The Uncommonality of a Common Word

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Beginning 3. The Evolution of A Common Word 4. The Message of A Common Word 5. Christian Responses to A Common Word a. Yale Divinity School b. Archbishop of Canterbury c. The Vatican d. The World Council of Churches 6. Analysis 7. Summary and Conclusions 1 The Uncommonality of ‘A Common Word’ Joseph Lumbard Introduction November 4, 2008 was an historic day. Not only did it mark a new chapter in the long and complicated history of race relations in the United States, it also marked an historic event in the long and multifaceted relationship between Islam and Christianity. For the first time in the history of Muslim-Christian relations, a delegation of 29 Catholic cardinals, bishops and scholars met with 29 leading Muslim authorities and scholars representing some of the most established figures in the Sunni and Shiite worlds. After two days of meetings that it is hoped will mark the first in a series of bi-annual seminars held by the newly established Catholic-Muslim Forum, they issued a fifteen-point final declaration that included an appeal for the defense of religious minorities and a call for Muslims and Christians to work together in promoting peace the world over. The declaration read, “We profess that Catholics and Muslims are called to be instruments of love and harmony among believers, and for humanity as a whole, renouncing any oppression, aggressive violence and terrorism, especially that committed in the name of religion, and upholding the principle of justice for all.”1 In his comments at the final session, Pope Benedict XVI affirmed that Muslims and Christians share moral values and should defend them together: There is a great and vast field in which we can act together in defending and promoting the moral values which are part of our common heritage. We should thus work together in promoting genuine respect for the dignity of the human 2 person and fundamental human rights, even though our anthropological visions and our theologies justify this in different ways.2 Time alone will let us know if this is indeed a watershed event in the history of interfaith understanding between Christians and Muslims. Nonetheless, the fact that this and other meetings among the world’s religious leaders are taking place at all is historic. There is no previous record of leading Muslim authorities representing all branches of Islam engaging the Vatican as a single voice. That it is now happening should be cause for hope; for when two civilizations come to a greater appreciation of the humanity and the concerns of one another other, there is much less probability for misunderstandings, mistrust and the violence that can arise therefrom. At the very least, dialogue is better than indifference. At the very best, the collective moral voice of the world’s two largest religious communities may help to prevent another Bosnia, another Iraq, or another Sudan. As Seyyed Hossein Nasr said in his closing comments to the first seminar of the Catholic-Muslim Forum, Whether we are Christians or Muslims, we are beckoned by our religions to seek peace. As people of religion meeting here at the center of Catholicism, let us dedicate ourselves to mutual understanding, not as diplomats, but as sincere religious scholars and authorities standing before God and responsible to him beyond all worldly authority.3 The Beginning This historic Muslim-Christian exchange began in earnest on October 13, 2007, when 138 Muslim scholars from all corners of the world, representing every branch of Islam, including such figures as the Grand Muftis of Bosnia, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Oman, Bahrain, and even Russia, delivered a fifteen-page letter entitled A Common Word Between Us and You to the leaders of Christian churches and denominations throughout 3 the world. Originally composed by Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan in consultation with traditional Islamic scholars and under the auspices of King Abdullah II of Jordan, this letter was met with responses from Christian leaders the world over, ranging from independent scholars to the Vatican, the World Council of Churches, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Patriarch of Russia, among many others.4 The most public response was a letter initially signed by over 300 Christian leaders and scholars entitled “Loving God and Neighbor Together: A Christian Response to A Common Word Between Us and You” that was organized by the Yale Center for Faith & Culture and the Yale Divinity School and published in the New York Times on November 17, 2007. The most substantial theological response was penned the then Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Reverend and Right Honorable Dr. Rowan Williams, after prolonged consultation with Christian church leaders from several Orthodox churches, the Roman Catholic church, and a range of Protestant and Evangelical churches. The Archbishop’s response displays a subtle understanding of the limitations inherent to such a dialogue and the possibilities to which it opens. Since the initial launch the number of Muslims scholars who have signed A Common Word has grown to over 300, with over 460 Islamic organizations and associations now endorsing it, and there are now over 500 signatories to “A Christian Response” in addition to dozens of additional Christian responses. The initial letter and the many responses to it have given rise to a series of conferences between Muslim and Christian leaders. The first conference, “Loving God and Neighbor in Word and Deed: Implications for Christians and Muslims,” focused upon theological issues and was held at Yale University July 24–31, 2008. The second, “A Common Word 4 and Future Christian-Muslim Engagement,” focused upon scripture and was convened by the Anglican Archbishop and hosted by Cambridge University’s Inter-Faith Program at Cambridge University on October 13 and 14, 2008, with a final meeting at Lambeth Palace on October 15, 2008. The third was the first seminar of the Catholic-Muslim Forum hosted by the Vatican November 4–6, 2008. A second seminar of the MuslimCatholic Forum was held at the Baptism Site in Jordan in November 2011. The fourth major conference, “A Common Word Between Us and You: A Global Agenda for Change,” held at Georgetown University in October 2009, focused upon the geo-political implications of the Common Word initiative. Smaller conferences that continue the work of these initial conferences have been held in Jordan (September 2010) and at the University of South Carolina (March 2009), Georgetown University (2011) and Yale University (2011). The United Nations Resolution to declare a worldwide interfaith harmony week for the first week of February every year is an important development that would not have been possible without the Common Word initiative.5 Like A Common Word the interfaith harmony week calls upon religious leaders and followers the world over to employ the teachings of their respective traditions to promote peace and understanding of other religions. As Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad stated when presenting the proposal for an interfaith harmony week to the UN General Assembly, The misuse or abuse of religions can thus be a cause of world strife, whereas religions should be a great foundation for facilitating world peace. The remedy for this problem can only come from the world’s religions themselves. Religions must be part of the solution, not part of the problem.6 5 In addition, A Common Word Between Us and You was the central impetus for the Wamp-Ellison Resolution adopted in the US House of Representatives on September 23, 2008. The official summary explains that the resolution Expresses the sense of Congress that the United States: (1) supports the spirit of peace and desire for unity displayed in interfaith dialogue among leaders of the three Abrahamic faiths; (2) encourages the many people of faith around the world who reject terrorism and extremism to join these and similar efforts to build a common bond based on peace, reconciliation, and tolerance; and (3) appreciates those voices around the world who condemn terrorism, intolerance, genocide, and ethnic and religious hatred, and instead commit themselves to a global peace anchored in respect and understanding among adherents of the three Abrahamic faiths. 7 The Common Word initiative has had a significant trickle down effect in many religious communities. It has given rise to grassroots and community level initiatives as far apart as Bangladesh, Indonesia, Canada and the United States. Development has begun on a joint website supported by the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, Yale University and Lambeth Palace that will recommend books in several languages so that members of each faith can read about the other faith as presented by its adherents rather than its opponents. Discussions are also underway for the development of a multiuniversity student drive Common Word initiative in the United States. In many instances these projects are a direct continuation of the practical accomplishments that have arisen from the conferences at Yale University, Cambridge University, the Vatican, and Georgetown University. In other instances these initiatives have arisen as a spontaneous response from international organizations and local religious communities. Together they indicate that A Common Word has become a global 6 movement that continues to gain traction. As such, it has also become a subject of scholarly investigation with several books and articles having resulted from it.8 The Evolution of A Common Word When discussing the development of the Common Word initiative, many look to the polemical comments in “Faith, Reason and the University Memories and Reflections,” a lecture delivered by Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg on September 12, 2007, to mark its inception.9 Others look to the initial Muslim response, entitled “An Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI,” issued one month later, while others look to A Common Word between Us and You. It must, however, be emphasized that the Catholic-Muslim Forum is only one aspect of this Christian-Muslim dialogue. In addition, it would be disingenuous to suggest that the Pope’s Regensburg address, wherein Islam was presented as a religion of violence and irrationality, was an invitation to dialogue.10 In fact the Vatican made no response to the open letter that sought to clarify the misunderstandings of the Regensburg lecture other than a perfunctory courtesy visit to Price Ghazi bin Muhammad, who had initiated the response. The Vatican’s initial response to A Common Word also appears to have been miscalculated. In contrast to the positive responses that will be examined in greater detail below, Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, went so far as to say that theological dialogue with Muslims would be difficult because “Muslims do not accept that one can question the Quran, because it was written, they say, by dictation from God. With such an absolute interpretation, it is difficult to 7 discuss the contents of faith.”11 It is remarkable that the President of any council for interreligious dialogue would be so dismissive of Islam’s rich and diverse hermeneutical tradition, wherein every word of the Quran is seen as having multiple layers of meaning. Cardinal Tauran’s statement is akin to Muslims saying that they cannot have dialogue with Christians so long as Christians maintain that Jesus is the Son of God. Cardinal Tauran also cast doubt upon the sincerity of the document and the efficacy of dialogue, saying, “…but some questions remain when we speak of the love of God, are we speaking about the same love.”12 The Vatican’s opposition to open dialogue with Muslims appears to have changed after the publication of the response orchestrated by the Yale Center for Faith & Culture, “Loving God and Neighbor Together: A Christian Response to A Common Word Between Us and You.” Only two days after the appearance of this letter, the Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, sent a reply to Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad on behalf of the Pope. Soon thereafter arrangements were underway for the formation of the Catholic-Muslim Forum. In this respect it seems that the positive response of so many other churches and Christian leaders may have forced the Vatican’s hand. While the Regensburg address may have been an unintended efficient or proximate cause for this exchange, it did not serve as its source. The source of this movement lies in the mechanisms for dialogue that Muslim scholars have been developing since 2003. Many who have followed the process from before its inception would put the starting point in July 2005 with the Amman Conference entitled “The International Islamic Conference: True Islam and Its Role in Modern Society” and organized by the Royal Aal al-Bayt 8 Institute for Islamic Thought in Jordan, under the Patronage of King Abdullah II. This groundbreaking conference marked the beginning of a process whereby Muslim scholars representing all schools of Islamic law and theology employed international consensus to address the challenges that face the whole of the Islamic world. In this way, an intraIslamic initiative laid the groundwork for this interfaith initiative. To understand the genesis of A Common Word, it is thus important that one take into account the accomplishments of the Amman Conference of July 2005. On the one hand, the lead-up to the Amman conference established the mechanisms by which consensus could be reached among Muslim scholars off all branches. And on the other hand, the final declaration of the Amman Conference answers one of the main objections that many have had to A Common Word, those who claim that Muslims need to denounce extremism before there can be true dialogue. Michael Gonyea expresses such concerns in The American Thinker, when he writes of the Catholic-Muslim Forum, “If in the upcoming forum a broad cross section of Muslim leaders can be self-critical, if they can condemn the extremists, …Christians will embrace them.”13 Such self-critical condemnation had in fact been achieved several years earlier in what Fareed Zakaria referred to as “a frontal attack on Al Qaeda's theological methods.”14 This frontal attack consists of three basic dimensions. Supported by seventeen fatwās from leading Sunni and Shiite authorities, it first established broad support for the eight schools of traditional Islamic law. This in itself was historic, as both Shiites and Sunnis came together to publicly affirm the validity of one another’s schools of law. They also 9 emphasized that the schools of law are not regressive, but in fact moderate the religion by providing essential checks and balances. The second prong in this attack was to deny the legitimacy of takfīr, or apostasizing others. The third was a reiteration of the traditional qualifications for issuing a fatwā. To outside observers this may seem to be a simple academic exercise, but it is in fact essential; for every act of terrorism that takes the name of Islam is preceded by an attempt at justification in Islamic terms. Within traditional Islam this is usually done through fatwās.15 Demonstrating the illegitimacy of fatwās that call for wanton violence thus strikes at the very root of extremist interpretations of Islam. That is to say that the problem of extremist interpretations of Islam is a textual, methodological problem that requires a textual, methodological solution. For no one commits terrorist acts without being convinced that terrorism is justified. Such justification requires a fatwā. The fatwā must be issued by one who is willing to distort the texts and sidestep the methodologies of classical Islamic law. Only by eradicating this pattern can one eradicate extremist interpretations of Islam and their attendant violence. The final declaration of the Amman Conference and the collection of fatwās employed to support it was thus a crucial step in a true “war on terrorism” in which Muslims and nonMuslims can work hand in hand.16 Rather than striking at the branches of radical Islamism, it struck a blow to its ideological roots. The Amman Conference was thus noteworthy for its innovative approach to building consensus across a broad spectrum of Muslim scholars, and for its repudiation of the extremist interpretations of Islam. This laid the necessary foundations for a broad based interreligious exchange in which influential ulamāʾ from across the Islamic spectrum would be willing to participate and which they would be willing to endorse. 10 The Message of A Common Word A Common Word Between Us And You bears many similarities to the final declaration of the Amman Conference of 2005. It employs the same form of consensus, addresses matters of crucial concern to the global Muslim community, and is grounded in classical Islamic teachings while building upon them. Like the final declaration of the Amman Conference, the initial Common Word letter was ratified at a conference in Jordan. The final form of the letter was presented at a conference in September 2007 entitled “Love in the Quran,” held by The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in Jordan under the Patronage of King Abdullah II. As the Common Word website states, “Never before have Muslims delivered this kind of definitive consensus statement on Christianity. Rather than engage in polemic, the signatories have adopted the traditional and mainstream Islamic position of respecting the Christian scripture and calling Christians to be more, not less, faithful to it.”17 To effectively analyze this initial letter and the dialogue to which it has given rise, we must first allow the document to speak for itself. It begins: Muslims and Christians together make up well over half of the world’s population. Without peace and justice between these two religious communities, there can be no meaningful peace in the world. The future of the world depends on peace between Muslims and Christians. The basis for this peace and understanding already exists. It is part of the very foundational principles of both faiths: love of the One God, and love of the neighbour. These principles are found over and over again in the sacred texts of Islam and Christianity. The Unity of God, the necessity of love for Him, and the necessity of love of the neighbour is thus the common ground between Islam and Christianity.18 11 The letter continues by citing verses from both the Bible and the Quran to demonstrate the manner in which these principles are underlined in scripture: Of God’s Unity, God says in the Holy Qur’an: Say: He is God, the One! / God, the Self-Sufficient Besought of all! (Al-Ikhlas, 112:1-2). Of the necessity of love for God, God says in the Holy Qur’an: So invoke the Name of thy Lord and devote thyself to Him with complete devotion (Al-Muzzammil, 73:8). Of the necessity of love for the neighbour, the Prophet Muhammad said: “None of you has faith until you love for your neighbour what you love for yourself.” In the New Testament, Jesus Christ said: “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One. / And you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength.’ This is the first commandment. / And the second, like it, is this: ‘You shall love your neighbour as yourself. There is no other commandment greater than these.’” (Mark 12:29-31)19 A Common Word Between Us and You then calls for dialogue and cooperation based upon these two principles—love of the One God and love of the neighbor—which it refers to as the two “Greatest Commandments” of the Bible. In this vein it states, Whilst Islam and Christianity are obviously different religions—and whilst there is no minimizing some of their formal differences—it is clear that the Two Greatest Commandments are an area of common ground and a link between the Quran, the Torah, and the New Testament.20 The letter concludes by saying, “So let our differences not cause hatred and strife between us. Let us vie with each other only in righteousness and good works. Let us respect each other, be fair, just and kind to one another and live in sincere peace, harmony and mutual good will.”21 The title of the letter derives from a Quranic verse that commands Muslims to issue the following call to Christians (and to Jews—the “People of Scripture” as they are known in the Quran), Say, “O People of Scripture! Come to a common word between us and you: 12 that we shall worship none but God, and that we shall ascribe no partner unto Him, and that none of us shall take others for lords beside God.” (Quran 3:64) A similar verse is cited at the beginning of the letter: Call unto the way of thy Lord with wisdom and fair exhortation, and contend with them in the fairest manner. Truly thy Lord is Best Aware of him who strayeth from His way and He is Best Aware of those who go aright. (16:125) Drawing upon these and other verses, A Common Word Between Us and You proposes that dialogue and even contention in the fairest manner are incumbent upon Muslims, and that the principles of devotion to the one God and love of the neighbor are the strongest possible basis for mutual understanding, efficacious dialogue, and cooperation between Christianity and Islam, because they stem from the theological core of each religion. But unlike many other interfaith efforts, it does not seek to syncretize or to proselytize. Participants in this initiative have even taken pains to emphasize the need for recognizing the fundamental differences between the two traditions. Rather than watering down theological positions in the name of cooperation and thus bringing Christian and Muslim communities together at their margins, it asks both communities to speak from what is central and authoritative to each. One of the letter’s chief aims, according to the press release that accompanied it, is to provide a “common constitution” and a definitive theological common ground for the work of myriad groups and associations around the world who are carrying out interfaith dialogue. It points out that many of these groups are unaware of each other’s efforts and often duplicate each other’s work. By providing an authoritative “Christian-Muslim Constitution” grounded in scripture, the letter aims to unify and unite the forces working 13 towards interfaith peace and harmony. The final section of the letter proposes that this is not a matter of choice but of responsibility: Finding common ground between Muslims and Christians is not simply a matter for polite ecumenical dialogue between selected religious leaders. Christianity and Islam are the largest and second largest religions in the world and in history. Christians and Muslims reportedly make up over a third and over a fifth of humanity respectively. Together they make up more than 55% of the world’s population, making the relationship between these two religious communities the most important factor in contributing to meaningful peace around the world. If Muslims and Christians are not at peace, the world cannot be at peace. With the terrible weaponry of the modern world; with Muslims and Christians intertwined everywhere as never before, no side can unilaterally win a conflict between more than half of the world’s inhabitants. Thus our common future is at stake. The very survival of the world itself is perhaps at stake.22 Some have ascribed ulterior motives to A Common Word, suggesting that its signatories and proponents intended to foist Muslim theology upon Christians, to reduce Islam and Christianity to an artificial union, to form a Muslim-Christian alliance against Judaism, or even to lull Christians into a false sense of complacency. But there has thus far been nothing in the movement that would support such contentions. As Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad explains, We had honestly…only one motive: peace. We were aiming to try to spread peace and harmony between Christians and Muslims all over the world, not through governments and treaties but on the all-important popular and mass level, through the world’s most influential popular leaders precisely—that is to say through the leaders of the two religions. We wanted to stop the drumbeat of what we feared was a growing popular consensus (on both sides) for world-wide (and thus cataclysmic and perhaps apocalyptic) Muslim-Christian jihad/crusade. We were keenly aware, however, that peace efforts required also another element: knowledge. We thus aimed to try to spread proper basic knowledge of our religion in order to correct and abate the constant and unjust vilification of Islam, in the West especially.23 14 Christian Responses to A Common Word The Christian responses to a Common Word have covered the full spectrum. Nonetheless, the majority have been very positive, with only a few cynical or dismissive responses. As there have been over 70 separate responses from Bishops, Priests, Councils and individual scholars, and as several of these responses have led to dialogues on many levels, each cannot be analyzed here. I will instead focus upon the aforementioned responses from the Yale Center for Faith and Culture at the Yale University Divinity School, the Archbishop of Canterbury and The Vatican, for each of these has already borne fruit and each has the institutional backing to continue into the future. I will also draw attention to the response of the World Council of Churches (WCC), as it represents the widest and most diverse body of Christian denominations to have fully supported the initiative and subsequent developments, such as establishment for the World Interfaith Harmony Week. Yale University Divinity School The first broad based Christian response to A Common Word was organized by Miroslav Volf and Joseph Cummings of the Yale Center for Faith & Culture at the Yale Divinity School. Signed by over 300 Christian leaders and scholars, “Loving God and Neighbor Together: A Christian Response to A Common Word Between Us and You” reaffirms the fundamental thrust behind A Common Word, saying, “Peaceful relations between Muslims and Christians stand as one of the central challenges of this century...” and that it is incumbent upon all who truly claim to uphold the values of these traditions to work together to meet this challenge.24 It then reaffirms the centrality of the two 15 commandments that were the focus of A Common Word, and in language that closely reflects that of A Common Word, concludes by saying, “Let this common ground”—the dual common ground of love of God and of neighbor—“be the basis of all future interfaith dialogue between us,” which your courageous letter urges. Indeed, in the generosity with which the letter is written you embody what you call for. We most heartily agree. Abandoning all “hatred and strife,” we must engage in interfaith dialogue as those who seek each other’s good, for the one God unceasingly seeks our good. Indeed, together with you we believe that we need to move beyond “a polite ecumenical dialogue between selected religious leaders” and work diligently together to reshape relations between our communities and our nations so that they genuinely reflect our common love for God and for one another.25 Even before this letter was released, talks were underway for a conference and workshop that would bring Muslim and Christian theologians, evangelicals in particular, into greater dialogue. The conference and workshop, entitled “Loving God and Neighbor in Word and Deed: Implications for Christians and Muslims,” took place at Yale University from July 24–31, 2008. Several of the papers were published in A Common Word: Muslims and Christians on Loving God and Neighbor edited by Prince Ghazi Bin Muhammad and Miroslav Volf, Director of the Yale Center for Faith and Culture.26 The workshop, on July 24–28, involved approximately 60 Christian and Muslim scholars, along with three Jewish scholars. The discussions, undertaken through the presentation of scholarly papers and through panels and informal conversations, focused on five major areas: “Love of God,” “Love of Neighbor,” “Love and Speech about the Other,” “Love and World Poverty,” and “God is Loving.” The larger conference, July 28–31, began with an address from Senator John Kerry. It included approximately 80 Muslim 16 participants, 80 Christian participants, and 7 Jewish participants, extending the discussions of the scholarly workshop to a larger group of scholars and leaders. While some of the participants, such as the Grand Mufti of Bosnia, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, David Burrell, and the members of the Yale Center for Faith and Culture were veterans of interreligious dialogue, many participants were new to interfaith gatherings. Even participants who were veterans of such gatherings remarked that the theological depth of discussion in the workshops was beyond any interreligious dialogue in which they had previously engaged.27 The depth of these discussions helped move the dialogue beyond the platitudes that often plague such encounters. The participation of many figures that are new to interreligious exchanges demonstrated the breadth of this movement. The inclusion of important religious figures, such as Leith Anderson, who was then President of the National Association of Evangelicals and Ingrid Mattson, who was then President of the Islamic Society of North America, and the opening address from Senator John Kerry demonstrate the ability of this initiative to move those who shape public opinion. Perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of the conference is that it brought together Evangelical Christians and traditional Muslims, two communities that have had little exposure to one another and often view one another with suspicion. In one keynote session of the conference, a leading Muslim scholar and ‘televangelist’ (for lack of better word) from the Arab world, Habib Ali al-Jifri, and a leading televangelist from America, Rev. Dr. Robert Schuller, the founding Pastor of the Crystal Cathedral who is known for his internationally broadcast “Hour of Power,” shared the same stage. This was an 17 historic encounter in which two preachers from opposite ends of the world who have the ability to move millions within their religious communities, a traditional Islamic community and an American evangelical community that many believe to be in a clash with one another, spoke from the same podium and conveyed the same message. Never before has an international leader of the American evangelical movement and an international leader of traditional Islamic communities shared the same stage. The final statement of the Yale Conference, which was agreed upon by all participants, reiterated the content of the previous letters, recognizing that Islam and Christianity share “an essential common ground” and “a common Abrahamic heritage.”28 Reaffirming the commitment to promote peace, the final statement declared, “…ours is an effort to ensure that religions heal rather than wound, nourish the human soul rather than poison human relations. These Two Commandments teach us both what we must demand of ourselves and what we should expect from the other in what we do, what we say, and what we are.”29 The Final Declaration also recognized that each religion affirms Divine unity and that Divine love is central to the whole of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition. In addition it recognized that Christians and Muslims alike must not deny one another basic rights, nor tolerate the denigration or desecration of that which is central to either religion. The first point is of central importance to countering the claims of fringe Islamic groups that Christians worship multiple gods, a key factor in the argument of those who wish to declare them unbelievers. The second point helps to address the misunderstandings that arose in the wake of the Danish Cartoon controversy and the more eruption over “The Innocence of Muslims” video trailer. It lays the foundations for 18 Muslim and Christian leaders to confront insults against either community with one voice and thus avoid the violence that sometimes ensues in the wake of such effrontery. The participants also discussed practical issues such as “world poverty, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the situation in Palestine and Israel, the dangers of further wars, and the freedom of religion.”30 In addition, the organizers committed to establishing mechanisms whereby the principles agreed upon could be conveyed to their respective communities. These include a website with recommended reading lists, the publication of study materials addressed to religious communities and setting aside a week every year wherein each community would seek to emphasize the good in the other community. The latter served as the catalyst for the aforementioned proposal to the United Nations to declare an annual worldwide interfaith harmony week. While “Loving God and Neighbor Together: A Christian Response to A Common Word Between Us and You” and the Yale Conference received wide acclaim, some responses have also revealed the tensions to which dialogue between Muslims and Christians can give rise. This is most evident in the response of John Piper, a prominent Evangelical pastor and author, who released a video criticizing “Loving God and Neighbor Together” for failing to accentuate the unique nature of Jesus as the savior sent for “the propitiation of our sins.”31 Piper goes so far as to say that the Islamic rejection of the Christian teaching regarding Jesus indicates that Muslims and Christians do not worship the same God and that Muslims shall thus be “cast out into utter darkness.” Such criticisms have led some prominent Evangelicals who signed “Loving God and Neighbor Together” and 19 who attended the first Yale conference in 2008 to explain their responses and modify their endorsements. Citing the difficulties of creating a document upon which everyone could agree, Leith Anderson writes, “While I am listed as the President of the National Association of Evangelicals I added my name as an individual and not as an institution.”32 Such responses allude to tensions within the evangelical community itself, as some within the evangelical movement are hesitant to embrace any dialogue that would admit to a common ground between Muslims and Christians. Others think that engaging Muslims in such dialogue is the best approach to gain access and evangelize in the Muslim world. This intra-evangelical debate was evident at the 61st annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society in November of 2009, where Joseph Cumming, the main impetus behind “Loving God and Neighbor Together,” along with Donald Smedley, a signatory to the same document, participated on a panel with John Piper and Albert Mohler, President of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and a prominent Evangelical pastor and radio host, and two Muslim signatories to A Common Word, Professors Caner Dagli and Joseph Lumbard.33 The discussion shed light on the subtle theological differences that “Loving God and Neighbor Together” revealed. The Archbishop of Canterbury and Lambeth Palace While the response organized by the Yale Divinity School was a strong affirmation of A Common Word and was made all the more effective by the signatures of over 300 Christian scholars, the response from the Archbishop of Canterbury, A Common Word for 20 the Common Good, has been the most trenchant and perspicacious response to date. Though written as a letter from the Archbishop himself to the signatories of A Common Word, the response was generated through extensive discussion between the Archbishop and leaders of the Eastern, Greek and Russian Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, and leaders from other Protestant denominations. The Archbishop first met with academics and church leaders in advance of a larger meeting in June 2008 to discuss drafting a response to A Common Word. There was unanimous support among the academics and church leaders present for the Archbishop in sending a letter to Muslim leaders. He then wrote the final letter after further consultation with members at the meeting in June 2008. A Common Word for the Common Good begins by reaffirming the open spirit of A Common Word and acknowledging that though the ways of understanding the Divine are different, Christianity and Islam are not mutually unintelligible and that they speak enough of a common language to address the concerns of humanity together. The Archbishop notes that such a dialogue can invite us to “think afresh about the foundations of our convictions,”34 and then focuses upon five areas where continued cooperation can bear fruit: focus upon love and praise of God; love of neighbor that is rooted in love of God; grounding of this interfaith exchange in scriptures so that both traditions speak from that which is central and authoritative to each; respecting and discussing differences to avoid mutual fear and suspicion; and honoring a shared responsibility towards humanity and creation. 21 The subtle explanations of the Christian understanding of love offered by the Archbishop deserve extensive theological discussion that is beyond the scope of this survey. Suffice to say that he takes the opportunity to explain the manner in which Trinitarian theology leads many Christians to a deeper appreciation of the workings of love within the Divine Itself and that this is the foundation for love of the neighbor and of the stranger as the proper response to the gift of love from God. This discussion lays the foundation for an explanation of the deleterious nature of religious violence that exposes the theological hypocrisy that lies at the heart of extremist religious violence of any stripe: The idea that any action, however extreme or disruptive or even murderous, is justified if it averts failure or defeat of a particular belief or a particular religious group is not really consistent with the conviction that our failure does not mean God’s failure. Indeed, it reveals a fundamental lack of conviction in the eternity and sufficiency of the object of faith.35 Based upon this observation, the Archbishop argues, “Religious violence suggests an underlying religious insecurity.”36 Keeping in mind that the Divine has no need of human ‘protection’ can then lead to the awareness “that to try and compel religious allegiance through violence is really a way of seeking to replace divine power with human.”37 This serves as the foundation for a vision of what can be accomplished through an extended dialogue between Muslims and Christian leaders: What we need as a vision for our dialogue is to break the current cycles of violence, to show the world that faith and faith alone can truly ground a commitment to peace which definitively abandons the tempting but lethal cycle of retaliation in which we simply imitate each other’s violence.38 In this way he offers the hope that “our religious convictions can be a vehicle for creating peace where it is absent.”39 This does not oblige Muslims and Christians to reject their 22 own truth claims or come to some neutral agreement in areas of theological dispute. Rather it seeks to demonstrate the manner in which transcendent truth claims can serve to expose the self-serving nature of all attempts to justify violence in the name of one ideology or another. This subtle analysis of the ideological roots of human violence and the ability of religion to counter it demonstrates the potential influence that the Common Word initiative can have. As the Archbishop observes, Our voice in the conversation of society will be the stronger for being a joint one. If we are to be true to the dual commandment of love, we need to find ways of being far more effective in influencing our societies to follow the way of God in promoting that which leads to human flourishing—honesty and faithfulness in public and private relationships, in business as in marriage and family life; the recognition that a person’s value is not an economic matter; the clear recognition that neither material wealth nor entertainment can secure a true and deep-rooted human fulfillment.40 An essential component of the Archbishop’s letter that is not as fully addressed in other communiqués in this exchange is the need to understand and respect the different nature of scripture within each tradition. As he writes, …for us as for you reading the Scriptures is a constant source of inspiration, nurture and correction, and this makes it very appropriate for Christians and Muslims to listen to one another, and question one another, in the course of reading and interpreting the texts from which we have learned of God’s will and purposes.41 It is fitting that the Archbishop should have brought these observations to light, as the conference hosted at Cambridge University with a final meeting at Lambeth Palace October 13–15, 2008 concentrated upon scripture and interpretation. While the Yale University Conference hosted hundreds of scholars from around the world and addressed most facets of the Common Word initiative, the conference convened by the Archbishop 23 was limited to fifteen representatives from each faith tradition. Among these were some of the most prominent signatories, such as Abdullah bin Bayyah, whom many regard as the most knowledgeable living scholar of Sunni Islam, and Ramaḍān Būtī, one of the most respected Sunni Muslim scholars in Syria today, who have not attended any other events associated with the Common Word initiative. As with the Yale conference, the conference at Lambeth palace produced a final declaration that reaffirmed the core principles of A Common Word, love of God and love of neighbor. The document was, however, only signed by Ali Gomaa, the Grand Mufti of Egypt, and by the Archbishop. While reaffirming the central tenets of the others, this communiqué also offered a joint condemnation of the persecution of religious groups in Iraq, with a specific focus upon the recent persecution of Christian minorities. In the spirit of the conference, it also spoke in glowing terms of the experience of reading scripture together in a spirit of openness and cooperation: One of the most moving elements of our encounter has been the opportunity to study together passages from our scriptures. We have felt ourselves to have been together before God and this has given us each a greater appreciation for the richness of the other's heritage as well as an awareness of the potential value in being joined by Jewish believers in a journey of mutual discovery and attentiveness to the texts we hold sacred. We wish to repeat the experience of a shared study of scriptural texts as one of the ways in which we can come, concretely, to develop our understanding of how the other understands and lives their own faith. We commend this experience to others.42 For those who have been involved with interfaith dialogue and movements such as the scriptural reasoning project, this is not a remarkable observation in and of itself. But it adds greater significance and influence to the scriptural reasoning movement when the 24 Grand Mufti of Egypt and the Archbishop of Canterbury join with imams and priests to encourage their followers to read the Bible and the Quran together. Muslims and Christians learning to read their scriptures in relation rather than in opposition and learning how the other communities understand their own texts could bear unimagined fruits for future generations, especially when they are encouraged to do so by the religious authorities whom they most respect. This emphasis upon the possibilities inherent to scriptural reasoning indicates one of the important ways in which academics have played an important role in working together with religious leaders to shape the Common Word initiative. One hopes that this encouragement will help a broader audience apply the tools of comparative scriptural inquiry that the scriptural reasoning movement has developed over the past fifteen years.43 The Vatican While the response coordinated by the Yale Divinity School and the letter written by the Archbishop of Canterbury have been overwhelmingly positive, the responses from the Vatican have been mixed. Statements by Cardinal Tauran have indicated that the Vatican would prefer to focus upon the development of the Catholic-Muslim Forum in conjunction with the Common Word initiative, rather than be dispersed into other international interfaith initiatives, such as that initiated by King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud. Nonetheless, as noted above, the Vatican response to A Common Word was not at first positive, and the Vatican did not appear receptive to official dialogue with Muslims until it became apparent that other Churches had engaged A Common Word. 25 Given the multiple declarations regarding interreligious dialogue and interfaith relations that have been issued by the Vatican, beginning with Nostra Aetate in 1965, the MuslimCatholic exchange must first be viewed in this broader context. Recognizing the tensions to which religious misunderstanding can give rise, Nostra Aetate sought to outline that which is common to all religions, especially the Abrahamic traditions: The Church regards with esteem also the Muslims. They adore the one God, living and subsisting in Himself, merciful and all-powerful, the Creator of heaven and earth, who has spoken to men; they take pains to submit wholeheartedly to even His inscrutable decrees, just as Abraham, with whom the faith of Islam takes pleasure in linking itself, submitted to God. Though they do not acknowledge Jesus as God, they revere Him as a prophet. They also honor Mary, His virgin Mother; at times they even call on her with devotion. In addition, they await the day of judgement when God will give their deserts to all those who have been raised from the dead. The sacred Council now pleads with all to forget the past, and urges that a sincere effort be made to achieve mutual understanding; for the benefit of all, let them together preserve and promote peace, liberty, social justice and moral values. (Nostra Aetate, 3) In this vein, Nostra Aetate marked a momentous step forward in the official Catholic approach to people of other faith traditions and the reconciliation of traditional Catholic orthodoxy with modern pluralism. Nonetheless, although the Vatican has afforded greater recognition to Judaism and Islam, it continues to maintain that one can only be saved through a relationship with Christ that is mediated through “the Church” (Dominus Iesus, § 20). Regarding the prayers and rituals of other faiths, the Vatican has gone so far as to declare, Indeed, some prayers and rituals of the other religions may assume a role of preparation for the Gospel, in that they are occasions or pedagogical helps in which the human heart is prompted to be open to the action of God. One cannot attribute to these, however, a divine origin or an ex opere operato salvific efficacy, which is proper to the Christian sacraments. Furthermore, it cannot be overlooked that other 26 rituals, insofar as they depend on superstitions or other errors, constitute an obstacle to salvation. (Dominus Iesus, § 21) In other words, other religions can be tolerated, but only in so far as they are a step towards full salvation in Christ. Viewed in relation to one another, Nostra Aetate and Dominus Iesus appear to say that error cannot be tolerated in and of itself, but that people who are in error still have rights that must be respected. Especially those who are well meaning and seek God, even it be in a manner that the Church considers imperfect. Following upon Nostra Aetate, the late Pope John Paul II made unprecedented overtures towards other Christian denominations and towards people of other faiths, especially Jews and Muslims. Regarding Muslims he declared, “We Christians joyfully recognize the religious values we have in common with Islam. Today I would like to repeat what I said to young Muslims some years ago in Casablanca: ‘We believe in the same God, the one God, the living God, the God who created the world and brings his creatures to their perfection.’”44 In contrast to Pope John Paul II’s positive embrace of Muslims, many have sensed a different tone in the statements of Pope Benedict XVI, especially in his assertions that Europe is a Christian continent and in the unfortunate comments of his Regensburg address. In this context, many Muslims felt it necessary to engage the Catholic Church in the hopes of maintaining relations more similar to those that had been enjoyed during the tenure of John Paul II. It in this vein that “An Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI” delivered one month after the Regensburg Lecture was written. After correcting the factual errors of the Regensburg address, the letter states, 27 Christianity and Islam are the largest and second largest religions in the world and in history. Christians and Muslims reportedly make up over a third and over a fifth of humanity respectively. Together they make up more than 55% of the world’s population, making the relationship between these two religious communities the most important factor in contributing to meaningful peace around the world. As the leader of over a billion Catholics and moral example for many others around the globe, yours is arguably the single most influential voice in continuing to move this relationship forward in the direction of mutual understanding. We share your desire for frank and sincere dialogue, and recognize its importance in an increasingly interconnected world. Upon this sincere and frank dialogue we hope to continue to build peaceful and friendly relationships based upon mutual respect, justice, and what is common in essence in our shared Abrahamic tradition, particularly ‘the two greatest commandments’ in Mark 12:29-31 (and, in varying form, in Matthew 22:37-40), that, the Lord our God is One Lord; / And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy understanding, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment. / And the second commandment is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.45 The lack of response to this letter and the lack of media coverage it received, while many unproductive and counter productive reactions were reported, frustrated some Muslims. The desire to alleviate this frustration and to proactively prevent another Regensburg address by the Pope or by other Christian leaders gave rise to the Common Word initiative in order to “move the dialogue toward the direction of mutual understanding.” The first impression is that this objective has been achieved, for in his remarks on the final day of the first seminar of the Catholic-Muslim Forum, Pope Benedict XVI sounded more like John Paul II: I am well aware that Muslims and Christians have different approaches in matters regarding God. Yet we can and must be worshippers of the one God who created us and is concerned about each person in every corner of the world. Together we must show, by our mutual respect and solidarity, that we consider ourselves members of one family: the family that God has loved and gathered together from the creation of the world to the end of human history.46 28 While acknowledging that Muslims and Christians conceive of God in different ways and have a different understanding of the precise nature of the relation between the Divine and the human, he affirmed that they can nonetheless work together for the good of all humanity: There is a great and vast field in which we can act together in defending and promoting the moral values which are part of our common heritage. Only by starting with the recognition of the centrality of the person and the dignity of each human being, respecting and defending life which is the gift of God, and is thus sacred for Christians and for Muslims alike – only on the basis of this recognition, can we find a common ground for building a more fraternal world, a world in which confrontations and differences are peacefully settled, and the devastating power of ideologies is neutralized.47 Though he did not apologize for the remarks of the Regensburg address, Pope Benedict XVI did embrace the call for understanding that had been issued in the initial open letter addressed to him: Dear friends, let us unite our efforts, animated by good will, in order to overcome all misunderstanding and disagreements. Let us resolve to overcome past prejudices and to correct the often distorted images of the other which even today can create difficulties in our relations; let us work with one another to educate all people, especially the young, to build a common future.48 None of these remarks are groundbreaking. They are nonetheless significant because they indicate that A Common Word Between Us and You has succeeded in countering the deleterious effects of the Regensburg address and in bringing Muslims and Christians into the type of dialogue to which Nostra Aetate opened and which Pope John Paul II had embraced. The cycle of recriminations to which the Regensburg address initially gave rise has thus been averted, and for the time being Catholics and Muslims are engaged in real dialogue rather than juxtaposed monologues. The second seminar of the Catholic- 29 Muslim Forum, held in Jordan at the Baptism Site of Jesus on the river Jordan, developed upon the issues addressed by the first seminar and expanded upon the developments of other conferences. Whatever direction it may take, it is significant that Muslim and Catholics have committed themselves to a forum wherein they will be able to express their differences and work towards establishing better understanding between Muslims and Catholics. This will provide an open channel whereby unfortunate misunderstandings, such as those created by the Regensburg address, can be avoided and whereby, if they do arise, they can be addressed before any negative consequences are realized. World Council of Churches The responses from the Yale Divinity School, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Vatican have given rise to more interaction between Muslims and Christians than have any others. But one should also take not of the response issued by the World Council of Churches (WCC), “Learning to Explore Love Together: Suggestions to the Churches for Responding to ‘A Common Word.’” Acknowledging their commitment to “fresh thinking about the relationship between Islam and Christianity,” the letter of the WCC encourages member churches to recognize the serious intent of A Common Word and “prayerfully consider its invitation to dialogue and cooperation.”49 The Council then proposes that it will “create a joint planning group to prepare steps towards common action, and seek Muslim and Christian initiatives of dialogue and cooperation at both regional and global levels.”50 30 After committing to this “prayerful response” in the first page and a half, the remainder of “Learning to Explore Love Together” provides a thoughtful outline of the issues and difficulties that confront Muslim-Christian dialogue, noting that “signs of similarity must be held in tension with real divergences and hard to reconcile differences.”51 It then touches upon two central questions of Muslim-Christian dialogue: the relationship between tawḥīd and trinity; and the understanding of God’s word as revealed in Jesus and the Quran. Regarding the first it asks, “Are these contradictory doctrines, as the history of engagement between the two faiths attests, or is there a way in which they can be seen as complementary insights into the mystery of God?” Regarding the latter it asks, Similarly, while both Muslims and Christians claim to receive revelation from God, what is meant when Muslims claim to perceive the will of God revealed in the Qur’an-what has been called the Word of God become book-, and what is meant when Christians claim to perceive God’s self revealed in Jesus Christ – who is called the Word of God become flesh?52 Although the response from the World Council of Churches has not yet led to the same type of high-level interaction that those of the Vatican, Lambeth Palace and Yale the Divinity School have initiated, it is significant that the broadest and most inclusive international Christian organization has encouraged its 349 member churches in over 100 countries to participate in this movement. This can be an important step in helping Muslims and Christians to “strive to reach the point at which they can recognize and endorse what they hold in common with sufficient integrity to allow them to work together in the world.”53 It is also of fundamental importance for the continued success of World Interfaith Harmony Week. 31 Analysis Outside of the official participants, the Common Word initiative has received some criticism, though the response has been overwhelmingly positive. Though few outside the movement initially grasped its potential significance—what the Grand Mufti of Egypt, Ali Gomaa, has referred to as “something of a small miracle”54—some are beginning to recognize the power that Muslims and Christians coming together for the common good can have. In the English speaking press one can now find over 700 articles addressing various aspects of the initiative. While this might seem substantial, it is but a drop when compared to the coverage of the Regensburg address, the Danish cartoon fiasco, or the “Innocence of Muslims” video trailer about each which tens of thousands of articles have been written. Given the secular inclinations of the mainstream media, it is not surprising that the vast majority of reporters are unable to distinguish the Common Word movement from other interfaith initiatives and see what promise it may hold. Three central features make A Common Word Between Us and You and the ongoing exchange a crucial, promising and historic step in Muslim-Christian dialogue: the grounding in scripture; the acceptance of theological differences; and the participation of religious leaders of the highest rank. As seen in the passages of A Common Word cited above, this dialogue has been grounded in scripture from its inception, and has even sought to expand the manner in which some Quranic verses are interpreted. The title is drawn form the famous verse, Say, ‘O People of the Scripture! Come now to a word common between us and you, that we worship none but God and that we do not associate 32 anything with Him, and do not take each other for lords, beside God.’ (3:64) Several scholars have noted that this verse is usually interpreted in a polemical context and employed to support polemical objectives. The interpretive history of 3:64 is indeed polemical. Muḥammad ibn Jarīr Al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923), the dean of Quranic exegesis, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210), Abū ‘Qāsim al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538/1144), alBaghawī (d. 516/1122), and other influential exegetes tended to view this verse as a challenge to Christians.55 Nonetheless, as with most verses of the Quran, there are many ways of understanding it. Other exegetes have seen 3:64 as an allusion to fundamental principles that all Abrahamic faiths are believed to share in common, saying of the phrase “a common word,” “that is the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran do not differ regarding it, or there is no differentiation regarding it among the revealed religions (sharāʾiʿ).”56 And as the 18th century Moroccan Scholar Aḥmad ibn ʿAjībah (d. 1224/1809) says in his commentary on the verse, “The paths are many and the goal is one, and it is pure unity (tawḥīd).”57 Thus while the polemical strand of interpreting 3:64 may predominate in Islamic history, it is certainly not the only interpretive strand. It is significant that many of the world’s leading Islamic scholars have chosen to emphasize the more universal implications of 3:64 over against the polemical interpretations. For it represents an integral component of this dialogue. Each community has taken it upon themselves to tell the other how they understand the sources of their own tradition, while listening as leaders of the other community explains how they understand the sources and tenets of their respective traditions. As the Final Declaration of the Yale Conference states, “A Common Word is rooted in our sacred texts, arising 33 from within, not imposed from without.”58 And as Archbishop Rowan Williams has written in his response to A Common Word, “…for both faiths, scripture provides the basic tools for speaking of God, and it is in attending to how we use our holy texts that we often discover most truly the nature of each other’s faith.”59 This is an essential observation, for Christians and Muslims often find it difficult to relate to the theological subtleties of one another’s faiths and are rarely swayed by references to great theologians that proponents of other religions may esteem. But given the centrality of scripture in their own tradition, they are able to relate to the centrality of scripture in another tradition. In this way, scripture provides one of the best platforms for Muslim and Christian dialogue. Unfortunately, members of each tradition all too often refuse to afford another scripture the same leniency they have learned to give their own. They are thus less patient and less willing to allow the apparent naiveties, inconsistencies and contradictions of a scripture outside their own unfold into the profundities that they have come to expect of their own scriptural traditions. If, however, Muslims and Christians are able to read their scriptures together, they may come to see that in reading the scriptures of another tradition against that tradition, they have committed the very same errors of which they accuse the other tradition when it cites their scriptures against them. Comparative scriptural inquiry also has the potential to highlight dimensions of one’s own scripture by showing them in another light. The second feature that distinguishes the Common Word movement is that the dialogue has not sought to ignore or deny theological differences, but rather to acknowledge and even embrace them. To paraphrase Archbishop Rowan Williams, this is to say that the 34 dialogue does not seek to bring Christian and Muslim communities together at the margins of their historic identities, but by speaking from what is central and authoritative to each.60 In this way, the Common Word initiative avoids a major pitfall of much interfaith dialogue, wherein well-meaning believers barter away central tenets of their communities’ creeds in the hopes of finding a common ground that is in reality a least common denominator. As if one were to say, “I’ll give up the uncreated Quran, if you drop the Trinity.” In the name of violating neither religion, this form of dialogue undermines religion as such, by accepting two unspoken premises: 1) that religions cannot reach common ground on religious terms; and (2) that in the modern period all people of religion must yield to the principles of secular humanism. This form of dialogue dilutes religion. It thus leads many to reject interreligious dialogue as antithetical to the teachings of their own faith, or as a Trojan horse by which its central tenets will be undermined. This can in turn lead to greater misunderstanding and mistrust. In addressing this issue, Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad has said of the initiative, “…I would like to say also that A Common Word does not signal that Muslims are prepared to deviate from or concede one iota of any their convictions in reaching out to Christians— nor, I expect, the opposite. Let us be crystal-clear: A Common Word is about equal peace, NOT about capitulation.”61 The third feature that sets A Common Word apart from other interfaith initiatives is that it has the backing of many of the highest-ranking religious authorities in both the Christian world and the Islamic world. On the Muslim side this includes figures such as Ahmad ElTayyeb, the Shaykh of al-Azhar, Abdullah Bin Bayyah, Ramaḍān Būtī, Ayatollah 35 Muhaqqiq-i Damad, regarded by many as one of the leading Shiite theologians of his generation, and the Grand Muftis of Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Bosnia, Oman, and Russia, among many others. On the Christian side, this includes the Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the head of the National Association of Evangelicals, and the heads of most international Churches. The history of Christian-Muslim relations has never witnessed collaboration among authorities of this stature. In the extended version of his final address at the first seminar of the Catholic-Muslim Forum, Seyyed Hossein Nasr underlines the importance of their participation when he writes, In this effort to reorient ourselves toward each other, all of us, Christian and Muslim alike, can play a role. But there is no doubt that the main responsibility lies on the shoulders of religious leaders, thinkers and scholars, those whom we call ‘ulamā’ in Islam. Those who are guides and trailblazers in religious matters must come forward and seek to bring about understanding to those in their own communities who hearken to their call. They should bring about further knowledge about the other whom they should present as friend, not enemy, to be loved and not vilified.62 The involvement of such leaders has many ramifications and was central to the establishment of United Nations Interfaith Harmony Week. It is also likely that the Common Word initiative served as a catalyst for the interfaith initiative launched by King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud. But most importantly the participants in this initiative are the people who influence what is said on Friday and Sunday in Mosques and Churches, what is taught in schools, and what is heard on television. If these leaders are committed to this exchange, the message of A Common Word has the potential to change the way that Christians and Muslims conceptualize and approach one another throughout the world. 36 Summary and Conclusions Despite the significant features mentioned above, it should be stressed that the crucial theological issues that divide Christians and Muslims have not yet been fully discussed in the exchanges brought about by A Common Word and that they may never be fully addressed in the context of the Common Word initiative. For this is not at its heart a theological exchange. A Common word Between Us and You is an initiative that seeks to promote peace by alleviating misunderstandings between Christians and Muslims through an emphasis on the love of God, devotion to the One God, and love of neighbor. In this way it allows the participants to maintain theological differences in creative tension while asserting what they hold in common and working for the greater good. As the World Council of Churches has expressed it, “[Muslims and Christians] should make it a priority to understand how the precious heritages the each hold can direct and even impel them to work together for justice and peace, recognizing their joint goals and responding to the call of the One they worship and obey to come together not only in a common word but also in common action for the greater glory of God and the wellbeing of all.”63 Theological discussions may develop in the future, and this may be a role the academy can play in this dialogue; for those who do not represent large constituencies risk less when venturing new approaches to the faith. Perhaps in this way academics and theologians can help others to imagine what might be gained if Muslims and Christians sought to define themselves in relation to one another rather than in opposition. 37 One can hope that the spirit of this exchange will continue to be one of “vying in good works” in accord with the Quranic verse cited in A Common Word, “Perhaps God will create friendship between you and those you consider your enemies.” (60:7) As Daniel Madigan SJ observes in his response to A Common Word, “Where love replaces enmity, it is surely God at work, not just us.”64 Let us hope that it can be so. For this interfaith endeavor is not only important for relations between Islam and Christianity, it is important for the response of religion to the forces of bigotry, terrorism and extremism. Some have argued that to avoid violent clashes between nations and peoples, religion must be abandoned altogether. But in the twentieth century—the bloodiest of human history—ideological conflicts and their attendant wars have demonstrated that it is humanity, not religion, which is responsible for the atrocities of the past and the present. Many employ religion to justify reckless ideologies and wanton violence. But in so doing they betray the very teachings of the religions they propose to represent. Perhaps by reaffirming the ethical teachings of their traditions together, Christians and Muslims can employ their collective moral voice to address injustices committed against peoples of all faiths. The exchange initiated by A Common Word will not answer all of the questions that arise from religious diversity, nor will it ameliorate all of the tensions that arise from theological disputes and misunderstandings. It could, however, offer reflections that will transfer the positive effects of Christian-Muslim dialogue from the pens and lips of theologians to the minbar and the pulpit, from where it can also reach into the schools and streets. Agreement may not always be reached, but by continuing to approach each 38 other in good faith, Muslims and Christians can take important steps towards eradicating the extremism that corrodes from within and divides from without. Perhaps in this way, A Common Word can be one small step towards realizing the vision of the prophet Isaiah, “The nations will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not take up sword against nation, nor will they train for war anymore.” (Isaiah 2:4) 1 “Final Declaration of the first Seminar of the Catholic-Muslim Forum,” Rome, November 4-6, 2008, p. 3. 2 “Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI to Participants in the Seminar organized by the Catholic Muslim Forum,” Vatican City, Clementine Hall, November 6, 2008. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2008/november/documents/hf_ ben-xvi_spe_20081106_cath-islamic-leaders_en.html. 3 Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “We And You—Let us Meet in God’s Love,” 1st CatholicMuslim Forum Seminar, Vatican City, November 6, 2008, p. 1. 4 The nature of these responses merits a study in and of itself. To see the 70 different responses go to http://acommonword.com/index.php?lang=en&page=responses. 5 See http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/. 6 http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com/newspost/h-r-h-prince-ghazi-bin-muhammaddelivers-kings-world-interfaith-harmony-week-proposal-at-un/ 7 H. Con Res. 374. For an outline of the history of the resolution see http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:HC00374:@@@L&summ2=m&. 8 The most important of these have been: A Common Word: Muslims and Christians on Loving God and Neighbor, ed. Volf, Ghazi bin Muhammad, Yarrington (Grand Rapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2009); and Muslim and Christian Understanding: Theory and Application of "A Common Word,” ed. El-Ansary, Linnan (New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 9 This is the analysis offered by Samir Khalil Samir, SJ in “Pope Benedict XVI and Dialogue with Muslims,” Annals Australasia, January/February 2008, pp. 20-25. 10 The entire Regensburg Lecture can be found on the Vatican website, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/september/documents/hf_ ben-xvi_spe_20060912_university-regensburg_en.html. The polemical passage is as follows: I was reminded of all this recently, when I read the edition by Professor Theodore Khoury (Münster) of part of the dialogue carried on-- perhaps in 1391 in the winter barracks near Ankara--by the erudite Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus and an educated Persian on the subject of Christianity and Islam, and 39 the truth of both. It was probably the emperor himself who set down this dialogue, during the siege of Constantinople between 1394 and 1402; and this would explain why his arguments are given in greater detail than the responses of the learned Persian. The dialogue ranges widely over the structures of faith contained in the Bible and in the Qur'an, and deals especially with the image of God and of man, while necessarily returning repeatedly to the relationship of the three Laws: the Old Testament, the New Testament, and the Qur'an. In this lecture I would like to discuss only one point--itself rather marginal to the dialogue itself--which, in the context of the issue of faith and reason, I found interesting and which can serve as the starting-point for my reflections on this issue. In the seventh conversation edited by Professor Khoury, the emperor touches on the theme of the jihad (holy war). The emperor must have known that surah 2, 256 reads: There is no compulsion in religion. It is one of the suras of the early period, when Mohammed was still powerless and under threat. But naturally the emperor also knew the instructions, developed later and recorded in the Qur’an, concerning holy war. Without descending to details, such as the difference in treatment accorded to those who have the “Book” and the “infidels,” he turns to his interlocutor somewhat brusquely with the central question on the relationship between religion and violence in general, in these words: Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached. The emperor goes on to explain in detail the reasons why spreading the faith through violence is something unreasonable. Violence is incompatible with the nature of God and the nature of the soul. God is not pleased by blood, and not acting reasonably is contrary to God's nature. Faith is born of the soul, not the body. Whoever would lead someone to faith needs the ability to speak well and to reason properly, without violence and threats... To convince a reasonable soul, one does not need a strong arm, or weapons of any kind, or any other means of threatening a person with death.... The decisive statement in this argument against violent conversion is this: not to act in accordance with reason is contrary to God's nature. The editor, Theodore Khoury, observes: "For the emperor, as a Byzantine shaped by Greek philosophy, this statement is self-evident. But for Muslim teaching, God is absolutely transcendent. His will is not bound up with any of our categories, even that of rationality." Here Khoury quotes a work of the noted French Islamist R. Arnaldez, 40 who points out that Ibn Hazn [sic] went so far as to state that God is not bound even by his own word, and that nothing would oblige him to reveal the truth to us. Were it God's will, we would even have to practice idolatry. 11 As quoted in “Cardinal Praises Muslims for "Eloquent" Letter”, October 19, 2007. http://www.zenit.org/article-20787?l=english. 12 Tom Heneghan, “Vatican says Pope cannot sign collective response to Muslims”, Reuters Blogs, October 23, 2007. http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2007/10/23/vaticansays-pope-cannot-sign-response-to-muslims/. 13 Michael Gonyea, “Islam’s Transcendent Challenge” American Thinker, October 12, 2008. http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/10/islams_transcendent_challenge.html. 14 Fareed Zakaria, “New hope: Defeating terror requires Muslim help and much more than force of arms”, Newsweek July 18, 2005, U.S. Edition. http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/newsweek/071805.html. “Now things are changing. The day before the London bombs, a conference of 180 top Muslim sheiks and imams, brought together under the auspices of Jordan's King Abdullah, issued a statement forbidding that any Muslim be declared takfi—an apostate [sic]. This is a frontal attack on Al Qaeda's theological methods. Declaring someone takfir—and thus sanctioning his or her death—is a favorite tactic of bin Laden and his ally in Iraq, Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi. The conference's statement was endorsed by 10 fatwas from such big conservative scholars as Tantawi; Iraq's Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani; Egypt's mufti, Ali Jumaa, and the influential Al-Jazeera TV-sheik, Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Signed by adherents of all schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), it also allows only qualified Muslim scholars to issue edicts. The Islamic Conference's statement, the first of its kind, is a rare show of unity among the religious establishment against terrorists and their scholarly allies.” 15 For examples of the pseudo-fatwas issued by extremist elements see Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, ed. Bruce Lawrence. (London & New York, Verso, 2005). One is most struck by the lack of questions; for a traditional fatwā is always an answer to a question. But in Bin Laden’s instance proclamations are presented as fatwās. 16 For the full text of the Final Declaration go to http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid= 34. 17 http://www.acommonword.com/ 18 “A Common Word Between Us and You” (Amman, The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute For Islamic Thought, 2007), p. 2. For access to the original document see http://www.acommonword.com/index.php?lang=en&page=downloads. 19 Ibid., p. 2. 20 Ibid., p. 12 21 Ibid., p. 16. 22 Ibid., p. 16. 23 Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad, ‘“A Common Word Between Us and You”: Theological Motives and Expectations,’ Acceptance Speech for the Eugen Biser Award Ceremony, November 22, 2008, pp. 5-6. 41 24 “Loving God and Neighbor Together: A Christian Response to A Common Word Between Us and You,” New York Times, November 17, 2007. 25 Ibid. 26 A Common Word: Muslims and Christians on Loving God and Neighbor, ed. Volf, Ghazi bin Muhammad, Yarrington (Grand Rapids, Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2009). 27 From personal discussion with Reza Shah-Kazemi and Ibrahim Kalin, spokesperson for A Common Word, July 26, 2008. 28 “Final Declaration of the Yale Common Word Conference”, July 2008, p. 1. 29 Ibid., p. 1. 30 Ibid., p. 1. 31 For John Piper’s response to A Common Word see, http://www.desiringgod.org/Blog/1032_a_common_word_between_us/ 32 Leith Anderson, “Signing the Letter to Islam”: http://www.nae.net/index.cfm?FUSEACTION=editor.page&pageID=500&IDcategory=1 33 See http://www.desiringgod.org/resource-library/conference-messages/evangelicalsand-a-common-word 34 Archbishop Rowan Williams, A Common Word for the Common Good (London, Lambeth Palace, 2008), p.2. 35 Ibid., p. 12. 36 Ibid., p. 12. 37 Ibid., p. 13. 38 Ibid., p. 13. 39 Ibid., p. 14. 40 Ibid., p. 14. 41 Ibid., p. 16. 42 The Most Reverend & Right Honorable Dr. Rowan Williams and H.E. Shaykh Prof. Dr Ali Gomaa Mohamed Abdel Wahab, “Communiqué from A Common Word conference”, London, Lambeth Palace, October 15, 2008. 43 For an introduction to Scriptural Reasoning see: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/ssr/issues/volume2/number1 44 Insegnamenti, VIII/2, [1985], p. 497, quoted during a general audience on May 5, 1999. 45 “Open Letter to His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI”, October 13, 2006, p. 4. 46 “Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI to Participants in the Seminar organized by the Catholic Muslim Forum”, Vatican City, Clementine Hall, November 6, 2008. 47 Ibid. 48 Ibid. 49 The World Council of Churches, “Learning to Explore Love Together”, p. 2: http://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/interreligiousdialogue-and-cooperation/interreligious-trust-and-respect/20-03-08-learning-to-explorelove-together.html. 50 Ibid., p. 2. 51 Ibid., p. 3. 52 Ibid., p. 3. 53 Ibid., p. 4. 42 54 As Quoted in an interview with Stryker McGuire, “A Small Miracle” Newsweek, October 21, 2008. 55 Several scholars have raised this point, but the only thorough study is that of Gordon Nickel, ‘ “A Common Word” in Context and Commentary’, unpublished conference paper, Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Religion, Chicago, IL, November 3, 2008. 56 Maḥmūd b. ʿAbdallah al-Alūsī, Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-qur’ān al-karīm wa-l-sabaʿ al-mathānī (Beirut: Dar Ehia al-Tourath al-Arabi, 1420/1999), vol. 3, p. 193. 57 Aḥmad ibn ʿAjība, al-Baḥr al-madīd fī tafsīr al-qur’ān al-majīd (Beirut: Dar alKotoob al-Ilmiyyah, 1426/2005), Vol 1, p. 330. 58 “Final Declaration of the Yale Common Word Conference”, July 2008, p. 1. 59 Archbishop Rowan Williams, A Common Word for the Common Good, p. 3. 60 Ibid., p. 2. 61 Ghazi bin Muhammad, ‘“A Common Word Between Us and You”: Theological Motives and Expectations’, pp. 8-9. 62 Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “We and You—Let us Meet in God’s Love”, (expanded version) forthcoming, Sophia: The Journal of Traditional Studies, Volume 14, no. 2, Winter 2009. 63 The World Council of Churches, “Learning to Explore Love Together”, p. 4. 64 Daniel Madigan, SJ, “A Common Word Between Us and You: Some initial Reflections”, p. 7. 43