices; expanding floriculture;
improving coordination between research
and extension and outreach of the latter;
improving marketing information and
facilities (early completion and operation
of Agriculture Market at Uthal), and
facilitating access to credit.
4. Modernizing and commercializing the
livestock sector by developing dairy
farms; improving breeds, health and feed
of livestock; procurement of and cross
breeding with high yielding milk, and beef
and meat breeds (using proven sires and
artificial insemination); expansion of area
under fodder crops, and development of
rangelands and managing sustainable
grazing; and improving coverage of
vaccination, de-worming and treatment of
livestock; and partnership between public
and private sectors and communities with
guaranteed equity in benefit sharing with
communities.
5. Further developing poultry farming to its
optimum potential.
6. Conserving and sustainably utilizing the
coastal fisheries and mangroves for
subsistence and livelihood of coastal
communities by establishing best
practices.
7. Further expanding the industrial base with
greater focus on SMEs and improving the
environmental friendliness of industries at
hub, Windar, Zero Point, etc.
138
8. Promoting natural resources (e.g. fruits,
vegetables, livestock, poultry and
fisheries) based small and medium
enterprises.
9. Further exploration and expanding
exploitation and value addition of
minerals, and asking for strengthening of
the Balochistan Directorate General of
Minerals and Mining as a first step.
10. Realizing the huge potential of nature and
culture tourism and ecotourism.
11. Developing the skills and aptitude of the
labour force by launching intensive human
resource development initiatives for
promoting SMEs and livelihoods.
12. Protecting and rehabilitating natural
forests and raising and maintaining forest
plantations of multipurpose and low delta
demanding trees on marginal lands or as
agro-forestry.
13. Conserving and sustainably using of
wildlife and protected areas on scientific
lines though management planning and
implementation with community
participation.
14. Environmental protection including
controlling air, water, noise, soil, land,
coast and sea pollution; safe disposal of
sewerage and industrial effluents, solid
waste, hospital waste and industrial waste.
15. Master planning and up-gradation of all
existing large settlements and proactive
planning of new medium sized
settlements, especially near the industrial
and trading estates, and centres of
commerce and trade.
16. The five priority sectors in the district in
accordance with trends in allocation of
funds through PSDP during three years
(2008-2011) in descending order are
Roads, Education, Irrigation, Drinking
Water and Power. Reprioritisation of
investments is required for boosting
health, WatSan, agriculture, livestock and
rangelands, fisheries, wildlife and
protected areas, tourism and watershed
and forestry sectors.
17. Developing natural resource sectors,
especially agriculture, livestock and
poultry, coastal fisheries, mineral and
mining, wildlife and protected areas,
tourism, health, WatSan, and human
resource development for SMEs and
livelihoods.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
18. Improving governance by strengthening
institutions, enhancing capacities of
individuals, turning political interference
into positive involvement, improving intraagency and inter-agency coordination and
horizontal information flow, especially to
masses, establishing a one-window
effective complaints and grievance
mechanism in the office of the Deputy
Commissioner/DCO, establishing a
comprehensive data base at the district
level with nodes to all district offices,
displaying transparency, introducing an
effective monitoring and accountability
system, ensuring objectivity and results,
curbing corruption, malpractices and
delays, promoting participatory and
consultative decision making, planning
and management mechanisms, and
providing an enabling environment for the
public sector agencies, the private sector,
NGOS, academia and the media.
19. Seizing the opportunity of development of
Lasbela District as a twin satellite of
Karachi, as has happened in the case of
industry, and proactively planning its
growth and development accordingly.
12.2 Institutional
Development
fisheries, water, transport, business,
tourism)
Media (print and electronic)
Academia (education and research
organizations)
12.2.2 Indirect Stakeholders
Transporters from outside the district
Fruit and vegetable-related SME
investors from outside the district
Livestock traders
Other traders from outside the district
Public Sector
Governance at the district, tehsil and local
levels has suffered due to a half-heartedly
implemented devolution plan. In January 2010
the local government system was reversed to
provincial management but the shape of the
future system has not been finalised. There is
also the issue of quantity versus quality of
staff due to due to political expediency for
providing employment. The dependence and
expectation of the workforce on white-collar
jobs adds to the problem.
District Administration and public
sector agencies at the district, tehsil
and union council levels
Tehsil level municipal bodies
Union council local bodies
A complete overhaul of the mandates,
priorities, structures, systems and procedures
of all public sector agencies at the district
level is required through SWOT analyses and
a Management and Programme Review. This
will improve their internal structure, enabling
an improved environment, efficiency and
effectiveness. It is also important that
participatory planning and management be
made an integral part of the future system.
Provincial Government
Private Sector
Federal Government
WAPDA
National Highway Authority
Civil Society Organisations
Communities
The private sector is very prominent in district
Lasbela because of the industrial
characteristics in south-eastern Lasbela
including Hub Industrial & Trading Estate
(HITE), Windar Industrial & Trading Estate, the
Bela-Uthal Industrial & Trading Estate, Gadani
Shipping Industries, Marble City, and the
mining sector.
Private sector (industry, mining,
agriculture, livestock, poultry,
12.2.1 Key Stakeholders
However, management, pollution, workers»
safety and occupational health are weak
except for multinational industrial enterprises.
139
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
The private sector is also involved in
commercial agriculture e.g. orchards, coastal
fisheries, poultry farming, livestock, commerce
and trade, transport and development of
infrastructure.
Although interaction with the government
appears well defined, it is less than ideal. The
interaction of the private sector with nongovernment organizations is minimal. The
profit motive prevails and there is little or no
concept of corporate social responsibility
(CSR). The apathy of the private sector
regarding the impact of pollution, in particular
effluents impacting the residents of Hub Town
and the water bodies in the area, is of great
concern to the people and environmentalists.
Generally, the private sector is blamed for not
employing the local population from
Balochistan; however, the sector has identified
problems with local labour being unskilled and
inefficient. They prefer to employ skilled labour
from other regions to ensure that the industry
continues to function.
The solution lies in creating a mechanism to
train local people in the skills needed by the
private sector. The process should start with a
training needs identification, establishing
appropriate vocational training centres, and
attracting and motivating the potential labour
force to such trainings.
Some progress has been made and a smallscale collaborative mechanism between the
Lasbela Chamber of Commerce and HITE is
operational.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Many civil society organizations or NGOs
(international, national, provincial and CBOs)
are active in Lasbela District including IUCN,
WWF-P, SPO, and NRSP. Their role can be
enhanced greatly in the district but they would
need support in capacity building and funding
for interventions.
Community Based Organizations
(CBOs)
The useful role of CBOs is a neglected area so
far. The networks of NRSP and SPO in
Lasbela District are comparatively better.
140
Devolution incorporated the Citizens»
Community Boards (CCBs). There are also
some CSO alliances, which provide
membership to CBOs. It is difficult for the
umbrella or apex CSOs to reach all target
groups and areas. It would help the CSOs,
NGOs as well as government agencies and
communities if additional CBOs or CCBs were
established to cover the remaining areas and
generate the resources for their functions and
interventions.
Academia
Despite a rich cultural heritage, the
strengthening of academic, educational and
research institutions has remained weak. The
contribution of academia is limited mainly due
to lack of coordination amongst the various
educational and research institutions.
The establishment of the University of Lasbela
Uthal is however a great accomplishment and
focuses on marine sciences.
Research, especially in natural resources
(agriculture, fisheries, livestock & rangelands,
coastal resources, mining) is the mandate of
the provincial government. WAPDA, IWRS,
Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), Pakistan
Agriculture Research Council (PARC)/National
Agriculture Research Centre (NARC), Cotton
Research Institute, NHI, are some of the
federal organizations and institutions that are
engaged in research for their own needs.
Media
The growth of media in the country especially
the electronic media has also catalysed the
growth and development of media persons in
the district although local patriarchal customs
and traditions hinder women from performing
an active role in the media. While the
efficiency and speed of delivery of information
by media has increased tremendously, its
accuracy, freedom from biases and
comprehensiveness in reporting are not at the
desired level. There is a need to build
capacity, especially in investigative journalism,
of people working in media.
Capacity Building
Capacity building is at two levels, (1)
institutional strengthening and (2)
development of the competencies of the
individual workers. Institutional capacity
building aimed at understanding and
implementing the devolved system to take
Q IUCN, Nadeem Mirbahar
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Poster competition organised on World Environment Day at the Lasbela University
forward the development process was
undertaken but was only partly successful.
Capacity building was emphasised during the
early days of Devolution through the
Devolution Support Programmes funded by
the multilateral and bilateral donor agencies
and also included capacity building of the
elected representatives.
Information dissemination through
publications is difficult due to the low level of
literacy in the district. Civil society
organisations can help in dissemination of
information and public education through their
programmes and activities but they will need
orientation, capacity building and finances.
The media can also play a useful role in this
regard.
A social capital development programme will
be established for the work force to acquire
skills, especially for jobs in construction
material making units, mining, tourism,
agricultural engineering, commercial
agriculture and livestock, poultry farming and,
agricultural engineering.
Enhancing Competencies of staff
Attendance, mind-set and attitudes,
understanding of the job and responsibilities,
competency to do the assigned task, an
enabling environment and motivation provided
by the government agency all impact
performance. However, these are not
considered important enough to develop
capacity building programmes.
The major thrust of the trainings in Lasbela
will be on the development of organisational
capabilities for elected representatives.
Training of all government department staff
will be implemented through a crash-training
programme for which a training-needs
assessment will be conducted to determine
the scope and size of the training programme.
The provincial government will take the lead in
such an initiative for the whole province to
prepare and deliver an effective training
programme at the district level.
Building Social Capital
Lasbela district is endowed with natural and
human resources and is also the most
industrially developed. The district has the
scope to develop water, tourism,
agribusinesses, trade and commerce, inland,
coastal and marine fisheries as well as
livestock. A great diversity of skills is required
for supporting the industry and mining locally
and harnessing its full potential.
141
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
However, demand and supply of labour force
are mismatched due to lack of required skills in
the local labour force. As a result, the industries
in Hub, Windar, Gadani and Marble City have
employed a significant number of workers from
outside the district and the province.
The social indicators in the district are low
and poverty prevails in the rural areas.
Although agriculture is a traditional source of
livelihood the local labour force is not
adequately engaged in it due to lack of skills.
Poultry and the expanded mining sector are
the new endeavours of the private sector in
the district but there has been little attention
paid to developing the labour force for the
network.
Q IUCN, Shah Murad Aliani
Coastal fishery is still very traditional and has
not benefitted from contemporary
developments, mainly due to the status quo in
fishing skills and lack of gear. The district has
the potential to establish and expand food
processing (fruits, vegetables and poultry and
fish products), tourism, mining, etc., but this is
impossible given the currently available
human resources and skills. The commercial,
industrial and mining businesses in Lasbela
require professional staff qualified in business
finance and accounts, in addition to technical
areas. So far industrial and commercial
establishments have been obliged to hire
142
Avicennia marina mangrove forest at Wad Bundar, Hingol National Park
labour from outside the district as the local
people are unskilled.
Lasbela is at the threshold of major economic
changes that will require a large and skilled
work force. Concerted efforts will be taken to
invest in the development of human capital to
tap employment opportunities arising in
various sectors. Technical, professional and
vocational training facilities will be created and
expanded to meet the demand.
Vocational and technical training centres
either do not exist or rarely provide training
that could help in finding jobs. They are also
ineffective mainly due to lack of up-gradation
to match the market demand for skills and
lack of qualified instructors, training materials
and equipment.
No study has been made of the existing and
emerging labour market in Lasbela District.
Nor is there any commercial, financial and
business education institution in Lasbela.
These institutions will be set up on a fast track
to provide professional and technical
education and training to the people of
Lasbela to allow them to compete for and
access the new and relatively better-paid jobs.
Fishing is a complex subject and there are
wide variations among fishermen, fishing
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
crafts and the harvest they seek. Fish and fish
product processing takes place outside the
district i.e. at Karachi.
According to the Fisheries Department,
fishermen are not aware of the modern
techniques of fishing. The need for a
Fishermen»s training institute has in the past
been highlighted by various fisheries
development projects since there are no
training facilities for fishermen is the district
Any such initiative requires a needs
assessment to identify the various types of
fishermen, mole agents and fish processors
and the areas that need training.
Post-harvest losses in fisheries are considered
an important problem that affects the income
of fishermen. Another cause is the techniques
in fish handling practices and post-harvest
processing until sale of harvest, which varies
with the type of fish.
A vast majority of the fishermen are neither
literate nor have time to attend the training
because of their rigorous working hours and
gruelling work conditions. They perceive time
spent on training to be unproductive, since it
does not immediately bring in revenue for
them. Short training programmes might be
one way of encouraging them to come.
Arranging short training programmes
accordingly will be one solution. Mole agents
will also to be trained to make them aware of
WTO regulations and export regulations and
requirements.
12.3 Action Planning
Action Plan
The District Administration and district heads
of departments will work closely to develop
their five-year organizational Action Plans
according to their capacities and expected
financial resources. These will be consolidated
into a cohesive District Action Plan.
Monitoring and impact assessment of
sustainability of the district will be an essential
part of the Action Plan.
The District Administration and district heads
of departments will push the provisions of the
Plan into the planning and resource
generation process, working closely with the
provincial and federal governments, donors
and NGOs and would also make use of the
various federal and provincial programmes
and projects for implementation of the IDDV.
Action Plan Strategy
The implementation strategy is short-term,
medium-term and long-term as explained
below:
Short Term: A five-yearly flexible First IDDV
Action Plan, coinciding with the Five Year Plan
2010-2015 of the government, will be
developed to implement the short-term
measures to suit the capacities and financial
resources available. The implementation of the
Action Plan will be monitored annually to
identify and address major constraints in
implementation. Its mid-term impact on
sustainability of the district will be assessed in
the third year of implementation to see its
effectiveness and assess for course
correction, if needed. In that case, the relevant
parts of the plan will be revised. However,
revision is not necessary in the parts of the
Action Plan, which have not been
implemented as yet.
Medium Term: Implementation of the
medium-term measures in the various sectors
along with the un-implemented parts of the
First Plan will be included in the five-yearly
flexible Second IDDV Action Plan for 20152020. The monitoring and assessment
process mentioned above will continue under
the guidance of the IDDV Steering Committee.
Long Term: The throw forward from the First
and Second Plans and the long-term
measures will be included in the five-yearly
flexible Third IDDV Action Plan for 2020-2025.
The monitoring and assessment process will
continue as mentioned above.
The IDDV may be revised in 2025, in case the
situation, issues and options to address the
issues have changed significantly and additional
opportunities have been created by that time.
Funding will remain the main constraint in the
implementation of the IDDV. While the district
generates significant revenue, it needs a major
share of the revenue for maintenance alone,
apart from a budget for development, which
helps to generate additional assets, capacities
and revenue. Since the district has great
potential in this regard, it is important that it
143
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
should get adequate allocations from the
revenue budget as well as a sufficient share of
the GST. This will help avoid degeneration of
its capacity and generate enough revenue, as
well as an adequate development budget, to
enable it to maximize its development
potential.
A balance between society, community, and
the economy, and nature and the environment,
is key to sustainable development. The
present lack of sustainability in Lasbela is due
to ad hoc and unplanned economic growth
that is occurring without any assessment of its
impact on society, nature and the
environment. In addition, there is no balance
between population and resources and
depletion of natural resources due to
unsustainable use.
Lasbela District needs a balanced growth
model, despite its resources and capacity
constraints. Such a model also suits the
various public sector agencies whose
contribution will be needed to prioritize and
share financial resources. For example, the
major investments in the public sector have
been on roads and other infrastructure, with
very low or no investment left over for natural
resources and the social sector.
Opportunities of scale also exist including
corporate farming, which uses technology and
reduces production; transportation and
marketing costs and can involve the
community. Cooperative farming or
shareholding will be encouraged in corporate
farming programmes. The federal and
provincial governments will provide policy and
legal frameworks and incentives to facilitate
the environment such as the subsidized flat
rate tariff on agricultural tube wells, a joint
policy decision by the federal and provincial
governments and WAPDA with short-term
benefit to agriculturists (although it had longterm repercussions on the ground water).
144
Devolution involved decentralization of
responsibility for provincial governments,
which should have led to revenue generation;
however, Lasbela District»s significant potential
for this was not realised. Lasbela, as well as
other districts, were not independent
administratively or economically. The formula
of the Provincial Finance Commission (PFC)
for distribution of finances among districts did
not take into consideration the criteria of
revenue generation or population. The position
of Lasbela District is analogous to Karachi
District, where revenue generation is one of
the criteria.
A complete overhaul of the mandates,
priorities, structures, systems and procedures
of all public sector agencies at the district
level will be undertaken, informed by their
SWOT analysis, and Management and
Programme Reviews.
In addition:
Incentive for corruption will be
reduced significantly with higher
salaries, fringe benefits, and better
conditions of employment.
Information sharing regarding public
sector programmes, projects, roles
and responsibilities of public sector
agencies and their specific staff, as
well as procedures, establishment of a
one-window operation and complaint
redressing systems will help in
improving the transparency and
accountability.
Opening the close departmental
committees and forums to the
representatives of stakeholders will
also be helpful in this regard.
Senior officers will be encouraged and
supported to be good role models in
terms of efficiency, conduct,
transparency and accountability.
Negative political interference will be
discouraged, which negates merit,
efficiency and good conduct of staff,
rather encourages favouritism and
nepotism, and supports corruption.
Dissemination of the IDDV and
the Action Planning Process
Copies of the IDDV will be provided to all
implementing agencies and stakeholders to
enable them to develop their Action Plans and
milestones, keeping in view their capacities
and availability of financial resources. IUCN
will provide assistance with action planning for
the relevant departments. The Action Plans of
the individual departments and agencies will
be consolidated into a District Action Plan.
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 21: Actual PSDP Allocation61 (Original) for Lasbela District (2008-09)
350
300
2008-09
250
2009-10
2010-11
200
150
100
50
BC
D
A
BD
A
&H
Fi
sh
er
ie
s
PP
En
v
Li
ve
st
oc
k
W
at
er
H
ea
lth
LG
&R
D
C
ul
tu
re
SW
&W
D
Ag
ri
C
om
m
In
d
&
Po
w
er
PH
E
Irr
ig
Ed
u
Ro
ad
s
0
Source: Public Sector Development Programmes
12.4 Institutional
Arrangements
These committees will also develop their
Terms of Reference (ToRs) and Procedures of
Business for systematic working.
The district administration will involve all
stakeholders in implementation of the IDDV
through an IDDV-Steering Committee (IDDVSC), which will oversee and guide the
implementation. The IDDV-SC will be headed
by the DCO and will comprise of
representatives from key public sector
agencies, politicians, religious leaders, tribal
elders, and the private sector including the
Zamindar Action Committee, industries, mining,
fisheries, livestock, poultry, tourism, transport,
LCCI&E, civil society organizations, academia
and the media. The Steering Committee will
meet every quarter at the beginning and every
six months later on, or on an as-needed basis.
The SC will nominate the Secretary of the
Committee for coordination, who will also be
the focal person for implementation.
The district administration will seek the
assistance of credible and interested
international organizations such as IUCN to
help facilitate implementation of the IDDV
including its action planning of IDDV and
promotion of best practises in governance,
and planning and management of natural
resources.
The SC will form a Management Committee to
address implementation issues and ensure
coordination, monitoring and feedback. This
Committee will be headed by an official
nominated by the SC and will comprise of key
implementing agencies, and will report back
to the SC.
61
Allocation in Million Rs.
12.5 Investment Trends
An overview of last three fiscal years» (2008,
2009 and 2010) actual PSDP fund allocation in
different sectors for Lasbela District is given in
Figure 18.
A comparative analysis of actual total PSDP
fund allocation (for years 2008, 2009 and
2010) in different sectors for Lasbela District is
given in Figure 19.
A comparison of five higher actual
investments in Lasbela District for the year
2010-2011 is given in Figure 20.
145
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
A comparison of low actual investments in
Lasbela District for the year 2010-2011 is
given in Figure 21.
4082.411 million (2008-09), Rs. 3910.098
million (2009-10) and Rs. 5872.753 million
(2010-11).
A comparison of actual provincial PSDP fund
allocation in different sectors for the years
2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 is given in
Figure 22.
Provincial allocation is worth Rs. 510.984 million
for completion of all incomplete schemes in the
province for 2010-11. The allocation figures for
the incomplete schemes of Lasbela District are
not available on P&D website.
The above allocations do not include
allocations for other schemes worth Rs.
Figure 22: Combined Actual PSDP (Original) Allocation62 (2008-09 and 2010) for
Lasbela District
680
668.2
580
480
380
280
182.2
180
105.3
69.3
80
42
36.7
32.2
23.1
20.4
19.3
14.5
13
8
7.7
5.3
5.1
4.3
0.1
-20
s
ad
Ro
ig
Irr
u
Ed
E
PH
er
w
Po
d
In
&
m
m
Co
ri
Ag
re
ltu
Cu
D
&W
W
S
th
al
He
D
&R
LG
er
at
W
k
oc
st
ve
i
L
v
En
&H
PP
s
ie
er
sh
i
F
A
BD
DA
BC
Figure 23: Comparison of Five Higher Investments in Lasbela District 2010-11
350
300
Roads
250
200
150
100
50
0
Million Rs.
Source: Balochistan PSDP √ 2010-11 (Origional)
146
62
Allocation in Million Rs. and percentage
Edu
Irrig
PHE
Power
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Figure 24: Comparison of Low Investments in Lasbela District 2010-11
Culture
SW&WD
Health
Ind & Comm
Agri
LG&RD
Fisheries
25
20
15
10
5
0
Million Rs.
Source: Balochistan PSDP √ 2010-11 (Origional)
Figure 25: Sectoral PSDP Allocation63 (2008-09 and 2010-11) for Balochistan
4500
2008-09
Rs. in Million
4000
3500
2009-10
3000
2010-11
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
.
s
s
n
th
re
ev
ie
io
ad
al
ltu
er n D
at
h
c
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cu
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i
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r
F
Ed
om
Ag
W
&
re
fa
el
W
al
ci
So
t
k
er
t.
h.
er
rts
try tion
&H ning toc
en
ov
ec
ow
po
es
a
i
ow PP
m
T
s
r
p
G
g
S
P
e
n
i
o
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l
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v
o
F
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at
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&
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12.6 Resource Mobilization
and Efficient Use
The implementation of many elements of the
IDDV will not require significant financial
resources. For example, improvement in
governance requires a change in attitude and
behaviour, efficiency, enhancing information,
transparency and accountability, and
63
Allocation in Million Rs.
Sectors
improving policies, systems and procedures.
Prudent use of funds and reprioritization of
investment can result in freeing up significant
funds. The District Administration will
approach the provincial and federal
governments for funds as outlined within the
framework of the provincial Public Sector
Development Programme (PSDP) and the
federal Annual Development Programme, as
well as for other funds.
147
Lasbela Integrated Development Vision
Donors are expected to support the IDDV
programmes and projects that are compatible
with their priorities.
Financial resources will be tapped from the
following sources:
148
District specific PSDP
Provincial and federal projects
Donor funding (grants and soft loans)
directly or through the government
system or CSOs
Raising additional revenues at the
district level through taxes, levies,
rents and user charges in consultation
with the provincial government
The efficiency of financial resources
will be enhanced using the following
approach:
Right prioritisation in allocations in
PSDP
Prudent and efficient use of funds and
stringent control on spending
Balancing the budget between salary
of staff and activities
Bringing to light misappropriation of
funds, and addressing this swiftly and
appropriately.
12.7 Monitoring &
Evaluation
The various implementing agencies will
develop, in consultation with stakeholders,
their IDDV Implementation Plans with
milestones as well as indicators of
sustainability. The agencies will be supported
by IUCN in this exercise. A mechanism of
annual internal monitoring of implementation
and an external review of impacts regarding
sustainability (3-yearly) will be established and
implemented. The lessons learned will be
identified, documented and disseminated for
replication and scaling up.
The assessment of sustainability, based on
the selected indicators, will be reported to the
Steering Committee for further guidance or
adjustment in their Action Plans, milestones or
sustainability indicators.
Dera Ismail Khan Integrated Development Vision
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152
Quetta Integrated Development Vision
Annex 1: Un Millennium Development Goals
S. No.
1
Goal
Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger
Target
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than $1 a day
Achieve full and productive employment and decent
work for all, including women and young people
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger
2
Achieve universal primary
education
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and
girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
3
Promote gender equality and
empower women
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary
education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015
4
Reduce child mortality
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the
under-five mortality rate
5
Improve maternal health
Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
Achieve universal access to reproductive health
6
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseases
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS
Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for
HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases
7
Ensure environmental
sustainability
Integrate the principles of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a
significant reduction in the rate of loss
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and
basic sanitation
By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in
the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
8
Develop a global partnership for
development
Address the special needs of least developed countries,
landlocked countries and small island developing states
Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system
Deal comprehensively with developing countries» debt
In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide
access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries
In cooperation with the private sector, make available
benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
Source: UN (http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/index.shtml).
153