Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Laboratory Report SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology Carl Page University of Bedfordshire Ms. N Bretherton THE DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATED VO2MAX CONCERNING DIVERSE PRACTICES jogging to treadmill laboratory settings. While Introduction the valid and reliable approximations of How fit do you think you are? Agreement to VO2max which are gained from normative Dr David Stensel of the School of Sport and data as from previous studies published Exercise Sciences at Loughborough University, online and paper e.g. the Journal of Sports it is tough to identify precisely. Frequent Science and Medicine (JSSM) and other training while greatly suggested it is simply relevant worldwide sporting organisations. fraction of the portrayal. "Genetics plays a big part in fitness too. It's certainly the case that Presented in this physiology journal are the two people of the same age can do the same physiological tests which examined chosen amount of exercise, but one can be fitter than the other. hara teristi s of parti ipa t’s exe utio within a monitored laboratory. Since this study shows the findings from physiology Thus across various performances the cardiovascular exercises can conclude a parti ipa t VO ax the highest rate of oxygen consumption attainable during axi al or exhausti e exer ise . “i e individuals VO2max can be calculated via straight quantity of maximal oxygen uptake, through being calculated in the maximum amount of oxygen in millilitres, individuals can assessments through to data collection. These fitness assessments require the motivation of participants exercise to exhaustion, consequently VO2max depends on participant factors. Therefore those with a high-level Body Mass Index (BMI) will have an estimated lower VO2max rating and cannot do exercises further powerfully than individuals who are healthy trained. use in one minute per kilogram of their body weight. Although there are numerous sub maximal and maximal exercise tests have been developed made from track/field walking and 2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Methodologies Participants volunteered to be in research and stopped once participant fails to reach the understood the risks involved as Physical line (within 2 meters) for two consecutive Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and ends. The reliability of the test would depend Informed Consents were used. Data gathered on how strictly the test is run and the practice used to evaluate the participants VO2 levels allowed for the subjects. of fitness against the norm for easy comparisons. Consequently with participants 12 minute Cooper Test, participants run for Body Mass Index (BMI) rating then able to twelve minutes, and the total distance discover if participants are over/under or in covered is recorded. The reliability would the ideal weight bracket for their height too. depend on practice, pacing strategies and motivation level. An estimate of the Record all participants heart rate before, participants VO2max can be calculated as immediately afterwards, and then five follows: minutes later of each test. Astrand Treadmill Test, from the total running time an estimate  VO2max= (Distance covered in meters – 504.9) ÷ 44.73 of the participants VO2max can be calculated as follows: VO2max= (Time × 1.444) + 14.99 Where "Time" is the recorded test time exact in minutes and parts of a minute. Test forces the participant to run as extensive and achievable on a treadmill. Assistant discontinues the stopwatch, records the time whenever the participant is incapable to persist. Queens College (VO2max) Step Test, step up and down on the bench for three minutes accordance to selected beat and at height 16.25 inches. Females: VO2max= 65.81(0.1847*HR), Males: VO2max= 111.33(0.42*HR). Multi-Stage Fitness Test consists of 18 or 21 levels depending on CD/tape used. Test is 3 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Results The total of seven British Caucasian parti ipa t’s All four fitness assessment VO2max results of ale to fe ale ratio 6: ages - each participant. 20 years old. Although following BMI assessment is presented from NHS Direct (UK);  Less than 18.5 participants are underweight for their height.  18.5 to 24.9 participants are an ideal weight for their height  25 to 29.9 participants are over the ideal weight for their height  30 to 39.9 participants are obese  Over 39.9 participants very obese Figure 2. Bar Chart presenting VO2Max of all fitness tests The groups heart rate differences before, immediately afterwards, and then five minutes later on two fitness assessments. Figure 1. Pie Chart showing participants Body Mass Index List of fitness assessments and the room Multi-stage HR Heart HR at Fitness Test Resting Rate at end + 5 End mins Mean 62 126 80 Median 60 120 84 Mode 54 156 60 Range 28 78 36 Standard 10.39 29.11 14.58 Deviation temperatures participants performed at. Fitness Assessment Room Temperature Table 2. Heart rate data of the Multi-stage Fitness Test. Astrand 18'C Step Test 20'C 12 Minute HR Heart HR at Multi-stage Fitness Test 18'C Cooper VO2max Resting Rate at end + 5 Cooper 18'C Test End mins Table 1. Test temperatures of all fitness tests. 4 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Mean 63 133 81 Median 60 120 78 Mode 48 120 60 Range 42 94 54 Standard 15.04 35.47 19.86 Deviation Table 3. Heart rate data of the 12 Minute Cooper VO2max Test. Discussion/Conclusion VO2max was estimated through a number of and Robergs 2007). Actually these indirect exercise assessments. Yet investigations recognised that a "plateau recommended that maximal exercise phenomenon" is not a condition for assess e ts are ’t further u safe o pared recognising an accurate VO2max in the submaximal assessments delivered cautiously difference of participants (Noakes obey procedures for practice acceptance 2008). Intended for participants who do not assessment and observer the physiological achieve an definite VO2 plateau, the VO2 reactions of the participant exercise peak reached in a maximal exercising fitness constantly. The sample is heterogeneous as assessment to the threshold of acceptance is participants experience VO2max changes in an effective guide of VO2max (Day et al. 2003; the fitness assessments. Although every Hawkins et al. 2007; Howley 2007). assess e t follo ed The proto ol duratio of tests to VO2max should be between 8 and 10 min for healthy, moderately to highly trai ed su je ts. (Med “ i “ports Exer . 2007) Support recommends the occurrence of VO2 plateau through increased performance assessment is greatly variable stretching from Figure 3. Line Chart displaying oxygen consumption plateaus 16% to 94% (Day et al. 2003; Rossiter, Factors that affect maximal oxygen uptake, Kowalchuk, and Whipp 2006; Yoon, Kravitz, individual variations their somatotype in 5 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass volume of oxygen consumed related to body recruited. VO2max expressed relative to weight since allows comparison of aerobic body mass. More body fat mass = lower fitness among individuals of various body size. relative VO2max. Genetics build up to 40% of Nonetheless reliant on couple effects, the difference in VO2max connecting participants. compound capacity to utilise oxygen in (Bouchard et all, 1992) crushing downward energy and the joint capability of cardio-respiratory systems to Normal values for relative (mL/kg/min) VO2 carrying the oxygen to the muscle tissue. As for various groups of individuals;  Untrained College-aged Females 30- both cardiac output and VO2 increase in linearly with exercise intensity. Therefore 35 mL/kg/min  Untrained College-aged Males 35-45 measuring heart rate is great way of estimating all the participants VO2. mL/kg/min  Active College-aged Females 40-45 mL/kg/min  Active College-aged Males 45-50 mL/kg/min  Trained College-aged Females 50-60 mL/kg/min  Trained College-aged Males 55-65 mL/kg/min  Competitive College-aged Males 65- Figure 4. Cardiac output and VO2 increase linearly (California State University 2004) 85 mL/kg/min  Highest measured VO2max 95 Cooper (1968) reported a correlation of 0.90 between VO2max and the distance covered in mL/kg/min a 12 min walk/run. The running economies of California State University (2004). each compared to participant are different. Fick Equation;  VO2 = HR x SV x a-vO2diff Consequently further investigation process and continuation laboratory setting a VO2max Maximal and submaximal VO2 is stated as capable of being attained in increasing absolute or relative conditions. Absolute VO2 intensity which obtains assured is the total volume of oxygen consumed and measurements by use of Douglas Bags. Since expressed as L/min. Relative VO2 is the total it will gives more accurate reading of expired 6 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching VO2max as calculates the expired air which Therefore monitoring the heart rate and can be presented on a graph for simpler changing room temperature VO2max can comparisons of participants levels of fitness. be discovered through analysing how ea h parti ipa t’s ardio-respiratory Further conditions which can show the systems keep up with the demands at execution of an accurate VO2max; different stages for more valid and  Stoppage of the heart rate to add reliable results. through rises in workout amount.  Breathing interchange ratio (RER) more than 1.15 7 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching References/Acknowledgements Appendix A. Informed Consent Sheets. B. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q's). C. Fitness Test Scores Spreadsheet D. SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology Practical 6: Estimating VO2 Max from Cardiovascular Exercise Normative Data for VO2max Non-Athletes Age Male Female 10-19 47-56 38-46 20-29 43-52 33-42 30-39 39-48 30-38 40-49 36-44 26-35 50-59 34-41 24-33 60-69 31-38 22-30 70-79 28-35 20-27 Tables adapted from: Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic Female (values in ml/kg/min) Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior 13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9 20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0 30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0 40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9 50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7 60+ <17.5 17.5 - 20.1 20.2 - 24.4 24.5 - 30.2 30.3 - 31.4 >31.4 Male (values in ml/kg/min) Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior 13-19 <35.0 35.0 - 38.3 38.4 - 45.1 45.2 - 50.9 51.0 - 55.9 >55.9 20-29 <33.0 33.0 - 36.4 36.5 - 42.4 42.5 - 46.4 46.5 - 52.4 >52.4 30-39 <31.5 31.5 - 35.4 35.5 - 40.9 41.0 - 44.9 45.0 - 49.4 >49.4 40-49 <30.2 30.2 - 33.5 33.6 - 38.9 39.0 - 43.7 43.8 - 48.0 >48.0 50-59 <26.1 26.1 - 30.9 31.0 - 35.7 35.8 - 40.9 41.0 - 45.3 >45.3 60+ <20.5 20.5 - 26.0 26.1 - 32.2 32.3 - 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2 Table Reference: The Physical Fitness Specialist Certification Manual, The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 1997 printed in Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription, 3rd Edition, Vivian H. Heyward, 1998.p48. Queen's College Step Test, normative data for the Queen's College step up test, the following are national norms for 16 to 19 year olds. Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor Male <121 148 - 121 156 - 149 162 - 157 >162 Female <129 158 - 129 166 - 159 170 - 167 >170 Table Reference: Physical Education and the study of sport, B. Davies et al. Normative data for the Multi-Stage Fitness Test. Male Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor 14 - 16 L12 S7 L11 S2 L8 S9 L7 S1 <L6 S6 17 - 20 L12 S12 L11 S6 L9 S2 L7 S6 <L7 S3 21 - 30 L12 S12 L11 S7 L9 S3 L7 S8 <L7 S5 31 - 40 L11 S7 L10 S4 L6 S10 L6 S7 <L6 S4 41 - 50 L10 S4 L9 S4 L6 S9 L5 S9 <L5 S2 9 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Female Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor 14 - 16 L10 S9 L9 S1 L6 S7 L5 S1 <L4 S7 17 - 20 L10 S11 L9 S3 L6 S8 L5 S2 <L4 S9 21 - 30 L10 S8 L9 S2 L6 S6 L5 S1 <L4 S9 31 - 40 L10 S4 L8 S7 L6 S3 L4 S6 <L4 S5 41 - 50 L9 S9 L7 S2 L5 S7 L4 S2 <L4 S1 Multi-Stage Fitness Test Level Expectations Rating Men Women Excellent > 13 > 12 Very Good 11 - 13 10 - 12 Good 9 - 11 8 - 10 Average 7-9 6-8 Poor 5-7 4-6 Very Poor <5 <4 Normative data for the 12 Minute Cooper VO2max Test Male Athletes Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor 13-14 >2700m 2400-2700m 2200-2399m 2100-2199m <2100m 15-16 >2800m 2500-2800m 2300-2499m 2200-2299m <2200m 17-19 >3000m 2700-3000m 2500-2699m 2300-2499m <2300m 20-29 >2800m 2400-2800m 2200-2399m 1600-2199m <1600m 10 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching 30-39 >2700m 2300-2700m 1900-2299m 1500-1999m <1500m 40-49 >2500m 2100-2500m 1700-2099m 1400-1699m <1400m >50 >2400m 2000-2400m 1600-1999m 1300-1599m <1300m Average Below Average Poor Female Athletes Age Excellent Above Average 13-14 >2000m 1900-2000m 1600-1899m 1500-1599m <1500m 15-16 >2100m 2000-2100m 1700-1999m 1600-1699m <1600m 17-20 >2300m 2100-2300m 1800-2099m 1700-1799m <1700m 20-29 >2700m 2200-2700m 1800-2199m 1500-1799m <1500m 30-39 >2500m 2000-2500m 1700-1999m 1400-1699m <1400m 40-49 >2300m 1900-2300m 1500-1899m 1200-1499m <1200m >50 >2200m 1700-2200m 1400-1699m 1100-1399m <1100m Websites Brianmac Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/ essed ( Top End Sports Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/ 2011) essed ( 2011) Brianmac VO2max Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/VO2max.htm#vo2 Accessed (23/02/2011) Brianmac Body Mass Index (BMI) Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/idealw.htm essed ( 2011) BBC Body Mass Index (BMI) Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgiperl/health/fightingfat/bodymass.pl essed ( 2011) Brianmac Performance Evaluation Tests Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/eval.htm Accessed ( 2011) Top End Sports Testing Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/index.htm Accessed ( 2011) 11 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Top End Sports Testing Guide Conduct Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guideconduct.htm essed ( 2011) Top End Sports Testing Norms Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/norms.htm essed ( 2011) Top End Sports Testing Guide Select Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/guideselect.htm essed ( 2011) Top End Sports Standing Height (Stature) Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/height.htm Accessed (23/02/2011) Top End Sports Body Mass / Weight Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/mass.htm Accessed (23/02/2011) Top End Sports 20m Multistage Fitness Test (Beep Test) Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/20mshuttle.htm Accessed (23/02/2011) Brianmac Multi-Stage Fitness Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/beep.htm Accessed (23/02/2011) Brianmac Astrand Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/astrand.htm Accessed (15/03/2011) Brianmac Queens Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/queens.htm Accessed (21/02/2011) Top End Sports Step Queens Available at: http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/stepqueens.htm Accessed (21/02/2011) Brianmac Cooper VO2max Test Available at: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/gentest.htm Accessed (23/02/2011) Sport Fitness Advisor VO2max Available at: http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/VO2max.html Accessed (23/02/2011) California State University CV Adaptations Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011) California State University CV Adaptations 2 Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~bby44411/346pdf/cvadaptations2.pdf Accessed (31/03/2011) Women Fitness VO2 Available at: http://www.womenfitness.net/vo2.htm Accessed (01/04/2011) Calculator Standard Deviation Calculator Available at: http://www.calculator.net/standarddeviation-calculator.html Accessed (01/04/2011) Books A. and C. Black, (11/2006), Dictionary of Sport and Exercise Science, A & C Black Publishers, 1-255. MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10196632 (Accessed: 08/11/2010) 12 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport Book 1 (2nd Edition), Pearson Education Limited, Unit 6 Fitness testing for sport and exercise, 228-268. MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10300498 (Accessed: 23/03/2011) Pearson Education Limited (07/2007), BTEC National Sport and Exercise Sciences, Pearson Education Limited, Chapter 4 Research methods for sport and exercise sciences & Chapter 5 Research project in sport and exercise sciences,124-200 MyAthens ebrary [Online]. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/treshamins/docDetail.action?docID=10314091&p00=fitness%20testing (Accessed: 23/03/2011) Sport and exercise physiology testing guidelines: the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences Guide. By Edward M. Winter, British Association of Sport and Exercise. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UXJuiiPIFfIC&pg=PA212&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments &hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CGMQ6 AEwCA#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 31/01/2011) Physiological assessment of human fitness By Peter J. Maud, Carl Foster. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rtTokQPt9rIC&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&printsec=f rontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=zBRITeqDOce3hQeWrqmiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&res num=11&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011) The physiology of training By Gregory Whyte. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lx1yTLwzU6QC&pg=PA35&dq=sport+Physiological+assessment s&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6 AEwAw#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiological%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011) Physiological tests for elite athletes By Christopher John Gore, Australian Sports Commission. Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q7x_mYkkvEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=sport+Physiological+assessments&hl=en&ei=yxVITbDKJoWAhAfRyPzYB A&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sport%20Physiol ogical%20assessments&f=false (Accessed: 1/02/2011) Principles of exercise testing and interpretation including pathophysiology and clinical applications 4th edition. By Karlman Wasserman, James E. Hansen, Darryl Y. Sue. Page 31 Available at: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y_pfyYtYKmwC&pg=PA31&lpg=PA31&dq=VO2+is+determined+ by&source=bl&ots=R1DZkn3ygG&sig=Pp_lvMlQhaEorlqiK9jrRhRHqXw&hl=en&ei=AkqTTZjpEITDhAfh _iSDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=VO2%20is %20determined%20by&f=false (Accessed: 30/03/2011) 13 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Christopher B. Cooper, Thomas W. Storer (2001) Exercise testing and interpretation: a practical approach. Chapter 3 Testing Methods, Page 96, Cambridge University Press. Heyward, V.H. (2010) Advanced Fitness Assessments and Exercise Prescription. 6th Edition. Chapter 4 Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Pages 65–85. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. Leger, L.A. & Lambert, J. (1982) A maximal multistage 20m shuttle run test to predict VO2max. European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 49, Pages 1–5. Maud, P & Foster, C. (2004) Physiological assessment of human fitness. 2nd edn. 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Fellingham. Available at: http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IACDocuments&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28KE%2 CNone%2C7%29VO2+MAX%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType =BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R3&currentPosition=6&userGroupName=tre sham&docId=A21187789&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents Sport Science Students Fitness Level at University Malaysia Sabah. European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 12, Number 4 (2010) Available at: http://upm.academia.edu/omarfauzeeMS/Papers/271926/Sport_Science_Students_Fitness_Level_a t_University_Malaysia_Sabah VO2max, protocol duration, and the VO2 plateau. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Jul; 39(7):1186-92. 14 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Yoon BK, Kravitz L, Robergs R.Exercise Physiology Laboratories, Exercise Science Program, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-1251, USA. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17596788 Secular Trends in the Performance of Children and Adolescents (1980–2000): An Analysis of 55 Studies of the 20m Shuttle Run Test in 11 Countries. Tomkinson G.R.1; Léger L.A.2; Olds T.S.1; Cazorla G.3, Source: Sports Medicine, Volume 33, Number 4, 2003, pp. 285-300(16), Adis International. Available at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/adis/smd/2003/00000033/00000004/art00003 Oxygen-Uptake Efficiency Slope as a Determinant of Fitness in Overweight Adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 October; 39(10): 1811–1816. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2266873/ O2, max: what do we know, and what do we still need to know? Benjamin D Levine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA. J Physiol. 2008 January 1; 586(Pt 1): 25–34. Published online 2007 November 15. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375567/ Effects of preferred and nonpreferred music on continuous cycling exercise performance. (Author abstract)(Report). Perceptual and Motor Skills 110.1 (Feb 2010): p.257 (8). Priscila M. Nakamura, Gleber Pereira, Camila B. Papini, Fabio Y. Nakamura and Eduardo Kokubun. Available at: http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IACDocuments&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2 CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R1&currentPosition=6&userGroup Name=tresham&docId=A221655092&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents Music and light during indoor cycling. (Author abstract)(Report).Perceptual and Motor Skills 108.2 (April 2009): p.597 (11). Naama Shaulov and Dubi Lufi. Available at: http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IACDocuments&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2 CNone%2C18%29music+and+exercise%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&s earchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T002&prodId=IPS&searchId=R7&currentPosition=9&userGroup Name=tresham&docId=A200979597&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents 15 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching Articles A new way to test your fitness, Sam Murphy, 23 October 2009. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/23/fitness-test-new?INTCMP=SRCH So you think you're fit? Joanna Moorhead, 20 January 2004. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/jan/20/healthandwellbeing.health2?INTCMP=SRCH What is Lance Armstrong's secret? Matt Seaton, 28 July 2005. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/jul/28/thisweekssciencequestions3?INTCMP=SRCH How can I test my fitness? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4286804.stm How fit are you? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4742961.stm What happens in a VO2 max test? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4291516.stm What makes a great Tour rider? Health / 06 Jul 2007 By Jane Elliott. BBC News, health reporter. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6273202.stm The three (st)ages of the triathlon Magazine / 17 Nov 2006 A POINT OF VIEW By Tim Egan. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6159674.stm 16 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching