Marcia C. M. Marques Carlos E. V. Grelle Editors The Atlantic Forest History, Biodiversity, Threats and Opportunities of the Mega-diverse Forest Created for free by https://foxyutils.com The Atlantic Forest Created for free by https://foxyutils.com Marcia C. M. Marques • Carlos E. V. Grelle Editors The Atlantic Forest History, Biodiversity, Threats and Opportunities of the Mega-diverse Forest Created for free by https://foxyutils.com Editors Marcia C. M. Marques Department of Botany Federal University of Paraná Curitiba, PR, Brazil Carlos E. V. Grelle Department of Ecology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ISBN 978-3-030-55321-0 ISBN 978-3-030-55322-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7 (eBook) © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Created for free by https://foxyutils.com To all the environmentalists who defended the Atlantic Forest Created for free by https://foxyutils.com Chapter 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest Rodrigo Machado Feitosa, Maria Santina de Castro Morini, Aline Cristina Martins, Taís Mattoso de Andrade Ribeiro, Fernando Barbosa Noll, Eduardo Fernando dos Santos, Eliana Marques Cancello, and Joice Paulo Constantini Abstract Despite the outstanding diversity and ecological relevance of social insects in most terrestrial ecosystems, current knowledge of these insects in the Atlantic Forest is still somewhat dispersed in literature. In this chapter, we offer an overview covering the origin, evolution, diversity, functional composition, and distribution of all the eusocial species of ants, bees, wasps (Hymenoptera), and termites (Blattaria, Isoptera) known to occur in the Atlantic Forest. We compiled a database consisting of 1401 species distributed in 189 genera of the two insect orders assessed here. A total of 1250 species of social hymenopterans and 151 species of termites were here recorded for the Atlantic Forest. Additionally, we update the information regarding the state of knowledge, diversity gaps, and prospects for the eusocial insects of the Atlantic Forest. Considering the impressive richness presented in this compilation and the crucial role of social insects in the main ecological processes on Atlantic rainforest landscape, it became urgent to target those organisms in conservation actions and research. A thoughtful study on current, past, and future species distribution of social insects in the Atlantic Forest could indicate Electronic supplementary material: The online version of this chapter (https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. R. M. Feitosa (*) Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil M. S. de Castro Morini University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil A. C. Martins · T. M. de Andrade Ribeiro University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil F. B. Noll · E. F. dos Santos State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil E. M. Cancello · J. P. Constantini Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 M. C. M. Marques, C. E. V. Grelle (eds.), The Atlantic Forest, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55322-7_8 Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 151 152 R. M. Feitosa et al. priority areas for conservation and endangered species in different scales, including in face of climate change. Keywords Ants · Bees · Wasps · Termites · Eusociality · Checklist 8.1 Introduction Eusociality can be defined by cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adult individuals, and division of reproductive labor (Wilson and Hölldobler 2005b). This organizational level of animal sociality is a major evolutionary innovation involving adaptations in natural history, morphology, and behavior (Cardinal and Danforth 2011). While the origin of this behavior is still extensively debated (e.g., Johnstone et al. 2012; Legendre and Condamine 2018), eusociality is a widespread syndrome that has independently appeared in several lineages of insects, at least three times in crustaceans, and twice in mammals (Bourke 2011). Considering that reproductive potential is a basic premise of natural selection, the evolution and persistence of sterile individuals consist in a challenging biological paradox. In fact, even Darwin (1859), in his theory of natural selection, depicted the eusocial insects as a “special difficulty, which at first appeared to [him] insuperable, and actually fatal to the whole theory.” There have been several not mutually exclusive hypotheses proposed for the evolution of “worker behavior.” Wilson and Hölldobler (2005a) trace the origins of eusociality through a route that starts with solitary organisms acquiring benefits to group behavior, eventually leading to a “point of no return,” wherein certain individuals no longer have the physical ability to reproduce and only gain evolutionary fitness indirectly. In general, colonies of eusocial insects present marked differences between their castes, with queens and fertile males taking the roles of sole reproducers while soldiers, if present, defend the nest and workers forage and maintain resources for the colony (Wilson 1971). The insect order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) is the largest and most conspicuous animal group with eusocial species. The social behavior has arisen multiple times within the order, but most hymenopterans are solitary. Eusociality in Hymenoptera is largely attributed to the haplodiploid sex determination system (whereby females arise from fertilized diploid eggs and males arise from unfertilized haploid eggs). This system favors the altruistic behavior, since the relatedness between full-sibling sisters is greater than between a mother and her offspring in monandrous colonies. In this scenario, it would be more advantageous for a haplodiploid female to raise sisters rather than invest in its own offspring (Hamilton 1964a). The haplodiploid sex determination system, however, does not explain the evolution of the social behavior in all the eusocial insect lineages. Termites (Blattaria, Isoptera) are highly evolved diplodiploid social cockroaches. The origin of Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 153 eusociality in termites may be related to the fact that these organisms have been ancestrally living within their food, i.e., rotting wood (Thorne 1997). Also, termites present a complex mutualism with cellulose-digesting protozoans and bacteria, in which young individuals acquire these symbionts via anal trophallaxis. The primitively xylophagous habit and the physical dependence of adults to obtain their intestinal symbionts may have favored a longer permanence of brood within the shelter and, consequently, originated the colonial habit in termites (Nalepa 2010). Nevertheless, it is an open issue for termites. Although important as models for the study of origin and evolution of eusociality, hymenopterans and termites have also been extensively studied regarding their key ecological roles in most terrestrial ecosystems (Richter 2000; Lach et al. 2010; Ollerton et al. 2011; Ahmad et al. 2018). Among the Hymenoptera, bees have been long known as the most important pollinator agents in nature (Bailes et al. 2015), while ants and wasps play an essential role on the regulation of herbivorous insect populations, being also role models for the study of insect-plant interactions (New 2018). Termites are among the most important “soil engineers” in tropical and subtropical environments, with a fundamental impact on soil biophysicochemical processes in forests and grasslands (DeSouza and Cancello 2010). As one of the most diverse rain forests in the world (Mittermeier et al. 2004), the Atlantic Forest holds a significative number of social insect species (Brandão et al. 2000). However, our knowledge about this prominent portion of the fauna is somewhat fragmented since most comprehensive studies deal with more inclusive categories, as families or functional groups, in local or regional scales, and particular ecosystems (e.g., Gonçalves and Brandão 2008; Cancello et al. 2014; Santos et al. 2014, 2016; Silva and Brandão 2014; Ribeiro et al. 2019). In this chapter, we provide an overview on the origin, evolution, diversity, ecology, and biogeography of ants, eusocial bees and wasps, and termites. We also update the information regarding the state of knowledge, diversity gaps, and prospects for the eusocial insects of the Atlantic Forest. Finally, we present an unprecedented comprehensive list of the eusocial species of insects known to occur in this biome, based on records contained in scientific papers, online repositories, entomological collections, field endeavors, and unpublished surveys (Supplementary Table 8.1). Hopefully, the information presented here may support the creation of measures for species conservation and recovery plans of the Atlantic Forest, also representing the basis for future research on social insects in this biome. 8.2 8.2.1 Ants Origin and Evolution With their origin estimated in about 145 million years (Moreau and Bell 2013), ants are the most diverse group of social insects both in species richness and ecological roles (Hölldobler and Wilson 2008). Contrary to the related groups of Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 154 R. M. Feitosa et al. hymenopterans (bees and wasps), all ant species are truly eusocial and belong to a single insect family, Formicidae. Until the beginning of the twenty-first century, the knowledge about the phylogeny and evolution of ants was marked by the lack of consensus on the delimitation and internal relationships of the main ant lineages. This situation was mainly caused by the disagreement between the phylogenetic proposals of studies that had morphological data as their main source of evidence, not considering the potential for widespread anatomical convergence in different ant lineages, especially in the worker caste (Brown 1954; Baroni-Urbani et al. 1992; Grimaldi et al. 1997). Thanks to recent initiatives to reevaluate the morphological evidence in ant evolution (Bolton 2003; Keller 2011), a series of phylogenetic studies employing molecular data (Brady et al. 2006; Moreau et al. 2006; Rabeling et al. 2008; Ward et al. 2010, 2015; Schmidt 2013; Branstetter et al. 2017a, b), and the reinterpretation of fossil lineages based on recent discoveries (Dlussky et al. 2004; Engel and Grimaldi 2005; Perrichot et al. 2008, 2016; Barden and Grimaldi 2016), our knowledge of ant phylogeny has considerably improved. In this scenario, the outlines of ant evolutionary history are becoming gradually more apparent. Moreau et al. (2006), based on a lineage-through-time plot derived from a molecular phylogeny, found evidence for a significant increase in diversification rate of ants about 100 Mya, which corresponds to the rise of angiosperm dominance. However, Pie and Tschá (2009) argued that ant and flowering plants diversification are not related, since the pattern found by Moreau et al. (2006) could be an artifact of incomplete taxon sampling. The same authors (Pie and Tschá 2009) showed that closely related genera have diversities that are more similar to one another than one would expect by chance, suggesting that the capacity for diversification may be itself a biological trait that evolved during the radiation of ants, independently of the rise of angiosperms. Regarding the precise habitats and conditions favoring the rise of the most successful groups of social organisms on Earth, Lucky et al. (2013) tested the hypothesis that ants arose in the leaf litter (“Dynastic Succession Hypothesis” (Wilson and Hölldobler 2005b)), as well as the alternative “Out of the Ground” hypothesis that ants evolved in the soil and then, secondarily, colonized the leaflitter and the arboreal strata. By reconstructing the habitat transitions of crowngroup ants through time, focusing on where they nest and forage (in the canopy, litter, or soil), and based on ancestral character reconstructions, Lucky et al. (2013) showed that, in contrast to the arguments that ants evolved in tropical leaf litter, the soil is supported as the ancestral stratum of all ants. 8.2.2 Diversity and Biogeography With more than 13,500 species described in about 330 genera (Bolton 2019), ants are one of the most ubiquitous and widespread groups of animals on Earth. Some estimates suggest that ant total diversity in the globe could exceed 25,000 species Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 155 (Wilson 2003), and although this represents less than 1% of all insect species known so far (May 1988), ants may represent at least 15% of total terrestrial animal biomass, including vertebrates (Fittkau and Klinge 1973). While it is common to emphasize how impressive is the diversity and ecological role of ants in most terrestrial biomes, not all ants share the same level of ecological dominance. Wilson (1976) explored the species diversity, geographical range, variety of adaptations, and local abundance of ants, concluding that three taxa – Camponotus, Pheidole, and Crematogaster – are the most prevalent ant genera worldwide, being the most conspicuous elements of the ant fauna in basically all biogeographic regions. Identifying the underlying causes of such high diversity, however, has been elusive. Wilson (1976) suggests that these three hyperdiverse genera have “conquered the World” not because they share distinctive morphological or behavioral traits, but because they are sufficiently different from one another to allow for their coexistence. Currently, there are 17 extant subfamilies of ants, but four of these – Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, and Ponerinae – account together for about 90% of all known species (Bolton 2019). Despite the studies focusing on the consequences of highly diverse ant clades, their causes such as variation in diversification rates are still superficially understood. Another poorly explored issue involves the relictual ant lineages, with a relictual lineage being defined as a clade showing disproportionately low species richness (often including only one or two species) when compared with other, closely related diverse lineages (e.g., the monotypic ant subfamilies Aneuretinae, Paraponerinae, and Martialinae). Using both analytical and simulation results to assess evolutionary scenarios that could lead to current levels of ant diversity, Pie and Feitosa (2016) found that, despite widespread in Formicidae, such relictual lineages are highly unlikely given constant rate models of speciation and extinction. They suggest that relictual taxa experienced differentially low extinction rates in relation to other contemporaneous lineages by adopting alternative ecologies or colonizing specific environmental strata or regions. In some cases, the breakup of the continents satisfactorily explains current distributions of ant lineages (e.g., Ward et al. 2010, 2015), with the world’s tropics harboring the highest diversity of ant species and biomass (Moreau and Bell 2013). Also, a latitudinal gradient has been observed in Formicidae, with diversity decreasing from the equator to the poles (Guénard et al. 2012). Coupling molecular phylogenetic data with an extensive fossil record and through biogeographic range reconstructions, Moreau and Bell (2013) found that the Neotropics, in particular, were considerably important in the early and continued evolutionary history and biogeography of ants. More specifically, the Neotropical region acted as a museum (where the major ant lineages appeared) and a cradle for continued ant diversification (as suggested by the current high species richness of the region). Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 156 8.2.3 R. M. Feitosa et al. Ecological Importance and Functional Composition With a total abundance estimated at more than 110 quadrillion (110,000,000,000,000,000) individuals (Hölldobler and Wilson 1994), ant numerical dominance is visibly reflected in their ecological importance. The main key ecological processes mediated by ants in most terrestrial ecosystems include physically and chemically modifying soil, regulating herbivore populations by predation, primarily or secondarily dispersing seeds, protecting plants against herbivores in obligatory or facultative associations, and engaging in mutualistic interactions with a myriad of other organisms (Lach et al. 2010). Ants are also a model of many mimetic assemblages among different insects and even other arthropods (Hölldobler and Wilson 2008). Along termites and earthworms, the effects of the underground activities of ants on soil and edaphic organisms gave them the title of “ecosystem engineers” (Folgarait 1998). In addition, because of their sensitivity to a range of disturbances, ants are commonly used as bioindicators in land management (Andersen and Majer 2004; Ribas et al. 2012). Most ants are omnivores, combining predation, scavenging animal carcasses, and consumption of plant-derived resources to a variable extent. Specialized hunters, granivores, primary consumers of plant diets, and even fungivores are also found among ant species (Stradling 1978). However, maybe the most remarkable food habit among ants can be observed in the fungus-farming species (Myrmicinae: Attini: Attina). Attine ants are endemic to the New World and obligately depend on the cultivation of fungus gardens for food. This dependence is so complete that, upon leaving the maternal nest, a young queen must carry within her mouth a fragment of fungus that serves as the starting culture for her new garden (Ihering 1898). Ant agriculture achieves its evolutionary apex in the leaf-cutting ants of the genera Acromyrmex and Atta, considered the dominant herbivores of the New World tropics, with colony populations that can exceed five million (5,000,000) individuals (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990). Different from more primitive fungus-farming ants that cultivate their fungus gardens on organic detritus, leaf-cutting ants have acquired the ability to cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as the nutritional substrate for their fungal cultivars (Schultz and Brady 2008). Because of their foraging and nesting strategies, leaf-cutter ants have a disproportionately large influence on ecosystem processes as soil physical and chemical characteristics and plant community composition (Swanson et al. 2019). 8.2.4 Representativeness and State of Knowledge of Ant Fauna from the Atlantic Forest The first ant species described and currently registered to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are present in the initial work of the zoological taxonomy, the Systema Naturae (1758) by Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), father of modern taxonomy. In Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 157 this work, among other ant species, Linnaeus described Atta sexdens (leaf-cutter ant), Cephalotes atratus (turtle ant), and Odontomachus haematodus (trap-jaw ant) are widely distributed and easily found in practically all Brazilian territory. Specifically, in the Atlantic Forest, the earliest ant records correspond to specimens collected by the German naturalists Hermann von Lüderwaldt and Hermann von Ihering, at the beginning of the twentieth century (Klingenberg and Brandão 2005). Currently, some of the most prolific myrmecological research groups in South America are established along the Brazilian coastal strip, within the domains of the Atlantic Forest. Among these, we highlight the two major ant collections in Latin America, the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP), in São Paulo, and the myrmecological collection of the Executive Planning Commission of Cocoa Farming (CEPLAC) in Bahia. Both collections together are the most representative not only for the Atlantic Forest but also to the Neotropical region as a whole, in number of type specimens and ant species, as well as for their geographic coverage. However, it is basically impossible to consider our knowledge on the Atlantic Forest ants without mentioning the monumental effort by the Biota-FAPESP project, coordinated by Dr. Carlos R. Brandão at MZUSP. In this project, researchers surveyed 26 regularly spaced Atlantic rainforest sites from the southern portion of the biome in the state of Santa Catarina to the northern limit of the Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Along each site 50 1-m2 leaf-litter samples were collected, and mini-Winkler apparatuses were used to extract the ant fauna. From this massive effort, authors obtained 530 ant species with more than 18,000 records and 1300 1-m2 samples of leaf litter in the 26 areas covered by the Atlantic Forest (Silva and Brandão 2014). Interestingly, a single ant species has proven to be, perhaps, one of the most common organisms of the rich soil macrofauna of the Atlantic Forest. The ant Strumigenys denticulata Mayr, 1887, (Fig. 8.1) was found in 2/3 of the leaf-litter/m2 samples of the biome (Silva and Brandão 2010). Fig. 8.1 Worker of Strumigenys denticulata (frontal and lateral views), the most frequent and widely distributed leaf-litter ant species in the Atlantic Forest (Silva and Brandão 2010). Scanning electron micrography by Lara M. Guimarães (Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo) Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 158 R. M. Feitosa et al. Contrary to the expected and most common pattern along latitudinal gradients, the Atlantic Forest leaf-litter ant communities show an inverse pattern in richness, with richer communities in higher than in lower latitudes. It may be due to the fact that an inverse latitudinal gradient in primary productivity and environmental heterogeneity across the Atlantic Forest may affect morphological diversity and species richness, enhancing species coexistence mechanisms and producing the inverse pattern observed (Silva and Brandão 2010, 2014). In this chapter, we compile the basic data record on the Atlantic Forest ant fauna contained in scientific papers and unpublished monographs. Since not all the identifications could be verified, the occurrences were used only when deemed credible (taxa already recorded from Brazil). Each entry in the table is backed by at least one published reference or data source (the most recent reference including the taxa). The species names’ validity and authority were verified in the AntCat platform (Bolton 2019). Species described as morphospecies and subspecies and specimens identified only to a level higher than species were not included in the checklist. As a result, in Supplementary Table 8.1, we list 977 species in 94 genera and ten ant subfamilies known to occur in the Atlantic Forest. The records presented here are though incipient and ephemerous considering that a massive compilation including online repositories, myrmecological collections, field endeavors, and unpublished surveys is being currently prepared and must considerably surpass the diversity recorded here to the ants of the Atlantic Forest (Rogério R. da Silva et al. – Atlantic Ants data paper, in prep.). 8.2.5 Knowledge Gaps and Prospects As seen, most of our knowledge on ant diversity in the Atlantic Forest is restricted to the leaf-litter stratum (Silva and Brandão 2014). Despite leaf-litter species in tropical forests may represent nearly 70% of the local ant diversity (Kaspari 1996), much still remains to be known about the processes that led to the impressive ant diversity in this stratum. With up to 30 ant species co-occurring in one square meter (Silva and Brandão 2010), the Atlantic Forest offers a unique scenario for future investigation in this field. In addition, only a few studies carried out in the Atlantic Forest have addressed the two “frontiers of knowledge” in myrmecology, the canopy and subterranean ant communities (e.g., Silva and Silvestre 2004; Schmidt and Solar 2010; Da Rocha et al. 2015). Studies on endemism rates and biogeography of Atlantic Forest ants are also incipient, and the extent to which endemism within the Atlantic Forest ant fauna is associated with particular environments or subregions is yet uncertain (but see Ströher et al. 2019). However, at least three ant genera are exclusively found within the Atlantic Forest domain: Anillidris (Dolichoderinae) and Phalacromyrmex (Myrmicinae), known to the submontane forests of the southern portion of the biome, and Diaphoromyrma (Myrmicinae), which only occurs in lowland forests of the Bahia state, Northeast Brazil. The fact that at least three genera are restricted to Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 159 the Atlantic Forest suggests that the number of ants endemic to the biome may be considerably high at the specific level. Ants also seem to be an interesting model to assessing the ancient biotic connections between the Amazon Forest and the Atlantic Forest (Ledo and Colli 2017), since many phylogenetic-related taxa are uniquely registered in both biomes (e.g., the myrmicine genera Cryptomyrmex and Oxyepoecus and the doryline Sphinctomyrmex). The true size of the Atlantic Forest ant fauna is without a doubt substantially higher than the 977 species that we have listed here. Some important ecosystems of the biome have not been intensively sampled for ants, as the highland grasslands and Araucaria forests of Southern Brazil and the lowland forests at northeast region. In addition, we still do not have efficient techniques to sample the canopy and subterranean ant assemblages. Nevertheless, the sampling effort that has already been conducted in these environments reveals high rates of species turnover between localities. It is also noteworthy that all the 13 ant species currently included in the Brazilian red list of the endangered fauna are exclusively found in the Atlantic Forest biome (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade 2018). As a global hot spot of biodiversity historically threatened by extensive anthropogenic disturbance, the preservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants is a high priority for maintaining ant biodiversity into the future. 8.3 8.3.1 Eusocial Bees Origin and Evolution The bees – one of the most charismatic group of insects – comprehend seven families in the superfamily Apoidea (Michener 2007), among which five occur in the Atlantic Forest. They present an expressive array of nesting places and behavior, sociality degrees, floral resource utilization, and morphology (Michener 2007). Every bee species depends on angiosperm flowers, for growing and developing during larval stage and to obtain energy during adult life (Wcislo and Cane 1996). Therefore, they maintain a close association with plants, especially eudicots, since their synchronous origin 125 Mya in the early Cretaceous (Cardinal and Danforth 2013). The intimate association with flowers differentiates bees from their closest relatives, the apoid wasps, which are mostly carnivore insects (Branstetter et al. 2017a, b). They evolved a series of morphological, behavioral, and physiological adaptations to locate, collect, and feed on floral pollen, nectar, or oil (Thorp 1979). However, the pollinivory per se was not the main driver of bee diversification (Murray et al. 2018). Instead, other factors such as the sociality found in several groups may have driven the enormous bee diversity when compared to their wasp relatives. Although the most well-known bees – honey bees, bumble bees and stingless bees – are social insects, most bee species are solitary. They obviously do not form Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 160 R. M. Feitosa et al. colonies, but solitary behavior mainly implies that each female bee is responsible for constructing her own nest and providing it with food, usually dying before the maturation of her offspring (Michener 2007). Many forms of sociality, i.e., intraspecific interactions related to brood care, evolved in different bee lineages (Danforth et al. 2013). On the other hand, eusociality is only found in the corbiculate bees in the family Apidae and is an ancient behavior traced back to Cretaceous (Cardinal and Danforth 2011). Michener (1979b) defines eusocial bees as those who live in colonies consisting of closely related females from two generations (mothers and daughters) of somewhat recognizable castes, i.e., egg layers (or queens) and workers. Meliponini (stingless bees) and Apis (honey bees) are often called “highly” or “advanced” eusocial. However, the multiple origins of eusocial behavior do not obey an evolutionary sequence, and “fixed-caste” eusocial is a more precise terminology (Almeida and Porto 2014). In a fixed-caste eusocial bee, the queen is not able to survive alone and starts her own nest as do the totipotent gynes of other corbiculates (Michener 1979b). 8.3.2 Diversity and Biogeography Unlike many insect groups, most of the 20,000 described species of bees prefer subtropical or temperate, xeric regions of the world, especially Mediterranean basin, Californian region, and Central Chile (Michener 1979a). Presumably, bees originated in xeric areas derived from Gondwana (South America or Africa) (Michener 1979a), although a modern treatment of bee biogeography based on phylogenetic comparative methods is lacking. The misbalanced number of species between xeric and humid areas could be partly explained by the ground-nesting behavior presented by most species. Not surprisingly, to escape from the threats of nesting in humid soil, bees occurring in tropical areas use waterproofing products (e.g., floral oils or resins) or nest inside wood (holes in trunks, bark, twigs) or construct aerial nests like many eusocial bees (Michener 2007). In the Neotropical region, 5000 described species of bees occur (and possibly much more new species), classified in five families: Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae (Melo 2007). They are distributed from tropical rainforests to deserts, but not reaching extreme environments in high latitudes or altitudes. Apidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae occur throughout the Neotropics, although the first is much more diverse in tropical areas; Andrenidae and Colletidae are restricted to or much more diverse to subtropical or temperate areas, especially arid and semiarid environments (Melo 2007). 8.3.3 Ecological Importance and Functional Composition Bees exert a major role in pollinating crop and native flowers, and for this reason, wild bees are one of the most important targets in ecosystem service conservation and food security (Potts et al. 2010; Bailes et al. 2015). In tropical rainforests, the Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 161 pollination by bees exceeds any other animal pollination (Bawa 1990; Ollerton et al. 2011). Crescent literature demonstrates the ongoing decline of bee fauna, consequently threatening pollination services, due to intense habitat loss, climate change, pesticides, and alien and pathogen species (Vanbergen et al. 2013; Klein et al. 2017; Potts et al. 2010). Functionally, bees can be considered herbivore insects, since all species depend on floral sources. However, some bees, called cleptoparasites, do not collect food sources for their own offspring but lay eggs on other bees’ nests (Wcislo and Cane 1996) instead. Notwithstanding, both female and male cleptoparasitic species still forage on flowers for nectar for their own maintenance. 8.3.4 Representativeness and State of Knowledge of Eusocial Bee Fauna from the Atlantic Forest In tropical humid areas, like the Atlantic rainforest, eusocial bees of the tribe Meliponini (Apidae family) dominate in both abundance and species number (Gonçalves and Brandão 2008; Gonçalves et al. 2012). Other eusocial species include those of Bombus, a Holarctic group with only seven Brazilian species, and the introduced Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera. In the present chapter, we will consider only the fixed-caste eusocial species (see definition above), which in Brazil is represented by the Meliponini tribe. Meliponini or stingless bees are the most diverse lineage of corbiculate bees (about 450 species, 200 of which occurring in Brazil (Pedro 2014)). Approximately 60% of bee species caught by different methods in the Atlantic Forest are stingless bees, but this number decreases in southern latitudes (Gonçalves and Brandão 2008; Gonçalves et al. 2012). Due to their large colonies and resource requirements, they prefer mass-flowering plants that offer a large amount of pollen, preferably the dominant families Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, and Melastomataceae, of which they are the most important pollinators (Wilms et al. 1996). Usually, mass-flowering plants are high trees, thus stingless bee foraging pattern follows a stratification gradient that favors the canopy (Ramalho 2004). Therefore, it is often challenging to collect stingless bees in the Atlantic Forest, thus requiring specific methods, such as nets attached to long poles and tree climbing. To compile the species list presented in this chapter (Supplementary Table 8.1), Meliponini bee fauna from Atlantic Forest domain was retrieved from relevant entomological collections deposited in GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/) and SpeciesLink (http: //www.splink.org.br/), totalizing approximately 27,000 records. For downloading, cleaning, and constructing of distribution maps, a series of R (R Core Team 2016) packages were used, especially SpeciesGeoCoder (Töpel et al. 2017), following the scripts from Alexander Zizka (https://github.com/azizka/). Additional records from the literature were compiled (Melo and Costa 2004). All species from museum collections and literature were checked on the Moure’s Bee Catalogue (Camargo and Pedro 2013) for their validity, spelling, and author names. Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 162 R. M. Feitosa et al. A compiled list of Meliponini bee fauna from the Atlantic Forest is presented on Supplementary Table 8.1. Atlantic stingless bee fauna is composed of 21 genera (Camargoia, Cephalotrigona, Friesella, Frieseomelitta, Geotrigona, Lestrimelitta, Leurotrigona, Melipona, Mourella, Nannotrigona, Oxytrigona, Paratrigona, Partamona, Plebeia, Scaptotrigona, Scaura, Schwarziana, Tetragona, Tetragonisca, Trigona, and Trigonisca) and 75 valid species, among which three are endangered of extinction. 8.3.5 Knowledge Gaps and Prospects Large regions of Atlantic Forest domain are still underexplored (see map on Fig. 8.2a), and most are punctual sampling using specific collecting methods (see Gonçalves and Brandão 2008; Gonçalves et al. 2012), thus possibly underestimating the species diversity. A combination of methods that explores high canopies and suitable nesting sites (e.g., trunk holes) would be ideal to an exhaustive knowledge of the Atlantic Forest’s Meliponini bees. However, this exhaustive approach has never been applied on a single area. In addition, most of the 75 species found are unknown regarding their ecological aspects, nesting sites and behavior, floral preferences, or natural enemies. Therefore, a conclusion about their real situation under the severe threat faced by the Atlantic Forest is hampered by this knowledge gap. Fig. 8.2 Distribution maps for stingless bee species (Meliponini) occurring in Atlantic Forest domain (sensu Lei da Mata Atlântica). (a) Occurrence records for all Meliponini species (pink circles). (b) Occurrence records for three threatened species from the Atlantic Forest: Melipona capixaba (orange triangles), Melipona scutellaris (yellow circles), and Partamona littoralis (purple squares). Letters indicate the abbreviations for the Brazilian states Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 163 In spite of the widespread occurrence and abundance of stingless bees in the Atlantic Forest, some species have very restricted distribution, increasing their vulnerability (e.g., Schwarziana bocainensis and Melipona capixaba). Three stingless bee species from the Atlantic Forest were recently included in the Brazilian red list of threatened fauna: Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba Moure and Camargo, 1994; Melipona (Michmelia) scutellaris Latreille, 1811; and Partamona littoralis Pedro and Camargo, 2003 (ICMBio 2018). Allied to increasing habitat loss, those and other stingless bee species suffer with intense exploitation by collectors on native nests, often destroying them to collect honey or the entire nest to keep in private collections. The predatory action of collectors must be differentiated from responsible beekeeping. Considering the crucial role of stingless bees to the pollination of the most important vegetal elements on Atlantic rainforest landscape, it became urgent to target those bees in conservation actions and research. A profound study on current, past, and future species distribution in the Atlantic Forest could indicate more endangered species in different scales, including in face of climate change. 8.4 8.4.1 Eusocial Wasps Origin and Evolution Eusocial wasps are represented by species of two families of Hymenoptera, Crabronidae, and Vespidae, and the latter presents the great diversity of social behavior reported for wasps. The origin of the eusocial behavior in Vespidae is yet somewhat controversial, with two concurrent hypotheses: (1) a single origin, with Stenogastrinae as the sister group of Vespinae+Polistinae (Pickett and Carpenter 2010; Piekarski et al. 2014), and (2) dual origin, with Stenogastrinae as sister group of all other subfamilies of Vespidae (Hines et al. 2007; Piekarsky et al. 2018). These two hypotheses are correlated to the data type used in the phylogenetic analyses, in order that the dual origin is obtained with molecular data alone, while the monophyly is obtained when phenotypic (morphology and behavior) characters are employed, even together with molecular data (Hines et al. 2007; Piekarsky et al. 2014). On the other hand, the phylogenetic relationships within Polistinae are more consensual, and the hypothesis obtained from molecular data corroborates that one proposed from total evidence, in which phenotypic characters are included (Pickett and Carpenter 2010; Piekarsky et al. 2014, 2018). Irrespective of the controversies in terms of the phylogenetic relationships, it is clear that independent foundation is ancient and swarm foundation is derived from all phylogenetic hypotheses for paper wasps. In all cases, independent founders present small colonies which live less than one year, and swarm founders (a homoplastic condition that occurs several times for social wasps) produce long-living large colonies. Also, in this evolution of social traits, it is possible to note that Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 164 R. M. Feitosa et al. queens dominate and centralize decisions in independent founders, while in swarm founders, decisions are decentralized and workers take responsibility for several decisions (Noll 2013). 8.4.2 Diversity and Biogeography The eusociality in Crabronidae is typical of a single genus, Microstigmus Ducke, which comprises 27 Neotropical species (Amarante 2002), while Vespidae includes 996 eusocial species of three different subfamilies: Polistinae, Stenogastrinae, and Vespinae. Vespinae embraces 69 highly eusocial species and shows a wide distribution, occurring in the Australian, Nearctic (a few invasive species reached the northern Neotropical), Oriental, and Palearctic regions (Carpenter and Kojima 1997; Pickett and Carpenter 2010). Stenogastrinae, on the other hand, is restricted to the Oriental region and includes 58 species primitively eusocial (Carpenter and Kojima 1996; Pickett and Carpenter 2010). Polistinae, the most diverse group of social wasps in number of species as well as in social behaviors, which vary from primitive to highly eusocial, shows cosmopolitan distribution, with greater diversity in the Neotropical region (Jeanne 1991; Carpenter 1996; Carpenter and Kojima 1997; Pickett and Carpenter 2010). The Polistinae are commonly known as paper wasps and are taxonomically classified in four tribes: Epiponini (19 Neotropical genera), Mischocyttarini (one genus, Mischocyttarus Saussure, with occurrence in the Neotropical region and reaching the southern Nearctic and British Columbia), Polistini (one cosmopolitan genus, Polistes Latreille), and Ropalidiini (four genera occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australian regions). The sociality of Polistinae can be divided in two behavioral groups: (1) independent founding (ancient condition), in which reproductive females (queens) initiate a colony singly or with other few reproductive females but without workers (nonreproductive individuals), and (2) swarm founding, in which a new colony is founded by one or more reproductive individuals accompanied by workers (Gadagkar 1990; Noll 2013). The first group includes Polistes, Mischocyttarus, and three genera of Ropalidiini, Belonogaster Saussure, Parapolybia Saussure, and Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville (partially). The other behavioral group, swarm founding, has all Epiponini and two genera of Ropalidiini, Polybioides Buysson, and Ropalidia Guérin-Méneville (some species) (Jeanne 1991; Gadagkar 2001; Noll 2013). Independent-founding wasps build small nests, and queen’s dominance is established by physical aggressive behaviors, while the swarming wasps’ nests are usually bigger and architecturally more complex than the independent wasps’ nests (Jeanne 1991; Wenzel 1998; Gadagkar 2001; Noll 2013). Also, differently from the independent-founding wasps, the reproductive dominance in Epiponini is established during the immature phase, with the development of an individual that could bear physiological and/or morphological differences for the other nest mates (Noll et al. 2004). Epiponini swarms are modulated by pheromones (Jeanne 1980, 1981, Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 165 1991), which can be released in the air (Hunt et al. 1995; Howard et al. 2002; Mateus 2011) or left on leaves, or other substrates present between the old and new nest locations (Jeanne 1981; Mateus 2011). Species of Microstigmus show primitive eusocial organization (Gadagkar 2001), with no morphological distinction between reproductive and nonreproductive individuals (Matthews 1968, 1991; Lucas et al. 2011), but present some reproductive division of labor (Ross and Matthews 1989). Moreover, some species perform mass provisioning, while other ones show progressive provisioning after laying an egg in an empty cell (Matthews 1991). 8.4.3 Ecological Importance and Functional Composition The knowledge on the ecological aspects of the species of Microstigmus is quite incipient, and it is restricted to feeding habit and to the activity period, defining the Microstigmus as diurnal predatory wasps of Collembola, leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) or trips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) (Gadagkar 2001; Asís 2003). Paper wasps are generalist predators of arthropods, like spiders and other insects, and some species can act as necrophagous of invertebrates and vertebrates to obtain the protein necessary to feed their offspring (Evans and West-Eberhard 1970; Richter 2000; Oliveira et al. 2010). However, a facultative prey preference has been reported for social wasps (Richter 2000), since foragers usually return to sites of previous successful hunting and may catch repeatedly the same prey (Takagi et al. 1980; Richter 1990). Moreover, some preference for generalist herbivores has also been reported for social wasps (Richter 2000). Considered one of the most important prey sources for several species of social wasps (Hunt et al. 1987; Richter 1990, 2000), caterpillars are usually specialist herbivorous insects and feed on species of one or a few genera or of a single subfamily or family of plants (Bernays 1988; Bernays and Graham 1988). Caterpillars with narrow diet present more effective chemical defenses against predators than generalist species due to casual absorption (Jones et al. 1989) or the physiological adaptations that enable the specialized herbivores to accumulate the phytochemicals consumed over time (Dyer 1995). This specialization may be established by the selective pressure exerted by predators on the generalist herbivores (Bernays 1988; Bernays and Graham 1988; Bernays and Cornelius 1989; Hay et al. 1989). During the adult stage, social wasps require only carbohydrates, which are obtained from flowers (nectar), aphids (honeydew), sugary exudates, or fruits (Evans and West-Eberhard 1970; Hunt et al. 1987; Letourneau and Choe 1987; Oliveira et al. 2010). As a consequence of the flower visiting, social wasps can act as pollinators (Vieira and Shepherd 1999; Brodmann et al. 2008; Burger et al. 2017), so that their flower-visiting networks show high generalization, with wasp preferring the most abundant plants and presenting great niche overlapping (Mello et al. 2011). Mello et al. (2011) detected some modularity in the flower visiting, which was established by hub wasps connected to several plant species with fewer Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 166 R. M. Feitosa et al. connections. One of this hub species is Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille), and its modularity is probably determined by the fact that it stores nectar in addition to animal food source for their brood. However, more studies are necessary to confirm such proposition. Based on the high generalization of the paper wasps to visit flowers, the pollination role, and their regular predatory action on the population herbivores, Mello et al. (2011) suggest that the importance of social wasps as mutualists for the maintenance of plant populations is higher than it has been previously assumed. Besides the diet demand, paper wasps also forage for water and plant material or mud to build their nests (Wenzel 1998; Richter 2000). Species of Microstigmus also use plant material, embedding them in a silk matrix (Matthews and Starr 1984; Matthews 1991). Different from the flower-visiting networks, there is not any study about the structure of the social paper wasps’ nest material-collecting networks. Another important ecological aspect is that most social paper wasps are diurnal, but species of Apoica Lepeletier are nocturnal (Hunt et al. 1995), indicating that species of this genus show different function in the ecosystems. 8.4.4 Representativeness and State of Knowledge of Eusocial Wasp Fauna from the Atlantic Forest The fauna of social wasps, in the Atlantic Forest, is represented by a total of 198 species, 188 Polistinae and 10 Microstigmus (Crabronidae). Such species number is equivalent to 75% and 10% of all mammals and terrestrial vertebrates, respectively, known for the Atlantic Forest, considering the numbers presented by Ribeiro et al. (2011). The richest group of Polistinae, in the Atlantic Forest, is Mischocyttarini, with 85 species of Mischocyttarus, followed by Epiponini, with 72 species and 16 genera, and Polistini, with 31 species of Polistes (Fig. 8.3). In total, 65 species of eusocial wasps are endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Mischocyttarus is the taxon with the highest endemism, with 46 species (almost 55% of the known species of the genus), followed by Microstigmus, with ten endemic species, Epiponini, with seven species, and Polistes, with five species. However, the high endemism status of Mischocyttarus may change by new revisionary studies, since many endemic species were reported only by the original descriptive papers. Silveira (2019) synonymized eight names, so that six of them had endemic status for the Atlantic Forest. The endemic status of the species of Microstigmus is also determined by records restricted to the type of locality but differently from Mischocyttarus; the taxonomy of Microstigmus is well resolved although few studies on the diversity of Crabronidae have been performed in the domain of the Atlantic Forest. One of the endemic species of Epiponini, Agelaia vicina (Saussure), builds huge nests, with a colossal number of individuals (over one million) (Zucchi et al. 1995), and was pointed out as a keystone species, since it can provoke great predation impact on the arthropod population and influence Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 167 Fig. 8.3 Number of endemic and non-endemic wasp species reported by genus for the Atlantic Forest substantially the scavenging dead vertebrates and invertebrates (Oliveira et al. 2010). On the other hand, many species of Polistinae are widespread in the Neotropical region (Silva and Noll 2015), so that some of them, like Angiopolybia pallens, Agelaia angulata, and Polistes carnifex, show discontinuous distribution and occur in Amazonian and Atlantic forests. These two biomes have historical relationships, which were established as a consequence of the forest expansion and retraction (Prance 1987; Por 1992; Costa 2003). Silva and Noll (2015), based on the distribution of the species of Brachygastra Perty, pointed out that the Atlantic Forest is historically related to the southeastern Amazon. The events of distension and retraction were modulated by historical climatic variation (Pennington et al. 2004; Carnaval and Moritz 2008), resulting in different areas of endemism (Silva et al. 2004; Werneck et al. 2011; Hoffmeister and Ferrari 2016; Garrafoni et al. 2017) and contributing to the establishment of the current biodiversity patterns of the Atlantic Forest (Araújo et al. 2008; Carnaval and Moritz 2008; Sandel et al. 2011). The Atlantic Forest’s areas of endemism served as the basis for a conservation proposal that accounted three biodiversity centers (Conservation International Brazil et al. 2000; Silva and Casteleti 2003; Fonseca et al. 2003; Ayres et al. 2005; Tabarelli et al. 2005, 2010). However, for the social wasps, only two biodiversity centers have been recognized, once nonecological or molecular distinctions have been found between the northern and central centers (Carvalho 2014; Santos et al. 2016). Even though the Atlantic Forest is one the most diverse and threatened biome in the world, very little is known about the diversity patterns of social wasps and the processes related to the establishment of such patterns. Ribeiro et al. (2019) described the variation in paper wasp richness, indicating that it decreases from 630 Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 168 R. M. Feitosa et al. meters above the sea level as altitude increases. However, the lower altitudes were not included in the study; that is unfortunate because Atlantic Forest lowlands have received more anthropic impact than higher altitudes (Ribeiro et al. 2011). Since predatory wasps are sensible to forest fragmentation (Santos et al. 2014), this lack of data for lowlands prevents the recognition of a complete variation in species richness in this biome. 8.4.5 Knowledge Gaps and Prospects Most studies on social wasps from the Atlantic Forest consist of local inventories, and few studies have treated wider question, like regional diversity patterns, historical biogeography, anthropogenic impacts on the fauna of social wasps, or intrinsic question related to the ecology, biology, and evolution of social wasps. One of the oldest ecological questions related to the paper wasps is the relationship between the colony size and latitudinal gradients, so that colony size increases with latitude (Jeanne 1991). Jeanne (1991) highlights that the local predator-parasite pressure could have a major effect on colony size over much of the species ranges, so that larger nests could be an adaptation to the high predation pressure imposed by vertebrates and low pressure by army ants, which is considered the major predatory force that influences the colony size in wet habitats at the equatorial region (Kaspari and O’Donnell 2003). The Atlantic Forest presents suitable conditions to carry out studies that evoke problems like that, since it stretches over 27° of latitude and includes great habitat heterogeneity (Ribeiro et al. 2011). Moreover, the same relationship could be investigated for altitudinal variations, once the Atlantic Forest also covers a great elevational variation along its latitudinal distribution (Ribeiro et al. 2011). Some other aspects, like seasonal synchrony and nesting cycle, could change along latitudinal gradients and should be also investigated (Jeanne 1991). 8.5 8.5.1 Termites (Blattaria, Isoptera) Origin and Evolution Termites, or “social cockroaches” as Wilson (1971) called them, are currently classified in the order Blattaria and infraorder Isoptera (Krishna et al. 2013). The group is considered monophyletic in the most recent and more comprehensive articles (Inward et al. 2007; Legendre et al. 2008, 2015; Bourguignon et al. 2015, 2016b). Termites, along with other cockroaches and mantises, are members of Dictyoptera, also a monophyletic clade of Polyneoptera, all hemimetabolous insects. Termites live in colonies with reproductive (queen and king) and sterile individuals (soldiers and workers or helpers) organized in castes: workers, responsible for Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 169 almost every task in the colony; soldiers, responsible for defense; and the royal pair, both formerly alates that lost their wings after the nuptial flight. Termites have very different caste systems than Hymenoptera, with true soldiers, i.e., individuals with conspicuously different morphology from workers and with remarkable adaptations for defense; true workers; or pseudergates (= false workers, a totipotent juvenile, which can become soldier or reproductive or can undergo “stationary molts” or “regressive molts,” meanwhile it functions as a worker). Their caste system is very complex, considering the different taxonomic groups, which is beyond the scope of this chapter (for a more comprehensive explanation, see Korb and Hartfelder 2008; Matsuura 2010; Roisin and Korb 2010). Legendre et al. (2015) rooted a phylogenetic analysis (~800 taxa, 10 kbp) suggesting that crown Dictyoptera date to the Late Carboniferous (~300 Mya) and that the most recent common ancestor of the clade (cockroaches + termites) dates to the Permian (~275 Mya) and stem termites to the Early Jurassic (~195 Mya) and a crown diversification in the Late Jurassic (~150 Mya). Bourguignon et al. (2015) gave a more recent date (136–170 Mya), while other authors proposed an older origin (Davis et al. 2009; Ware et al. 2010). Following Legendre et al. (op cit), their dating estimates suggested that termites could have been the first extant insect lineage to evolve eusociality. To address the fossil record currently known, see Krishna et al. (2013), Engel (2016), and Zhao et al. (2019). Termites have been challenging the principal theory proposed to explain Hymenoptera eusociality (Hamilton 1964a, b), because these insects are haplodiploid, with a genetic difference between females (diploid) and males (haploid) and a consequent relatedness asymmetry among castes (i.e., relatedness among sisters is higher than daughter-mother) as the explanation for altruism and so the most important driver for eusociality. Termites are diplodiploid insects without the genetic difference between male and female; nevertheless, some proposals were made as an analogy with the same mechanism as in Hymenopteran (see a comprehensive revision in Thorne 1997). Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that haplodiploidy is not a determinant path toward eusociality, as some researchers have been discussing, for instance, Bourke and Franks (1995), among others. For a comparison of eusocial evolution in termites and hymenopterans, see Howard and Thorne (2010). Another approach has been developed by Nalepa in many articles, where she proposed discussions on the origin of termite eusociality related to the altricial development in wood-feeding cockroaches, mainly Cryptocercidae, the sister group of termites (Nalepa 2010). Korb and Heinze (2004), although recognizing the fundamental role of relatedness in the evolution of eusociality, consider it would be less important for its maintenance and stated that “Insect societies can thus be regarded as a level of selection with novelties that provide benefits beyond the scope of a solitary life.” Korb (2008), going deeper in the same approach, discussed the ecological drives that underline the evolutionary transitions in termite eusociality and compared with those in cooperative breeding vertebrates, providing potential explanations of why eusociality is so rare in vertebrates, despite the similar ecological pressures on both groups. Bourguignon et al. (2016a), hypothesizing that the true worker phenotype (wingless) originated as a dispersal strategy for fertile wingless Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 170 R. M. Feitosa et al. individuals before eusociality, developed very different ideas from all the abovementioned authors. 8.5.2 Diversity and Biogeography Krishna et al. (2013) considered nine extant families: Mastotermitidae, Archotermopsidae, Hodotermitidae, Stolotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Stylotermitidae, Serritermidae (exclusively Neotropical), Rhinotermitidae, and Termitidae. Five occur in the Neotropical region: the last three plus Stolotermitidae and Kalotermitidae. Termites have been separated into the traditional and paraphyletic “lower” termites and the monophyletic “higher” termites, represented only by Termitidae, while all other families are included in the former (lower), which all feed on wood and harbor flagellated protists as intestinal symbionts, responsible for the digestion of cellulose. Termitidae comprises about 75% of the extant species and is the most diverse in all criteria, with broader distribution, and comprehends most diverse lifestyles, that is, defense strategies, including nest construction, reproductive strategies, and feeding habits, in a gradient of humification from hard wood (xylophages) to humus (humivores, soil feeders, or humus feeders), including wood in different breakdown stages, grass, and litter, being classified in different ways (Donovan et al. 2001; Bourguignon et al. 2011). All species of this family have lost the flagellated protist symbionts, which were replaced by a vastly diverse microbial community of prokaryotes as bacteria (see Bignell (2010), Ohkuma and Brune (2010), Brune and Ohkuma (2010)). Termitidae includes the subfamilies Sphaerotermitinae, Macrotermitinae, Foraminitermitinae (all absent from the Neotropics), Apicotermitinae, Nasutitermitinae, Termitinae, and Syntermitinae (exclusively Neotropical). Worldwide, Isoptera includes about 3100 species, with several hundred genera in the tropics (≤23.5° N and S), while only a few species reach latitudes ≥40° north or south. Termites are absent from high altitudes, and their diversity sharply declines above 800 m; nevertheless, Scheffrahn (2015) recorded Rugitermes laticollis (Kalotermitidae) at 2800 m (and its type locality is La Paz, Bolivia, at 3700 m). Termites are distributed unequally among continents; the primary cause is historical, as Termitidae likely originated about 50 Mya in Africa and many dispersal events have occurred to produce the current worldwide distribution (Bourguignon et al. 2016b). Consequently, the wood feeders occur worldwide, sometimes in a relict Gondwanan distribution (e.g., Stolotermitidae), while the soil feeders are more abundant in Africa, followed by South America and Southeast Asia but almost absent in Australia. The fungus-growing termites (Macrotermitinae) occur only in Africa and Southeast Asia. For a comprehensive view of termite evolution, diversity, phylogeny, and the fossil record, see Krishna et al. (2013, vol 1: p 147–170). Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 8.5.3 171 Ecological Importance and Functional Composition Abe (1987) grouped the termites in three life types, which Shellman-Reeve (1997) slightly modified (in parentheses): “one-piece type” (single-site nesters) that nests in wood and consumes that wood (Stolotermitidae, Archotermopsidae, Kalotermitidae); “intermediate type” (multiple-site nesters) that nests in wood, feeds on it, and also constructs galleries to other wood pieces (Mastotermitidae, Stylotermitidae, and most Rhinotermitidae); and “separate type” (central-site nesters) that nests in diverse sites (on living or dead trees, in soil, on ground surface, etc.) and constructs galleries to access different sources of dead plant material, i.e., from wood to humus (mainly Termitidae). Shellman-Reeve (1997) added the “inquiline-site nesters,” for example, Serritermes serrifer (Serritermitidae) which lives inside nests of Cornitermes spp. (Termitidae, Syntermitinae) and seems to feed on the small pieces of wood inside the host nest’s wall (Barbosa and Constantino 2017). The lifestyles of many species are unknown, such as many of the Apicotermitinae, which is a soldierless group in the Neotropics and is mostly found dispersed in the soil or inside nests constructed by other species. Called “soil ecosystem engineers” (Jones et al. 1994), termites are central to tropical and subtropical ecosystems as primary consumers and detritivores and have a remarkable diversity of significant roles in soil biophysicochemical processes (DeSouza and Cancello 2010), mainly through their constructions (nests above and below ground, galleries) and feeding activities (foraging tunnels and their sheetings plus feeding on soil, influencing chemical, physical, and hydraulic soil proprieties). Termite biomass comprises about 45–65% of overall soil macrofaunal biomass at some sites and is comparable to the ungulates and megaherbivores in Africa (Loveridge and Moe 2004). Jouquet et al. (2016) concisely reviewed this matter, emphasizing that termite roles in tropical soils are still neglected compared to earthworms in temperate regions. The immense biomass of termites and their ecological success result mainly from two characteristics: eusociality and the capacity to digest cellulose through intestinal microsymbionts. Some references from the vast literature on termite importance in tropical soils are mentioned here, as a guide (Lee and Wood 1971; Black and Okwakol 1997; Holt and Lepage 2000; Schaefer 2001; DeSouza and Cancello 2010; Ackerman et al. 2007; Pardeshi and Prusty 2010). 8.5.4 Representativeness and State of Knowledge of Termite Fauna from the Atlantic Forest The primary source of data in Supplementary Table 8.1 is the termite collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP). Supplementary Table 8.1 lists 151 species of the three families (Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, and Termitidae) that occur in the Atlantic Forest. Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 172 R. M. Feitosa et al. The Atlantic Forest definition adopted (IBGE) encompasses many different ecosystems, from mangroves, restinga forests, and highland grasslands to ombrophilous dense forests, which makes it difficult or impossible to discuss a single “termitofauna” of this biome. Cancello et al. (2014) surveyed termite species through the ombrophilous dense forest at 15 regularly spaced sites from 7° S to 27° S, using a standardized sampling protocol. Briefly, the total observed species richness and abundance were negatively related to latitude, which was explained mainly by differences in temperature, rainfall, and a proxy for energy (potential evapotranspiration). Of the 87 morphospecies found, an estimated 50% were new (Oliveira et al. 2015; Oliveira and Constantino 2016). Epigean and arboricolous termite nests (Fig. 8.4a) were absent in latitudes higher than 21° S, and only the small epigean nests of Anoplotermes pacificus were found in the southern ombrophilous dense forest. In the Neotropics, the majority of epigean nests are constructed by species of Syntermitinae, and many species of Termitinae are inquilines inside them. So, the low representation of Syntermitinae, mainly in the south (>21° latitude), may explain the low representation of the soil-feeding Termitinae. As the Apicotermitinae is poorly known, Constantini (2018) carried out her doctoral research on that material, along with other samples housed in the collection (Schlemmermeyer 2000; Fig. 8.4 Examples of termites occurring in the Atlantic Forest. (a) Labiotermes labralis, arboricolous nest, occurring in the northeastern Atlantic Forest. (b) Dissimulitermes invisibilis, worker. (c) Nasutitermes aquilinus, soldier, common species in Atlantic domain, outside the ombrophilous dense forest Created for free by https://foxyutils.com 8 Social Insects of the Atlantic Forest 173 Reis and Cancello 2007), and found 23 species of which 20 were new (Constantini et al. 2020) (Fig. 8.4b). Reis and Cancello (2007) compared taxocenoses from different forest types (ombrophilous dense forest, mesophyll forests, and seasonal dry tropical forests) in southern Bahia. Their results showed different composition, richness, and abundance of termites among these environments, with the rain forest being the richest and the liana forest the poorest in number of species. Microcerotermes (Termitinae) (Supplementary Table 8.1) is represented only by morphospecies in the Atlantic Forest material from the MZUSP collection; the taxonomy of this genus is confused, although its species are frequent and abundant in the biome. 8.5.5 Knowledge Gaps and Prospects The MZUSP collection houses 6445 samples from the Atlantic Forest, of which 3000 are identified only to genus level. Considering that collections are the working material for taxonomists and systematics, these numbers give an idea of the amount of material from the Atlantic domain yet to be studied. On the other hand, many of these samples have not yet been examined by the curators and perhaps are neither difficult to identify nor represent new taxa. Except for the ombrophilous dense forest, all other ecosystems lack termite fauna surveys; perhaps the least known is highland grasslands. In a taxonomic approach, some brief considerations follow. Kalotermitidae: this family is underrepresented in every biome; nevertheless, Schlemmermeyer (2000) has found many occurrences in the well-preserved Boracéia Biological Station (BBS – MZUSP), in standing dead trees alone, which means that with appropriate collecting techniques, it would be possible to enlarge collections and understand its actual role in the forest. Rhinotermitidae: the species have potential pest status and occur in all formations; except for the exotic pest species Coptotermes gestroi (Ferraz and Cancello 2001, 2004), the life histories of the other species are unstudied. Termitidae: Apicotermitinae: in spite of the study by Constantini (2018), many samples (about 300) from other formations of the Atlantic Forest remain to be identified and are a priority for taxonomic studies. Nasutitermitinae is the most frequent and abundant group found in many surveys, and Nasutitermes (see Fig. 8.4c) urgently requires taxonomic revision (nearly 950 samples have not been determined to species level), along with other groups, such as the smallest nasutes ((Subulitermes, Araujotermes, and Atlantitermes, now under revision by Carolina Cuezzo (Cuezzo and Cancello 2018)). Syntermitinae is the best known, as many genera have been revised and a recent phylogenetic hypothesis was proposed by our group (Rocha et al. 2017); this family is least represented, at least in the ombrophilous dense forest. Termitinae: there are about 600 identified only to genus; Dentispicotermes is under revision in the MZUSP Termite Laboratory (by Isabel Mosch), and Microcerotermes, as mentioned above, is in need of revision, as is Termes. In conclusion, as the Atlantic domain is one of the most threatened biomes in Brazil, all studies in all its ecosystems have high priority. Created for free by https://foxyutils.com R. M. Feitosa et al. 174 8.6 Concluding Remarks In this compilation, we listed 1401 species distributed in 189 genera and seven families of the two insect orders assessed here. A total of 1250 species of social hymenopterans and 151 species of termites were recorded in the Atlantic Forest. Ants were the most speciose group with 977 species, followed by wasps (198), termites (151), and bees (75). As a widely known biodiversity hot spot historically threatened by anthropogenic disturbance, the preservation of the Atlantic Forest remnants is a high priority for maintaining its biodiversity into the future. In this sense, considering the impressive richness presented in this compilation and the crucial role of social insects in the main ecological processes on Atlantic rainforest landscapes, it is essential to target those organisms in conservation actions and research. Comprehensive studies on current, past, and future species distribution of social insects in the Atlantic Forest could indicate priority areas for conservation and endangered species in different scales, including in face of climate change. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Marcia C. Marques and Carlos E. Grelle for the initiative and kind invitation to prepare a chapter for this important book. MSCM and RMF are deeply indebted to Fabrício S. Magalhães and Nathalia S. da Silva who kindly helped in the elaboration of the ant species list. RMF thanks CNPq for their productivity grants (processes: 302462/2016-3 and 301495/2019-0). ACM and TR thank Antonio Aguiar who kindly revised bee species names. FN and EFS are grateful to FAPESP for the financial support (grant numbers: 98/05083-0; 01/08060-5; 04/04820-3). EMC thanks CNPq for her productivity grant (process: 307681/2016-5), JPC thanks Fapesp for her PhD financial support (grant number 2014/11982-1). Marcia C. Marques and two anonymous reviewers made valuable contributions to a previous version of this chapter. References Abe T (1987) Evolution of life types in termites. In: Kawano S, Connell JH, Hidaka T (eds) Evolution and coadaptation in biotic communities. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo Ackerman IL, Teixeira WG, Riha SJ et al (2007) The impact of mound-building termites on surface soil properties in a secondary forest of Central Amazonia. 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Collection acronyms for the bee records and their respective names are presented as follow: AMNH-Bee: American Museum of Natural History; BBSL: National Pollinating Insects Collection, USDA; CE-UFPE: Coleção Entomológica da UFPE; CECG, Coleção Entomológica dos Campos Gerais do Paraná, UEPG; CEMeC: Coleção Entomológica Moure & Costa, EBDA; CEPANN: Coleção Entomológica Paulo Nogueira-Neto - IB/USP; CESC: Coleção Entomológica de Santa Cruz do Sul; DSEC: Coleção Entomológica do Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, UFPB; DZUP-Hymenoptera: Coleção Entomológica Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure (Hymenoptera); iNaturalist: https: //www.inaturalist.org/; INHS: Illinois Natural History Survey; INPA-Hymenoptera: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; LEACOL: Coleção de Abelhas da Universidade Federal do Maranhão; MCP: Coleção de Abelhas, PUC-RS; RPSP: Coleção Entomológica “Prof. J.M.F. Camargo”, FFCLRP/USP; SEMC: Snow Entomological Museum Collection, KU-US. For the wasp species list the “*” indicates endemic species for the Atlantic Forest, and the “?” refers to dubious records. For the termite species list, abbreviations in bold of the Brazilian states refer to authors’ original data based on the Termite Collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of São Paulo (MZUSP) and not published elsewhere. TAXA BRAZILIAN STATES ORIGIN DATA SOURCE/REFERENCES Hymenoptera Formicidae Amblyoponinae Fulakora agostii (Lacau & Delabie, 2002) BA, PR, RJ Native Lacau and Delabie 2002 Fulakora armigera (Mayr, 1887) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Fulakora cleae (Delabie, 2002) BA Native Scott-Santos et al. 2008 Fulakora elongata (Santschi, 1912) BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Fulakora lurilabes (Lattke, 1991) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, SP Native Resende et al. 2011 Fulakora degenerata (Borgmeier, 1957) SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Prionopelta antillana Forel, 1909 BA, GO, MG, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Prionopelta modesta Forel, 1909 PR Native Brown 1960 Prionopelta punctulata Mayr, 1866 BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Anillidris bruchi Santschi, 1936 MG, SC, SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Azteca aesopus Forel, 1908 ES, SP Native Kempf 1972 Azteca alfari Emery, 1893 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Azteca chartifex Emery, 1896 BA, CE, GO, MG, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca delpini Emery, 1893 MS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Azteca goeldii Forel, 1906 RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Azteca iheringi Forel, 1915 MG, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca instabilis (Smith, 1862) BA, GO, MG, MS, RJ, RS, SC Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca lanuginosa Emery, 1893 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Azteca luederwaldti Forel, 1909 SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Azteca mayrii Emery, 1893 MG, SC Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca muelleri Emery, 1893 BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Wheeler 1942 Azteca ovaticeps Forel, 1904 BA, CE, ES, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Azteca paraensis Forel, 1904 BA, PB, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Azteca polymorpha Forel, 1899 BA Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca severini Emery, 1896 RJ Native Borgmeier 1923 Azteca schimperi Emery, 1893 BA, ES, SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Azteca trigona Emery, 1893 CE, SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Azteca velox Forel, 1899 CE, MG Native Borgmeier 1923 Dolichoderus andinus (Kempf, 1962) BA,CE,GO,MS,MG Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Dolichoderus attelaboides (Fabricius, 1775) AL, BA, ES, MG, PE, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Dolichoderus bidens (Linnaeus, 1758) BA, MG, PE, PR Native Kempf 1972 Dolichoderus bispinosus (Olivier, 1792) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PI, PR, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Dolichoderinae Dolichoderus decollatus Smith, 1858 BA, GO, PB, PE Native Kempf 1972 Dolichoderus diversus Emery, 1894 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Dolichoderus imitator Emery, 1894 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Dolichoderus lamellosus (Mayr, 1870) GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Dolichoderus lobicornis (Kempf, 1959) GO, RJ, SC, SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Dolichoderus luederwaldti Santschi, 1921 MG, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Dolichoderus lujae Santschi, 1923 MG, SP Native Baroni Urbani 1977 Dolichoderus lutosus (Smith, 1858) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Kempf 1978 Dolichoderus quadridenticulatus (Roger, 1862) CE, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, SP Native Kempf 1978 Dolichoderus septemspinosus Emery, 1894 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Dolichoderus voraginosus Mackay, 1993 BA, MG, SP, SE Native Mackay 1993 Dorymyrmex biconis Forel, 1912 BA, CE, ES, GO, SE Native Santos et al. 2017 Dorymyrmex brunneus Forel, 1908 AL, BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Dorymyrmex goeldii Forel, 1904 BA, MG, PE, PI, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Dorymyrmex jheringi Forel, 1912 GO, MG, SP Native Kempf 1978 Dorymyrmex pyramicus Roger, 1863 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Dorymyrmex thoracicus Gallardo, 1916 AL, BA, CE, ES, PB, PE, PR, RS, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Forelius bahianus Cuezzo, 2000 BA Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Forelius brasiliensis (Forel, 1908) BA, MG, MS, PE, RS, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Forelius maranhaoensis Cuezzo, 2000 BA, GO, MG, PE Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Forelius pusillus Santschi, 1922 MG, PE, PI, PR, RS Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Gracilidris pombero Wild & Cuezzo, 2006 BA, GO, MG, MS, PI, RS, SP Native Santos et al. 2017 Linepithema anathema Wild, 2007 BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Linepithema angulatum (Emery, 1894) MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Linepithema aztecoides Wild, 2007 BA, GO, MG, SP Native Wild 2009 Linepithema cerradense Wild, 2007 BA, GO, MG, MS, SP Native Wild 2009 Linepithema gallardoi (Brèthes, 1914) GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Linepithema iniquum (Mayr, 1870) BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Linepithema leucomelas (Emery, 1894) MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Linepithema micans (Forel, 1908) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Linepithema neotropicum Wild, 2007 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, PE, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Linepithema pulex Wild, 2007 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Tapinoma atriceps Emery, 1888 MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Tapinoma heyeri Forel, 1902 MG, RJ, RS,SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793) AL, BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Bieber et al. 2005 Tapinoma ramulorum Emery, 1896 AL, BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Forel 1908 Acanthostichus brevicornis Emery, 1894 GO, MG, MS, PB, SP Native Gallego-Ropero et al. 2013 Acanthostichus brevinodis Mackay, 1996 MS Native Kempf 1972 Acanthostichus femoralis Kusnezov, 1962 MS Native MacKay 1996 Acanthostichus flexuosus Mackay, 1996 SC Native MacKay 1996 Acanthostichus fuscipennis Emery, 1895 BA, MG, SC, SP Native MacKay 1996 Acanthostichus kirbyi Emery, 1895 BA, CE, GO, MG Native Borgmeier 1923 Acanthostichus laticornis Forel, 1908 BA, GO, MG, PE, RJ, SP Native MacKay 1996 Acanthostichus quadratus Emery, 1895 BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native MacKay 1996 Acanthostichus serratulus (Smith, 1858) BA, MG, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Cylindromyrmex brasiliensis Emery, 1901 BA, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Cylindromyrmex brevitarsus Santschi, 1925 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Reis 2000 Cylindromyrmex longiceps André, 1892 BA, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Reis 2000 Cylindromyrmex striatus Mayr, 1870 BA, SP Native Santos et al. 2017 Eciton burchellii (Westwood, 1842) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP. SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Eciton dulcium Forel, 1912 BA, GO, MG, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Eciton hamatum (Fabricius, 1782) BA, GO, MS, PE, PR Native Kempf 1972 Dorylinae Eciton mexicanum Roger, 1863 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, SP Native Delabie et al. 2007 Eciton quadriglume (Haliday, 1836) BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Eciton vagans (Olivier, 1792) Native Kempf 1972 Native Borgmeier 1923 Labidus mars (Forel, 1912) BA, CE, GO, MG, PB, PE, PI, RJ, RN, RS, SP AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SP Native Esteves et al. 2011 Labidus praedator (Smith, 1858) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Leptanilloides anae (Brandão, Diniz, Agosti & Delabie, 1999) SP Native Brandão 2003 Leptanilloides atlantica Silva, Brandão, Feitosa & Freitas, 2013 SP Native Silva et al. 2013 Neivamyrmex angustinodis (Emery, 1888) RJ, RS, SC Native Borgmeier 1923 Neivamyrmex densepunctatus (Borgmeier, 1933) MG, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex diana (Forel, 1912) CE, GO, MG, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex diversinodis (Borgmeier, 1933) GO Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex goeldii (Forel, 1901) BA, GO MG, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex gracilis Borgmeier, 1955 BA, PB, SP Native Kempf 1978 Neivamyrmex iheringi (Forel, 1908) RJ, RS, SC Native Borgmeier 1923 Neivamyrmex jerrmanni (Forel, 1901) CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neivamyrmex minensis (Borgmeier, 1928) CE, GO, MG, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex modestus (Borgmeier, 1933) GO, MG, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex orthonotus (Borgmeier, 1933) BA, GO, MG, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex pilosus (Smith, 1858) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Neivamyrmex pseudops (Forel, 1909) ES, GO, MG, PE, PR, SP Native Kempf 1978 Neivamyrmex punctaticeps (Emery, 1894) GO, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Esteves et al. 2008 Neivamyrmex raptor (Forel, 1911) SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neocerapachys splendens (Borgmeier, 1957) BA, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie et al. 2007 Nomamyrmex esenbeckii (Westwood, 1842) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Nomamyrmex hartigii (Westwood, 1842) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Labidus coecus (Latreille, 1802) Sphinctomyrmex schoerederi Feitosa, Brandão, Fernández & Delabie, 2011 Sphinctomyrmex stali Mayr, 1866 MG Native Feitosa et al. 2011 BA, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Feitosa et al. 2011 Native Arias-Penna 2008 Native Castilho et al. 2011 Ectatomminae Ectatomma edentatum Roger, 1863 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, SP, SE AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Ectatomma lugens Emery, 1894 BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SP Native Leal 2002 Ectatomma muticum Mayr, 1870 AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, PE, PI, PR, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Ectatomma opaciventre (Roger, 1861) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP Native Andrade et al. 2007 Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Ectatomma planidens (Borgmeier, 1939) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, SP Native Borgmeier 1939 Ectatomma ruidum (Roger, 1860) BA, RN, SP Native Kempf 1972 Ectatomma suzanae Almeida Filho, 1986 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Ectatomma tuberculatum (Olivier, 1792) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Castilho et al. 2011 Ectatomma vizottoi (Almeida Filho, 1987) BA, MS Native Martins et al. 2006 Gnamptogenys acuminata (Emery, 1896) AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys annulata (Mayr, 1887) BA, RJ, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys concinna (Smith, 1858) BA Native Borgmeier 1923 Gnamptogenys continua (Mayr, 1887) AL, BA, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys gracilis (Santschi, 1929) BA, MG Native Soares et al. 2003 Gnamptogenys horni (Santschi, 1929) AL, BA, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys interrupta (Mayr, 1887) ES, PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Gnamptogenys lavra Lattke, 2002 MG Native Lattke 2002 Gnamptogenys lucaris Kempf, 1968 AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Silva 1999 Gnamptogenys mediatrix Brown, 1958 AL, BA, CE, MG, RJ Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys menozzii (Borgmeier, 1928) BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys mina (Brown, 1956) BA, RJ Native Peres 2012 Ectatomma brunneum Smith, 1858 Gnamptogenys minuta (Emery, 1896) BA, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys moelleri (Forel, 1912) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys mordax (Smith, 1858) CE, ES, GO, PE, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1978 Gnamptogenys piei Dias & Lattke, 2019 RJ Native Dias & Lattke, 2019 Gnamptogenys pleurodon (Emery, 1896) BA, CE, GO, MG, PR,PE, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Gnamptogenys porcata (Emery, 1896) MG, MS Native Silvestre 2014 Gnamptogenys rastrata (Mayr, 1866) AL, BA, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Gnamptogenys regularis Mayr, 1870 BA, GO,MG,PE, PR, RJ, RS SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Gnamptogenys reichenspergeri (Santschi, 1929) MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Gnamptogenys rimulosa (Roger, 1861) BA, RJ, SC Native Kempf 1972 Gnamptogenys striatula Mayr, 1884 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Gnamptogenys strigata (Norton, 1868) BA, CE, GO, PB, PE, PR, RN, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Gnamptogenys striolata (Borgmeier, 1957) BA, MG, SC Native Kempf 1972 Gnamptogenys sulcata (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Scott-Santos et al. 2008 Gnamptogenys triangularis (Mayr, 1887) ES, GO, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Gnamptogenys haenschi (Emery, 1902) BA, GO, MG, PB, PE, RJ, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Typhlomyrmex clavicornis Emery, 1906 MG, RJ Native Brown Jr. 1965 Typhlomyrmex foreli Santschi, 1925 MG, PR, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Typhlomyrmex major Santschi, 1923 BA, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Typhlomyrmex meire Lacau, Villemant & Delabie, 2004 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Lacau et al. 2004 Typhlomyrmex pusillus Emery, 1894 BA, GO, PR, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi Mayr, 1862 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, SC, SP Native Brown Jr. 1965 Acropyga decendens (Mayr, 1887) BA, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Acropyga exsanguis (Wheeler, 1909) BA, PE, RJ, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Acropyga fuhrmanni (Forel, 1914) AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Acropyga goeldii Forel, 1893 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Weber 1944 Formicinae Acropyga guianensis Weber, 1944 BA, SP, SE Native Freitas et al. 2014 Acropyga panamensis Weber, 1944 BA, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Acropyga smithii Forel, 1893 BA, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Brachymyrmex admotus Mayr, 1887 AL, BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex antennatus Santschi, 1929 CE, MG, PR, SP Native Hanisch et al. 2017 Brachymyrmex aphidicola Forel, 1909 GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Delsinne et al. 2007 Brachymyrmex australis Forel, 1901 BA, GO, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Forel 1901 Brachymyrmex brasiliensis Ortiz & Fernández, 2014 GO, MG, RJ, SP Native Ortiz and Fernández 2014 Brachymyrmex coactus Mayr, 1887 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Drose et al. 2017 Brachymyrmex cordemoyi Forel, 1895 BA, CE, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, SC, SP Native Bruch 1914 Brachymyrmex degener Emery, 1906 BA, CE, RS, SP Native Boscardin et al. 2013 Brachymyrmex delabiei Ortiz & Fernández, 2014 BA, SC, SP Native Ortiz and Fernández 2014 Brachymyrmex donisthorpei Santschi, 1939 BA, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Brachymyrmex feitosai Ortiz & Fernández, 2014 GO, MG, RJ, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Brachymyrmex fiebrigi Forel, 1908 BA, MG, SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex goeldii Forel, 1912 SP Native Forel 1912 Brachymyrmex heeri Forel, 1874 BA, GO, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Forel 1912 Brachymyrmex incisus Forel, 1912 BA, SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex longicornis Forel, 1907 MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Brandão and Feitosa 2011 Brachymyrmex micromegas Santschi, 1923 SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex minutus Forel, 1893 BA, CE, GO, SP Native Forel 1901 Brachymyrmex modestus Santschi, 1923 PR, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex obscurior Forel, 1893 BA, SP Native Nondillo et al. 2017 Brachymyrmex patagonicus Mayr, 1868 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Brandão and Feitosa 2011 Brachymyrmex pictus Mayr, 1887 BA, ES, MG, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Brachymyrmex pilipes Mayr, 1887 PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Brachymyrmex termitophilus Forel, 1895 RS, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Brachymyrmex luederwaldti Santschi, 1923 SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus ager (Smith, 1858) BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus alboannulatus Mayr, 1887 ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Forel 1908 Camponotus apicalis (Mann, 1916) BA Native Fernández 2002 Camponotus arboreus (Smith, 1858) Native Forel 1912 Native Araújo et al. 2007 Camponotus balzani Emery, 1894 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, SC, SP Native Forel 1908 Camponotus bidens Mayr, 1870 BA, CE, GO, MG, SC, SP Native Almeida Filho et al. 2003 Camponotus blandus (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus bonariensis Mayr, 1868 MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Emery 1888 Camponotus brasiliensis Mayr, 1862 BA, CE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Forel 1912 Camponotus cacicus Emery, 1903 BA, GO, RJ, SC, SP Native Soares et al. 2003 Camponotus cameranoi Emery, 1894 BA, GO, MG, MS, PB, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Camponotus canescens Mayr, 1870 AL, BA, MG, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus caracalla Forel, 1912 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus chartifex (Smith, 1860) BA, ES, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus cillae Forel, 1912 SP Native Forel 1912 Camponotus cingulatus Mayr, 1862 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Araújo et al. 2007 Camponotus claviscapus Forel, 1899 BA, RN Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus compositor Santschi, 1922 PR, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus coriolanus Forel, 1912 ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Camponotus depressus Mayr, 1866 BA, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus divergens Mayr, 1887 BA, MG, RJ, SC Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus diversipalpus Santschi, 1922 MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus egregius (Smith, 1858) BA, GO Native Santos et al. 2017 Camponotus atriceps (Smith, 1858) Camponotus emeryodicatus Forel, 1901 SP Native Forel 1908 Camponotus excisus Mayr, 1870 MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Forel 1912 Camponotus fastigatus Roger, 1863 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus fiebrigi Forel, 1906 MG Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus femoratus (Fabricius, 1804) MG, PR Native Santschi 1929 Camponotus fuscocinctus Emery, 1888 BA, MG, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus genatus Santschi, 1922 BA, GO, MG, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus goeldii Forel, 1894 RJ Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus hedwigae Forel, 1912 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus hermanni Emery, 1911 RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus iheringi Forel, 1908 BA, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus imitator Forel, 1891 MG Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus iridis Santschi, 1922 BA Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus koseritzi Emery, 1888 RS Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus latangulus Roger, 1863 BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus leptocephalus Emery, 1923 BA, ES Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus lespesii Forel, 1886 BA, CE, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus leydigi Forel, 1886 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus lutzi Forel, 1905 MG, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus macrocephalus Emery, 1894 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus melanoticus Emery, 1894 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Araújo et al. 2007 Camponotus moelleri Forel, 1912 SC Native Forel 1912 Camponotus mucronatus Emery, 1890 SE Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus mus Roger, 1863 MS, PR, RS, SC Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus nepos Forel, 1912 RJ Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus novogranadensis Mayr, 1870 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus paradoxus (Mayr, 1866) PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus personatus Emery, 1894 GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus picipes (Olivier, 1792) MS, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus propinquus Mayr, 1887 GO, MG, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus punctulatus Mayr, 1868 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PR, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus rectangularis Emery, 1890 BA, ES, GO, MG, PB Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus renggeri Emery, 1894 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus rufipes (Fabricius, 1775) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SE Native Souza et al. 2012 Camponotus sanctaefidei Dalla Torre, 1892 GO, MG, MS, RJ Native Emery 1894 Camponotus scissus Mayr, 1887 ES, GO, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus senex (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus sericatus Mayr, 1887 SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus sericeiventris (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) BA, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus sexguttatus (Fabricius, 1793) BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Camponotus silvestrii (Emery, 1906) SP Native Martins et al. 2006 Camponotus simillimus Smith, 1862 RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus substitutus Emery, 1894 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RN, SC Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus subtruncatus Borgmeier, 1929 RJ, SP Native Castilho et al. 2011 Camponotus tenuiscapus Roger, 1863 MG, RS Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus terbimaculatus Emery, 1920 BA, MG Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus termitarius Emery, 1902 MG, MS, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus textor Forel, 1899 BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Santos et al. 2015 Camponotus trapeziceps Forel, 1908 MG, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus trapezoideus Mayr, 1870 BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus tripartitus Mayr, 1887 BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SE Native Kempf 1978 Camponotus vagulus Forel, 1908 SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2017 Camponotus vittatus Forel, 1904 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Camponotus westermanni Mayr, 1862 BA, MG Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus xanthogaster Santschi, 1925 MG, PR, SC Native Kempf 1972 Camponotus zenon Forel, 1912 RS, SC Native Favretto et al. 2013 Myrmelachista arborea Forel, 1909 RJ Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista arthuri Forel, 1903 GO, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Castro et al. 2017 Myrmelachista bambusarum Forel, 1903 BA, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista bettinae Forel, 1903 RJ Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista catharinae Mayr, 1887 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Nakano et al. 2012 Myrmelachista gagatina Emery, 1894 RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Myrmelachista gallicola Mayr, 1887 GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Nakano et al. 2012 Myrmelachista goeldii Forel, 1903 SP Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista kloetersi Forel, 1903 SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Myrmelachista muelleri Forel, 1903 SP Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista nodigera Mayr, 1887 GO, MG, PE, PR, SC, SP Native Nakano et al. 2012 Myrmelachista paderewskii Forel, 1908 SP Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista reticulata Borgmeier, 1928 MG, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Nakano et al. 2012 Myrmelachista rudolphi Forel, 1903 RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Myrmelachista ruszkii Forel, 1903 SP Native Nakano et al. 2012 Myrmelachista ulei Forel, 1904 SP Native Kempf 1972 Nylanderia docilis (Forel, 1908) RJ, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Nylanderia fulva (Mayr, 1862) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Nylanderia guatemalensis (Forel, 1885) BA, CE, MS, PR, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Nylanderia steinheili (Forel, 1893) MG, PB, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Nylanderia vividula (Nylander, 1846) MG, PR, SP AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Exotic Bieber et al. 2005 ES, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802) Heteroponerinae Acanthoponera goeldii Forel, 1912 Acanthoponera minor (Forel, 1899) MS Native Feitosa 2011 Acanthoponera mucronata (Roger, 1860) BA, MG, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ketterl and Verhaagh 2004 Heteroponera angulata Borgmeier, 1959 BA, ES, MG, PR Native Feitosa 2011 Heteroponera dentinodis (Mayr, 1887) ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Feitosa 2011 Heteroponera dolo (Roger, 1860) ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Feitosa 2011 Heteroponera flava Kempf, 1962 ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Heteroponera inermis (Emery, 1894) BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Heteroponera mayri Kempf, 1962 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Feitosa 2011 Heteroponera microps Borgmeier, 1957 BA, MG, MS, PR, SC, SP Native Feitosa 2011 Heteroponera robusta Kempf, 1962 SP Native Kempf 1972 Acanthognathus brevicornis Smith, 1944 BA, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Majer and Delabie 1999 Acanthognathus lentus Mann, 1922 PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Silva 2014 Acanthognathus ocellatus Mayr, 1887 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Acanthognathus rudis Brown & Kempf, 1969 BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Acromyrmex ambiguus (Emery, 1888) BA, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex ameliae De Souza, Soares & Della Lucia, 2007 MG Native Souza et al. 2007 Acromyrmex aspersus (Smith, 1858) BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, RS SC, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Diehl-Fleig 1994 Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) BA, ES, MG, MS, PI, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Fowler 1992 Acromyrmex coronatus (Fabricius, 1804) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Rando and Forti 2005 Acromyrmex crassispinus (Forel, 1909) GO, MG, MS, PI, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Rando and Forti 2006 Acromyrmex diasi Gonçalves, 1983 GO, PR, RS, SP Native Rando and Forti 2007 Acromyrmex disciger (Mayr, 1887) MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Rando and Forti 2008 Acromyrmex heyeri (Forel, 1899) PI, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Rando and Forti 2009 Acromyrmex hispidus Santschi, 1925 MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Rando and Forti 2010 Acromyrmex hystrix (Latreille, 1802) BA, GO, PR, RJ, RS, SC Native Emery 1888 Acromyrmex landolti (Forel, 1885) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PI, PR, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Carvalho and Freitas 1960 Myrmicinae Acromyrmex laticeps (Emery, 1905) MG, RS, SC Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex lobicornis (Emery, 1888) BA, RS Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex lundii (Guérin-Méneville, 1838) RS, SC, SP Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex niger (Smith, 1858) AL, CE, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex nigrosetosus (Forel, 1908) Native Gonçalves 1961 Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex striatus (Roger, 1863) GO, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE PI, RS, SC Native Gonçalves 1961 Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel, 1893) BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Gonçalves 1961 Apterostigma acre Lattke, 1997 AL, BA, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Dias et al. 2008 Apterostigma angustum Lattke, 1997 PB Native Tavares 2017 Apterostigma auriculatum Wheeler, 1925 BA, MS Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Apterostigma bruchi Santschi, 1919 SC Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Apterostigma depressum Lattke, 1997 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Apterostigma ierense Weber, 1937 BA, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Apterostigma jubatum Wheeler, 1925 MG Native Schmidt et al. 2017 Apterostigma madidiense Weber, 1938 BA, RJ Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Apterostigma mayri Forel, 1893 MG, SC Native Forel 1912 Apterostigma moelleri Forel, 1892 GO, SC Native Kempf 1972 Apterostigma pilosum Mayr, 1865 BA, GO, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Apterostigma robustum Emery, 1896 MG Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Apterostigma serratum Lattke, 1997 MG, SC Native Klingenberg and Brandão 2005 Apterostigma steigeri Santschi, 1911 GO, MG, SP Native Lattke 1997 Apterostigma urichii Forel, 1893 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Apterostigma wasmannii Forel, 1892 MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908 BA, GO, MG, PB, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1950 Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) AL, BA, PE, PR, SP Native Pacheco et al. 2009 Acromyrmex rugosus (Smith, 1858) Atta laevigata (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SP Native Andrade et al. 2007 Atta opaciceps Borgmeier, 1939 AL, BA, CE, PB, PE, RN, SE Native Kempf 1972 Atta robusta Borgmeier, 1939 ES, GO, RJ, SC Native Araújo et al. 2007 Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758) Widespread Native Castilho et al. 2011 Basiceros convexiceps (Mayr, 1887) AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Basiceros disciger (Mayr, 1887) AL, BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Bieber et al. 2013 Basiceros scambognathus (Brown, 1949) BA, ES, GO, MG, SP Native Feitosa et al. 2007 Blepharidatta delabiei Brandão, Feitosa & Diniz, 2015 BA Native Brandão et al. 2015 Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel, 1881 BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, RS, SP, SE Exotic Borgmeier 1937 Cardiocondyla minutior Forel, 1899 BA, ES, MG Exotic Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, 1929 BA, MG Exotic Delabie et al. 2007 Cardiocondyla wroughtonii (Forel, 1890) BA, MG, RJ, SP Exotic Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Carebara bicarinata Santschi, 1912 SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Carebara brasiliana Fernández, 2004) BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Carebara brevipilosa Fernández, 2004 BA, ES, GO, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Carebara coeca Fernández, 2004 BA, GO, MS Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Carebara inca Fernández, 2004 SP Native Scott-Santos 2008 Carebara incierta Fernández, 2004 GO Native Kempf 1972 Carebara nuda Fernández, 2004 RS, SC Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013 Carebara panamensis (Wheeler, 1925) BA, CE, MG, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Carebara pilosa (Fernández, 2004) BA, MG, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Carebara reticulata Fernández, 2004 PB Native Tavares 2017 Carebara urichi (Wheeler, 1922) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, RJ, SP, SE Native Araújo et al. 2007 Cephalotes adolphi (Emery, 1906) GO, MG, SC Native Ribas et al. 2003 Cephalotes angustus (Mayr, 1862) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes atratus (Linnaeus, 1758) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Araújo and Fernandes 2003 Cephalotes betoi De Andrade, 1999 BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes bohlsi (Emery, 1896) PR Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes borgmeieri (Kempf, 1951) GO, MG, MS, SP Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes clypeatus (Fabricius, 1804) BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, PR, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes depressus (Klug, 1824) BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes eduarduli (Forel, 1921) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, SC, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes fiebrigi (Forel, 1906) BA, MS, PI Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes frigidus (Kempf, 1960) BA, GO, MG, RJ, SC Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes goeldii (Forel, 1912) BA, ES, MG, MS, RJ Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes grandinosus (Smith, 1860) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PR, RS, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes guayaki De Andrade, 1999 MS Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes incertus (Emery, 1906) MS, RS Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes jheringi (Emery, 1894) MS, RS Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes maculatus (Smith, 1876) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, SP, SE Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes membranaceus (Klug, 1824) Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes nilpiei (De Andrade, 1999) ES, RJ, SP AL, BEA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, SC, SP, SE MG, RJ Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes notatus (Mayr, 1866) MG, RJ, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes oculatus (Spinola, 1851) AL, BA Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes opacus Santschi, 1920 BA, ES Native Delabie 1999 Cephalotes pallens (Klug, 1824) BA, CE, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes pallidicephalus (Smith, 1876) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pallidoides De Andrade, 1999 BA, GO, MG, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pallidus De Andrade, 1999 BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes patellaris (Mayr, 1866) MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pavonii (Latreille, 1809) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pellans (De Andrade, 1999) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes minutus (Fabricius, 1804) Cephalotes persimilis De Andrade, 1999 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, SP, SE Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pilosus (Emery, 1896) BA, RN, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes pinelii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) BA, MG, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes placidus (Smith, 1860) SP Native Kempf 1951 Cephalotes pusillus (Klug, 1824) Widespread Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes quadratus (Mayr, 1868) BA Native Brandão 1991 Cephalotes simillimus (Kempf, 1951) BA, GO, MG Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes spinosus (Mayr, 1862) BA, GO, PE Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes targionii (Emery, 1894) BA, SP Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes umbraculatus (Fabricius, 1804) BA, ES, GO, MG, RN, SE Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Cephalotes ustus (Kempf, 1973) BA, MG Native De Andrade and Baroni Urbani 1999 Crematogaster acuta (Fabricius, 1804) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster ampla (Forel, 1912) MG, PR Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Crematogaster arata Emery, 1906 MG, MS, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster arcuata (Forel, 1899) ES, MG, PB, SP Native Longino 2003 Crematogaster bingo Forel, 1908 PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster brasiliensis Mayr, 1878 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster carinata Mayr, 1862 BA, ES, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster chodati Forel, 1921 MG, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster cisplatinalis Mayr, 1887 PR Native Vernalha 1952 Crematogaster clydia Forel, 1912 SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster corticicola Mayr, 1887 ES, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster crinosa Mayr, 1862 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster cristata Santschi, 1929 RJ, RS, SC Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster curvispinosa Mayr, 1862 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster distans Mayr, 1870 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster dorsidens Santschi, 1925 BA Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster erecta Mayr, 1866 BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Crematogaster evallans Forel, 1907 BA, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Crematogaster goeldii Forel, 1903 BA, MG, PB, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster iheringi Forel, 1908 RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster limata Smith, 1858 BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Delabie et al. 2000 Crematogaster longispina Emery, 1890 BA, MG, PR, RS Native Castro et al. 2011 Crematogaster lutzi Forel, 1905 ES, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster magnifica Santschi, 1925 BA, MG, PR, RS, SC, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster moelleri Forel, 1912 MG, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster montana Borgmeier, 1939 RJ, RS, SC Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster montezumia Smith, 1858 BA, GO, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Crematogaster nigropilosa Mayr, 1870 BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster nitidiceps Emery, 1895 MG, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster parallela Santschi, 1925 SC Native Silva 1999 Crematogaster pygmaea Forel, 1904 CE Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster quadriformis Roger, 1863 BA, CE, GO, MG, PE, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster rochai Forel, 1903 CE, GO, MG, PR, RN, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster rudis Emery, 1894 GO, MG, PR, RS Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster scelerata Santschi, 1917 PE Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster sericea Forel, 1912 MG, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster sotobosque Longino, 2003 BA, SP Native Santos et al. 2017 Crematogaster stigmatica Forel, 1911 MG Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster subtonsa Santschi, 1925 MG Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster tenuicula Forel, 1904 BA, PB, PE, RJ, SC Native Braga et al. 2010 Crematogaster torosa Mayr, 1870 GO, MG, MS, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster unciata Santschi, 1925 PB Native Kempf 1972 Crematogaster victima Smith, 1858 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Cryptomyrmex boltoni (Fernández, 2003) BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, SC, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1958 Cryptomyrmex longinodus (Fernández & Brandão, 2003) Cyatta abscondita Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes, Heraldo & Vasconcelos, 2013 Cyphomyrmex bicornis Forel, 1895 BA, ES, MG, SP Native Fernández 2003 CE, GO, MG, PR, SP Native Oliveira et al. 2016 RG, SP Native Kempf 1972 Cyphomyrmex cornutus Kempf, 1968 BA, SP Native Santos et al. 2017 Cyphomyrmex hamulatus Weber, 1938 CE, MG, PR, SC Native Silva 1999 Cyphomyrmex laevigatus Weber, 1938 GO, SP Native Lapola and Fowler 2008 Cyphomyrmex major Forel, 1901 BA, PR, RN, RS, SP Native Lapola and Fowler 2008 Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr, 1862 BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Santos et al. 2017 Cyphomyrmex peltatus Kempf, 1966 BA, GO, MG, PB, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Cyphomyrmex rimosus (Spinola, 1851) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Cyphomyrmex salvini Forel, 1899 BA, MG, PE, PR, SP Native Soares and Schoereder 2001 Cyphomyrmex transversus Emery, 1894 BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Diaphoromyrma sofiae Fernández, Delabie & Nascimento, 2009 BA, ES, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Fernandes et al. 2009 Eurhopalothrix bruchi (Santschi, 1922) BA, ES, MG, PB, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Eurhopalothrix gravis (Mann, 1922) SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Eurhopalothrix pilulifera Brown & Kempf, 1960 GO, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Eurhopalothrix speciosa Brown & Kempf, 1960 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Eurhopalothrix spectabilis Kempf, 1962 AL, BA, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Eurhopalothrix alopeciosa Brown & Kempf, 1960 SP Native Scott-Santos 2008 Hylomyrma balzani (Emery, 1894) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Hylomyrma immanis Kempf, 1973 AL, BA, ES, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Hylomyrma reitteri (Mayr, 1887) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1973 Hylomyrma sagax Kempf, 1973 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Kalathomyrmex emeryi (Forel, 1907) BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013 Kempfidris inusualis (Fernández, 2007) BA Native Fernández et al. 2014 Lachnomyrmex nordestinus Feitosa & Brandão, 2008 CE, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Feitosa and Brandão 2008 Lachnomyrmex plaumanni Borgmeier, 1957 BA, CE, ES, PR, RJ, SC, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Lachnomyrmex victori Feitosa & Brandão, 2008 BA, ES, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Megalomyrmex ayri Brandão, 1990 BA, MG, MS Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex drifti Kempf, 1961 BA, GO, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex gnomus Kempf, 1970 MG, MS Native Brandão 1990 Megalomyrmex goeldii Forel, 1912 BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex iheringi Forel, 1911 AL, BA, MG, RJ, SP, SE Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex incisus Smith, 1947 AL, BA, CE, PR, SP, SE Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex modestus Emery, 1896 MG Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex myops Santschi, 1925 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex pusillus Forel, 1912 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex silvestrii Wheeler, 1909 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Brandão 2003b Megalomyrmex symmetochus Wheeler, 1925 BA, GO, RJ, SC Native Brandão 1990 Monomorium brasiliense Forel, 1908 MG, RJ Native Brandão 1991 Monomorium delabiei Fernández, 2007 CE Native Fernández 2007 Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Exotic Delabie 1993 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Exotic Delabie 1993 Mycetagroicus cerradensis Brandão & Mayhé-Nunes, 2001 GO, MG, MS, PR, SP Native Brandão and Mayhé-Nunes 2001 Mycetagroicus urbanus Brandão & Mayhé-Nunes, 2001 SP Native Brandão and Mayhé-Nunes 2001 Mycetarotes carinatus Mayhé-Nunes, 1995 BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2006 Mycetarotes parallelus (Emery, 1906) BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Mycetarotes senticosus Kempf, 1960 PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1960 Mycetomoellerius atlanticus Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2007 BA, ES, GO, MS, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2007 Mycetomoellerius cirratus Mayhé-Nunes & Brandão, 2005 GO, MG, PR, SP, SE Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius dichrous Kempf, 1967 BA, GO, MG, MS, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius farinosus (Emery, 1894) GO, MG, MS SP Native Silva et al. 2004 Mycetomoellerius holmgreni Wheeler, 1925 BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius iheringi (Emery, 1888) MG, MS, PR, RS, SC Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius kempfi Fowler, 1982 GO, MG, MS, RS, SC, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius oetkeri (Forel, 1908) BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Mycetomoellerius papulatus Santschi, 1922 MG, RJ, SP Native Vasconcelos et al. 2008 Mycetomoellerius relictus Borgmeier, 1934 BA, GO, RS Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius tucumanus (Forel, 1914) BA, MG, RS, SP Native Mayhé-Nunes and Brandão 2005 Mycetomoellerius urichii (Forel, 1893) BA, GO, MG, MS, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Mycetophylax asper (Mayr, 1887) SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Mycetophylax auritus (Mayr, 1887) ES, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Mycetophylax conformis (Mayr, 1884) BA, ES, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Mycetophylax lectus (Forel, 1911) MG, MS, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Mycetophylax morschi (Emery, 1888) BA, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Klingenberg and Brandão 2009 Mycetophylax olitor (Forel, 1893) BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Silva 1999 Mycetophylax simplex (Emery, 1888) PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Mycetophylax strigatus (Mayr, 1887) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Mycetophylax bigibbosus (Emery, 1894) SP Native Macedo et al. 2011 Mycetophylax plaumanni (Kempf, 1962) MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Silva 1999 Mycocepurus goeldii (Forel, 1893) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Mycocepurus smithii (Forel, 1893) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP Native Brandão 1991 Myrmicocrypta squamosa Smith, 1860 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Nesomyrmex asper (Mayr, 1887) BA, CE, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Nesomyrmex costatus (Emery, 1896) MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Nesomyrmex echinatinodis (Forel, 1886) ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Suguituru et al. 2015 Nesomyrmex itinerans (Kempf, 1959) BA, PE Native Carvalho et al. 2012 Nesomyrmex schwebeli (Forel, 1913) RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Nesomyrmex sculptiventris (Mayr, 1887) RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Nesomyrmex spininodis (Mayr, 1887) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RN SC, SP, SE Native Delabie et al. 2006 Nesomyrmex vicinus (Mayr, 1887) BA, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Nesomyrmex wilda (Smith, 1943) BA, MG Native Carvalho et al. 2004 Ochetomyrmex neopolitus Fernández, 2003 BA, GO Native Meurer et al. 2015 Ochetomyrmex semipolitus Mayr, 1878 AL, BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Meurer et al. 2015 Octostruma iheringi (Emery, 1888) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie et al. 2000 Octostruma petiolata (Mayr, 1887) BA, ES, RJ, SC, SP Native Soares et al. 2003 Octostruma rugifera (Mayr, 1887) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Suguituru et al. 2011 Octostruma stenognatha Brown & Kempf, 1960 BA, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Braga et al. 2010 Octostruma balzani (Emery, 1894) AL, BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Oxyepoecus browni Albuquerque & Brandão, 2004 BA, ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus bruchi Santschi, 1926 BA, MG, SC Native Albuquerque et al. 2005 Oxyepoecus crassinodus Kempf, 1974 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus inquilinus (Kusnezov, 1952) GO, MG, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus kempfi Albuquerque & Brandão, 2004 PI Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus longicephalus Albuquerque & Brandão, 2004 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus myops Albuquerque & Brandão, 2009 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. 2009 Oxyepoecus plaumanni Kempf, 1974 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. 2009 Oxyepoecus punctifrons (Borgmeier, 1927) MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus rastratus (Mayr, 1887) ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. 2009 Oxyepoecus reticulatus Kempf, 1974 MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. 2009 Oxyepoecus rosai Albuquerque & Brandão, 2009 PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. 2009 Oxyepoecus vezenyii (Forel, 1907) BA, CE, GO, RS, SC, SP Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Oxyepoecus vivax Kempf, 1974 MG Native Albuquerque and Brandão 2004 Paratrachymyrmex cornetzi (Forel, 1912) BA, MG, MS Native Delabie et al. 2002 Phalacromyrmex fugax Kempf, 1960 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole aberrans Mayr, 1868 BA, GO, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole alienata Borgmeier, 1929 PR, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole alpinensis Forel, 1912 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole ambigua Wilson, 2003 MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Wilson 2003 Pheidole angusta Forel, 1908 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole aper Forel, 1912 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole arcifera Santschi, 1925 MG, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole arhuaca Forel, 1901 CE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole asperithorax Emery, 1894 BA, RJ, SP Native Da Rocha et al. 2015 Pheidole auropilosa Mayr, 1887 ES, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole avia Forel, 1908 MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole bambusarum Forel, 1908 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole biconstricta Mayr, 1870 CE, PE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole blumenauensis Kempf, 1964 BA, PR, RS, SC Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole brevicona Mayr, 1887 MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole breviseta Santschi, 1919 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Martins 2016 Pheidole bruchi Forel, 1914 PR Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole brunnescens Santschi, 1929 MG, PR Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole bucculenta Forel, 1908 MG, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole capillata Emery, 1906 GO, MG, Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole cavifrons Emery, 1906 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole claviscapa Santschi, 1925 CE, GO, MG, SC Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole diligens (Smith, 1858) BA, CE, MG, PE, PR, RS Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole dinophila Wilson, 2003 MS, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2015 Pheidole durionei Santschi, 1923 SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2015 Pheidole dyctiota Kempf, 1972 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole eidmanni Menozzi, 1926 SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole exigua Mayr, 1884 BA, PB, PE, PR, RN Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole fabricator (Smith, 1858) BA, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole fallax Mayr, 1870 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole fera Santschi, 1925 MG, PE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole fimbriata Roger, 1863 BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole flavens Roger, 1863 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole flavida Mayr, 1887 SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole foederalis Borgmeier, 1928 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2015 Pheidole fracticeps Wilson, 2003 ES, GO, MG, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Pheidole geraesensis Santschi, 1929 MG Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole germaini Emery, 1896 ES, MG, MS, RJ Native Emery 1906 Pheidole gertrudae Forel, 1886 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole gibba Mayr, 1887 PR, RJ, RSC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole goeldii Forel, 1895 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole guilelmimuelleri Forel, 1886 ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole hetschkoi Emery, 1896 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole heyeri Forel, 1899 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole impressa Mayr, 1870 CE, RN Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole jelskii Mayr, 1884 BA, CE, MG, PR, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole laevifrons Mayr, 1887 GO, PR, RJ, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole laevinota Forel, 1908 RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole lignicola Mayr, 1887 PR, RJ, RS, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole lucretii Santschi, 1923 MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole lutzi Forel, 1905 SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius, 1793) BA, CE, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Exotic Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole midas Wilson, 2003 BA, CE, ES, MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pheidole minensis Santschi, 1923 MG Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole minutula Mayr, 1878 MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pheidole moseni Wheeler, 1925 GO, RS Native Wheeler 1925 Pheidole mosenopsis Wilson, 2003 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Pheidole nana Emery, 1894 RS, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole nesiota Wilson, 2003 PR, RS, SC, SP Native Boscardin et al. 2014 Pheidole nigella Emery, 1894 MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pheidole nitella Wilson, 2003 BA Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole nitidula Emery, 1888 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole nubila Emery, 1906 PR, RS, SP Native Piva and Campos 2012 Pheidole obscurithorax Naves, 1985 BA, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013a Pheidole obtusopilosa Mayr, 1887 BA, PR, RJ, RS Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole oxyops Forel, 1908 GO, MG, MS, PR, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole peregrina Wheeler, 1916 SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole piliventris (Smith, F., 1858) MG, PR, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole praeses Wilson, 2003 MG, SP Native Pizo 2008 Pheidole pubiventris Mayr, 1887 CE, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole punctatissima Mayr, 1870 RJ, RS, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole punctithorax Borgmeier, 1929 RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole puttemansi Forel, 1911 BA, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole radoszkowskii Mayr, 1884 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole reflexans Santschi, 1933 GO, MG, Native Gallego-Ropero et al. 2013 Pheidole reichenspergeri Santschi, 1923 RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole risii Forel, 1892 PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole rochai Forel, 1912 BA, CE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole rosae Forel, 1901 RJ, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole rudigenis Emery, 1906 PR, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole rufipilis Forel, 1908 ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole sarcina Forel, 1912 ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole schmalzi Emery, 1894 RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole semilaevis Forel, 1901 CE Native Santschi 1929 Pheidole senilis Santschi, 1929 MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole sensitiva Borgmeier, 1959 ES, MG, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole sigillata Wilson, 2003 ES, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Cantarelli et al. 2015 Pheidole sospes Forel, 1908 MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole spininodis Mayr, 1887 RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole subarmata Mayr, 1884 BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole susannae Forel, 1886 GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1978 Pheidole synarmata Wilson, 2003 BA, PB, PR, RS, SC, SE Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole termitobia Forel, 1901 PR, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole tetrica Forel, 1913 BA, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole tijucana Borgmeier, 1927 BA, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole trachyderma Emery, 1906 PR Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole transversostriata Mayr, 1887 BA, MG, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole triconsticta Forel, 1886 MG, PE, PR, RS, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole tristis (Smith, 1858) MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole vafra Santschi, 1923 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole vallifica Forel, 1901 BA Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole venatrix Wilson, 2003 BA Native Santos et al. 2017 Pheidole victima Santschi, 1929 BA, MG, PR Native Kempf 1972 Pheidole weiseri Santschi, 1923 SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pheidole wolfringi Forel, 1908 PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pogonomyrmex abdominalis Santschi, 1929 MG, MS, PR, RS, SP Native Johnson 2015 Pogonomyrmex naegelii Emery, 1878 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Johnson 2015 Procryptocerus adlerzi (Mayr, 1887) BA, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus attenuatus (Smith, 1876) MS Native Silvestre et al. 2012 Procryptocerus clathratus Emery, 1896 PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus convergens (Mayr, 1887) BA, ES, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus curvistriatus Kempf, 1949 ES Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus elegans Santschi, 1921 PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus gibbosus Kempf, 1949 ES, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus goeldii Forel, 1899 BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus hirsutus Emery, 1896 BA, GO Native Majer and Delabie 1999 Procryptocerus hylaeus Kempf, 1951 BA, ES, GO, MG, PI, RJ,RN, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus lenkoi Kempf, 1969 SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus lepidus Forel, 1908 ES, MG, MS, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus marginatus Borgmeier, 1948 BA, ES, MG, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus montanus Kempf, 1957 MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus pictipes Emery, 1896 BA, GO, PE, RJ Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus regularis Emery, 1888 GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus sampaioi Forel, 1912 MG, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus schmalzi Emery, 1894 MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus schmitti Forel, 1901 BA, CE, GO, MG, PE, SP Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus seabrai Kempf, 1964 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Procryptocerus striatus (Smith, 1860) RJ, SP Native Kempf 1951 Procryptocerus subpilosus (Smith, 1860) BA, RS, SP Native Emery 1894 Procryptocerus sulcatus Emery, 1894 MG, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Procryptocerus victoris Kempf, 1960 PI, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Rhopalothrix plaumanni Brown & Kempf, 1960 SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2015 Rogeria alzatei Kugler, 1994 BA, GO, MS, RJ, SP, SE Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013b Rogeria besucheti Kugler, 1994 BA, MG, PB, PR Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Rogeria blanda (Smith, 1858) BA, CE, ES, MG, PB, RJ Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013b Rogeria bruchi Santschi, 1922 MG Native Kugler 1994 Rogeria foreli Emery, 1894 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Rogeria germaini Emery, 1894 BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Rogeria lacertosa Kempf, 1963 BA, PB, RS Native Kempf 1972 Rogeria lirata Kugler, 1994 BA, GO, MG, MS Native Santos et al. 2017 Rogeria micromma Kempf, 1961 BA, GO, MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Rogeria pellecta Kempf, 1963 SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Rogeria scobinata Kugler, 1994 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Rogeria subarmata (Kempf, 1961) BA, ES, MG, PB, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Sericomyrmex bondari Borgmeier, 1937 BA, CE, ES, MG, PE, RJ, SP, SE Native Campiolo and Delabie (2000) Sericomyrmex maravalhas Ješovnik & Schultz, 2017 MS Native Ješovnik and Schultz 2017 Sericomyrmex mayri Forel, 1912 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, RJ, SP, SE Native Ješovnik and Schultz 2017 Sericomyrmex opacus Mayr, 1865 RJ Native Kempf 1972 Sericomyrmex parvulus Forel, 1912 BA, ES, GO, MG, RJ, SP, SE Native Ješovnik and Schultz 2017 Sericomyrmex saussurei Emery, 1894 BA, GO, MG, RJ, SP, SE Native Ješovnik and Schultz 2017 Sericomyrmex scrobifer Forel, 1911 BA, GO, MG, PI, PR, SP Native Ješovnik and Schultz 2017 Solenopsis basalis Forel, 1895 CE, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis bicolor (Emery, 1906) BA, PR, RJ, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Solenopsis brevicornis Emery, 1888 MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis clytemnestra Emery, 1896 BA, CE, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis corticalis Forel, 1881 ES, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis decipiens Emery, 1906 RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis emiliae Santschi, 1912 Native Pacheco and Mackay 2013 Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis gensterblumi Forel, 1901 RS AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis globularia (Smith, 1858) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis goeldii Forel, 1912 RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804) Solenopsis hayemi Forel, 1908 SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis helena Emery, 1895 PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis hostilis (Borgmeier, 1959) PR, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis iheringi Forel, 1908 MG, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis interrupta Santschi, 1916 CE, PR Native Vernalha 1952 Solenopsis invicta Buren, 1972 MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013b Solenopsis joergenseni Santschi, 1919 MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Pacheco and Mackay 2013 Solenopsis laeviceps Mayr, 1870 RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis megergates Trager, 1991 PR, RS, SC, SP Native Trager 1991 Solenopsis metanotalis Emery, 1896 PE Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis minutissima Emery, 1906 RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis nigella Emery, 1888 GO, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis orestes Forel, 1903 CE Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis parva Mayr, 1868 MS, PR, RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis patagonica Emery, 1906 RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis picea Emery, 1896 CE, PR Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis picta Emery, 1895 MG, PR, SC Native Forel 1901 Solenopsis pollux Forel, 1893 BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Solenopsis quinquecuspis Forel, 1913 MG, PR, RS, SP Native Vernalha 1952 Solenopsis richteri Forel, 1909 MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Araújo and Fernandes 2003 Solenopsis stricta Emery, 1896 BA, ES, GO, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis substituta Santschi, 1925 GO, MG, MS, PR, RN, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis subterranea Mackay & Vinson, 1989 ES, PB, PR, SC, SP, SE Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis succinea Emery, 1890 SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis sulfurea (Roger, 1862) BA, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis tenuis Mayr, 1878 BA, MG, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis terricola Menozzi, 1931 AL, BA, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Solenopsis tridens Forel, 1911 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PE, RJ, RN, RS, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis virulens (Smith, F., 1858) BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, SP Native Araújo and Fernandes 2003 Solenopsis wasmannii Emery, 1894 GO, MG, MS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Solenopsis westwoodi Forel, 1894 MG, SC, SP Native Pacheco and Mackay 2013 Solenopsis xyloni McCook, 1879 ES, PR, RJ, SP Native Vernalha 1952 Stegomyrmex olindae Feitosa, Brandão & Diniz, 2008 BA, MG Native Feitosa et al. 2008 Stegomyrmex vizottoi Diniz, 1990 BA, MG PR, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Strumigenys abditivata (Bolton, 2000) PR, SC Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013b Strumigenys alberti Forel, 1893 BA, GO, MG, SC Native Castro et al. 2011 Strumigenys appretiata (Borgmeier, 1954) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys borgmeieri Brown, 1954 BA, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SE Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys brevicornis Mann, 1922 MG Native Castro et al. 2011 Strumigenys carinithorax Borgmeier, 1934 BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys comis (Kempf, 1959) RJ, SC, SP Native Castro et al. 2011 Strumigenys cordovensis Mayr, 1887 BA, GO, PB, PE, SC, SP, SE Native Castro et al. 2011 Strumigenys cosmostela Kempf, 1975 GO, MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys crassicornis Mayr, 1887 AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Strumigenys cultrigera Mayr, 1887 PR, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys dapsilis (Bolton, 2000) SC, SP Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys denticulata Mayr, 1887 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Bihn et al. 2008 Strumigenys dentinasis (Kempf, 1960) PR, SP Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys dyseides Bolton, 2000 BA, SP Native Macedo et al. 2011 Strumigenys eggersi Emery, 1890 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE BA, RS Native Braga et al. 2010 Native Bihn et al. 2008 Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys elongata Roger, 1863 Strumigenys emiliae Forel, 1907 Strumigenys epelys Bolton, 2000 BA, ES, PB, SP, SE Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys epinotalis Weber, 1934 BA, MG, PR Native Santos et al. 2017 Strumigenys fridericimuelleri Forel, 1886 MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys grytava (Bolton, 2000) ES, PB, SP Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys gytha Bolton, 2000 BA, MG, PB, SP Native Bihn et al. 2008 Strumigenys hindenburgi Forel, 1915 BA, MG, RJ, RS, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys infidelis Santschi, 1919 ES, GO, PI, PR, RJ Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys lilloana (Brown, 1950) BA, GO, MG, PI Native Ulysséa and Brandão 2013b Strumigenys louisianae Roger, 1863 BA, ES, GO, MG, PB, PI, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys lygatrix (Bolton, 2000) PR, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys mandibularis Smith, 1860 BA, SP Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys maynei Forel, 1916 BA, MG, Native Castro et al. 2011 Strumigenys minuscula (Kempf, 1962) RS, SC Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys reticeps (Kempf, 1969) BA Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys rugithorax (Kempf, 1959) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys saliens Mayr, 1887 BA, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys sanctipauli Kempf, 1958 MG, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys schmalzi Emery, 1906 BA, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys schulzi Emery, 1894 BA, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys silvestrii Emery, 1906 BA,MG, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys smilax Bolton, 2000 BA, GO, MG, SC, SP Native Bolton 2000 Strumigenys spathula Lattke & Goitía, 1997 AL, BA, SC, SP Native Macedo et al. 2011 Strumigenys stenotes (Bolton, 2000) BA, MG, SC, SP Native Santos et al. 2017 Strumigenys subedentata Mayr, 1887 AL, BA, CE, ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys substricta (Kempf, 1964) AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys tanymastax (Brown, 1964) MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys teratrix (Bolton, 2000) BA, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys trinidadensis Wheeler, 1922 AL, BA, GO, PE, SE Native Kempf 1972 Strumigenys vilhenai Bolton, 2000 BA, ES, PR, SC, SP Native Silva 2014 Strumigenys villiersi (Perrault, 1986) BA, PE Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Strumigenys xenochelyna (Bolton, 2000) BA, MG, MS, PE, PR Native Silvestre et al. 2012 Strumigenys dolichognatha Weber, 1934 BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Strumigenys ogloblini Santschi, 1936 BA, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys perparva Brown, 1958 BA, CE, MG, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys splendens (Borgmeier, 1954) BA, MG, PR, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Strumigenys urrhobia (Bolton, 2000) BA, ES, PR, SC, SP Native Silva and Brandão 2014 Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846) BA, CE, GO, MG, PI, RS, SC, SP Exotic Cantarelli et al. 2015 Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, 1851) BA, CE, GO, MG, RJ, SC, SP Exotic Brandão 1991 Tranopelta gilva Mayr, 1866 BA, GO, MG, MS, RS, SP Native Costa et al. 2015 Wasmannia affinis Santschi, 1929 Native Bieber et al. 2005 Native Castilho et al. 2011 Wasmannia iheringi Forel, 1908 BA, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MS. MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP, SE AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Forel 1908 Wasmannia lutzi Forel, 1908 AL, BA, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Camarota et al. 2016 Wasmannia rochai Forel, 1912 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Cantarelli et al. 2015 Wasmannia scrobifera Kempf, 1961 BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PB, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Santos-Júnior et al. 2014 Wasmannia sigmoidea (Mayr, 1884) BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Wasmannia sulcaticeps Emery, 1894 BA, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Cardoso and Schoereder 2014 Wasmannia villosa Emery, 1894 MG, PR, RS Native Emery 1894 Wasmannia williamsoni Kusnezov, 1952 MG, RS, SC Native Diehl-Fleig et al. 2014 Anochetus altisquamis Mayr, 1887 BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Anochetus diegensis Forel, 1912 BA. GO, MG, MS, PB, SP Native Castro et al. 2012 Anochetus neglectus Emery, 1894 BA, ES, MG, MS, PE, PR, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863) Ponerinae Anochetus bispinosus (Smith, 1858) BA, MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Anochetus hohenbergiae Feitosa & Delabie, 2012 BA Native Da Rocha et al. 2015 Anochetus inermis André, 1889 Native Carvalho et al. 2004 Native Araújo et al. 2007 Anochetus oriens Kempf, 1964 BA, ES, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SE AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RS, RS SC, SP, SE BA, ES, RJ Native Brown 1978 Anochetus simoni Emery, 1890 AL, BA, PE, RJ, SE Native Delabie et al. 2007 Anochetus targionii Emery, 1894 BA, MG, RS, SP Native Boscardin et al. 2012 Centromyrmex alfaroi Emery, 1890 BA, GO, MG, SP Native Kempf 1978 Centromyrmex brachycola (Roger, 1861) MG, PI, PR, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Centromyrmex gigas Forel, 1911 BA, GO, MG, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Cryptopone guianensis (Weber, 1939) MG, SP Native Kempf 1958 Cryptopone holmgreni (Wheeler, 1925) BA, RJ, SP Native Delabie et al. 2007 Dinoponera australis Emery, 1901 BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Dinoponera lucida Emery, 1901 BA, ES, MG, SP Native Escarraga et al. 2017 Hypoponera argentina (Santschi, 1922) PR Native Wild 2007 Hypoponera clavatula (Emery, 1906) SC Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera collegiana (Santschi, 1925) MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera distinguenda (Emery, 1890) AL, BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Hypoponera fiebrigi (Forel, 1908) RJ Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera foeda (Forel, 1893) PR, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera foreli (Mayr, 1887) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Diehl et al. 2005 Hypoponera idelettae (Santschi, 1923) SC Native Kempf 1962 Hypoponera iheringi (Forel, 1908) ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Hypoponera leninei (Santschi, 1925) ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera neglecta (Santschi, 1923) RJ, SC Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera opaciceps (Mayr, 1887) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Anochetus mayri Emery, 1884 Hypoponera opacior (Forel, 1893) BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Hypoponera parva (Forel, 1909) MG, PR, SC Native Dash 2011 Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859) MG, SP Native Delabie and Blard 2002 Hypoponera reichenspergeri (Santschi, 1923) RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera schmalzi (Emery, 1896) GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Hypoponera schmalzi paulina (Forel, 1913) SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Hypoponera schwebeli (Forel, 1913) GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Hypoponera trigona (Mayr, 1887) BA, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Hypoponera vernacula (Kempf, 1962) SP Native Kempf 1962 Hypoponera viri (Santschi, 1923) SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Hypoponera wilsoni (Santschi, 1925) MG, PR, RN, SP Native Brandão 1991 Leptogenys academica López-Muñoz, Villarreal & Lattke, 2018 PR Native López-Muñoz et al. 2018 Leptogenys arcuata Roger, 1861 BA, PI Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys bohlsi Emery, 1896 BA, GO, MS, SP, SE Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys carioca López-Muñoz, Villarreal & Lattke, 2018 RJ Native López-Muñoz et al. 2018 Leptogenys corniculans Lattke, 2011 BA Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys crudelis (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, PR, RJ, SP Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys gaigei Wheeler, 1923 GO Native Kempf 1972 Leptogenys iheringi Forel, 1911 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys luederwaldti Forel, 1913 ES, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Leptogenys mavaca Lattke, 2011 ES Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys maxillosa (Smith, 1858) PE, SP Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys minima Lattke, 2011 ES, GO Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys pusilla (Emery, 1890) BA, MG, MS Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys unistimulosa Roger, 1863 AL, BA, CE, GO, PE, RJ, SE Native Lattke 2011 Leptogenys vogeli Borgmeier, 1933 RJ Native Lattke 2011 Neoponera apicalis (Latreille, 1802) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, SC, SP, SE Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera bactronica (Fernandes, De Oliveira & Delabie, 2014) BA, GO, MS, PI, PR, SC, SP, SE Native Fernandes et al. 2014 Neoponera billemma (Fernandes, De Oliveira & Delabie, 2014) GO, SP Native Fernandes et al. 2014 Neoponera bucki (Borgmeier, 1927) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Neoponera carinulata (Roger, 1861) BA, MG, RJ, RS Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera cavinodis Mann, 1916 BA, CE, PR, Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera commutata (Roger, 1860) BA, ES, GO, MG, PE, PI, RJ, SP Native Brandão 1991 Neoponera concava (Mackay & Mackay, 2010) BA, ES, SE Native Santos et al. 2017 Neoponera crenata (Roger, 1861) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera curvinodis (Forel, 1899) BA, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Santos et al. 2017 Neoponera goeldii Forel, 1912 BA Native Kempf 1972 Neoponera inversa (Smith, 1858) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, RJ, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera laevigata (Smith, 1858) ES, MG, MS, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Neoponera latinoda (Mackay & Mackay, 2010) BA, ES, MG, SC Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera magnifica (Borgmeier, 1929) BA, ES, GO, MG, RJ, SP Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera marginata (Roger, 1861) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera metanotalis (Luederwaldt, 1918) BA, MG, SP Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera moesta (Mayr, 1870) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera obscuricornis (Emery, 1890) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Bieber et al. 2005 Neoponera rostrata (Emery, 1890) GO, MG, RJ, SP Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera schultzi (Mackay & Mackay, 2010) BA, ES Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera striatinodis Emery, 1890 BA, GO, MG Native Delabie et al. 2007 Neoponera unidentata (Mayr, 1862) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Neoponera venusta Forel, 1912 AL, BA, ES, MG, RJ, SE Native Bieber et al. 2005 Neoponera verenae Forel, 1922 BA, ES, GO, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SE Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera villosa (Fabricius, 1804) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Neoponera theresiae (Forel, 1899) AL Native Gomes et al. 2010 Odontomachus affinis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 BA, ES, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão 1983 Odontomachus biumbonatus Brown, 1976 BA, CE, ES, RJ, SP Native Brandão 1991 Odontomachus brunneus (Patton, 1894) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, RJ, SP Native Brandão 1991 Odontomachus chelifer (Latreille, 1802) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Braga et al. 2010 Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Bieber et al. 2005 Odontomachus hastatus (Fabricius, 1804) BA, ES, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Odontomachus meinerti Forel, 1905 Native Bieber et al. 2005 Native Braga et al. 2010 Pachycondyla lenis Kempf, 1961 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE GO, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native MacKay and MacKay 2010 Pachycondyla striata Smith, 1858 AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Borgmeier 1923 Mayaponera constricta (Mayr, 1884) AL, BA, ES, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SP, SE Native Bieber et al. 2005 Pseudoponera gilberti (Kempf, 1960) BA, ES, MS, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudoponera stigma (Fabricius, 1804) BA, GO, MG, PE, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Platythyrea sinuata (Roger, 1860) BA Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Rasopone ferruginea (Smith, 1858) BA, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Castro et al. 2012 Rasopone lunaris (Emery, 1896) MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Simopelta curvata (Mayr, 1887) GO, MG, SC, SP Native Brandão 1991 Simopelta minima (Brandão, 1989) BA, MG Native Brandão 1991 Thaumatomyrmex atrox Weber, 1939 BA, ES, MG, PB, RJ, SE Native Brandão et al. 1991 Thaumatomyrmex fraxini D'Esquivel & Jahyny, 2017 BA, ES, MG, SE Native D'Esquivel et al. 2017 Thaumatomyrmex mutilatus Mayr, 1887 BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Brandão et al. 1991 Discothyrea neotropica Bruch, 1919 Discothyrea sexarticulata Borgmeier, 1954 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Probolomyrmex brujitae Agosti, 1995 BA, MS Native Nascimento et al. 2004 Proceratium brasiliense Borgmeier, 1959 BA, MG, RJ, SC, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pachycondyla harpax (Fabricius, 1804) Proceratiinae Pseudomyrmecinae Pseudomyrmex acanthobius (Emery, 1896) CE, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex adustus (Borgmeier, 1929) GO, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pseudomyrmex atripes (Smith, 1860) GO, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1978 Pseudomyrmex cubaensis (Forel, 1901) BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, RJ Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex curacaensis (Forel, 1912) BA, CE, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, RJ, RN, SP, SE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex denticollis (Emery, 1890) MS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex eduardi (Forel, 1912) MS, SP Native Fernández and Sendoya 2004 Pseudomyrmex elongatus (Mayr, 1870) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, RJ, RN, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex euryblemma (Forel, 1899) BA, ES, GO, MG, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex filiformis (Fabricius, 1804) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, RJ, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pseudomyrmex flavidulus (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, ES, GO, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pseudomyrmex gibbinotus (Forel, 1908) AL, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, SP Native Brandão et al. 2010 Pseudomyrmex godmani (Forel, 1899) RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex goeldii (Forel, 1912) SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex gracilis (Fabricius, 1804) Widespread Native Andrade et al. 2007 Pseudomyrmex holmgreni (Wheeler, 1925) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, RJ, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex incurrens (Forel, 1912) RJ Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex kuenckeli (Emery, 1890) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex laevifrons Ward, 1989 BA, PE Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex laevivertex (Forel, 1906) BA, GO, MG, RJ, RN Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex longus (Forel, 1912) BA, GO, MG, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex maculatus (Smith, 1855) BA, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RN, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex oculatus (Smith, 1855) AL, BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, PB, PE, RN, SP, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex pallidus (Smith, 1855) GO, MG, MS, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex perboscii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex phyllophilus (Smith, 1858) BA, ES, GO, MG, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pseudomyrmex pisinnus Ward, 1989 CE, GO, MG, MS, PI, SC, SP Native Brandão et al. 2010 Pseudomyrmex pupa (Forel, 1911) AL, BA, GO, MG, PB, PR Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex rochai (Forel, 1912) BA, CE, ES, MG, PR, SE Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex rufiventris (Forel, 1911) GO, MG, MS, RJ, RS, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex schuppi (Forel, 1901) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Ulysséa et al. 2011 Pseudomyrmex sericeus (Mayr, 1870) Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex spiculus Ward, 1989 BA, CE, MG, PI, RJ, SP BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE BA, ES, MG Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex squamifer (Emery, 1890) RJ, RS Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex subater (Wheeler & Mann, 1914) BA, MG, MS, PE, SP Native Delabie and Nascimento 1998 Pseudomyrmex tenuis (Fabricius, 1804) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SP, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Pseudomyrmex tenuissimus (Emery, 1906) BA, CE, ES, GO, MG, MS, RJ, RN, SP, SE Native Brandão 1991 Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1855) AL, BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP, SE Native Braga et al. 2010 Pseudomyrmex triplaridis (Forel, 1904) MS, SP Native Ward 1999 Pseudomyrmex triplarinus (Weddell, 1850) MS, PR, SP Native Ward 1999 Pseudomyrmex unicolor (Smith, 1855) BA, ES, GO, MG, MS, PE, PI, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex urbanus (Smith, 1877) BA, GO, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP Native Brandão et al. 2010 Pseudomyrmex venustus (Smith, 1858) AL, BA, ES, GO, RJ, SP Native Kempf 1972 Pseudomyrmex vinneni (Forel, 1906) MS, SC Native Forel 1913 Pseudomyrmex subtilissimus (Emery, 1890) SC, SP Native Kempf 1978 Camargoia nordestina Camargo, 1996 BA, CE, PI Native RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Cephalotrigona capitata (Smith, 1854) MG, PR, SC, SP Native CEPANN, INHS, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Friesella schrottkyi (Friese, 1900) ES, MG, PR, SP Native CEPANN, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Pseudomyrmex simplex (Smith, 1877) Apidae Apinae Meliponini Camargo & Pedro 2013, Gonçalves & Brandão 2008; Oliveira 2003 CE-UFPE, DSEC; Oliveira 2003, Camargo & Pedro 2013 CEPANN, INPA-HYMENOPTERA; Oliveira 2003, Camargo & Pedro 2013 Frieseomelitta dispar (Moure, 1950) BA, MG, ES Native Frieseomelitta doederleini (Friese, 1900) AL, BA, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN Native Frieseomelitta flavicornis (Fabricius, 1798) BA, MG, MS, SP Native Frieseomelitta francoi (Moure, 1946) BA, PE, SE Native Frieseomelitta languida Moure, 1990 BA, MG, SP Native Frieseomelitta meadewaldoi (Cockerell, 1915) BA, CE, ES, PB, PE, RN Native Frieseomelitta trichocerata Moure, 1990 PB Native DSEC, Oliveira 2003 Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier, 1836) BA, CE, MG, PB, PE, SP Native CEPANN, CE-UFPE; Oliveira 2003 Geotrigona aequinoctialis (Ducke, 1925) CE Native RPSP; Camargo & Moure 1996 Geotrigona mombuca (Smith, 1863) BA, MG, SP Native RPSP; Camargo & Moure 1996 Geotrigona subterranea (Friese, 1901) BA, MG, SP Native CEPANN, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Moure 1996 Geotrigona xanthopoda Camargo & Moure, 1996 PB, PE Native CE-UFPE; Camargo & Moure 1996 Lestrimelitta ehrhardti (Friese, 1931) AL, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Lestrimelitta limao (Smith, 1863) MS, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Lestrimelitta rufipes (Friese, 1903) BA, CE, MG, MT, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Lestrimelitta sulina Marchi & Melo, 2006 PR, RS, SC Native SEMC; Marchi & Melo 2006 Lestrimelitta tropica Marchi & Melo, 2006 BA, CE, RJ Native Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Marchi & Melo 2006 Leurotrigona muelleri (Friese, 1900) AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Camargo & Pedro 2013 CEPANN, CE-UFPE; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Oliveira 2003, Camargo & Pedro 2013 CEMeC, CEPANN; Camargo & Pedro 2013, Oliveira 2003 CE-UFPE, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013, Oliveira 2003 BBSL, CEPANN, INHS, RPSP; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Marchi & Melo 2006 CEPANN, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP, SEMC; Marchi&Melo 2006 RPSP; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Marchi & Melo 2006 Melipona (Eomelipona) asilvai Moure, 1971 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE Native CE-UFPE, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Eomelipona) bicolor Lepeletier, 1836 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native BBSL, CEPANN, CE-UFPE, INHS, INPAHYMENOPTERA, MCP, SEMC, RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Eomelipona) marginata Lepeletier, 1836 AL, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native BBSL, CEPANN, CESC, CE-UFPE, INHS, MCP, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Eomelipona) obscurior Moure, 1971 PR, RS, SC, SP Native RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Melikerria) quinquefasciata Lepeletier, 1836 BA, CE, ES, MG, PR, SC, SP Native RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Melipona) mandacaia Smith, 1863 AL, BA, CE, MG, PB, PE, SE Native RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Melipona (Melipona) quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SE, SP Native Melipona (Melipona) subnitida Ducke, 1910 AL, BA, CE, PB, PE, RN, SE Native Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba Moure & Camargo, 1994 ES Native Melipona (Michmelia) mondury Smith, 1863 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Melipona (Michmelia) scutellaris Latreille, 1811 AL, BA, CE, PB, PE, RN, SE Native Mourella caerulea (Friese, 1900) PR, RS, SC Native DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, MCP, RPSP; Bortoli & Laroca 1997; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native CEPANN, INHS, iNaturalist, LEACOL, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013, Rasmussen & Gonzalez 2017 Oxytrigona tataira (Smith, 1863) BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native CEPANN, RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Paratrigona incerta Camargo & Moure, 1994 BA, MG Native RPSP; Camargo & Moure 1994 Paratrigona lineata (Lepeletier, 1836) BA, CE, MA, MG, PB, PE, PI, SP Native CEPANN, CE-UFPE, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Moure 1994 CEPANN, CE-UFPE, INHS, RPSP, SEMC, iNaturalist; Camargo & Pedro 2013 CEPANN, CE-UFPE, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 RPSP; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Camargo & Pedro 2013 BBSL, CEPANN, CE-UFPE; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Paratrigona subnuda Moure, 1947 BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native CEPANN, MCP, RPSP, SEMC; Camargo & Moure 1994 Partamona criptica Pedro & Camargo, 2003 BA, ES, MG, RJ, SP Native DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008, Pedro & Camargo 2003 Partamona cupira (Smith, 1863) BA, MG, SP Native BBSL, CEPANN, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP, SEMC; Pedro & Camargo 2003 Partamona helleri (Friese, 1900) BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native CEPANN, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, INPAHYMENOPTERA, iNaturalist, RPSP, SEMC; Pedro &Camargo 2003 Partamona littoralis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 PB, PE, RN Native Partamona rustica Pedro & Camargo, 2003 BA, MG Native Partamona seridoensis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 CE, PB, PE Native CE-UFPE, RPSP; Pedro & Camargo 2003 Partamona sooretamae Pedro & Camargo, 2003 BA, ES Native DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP; Pedro & Camargo 2003 Plebeia catamarcensis (Holmberg, 1903) MS, RS Native MCP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Plebeia droryana (Friese, 1900) PR, PE, RS, RJ, SC, SP Native BBSL, CEPANN, CESC, MCP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Plebeia emerina (Friese, 1900) PR, RS, SC, SP Native BBSL, CEPANN, CESC, DZUPHYMENOPTERA, INPA-HYMENOPTERA, MCP, SEMC Plebeia julianii Moure, 1962 PR Native CEPANN Plebeia lucii Moure, 2004 ES, PB, RJ Native Gonçalves & Brandão 2008 Plebeia nigriceps (Friese, 1901) PR, RS, SC, SP Native CESC, MCP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Plebeia phrynostoma, Moure 2004 AL, BA, ES, RJ, SE, SP Native Gonçalves & Brandão 2008 Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) ES, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native CE-UFPE, CECG, CEPANN, CESC, MCP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 CE-UFPE, INHS, RPSP, SEMC; Pedro & Camargo 2003 DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, RPSP, SEMC; Pedro & Camargo 2003 Plebeia saiqui (Friese, 1900) MG, PR, RS, RJ, SC, SP Native CEPANN, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, INPAHYMENOPTERA, MCP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Plebeia wittmanni Moure & Camargo, 1989 RS Native CESC, MCP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Scaptotrigona bipunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) MG, PR, RS, RJ, SC, SP Native CE-UFPE, CEPANN, CESC, MCP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942) MG, MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native CEPANN, INHS; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Scaptotrigona postica (Latreille, 1807) BA, CE, MG, MS, PR, SE, SP Native CEPANN; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Scaptotrigona tubiba (Smith, 1863) MG, PB, RJ, RS, SE, SP Native Scaptotrigona xanthotricha Moure, 1950 BA, ES, RJ, SC, SE, SP Native Scaura atlantica Melo, 2004 BA, ES, MG Native RPSP; Melo & Costa 2004 Scaura latitarsis (Friese, 1900) CE, PR, SP Native RPSP; Melo & Costa 2004 Schwarziana bocainensis Melo, 2015 SP Native Melo, 2015 Schwarziana mourei Melo, 2003 MG, RS Native RPSP; Melo 2003 Schwarziana quadripunctata (Lepeletier, 1836) BA, ES, MG, PR, RS, RJ, SC, SP Native CE-UFPE, CEPANN, CESC, DZUPHYMENOPTERA, INHS, MCP, RPSP, SEMC; Tetragona clavipes (Fabricius, 1804) BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz, 1938) MS, PR, RS, SC, SP Native MCP, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Trigona albipennis Almeida, 1995 BA, CE, MG, PI, SP Native RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Trigona branneri Cockerell, 1912 BA, RJ, SP Native RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Trigona braueri Friese, 1900 BA, ES, PR, RJ, SP Native RPSP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Trigona hyalinata (Lepeletier, 1836) BA, ES, MG, MS, SC, SP Native CEPANN, LEACOL, RPSP, SEMC; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008 Trigona hypogea Silvestri, 1902 SP Native CEPANN, LEACOL BBSL, CE-UFPE, CEPANN, MCP; Camargo & Pedro 2013 CEMeC, CEPANN, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 CE-UFPE, CEPANN, CESC, INHS; Camargo & Pedro 2013 CE-UFPE, CEPANN, CESC, iNaturalist, INHS, SEMC; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) BA, CE, ES, MS, MG, PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SP Native AMNH-Bee, BBSL, CE-UFPE, CECG, CEPANN, CESC, DSEC, DZUP-HYMENOPTERA, iNaturalist, INHS, MCP, RPSP, SEMC; Gonçalves & Brandão 2008 Trigonisca intermedia Moure, 1990 BA, ES, MG, PE Native CE-UFPE; Camargo & Pedro 2013 Agelaia angulata (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Hermes and Köhler (2004); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Souza et al. (2015); Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Agelaia centralis (Cameron, 1907) Brazil: ES, MG, RJ, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Agelaia flavipennis (Ducke, 1905) Brazil: BA, ES, PE, RJ, SE, SP Native Santos et al. (2016) Vespidae Polistinae Epiponini Agelaia multipicta (Haliday, 1836) Brazil: ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Hermes and Köhler (2004); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla et. al. (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Santos et al (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Agelaia myrmechophila (Ducke, 1905) Brazill: ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017) Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barret (1999); Hermes and Köhler (2004); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Santos et al. (2016); Elisei et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Agelaia pallipes (Olivier, 1792) Agelaia pallipes (Olivier, 1792) Agelaia vicina (Saussure, 1854)* Brazil: AL, BA, CE, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barret (1999); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Angiopolybia pallens (Lepeletier, 1836) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, PE, RJ, SC, SE, SP Native Richards (1978); Cruz et al. (2006); Santos et al. (2007); Santos et al. (2016); Carpenter (2019a) Apoica flavissima Van der Vecht, 1972 Brazil: AL, ES, MG, PB, RJ, SP Native Pickett and Wenzel (2007); Santos and Noll (2013); Santos et al. (2016); Carpenter (2019a) Apoica gelida Van der Vecht, 1972 Brazil: MG, RJ Native Pickett and Wenzel (2007); Albuquerque et al (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Apoica pallens (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Pickett and Wenzel (2007); Santos et al. (2007); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2017); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Apoica pallida (Olivier, 1792) Brazil: BA, SP Native Apoica thoracica Buysson, 1906 Brazil: ES, MG, PR, SP Native Pickett and Wenzel (2007); Silva-Neto and Andena (2011); Carpenter (2019a) Pickett and Wenzel (2007); Souza et al (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Brachygastra augusti (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: MG, PR, RS, SP; Argentina; Paragauy Native Richards (1978); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Silva et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Brachygastra fistulosa Naumann, 1968 Brazil: PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Silva et al. (2015); Carpenter (2019a) Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille, 1824) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PR RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Silva et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2017); Elisei et al. (2007), Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Brachygastra moebiana (Saussure, 1867) Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Silva et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Brachygastra mouleae Richards, 1978 Brazil: MG, RS, SP Native Silva et al. (2015); Carpenter (2019a) Brachygastra scutellaris (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, MG, RJ, SE, SP Native Silva et al. (2015); Carpenter (2019a) Chartergellus communis Richards, 1898 Brazil: ES, MG Native Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Chartergellus sanctus Richards, 1978* Brazil: ES Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019a) Chartergus artifex (Christ, 1791) Brazil: SC Native Carpenter (2019a) Chartegus globiventris Saussure, 1854 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Clypearia angustior Ducke, 1906 Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Epipona tatua (Cuvier, 1797) Brazil: ES, MG, SP Native Leipomeles dorsata (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, rJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019a) Metapolybia bromelicola Araujo, 1945 Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019a) Metapolybia cingulata (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: BA, MG, SP Native Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Metapolybia decorata (Gribodo, 1896) Brazil: RJ, SC Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019a) Metapolybia docilis Richards, 1978 Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Parachartegus fraternus (Griboldo, 1892) Brazil: MG; Argentina Native Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Albuquerque (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Carpenter (2019a) Garcete-Barrett (1999); Santos et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Carpenter (2019a) Parachartegus pseudapicalis Willink, 1959 Brazil: BA, MG, PE, RJ, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Parachartegus smithii (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: MG, SP; Paraguay Native Parachartegus wagneri Buysson, 1904* Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Polybia affinis Buysson, 1908 Brazil: PB, SE Native Santos et al. (2016) Polybia bifasciata Saussure, 1854 Brazil: ES, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Lima (2008); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia bistritata (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, MG, SE, SP Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Barbosa et al. (2018); Jacques et al. (2018); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia catillifex Möbius, 1856 Brazil: RJ, SP Native Carpenter (2019a) Polybia chrysothorax (Lechtenstein, 1796) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, SP; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia dimidiata (Olivier, 1792) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia emaciata Lucas, 1879 Brazil: BA, MG (?), RJ, SP Native Santos et al. (2016); Carpenter (2019a) Garcete-Barret et al. (2014); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Richards (1978); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia fastidiosuscula Saussure, 1854 Brazil: BA, ES, IL, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SE, SP, ST; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1970); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia flavitincta Fox, 1898 Brazil: BA Native Santos et al. (2007) Polybia falavifrons Smith, 1857 Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina Native Richards (1978); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia gorytoides Fox, 1898 Polybia ignobilis (Haliday, 1836) Brazil: PB, RJ Brazil: BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Santos et al. (2016) Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Auko et al. (2017); Elisei et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia jurinei Saussure, 1854 Brazil: BA, CE, ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia liliacea (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: MG; SP? Native Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia lugubris Saussure, 1854 Brazil: MG, ES, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Barbosa (2015); Locher (2016); Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Native Richards (1978); Lima (2008); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Santos et al. (2016); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Albuquerque et al (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia minarun Ducke, 1906* Polybia occidentalis (Olivier, 1792) Brazil: BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Brazil: BA, CE, ES, MG, RJ, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Polybia paulista H. von Ihering, 1896 Brazil: BA, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SP; Paraguay; Argentina Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Auko et al. 2017); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia platycephala Richards, 1978 Brazil: MG, RJ, RS, SP; Paraguay Native Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia punctata Buysson, 1908 * Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia quadricincta Saussure, 1854 Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017) Polybia rejecta (Fabricius, 1798) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, RJ, RN, SP Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia ruficeps Schrottky, 1902 Brazil: BA, MG, RN?, SC, SP; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Polybia scutellaris (White, 1841) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia sericea (Olivier, 1792) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla et al . (2012); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2017); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia signata Ducke, 1905 Brazil: ES, MG Native Richards (1978); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Polybia striata (Fabricius, 1787) Brazil: ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Polybia tinctipennis Fox, 1898 Brazil: ES, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978) Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla et al. (2016); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2017); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Paraguay; Argentina Protopolybia exigua (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: BA, CE, ES, MG, MS, PE, RJ, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Barbosa (2015); Santos et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola, 1851) Brazil: MG Native Carpenter (2019a) Protopolybia potiguara Santos, Silveira and Carpenter, 2015* Brazil: PB Native Santos et al. 2015 Protopolybia sedula (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Auko et al. (2016); Carpenter (2019a) Pseudopolybia compressa (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: ES, RJ Native Carpenter (2019a) Pseudopolybia vespiceps (Saussure, 1864) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Lima (2008); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Auko et al. (2017); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Synoeca cyanea (Fabricius, 1775) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, MS, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Synoeca ilhiensis Lopez and Menezes, 2018* Brazil: BA, ES, PE, SP Native Lopes and Menezes (2017) Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767) Brazil: BA, MG, PB, PE, RJ Native Richards (1978); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019a) Mischocyttarus adjectus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus annulatus Richards, 1978 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus aracatubaensis Zikan, 1949* Brazil: SP Native Richards (1978) Mischocyttarus araujoi Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG, RJ, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus artifex Ducke, 1914 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus anthracinus Richards, 1945* Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Silveira (2006) Mischocyttarus bahiae Richards, 1945 Brazil: BA, MG, PE, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Silveira (2013) Mischocyttarus bahiaensis Zikán, 1949* Brazil: BA, MG, SP Native Carpenter (1993); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus bertonii (Ducke, 1908) Brazil: MG, RS, SP; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus buyssoni (Ducke, 1906)* Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Borges (2017) Mischocyttarus camanducaia Silveira, 2018* Brazil: MG Native Silviera (2018) Mischocyttarus capichaba Zikán, 1949* Brazil: ES Native Richards (1978) Mischocyttarus carbonarius (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: ES Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus carinulatus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: ES, MG, SP Native Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarini Mischocyttarus cassununga (R. von Ihering, 1903) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Lima (2008); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Jacques et al. (2018); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus catharinensis Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SC Native Richards (1978); Silveira (2013) ; Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus cerberus Ducke, 1918 Brazil: MG, SP Native Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus claretianus Zikán, 1949 Brazil: PR Native Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus clypeatus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus collarellus Richards, 1940 Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus collaris (Ducke, 1904) Argentina Native Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus confusoides Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus confusus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: MG, RJ Native Mischocyttarus consimilis Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG; Argentina; Paraguay Native Mischocyttarus costalimai Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1979); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus crypticus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus cryptobius Zikán, 1935 Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus curitybanus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: PR, RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus declaratus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Locher (2016); Silveira (2018) Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) ; Carpenter (2019b) Garcete-Barrett (1999); Silveira (2006); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus drewseni Saussure, 1857 Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Lima (2008); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Elisei et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus efferus Silveira, 2006 Brazil: MG, RJ; Paraguay Native Silveira (2006) Mischocyttarus extinctus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978) Mischocyttarus flavoscutellatus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Silveira (2006); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015, 2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus flavicans (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: BA, RJ Native Santos et al. (2016) Mischocyttarus frontalis (Fox, 1898) Brazil: MG; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus funerulus Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (1993); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Locher (2016); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus garbei Zikan, 1935* Brazil: ES, RJ Native Richards (1978); ; Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus giffordi Raw, 1985 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus gilvus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus haywardi Willink, 1953* Argentina Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus hoffmanni Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Locher (2016) Mischocyttarus ignotus Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus iheringi Zikán, 1935* Brazil: MG, RJ Native Barbosa et al. (2018); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus infrastrigatus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus interjectus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: RJ Native Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus itatiayaensis Zikán, 1935* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarys labiatus (Fabricius, 1804) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS Native Somavilla and Köller (2012); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus latior (Fox, 1898) Brazil: SP, MG Native Silveira (2006); Lima (2008); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus marginatus (Fox, 1898) Brazil: MG, SP, RJ; Paraguay Native Lima (2008); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus mattogrossensis Zikán, 1935 Brazil: SP; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus metathoracicus (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: RJ Native Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus mimicus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus mirificus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: MG, RJ Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus mirus Oliveira, 2006* Brazil: MG Native Silveira (2006) Mischocyttarus montei Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG, SP Native Santos et al. (2016); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Michocyttarus mourei Zikán, 1949 Brazil: MG, PR, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Albuquerque (2015); Silveira (2019) Mischocyttarus mutator Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Michocyttarus nomurae Richards, 1978* Brazil: BA, CE, MG Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus paraguayensis Zikán, 1935 Brasil: MG, MS, PR, RJ, SC, SP, RS; Paraguai; Argentina Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Silveira (2013); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarus parallelogrammus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: MG, RJ, SC, SP; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Mischocyttarys pallidipes Richards, 1945* Brazil: SC Native Richards (1945); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus paulistanus Zikán, 1935* Brazil: RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Locher (2016); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus proximus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SP Native Richards (1978); Silveira (2018) Mischocyttarus punctatus (Ducke, 1904) Brazil: MG; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1991); Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus richardsi Zikán, 1949* Brazil: PR, SC Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus riograndensis Richards, 1978* Brazil: RS, SC Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus rotundicollis (Cameron, 1912) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Lima (2008); Gomes and Noll (2009); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Barbosa et al. (2018); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus ryani Silveira, 2015 Brazil: MG; Paraguay Native Silveira et al. (2015) Mischocyttarus santacruzi Raw, 2000* Brazil: BA Native Raw (2000); Silveira (2006) Mischocyttarus saussurei Zikán, 1949* Brazil: MG, SP Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus schadei Zikán, 1949* Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus scitulus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus similaris Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SP Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus similatus Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus socialis (Saussure, 1854)*(?) Brazil: MG, PR, RJ, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Silveira (2006); Lima (2008); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Locher (2016); Jacques et al. (2018) Mischocyttarus souzalopesi Zikán, 1949* Brazil: SP Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus surinamensis (Saussure, 1854) Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus travassosi Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus thrypticus Richards, 1945* Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Garcete-Barrett (1999) Mischocyttarus tomentosus Zikán, 1935 Brazil: ES Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Mischocyttarus tricolor Richards, 1945 Brazil: MG; SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999); Souza et al. (2015, 2017) Mischocyttarus villarrricanus Zikán, 1935* Paraguay Native Garcete-Barrett (1999) Mischocyttarus ypiranguensis Fonseca, 1926* Brazil: MG, SP Native Mischocyttarus wagneri (Buysson, 1908)* Brazil: MG, RJ, RS, SP Native Mischocyttarus wygodzinskyi Zikán, 1949* Brazil: RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Carpenter (2019b) Polistes actaeon Haliday, 1836 Brazil: ES, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes bequaertianus Willink, 1953* Brazil: RJ; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes biguttatus Haliday, 1836 Brazil: PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Somavilla (2016) Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2017); Carpenter (2019b); Richards (1978); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015) Polistini Polistes billardieri Fabricius, 1804 Brazil: AL?; BA, MG, PR, RS, SP; Argentina Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes binotatus Saussure, 1853* Brazil: RJ Native Richards (1978) Polistes brevifissus Richards, 1978 Brazil: BA, ES, PR, RJ, RS; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Brazil: BA, MG, PB, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al., (2007); Lima (2008); Souza et al. (2015); Elisei et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes carnifex (Fabricius, 1775) Brazil: AL, BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, RJ, RS, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes cavapyta Saussure, 1853 Brazil:RS; Argentina; Paraguay Native Somavilla and Köller (2012) Polistes cavapytiformis Richards, 1978* Brazil: MG, PR, RS, SC, SP Native Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes cinerascens Saussure, 1854 Brazil: AL, BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2007); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes consobrinus Saussure, 1858 Brazil: PR, RS; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla and Köller (2012) Polistes davillae Richards, 1978 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes deceptor Schulz, 1905 Brazil: RS, SP; Argetina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Locher (2016); Somavilla (2016) Polistes dominicus (Vallot, 1802) Brazil: SC Native Somavilla (2016) Polistes erythrocephalus Latreille, 1813 Brazil: MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes ferreri Saussure, 1853 Brazil: BA, MG, PR, RS, SC, SP; Argentina Native Albuquerque et al. (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes geminatus Fox, 1898 Brazil: SP Native Locher (2016) Polistes goeldii Ducke, 1904 Brazil: MG Native Souza et al. (2017) Polistes lanio (Fabricius, 1775) Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes major Palisot de Beauvois, 1818 Brazil: ES, PR, RJ, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes melanosoma Saussure, 1853 Brazil: ES, MG, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2016); Somavilla (2016) Polistes notatipes Richards, 1978* Brazil: PR, RS, SP Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes obscurus Saussure, 1964* Brazil: PR; Argentina; Paraguay Native Polistes occipitalis Ducke, 1904 Brazil: ES, MG, RJ, SP Native Polistes pacificus Fabricius, 1804 Brazil: BA, ES, MG, RJ, RS, SP; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes paraguayensis Bertoni, 1918 Agentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Somavilla (2016) Polistes satan Bequaert, 1940 Brazil: MG?, RJ, SP Native Somavilla (2016) Polistes simillimus Zikán, 1951 Brazil: BA, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Richards (1978); Santos et al. (2012); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Elisei et al. (2007); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes subsericeus Saussure, 1854 Brazil: BA, MG, RJ, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Native Lima (2008); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (20160; Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Native Santos et al. (2007); Lima (2008); Tanaka and Noll (2011); Somavilla and Köller (2012); Ribeiro et al. (2019); Albuquerque et al. (2015); Barbosa (2015); Souza et al. (2015); Locher (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Polistes versicolor (Olivier, 1792) Crabronidae Pemphredoninae Brazil: BA, ES, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP; Argentina; Paraguay Richards (1978); Carpenter (1996); Somavilla (2016) Richards (1978); Souza et al. (2015); Somavilla (2016); Souza et al. (2017) Pemphredonini Microstigmus alini Antropov, 1992* Brazil: SP Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus arlei Richards, 1972* Brazil: RJ Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus brasiliensis Melo, 1992* Brazil: MG Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus flavus Melo and Matthews, 1997* Brazil: MG, ES Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus luederwaldti Richards, 1972* Brazil: SC, SP Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus nigrophtalmus Melo, 1992* Brazil: MG, SP Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus similis Melo, 1993* Brazil: MG Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus theredii Ducke, 1907* Brazil: SP Native Amarante (2002) Microstigmus wagneri Buysson, 1907* Brazil: RJ Native Amarante (2002) Micrsotigmus xylicola Melo, 1993* Brazil: MG Native Amarante (2002) Blattaria Isoptera Kalotermitidae Calcaritermes rioensis Krishna 1962 BA, PB, RJ, SE Native Bandeira and Vasconcellos 1999 Cryptotermes brevis (Walker 1853) Widespread Exotic Constantino 2002 Cryptotermes contognathus Constantino 2000 ES Native MZUSP Type material Cryptotermes dudleyi Banks 1918 PB, RJ Exotic Constantino 2002; Milano and Fontes 2002 Cryptotermes havilandi (Sjöstedt 1900) RJ, SP Exotic Constantino 2002; Milano and Fontes 2002 Eucryptotermes hagenii (Müller 1873) PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Constantino 1997; Constantino 2002 (as E. wheeleri) Glyptotermes canellae (Müller 1873) PR, SC, SP Native Constantino 1998 Glyptotermes sicki Krishna & Emerson 1962 PR, RJ Native Constantino 1998 Neotermes arthurimuelleri (Rosen 1912) PR, RJ, SP Native Constantino 1998 Neotermes fulvescens (Silvestri 1901) MG Native Araujo 1958 Neotermes hirtellus (Silvestri 1901) MG, RJ Native MZUSP Neotermes wagneri (Desneux 1904) BA, RJ Native Constantino 1998 Neotermes zanclus Oliveira 1979 MG, RJ Native Constantino 1998 Rugitermes niger Oliveira 1979 PR Native Type material Rugitermes nodulosus (Hagen 1858) SP, MG Native Constantino 1998 Rugitermes occidentalis (Silvestri 1901) RJ Native Constantino 1998 Rugitermes rugosus (Hagen 1858) BA, MG, SC, SP, RJ Native Araujo 1958 Tauritermes vitulus Araujo & Fontes 1979 SC Native MZUSP Type material Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann 1896) Widespread Exotic Constantino 2002 Heterotermes assu Constantino 2000 BA, ES, MG, SP Native Constantino 2002 Heterotermes longiceps (Snyder 1924) BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, RJ, SE, SP Native Constantino 2000; Milano and Fontes 2002; Vasconcellos et al. 2005 Heterotermes sulcatus Mathews 1977 BA, MG Native Constantino 2000 Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen 1858) Widespread Native Constantino 2002; Fontes and Milano 2002; Milano and Fontes 2002 Rhinotermes hispidus Emerson 1925 AL Native Cancello et al. 2014 (supporting information) Anoplotermes banksi Emerson 1925 AL, BA, ES, PB, PE, SE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Anoplotermes meridianus Emerson 1925 AL, BA, ES, PB, PE, PR, RJ, RS SC, SP, SE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Anoplotermes pacificus Müller 1873 ES, PR, RJ, SC, SP Native Bourguignon et al. 2010; Constantini 2018 Anoplotermes sp. 1 AL, BA, ES, PB, PE, SE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Anoplotermes sp. 2 ES Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Aparatermes abbreviatus Fontes 1986 SC, SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Aparatermes cingulatus (Burmeister 1839) SC, SP, RS Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Compositermes vindai Scheffrahn 2013 SP, RS Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Disjunctitermes sp. 1 BA Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Rhinotermitidae Termitidae Apicotermitinae Disjunctitermes sp. 2 SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 1 sp. ES2 AL, ES, PB Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 1 sp. S5 ES Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 2 sp. MCH ES Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 3 sp. ORQ ES, RJ Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 4 sp. V1 BA Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 5 sp. V4 SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 6 sp. S8 ES, RS SC Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 7 sp. S7 RS Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 8 sp. S3 AL, BA, ES, PB, PE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 9 sp. V3 PR, RJ, SC, SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 11 sp. ES3 AL, PB, PE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 11 sp. V2 PE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 12 sp. P1C ES Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Gen. 13 sp. S6 ES Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Grigiotermes hageni Mathews 1977 PE Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Grigiotermes sp. 1 ES, PR, SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Humutermes krishnai Bourguignon and Roisin 2016 AL, BA, PB, SE Native Bourguignon et al. 2016a; Constantini 2018 Hydrecotermes sp. 1 AL, BA, ES, PB, PR, PE, RJ, RS SC, SP Native Bourguignon et al. 2016a; Constantini 2018 Longustitermes manni (Snyder 1922) AL, BA Native Bourguignon et al. 2010; Constantini 2018 Ruptitermes bandeirai Acioli and Constantino 2015 AL, BA Native MZUSP Ruptitermes pitan Acioli and Constantino 2015 SP Native MZUSP Ruptitermes reconditus (Silvestri 1901) BA, ES, SP Native MZUSP, Constantini 2018 Tonsuritermes tucki Cancello and Constantini 2018 BA, MG, RJ Native Type material Constantini 2018; Constantini et al. 2018 Nasutitermitinae Agnathotermes glaber (Snyder 1926) MG Native Constantino 1998 Angularitermes pinocchio Cancello & Brandão 1996 BA Native Type material Reis and Cancello 2007 Araujotermes caissara Fontes 1982 ES, MG, SP, SC, PR Native Galbiati et al. 2005 Araujotermes zeteki (Snyder 1924) ES Native MZUSP Atlantitermes guarinim Fontes 1979 SP Native MZUSP Type material Atlantitermes ibitiriguara Fontes 1979 SP Native MZUSP Type material Atlantitermes stercophilus Constantino and DeSouza 1997 MG, PB Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005 Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri 1901) AL, BA, MG, PB, SP Native Constantino 1998 Convexitermes manni (Emerson 1925) BA Native Cancello and Noirot 2003 Cortaritermes rizzinii (Araujo 1971) MG Native MZUSP Type material Cortaritermes silvestrii (Holmgren 1910) SP Native MZUSP Cyranotermes timuassu Araujo 1970 ES, MG Native MZUSP Type material Diversitermes castaniceps (Holmgren 1910) ES, RJ, SP, SC, RJ, PR, MG Native Oliveira & Constantino 2016 Diversitermes diversimiles (Silvestri 1901) MG, BA, SP, ES, SE Native Oliveira & Constantino 2016 Diversitermes tiapuan Oliveira and Constantino 2016 MG, SP Native Oliveira & Constantino 2016 Ereymatermes piquira Cancello and Cuezzo 2007 BA Native MZUSP Type material Muelleritermes fritzi Cancello, Oliveira and Rocha 2015 MG, SP Native MZUSP Type material Oliveira et al. 2015 Muelleritermes globiceps Cancello, Oliveira and Rocha 2015 ES, SP, MG Native MZUSP Type material Oliveira et al. 2015 Nasutitermes aquilinus (Holmgren 1910) BA, MG, PR, RJ, RS, SC SP Native Constantino 1998; Diehl et al. 2015 Nasutitermes bivalens (Holmgren 1910) SP, RS Native Milano and Fontes 2002 Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews 1977 AL, BA, MG, PB, PE, SE Native Type material Reis and Cancello 2007; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky 1855) AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, RJ SE, SP Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005; Reis and Cancello 2007; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Nasutitermes coxipoensis (Holmgren 1910) MG, SP Native Constantino 1998 Nasutitermes ehrhardti (Holmgren 1910) BA, ES, MG, PE, PR, SC, SE, SP, RS Native Milano and Fontes 2002; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Nasutitermes ephratae (Holmgren 1910) BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, SP Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005; Reis and Cancello 2007; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Nasutitermes gaigei Emerson 1925 AL, PB,PE Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Nasutitermes jaraguae (Holmgren 1910) BA, ES, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Galbiati et al. 2005; Reis and Cancello 2007 Nasutitermes kemneri Snyder and Emerson 1949 BA, MG, PB Native Amaral-Castro et al. 2004; Vasconcellos et al. 2005 Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Silvestri 1903) BA, ES, MG, PB, RJ, SE, AL Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005; Reis and Cancello 2007 Nasutitermes minor (Holmgren 1906) BA, ES Native Reis and Cancello 2007 Nasutitermes rotundatus (Holmgren 1906) AL, BA, ES, MG, RJ, SC, SP Native Galbiati et al. 2005; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Subulitermes baileyi (Emerson 1925) BA, ES, PB Native MZUSP Subulitermes microsoma (Silvestri 1903) BA, MG Native Amaral-Castro et al. 2004 Velocitermes paucipilis Mathews 1977 MG Native MZUSP Type material Oliveira 2013 Velocitermes velox (Holmgren 1906) MG Native Amaral-Castro et al. 2004 Acangaobitermes krishnai Rocha Cancello and Cuezzo 2011 MG, SP Native MZUSP Type material Cornitermes bequaerti Emerson 1952 BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Cancello 1989; Cancello 1991 Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar 1832) BA, ES, MG, PR, SC, SP, RJ, RS Native Emerson 1952; Cancello 1989 Cornitermes silvestrii Emerson 1949 BA, MG Native Emerson 1952; Cancello 1989 Cornitermes villosus Emerson 1952 SP Native Emerson 1952; Cancello 1989 Curvitermes minor (Silvestri 1901) BA, MG Native Carvalho and Constantino 2011 Curvitermes odontognathus (Silvestri 1901) MG Native Carvalho and Constantino 2011 Cyrilliotermes strictinasus (Mathews 1977) MG, SP Native Type material Constantino and Carvallo 2012 Embiratermes festivelus (Silvestri 1901) BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Syntermitinae Embiratermes heterotypus (Silvestri 1901) MG, PR, RJ, RS, SP Native Constantino 1998; Galbiati et al. 2005 Embiratermes ignotus Constantino 1991 ES Native MZUSP Type material Embiratermes neotenicus (Holmgren 1906) BA, PB, AL, SE, ES Native Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Ibitermes curupira Fontes 1985 MG Native Galbiati et al. 2005 Ibitermes inflatus Vasconcellos 2002 PB Native MZUSP Labiotermes brevilabius Emerson and Banks 1965 SP, MG Native Constantino et al. 2006 Labiotermes emersoni (Araujo 1954) SP, MG Native Constantino et al. 2006 Labiotermes orthocephalus (Silvestri 1901) MG, ES, BA, SP, RJ Native Constantino et al. 2006 Labiotermes labralis (Holmgren 1906) BA, ES, RJ, PB, PE, SE Native Constantino et al. 2006; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Labiotermes longilabius (Silvestri 1901) MG, SP Native Constantino et al. 2006 Procornitermes araujoi Emerson 1952 SP Native Cancello 1986 Procornitermes lespesii (Müller 1873) SC, SP, MG, BA Native Cancello 1986; Galbiati et al. 2005 Procornitermes romani Emerson 1952 BA Native Emerson 1952; Cancello 1986; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Procornitermes striatus (Hagen 1858) RS Native Cancello 1986 Procornitermes triacifer (Silvestri 1901) ES, SP Native Cancello 1986 Rhynchotermes diphyes Mathews 1977 MG, SP Native Constantini & Cancello 2016 Rhynchotermes nasutissimus (Silvestri 1901) MG Native Constantini & Cancello 2016 Silvestritermes euamignathus Silvestri 1901 BA, MG, PR, RJ, SP Native Rocha et al. 2012 Silvestritermes heyeri Wasmann 1915 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, RJ, SP Native Rocha et al. 2012; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.; as S. holmgreni) Syntermes dirus (Burmeister 1839) RJ, BA, ES, MG, SP Native Constantino 1995; Bandeira and Vasconcellos 1999; Constantino and Dianese 2001 Syntermes grandis (Rambur 1842) ES, MG, PB, PE, PR, SE, SP Native Constantino 1995; Bandeira and Vasconcellos 1999; Constantino 2002 Syntermes molestus (Burmeister 1839) BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Constantino 1995 Syntermes nanus Constantino 1995 AL, BA, MG, PB, RJ, RN, SE, SP Native Constantino 1995 Syntermes obtusus Holmgren 1911 SP Native Constantino 1995 Syntermes praecellens Silvestri 1945 MG, PR, SC, SP Native Constantino 1995 Syntermes wheeleri Emerson 1945 BA, MG, RJ, SP Native Constantino 1995 Amitermes amifer Silvestri 1901 MG, PB Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005 Amitermes nordestinus Mélo and Fontes 2003 BA Native MZUSP Cavitermes tuberosus (Emerson 1925) BA, PB, PE, ES Native Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Crepititermes verruculosus (Emerson 1925) BA, ES, MG Native Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Cylindrotermes capixaba Rocha and Cancello 2007 ES Native MZUSP Type material Rocha and Cancello 2007 Cylindrotermes parvignathus Emerson 1949 MG Native Amaral-Castro et al. 2004 Cylindrotermes sapiranga Rocha and Cancello 2007 BA, SE, PB, PE Native Dentispicotermes conjunctus Araujo 1969 MG, SP, RJ Native Dihoplotermes inusitatus Araujo 1961 SP, MG, RJ, BA, PR Native Inquilinitermes microcerus (Silvestri 1901) MG, RN Native MZUSP Microcerotermes Silvestri 1901 AL, BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, RJ, RN Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.; see comments in the text) Neocapritermes opacus (Hagen 1858) BA, MG, PB, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP Native Krishna and Araujo 1968; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Orthognathotermes heberi Raw and Egler 1985 MG Native Rocha and Cancello 2009 Orthognathotermes insignis Araujo 1977 SP, MG, BA Native Type material Rocha and Cancello 2009 Orthognathotermes longilamina Rocha and Cancello 2009 BA, ES, MG, PB, PE, RJ Native Type material Rocha and Cancello 2009; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Orthognathotermes mirim Rocha and Cancello 2009 MG, SP Native Type material Rocha and Cancello 2009 Orthognathotermes tubesauassu Rocha and Cancello 2009 BA, PB, RJ Native Type material Rocha and Cancello 2009; Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Termitinae MZUSP Type material Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Type material Constantino 1998; Galbiati et al. 2005 Type material Galbiati et al. 2005 Cancello et al. 2014 (supp. info.) Spinitermes trispinosus (Hagen 1858) MG, ES Native Carrijo 2009 Termes bolivianus (Snyder 1926) MG Native Amaral-Castro et al. 2004 Termes fatalis Linnaeus 1758 MG, PB Native Bandeira and Vasconcellos 1999 Termes medioculatus Emerson 1949 PB Native Vasconcellos et al. 2005 Termes nigritus (Silvestri 1901) SP Native Constantino 1998 Termes riograndensis Jhering 1887 RS, SP Native Constantino 1998 (as T. saltans) References for Table 1 Acioli AN, Constantino R (2015) A taxonomic revision of the neotropical termite genus Ruptitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae). Zootaxa 4032(5): 451-492. Albuquerque CHB, Souza MM, Clemente MA (2015) Comunidade de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) em diferentes gradients altitudinais no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Biotemas 28: 131-138. 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