ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ 6ﻣﻮ' ﻋﺎﻟﻰ
ﻓﺮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻦ ﭘﻮ
1
ﭼﻜﻴﺪ
ﺗﻮﻧﻤﻨﺪ#ﻫﺎ #ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﺶ ،ﻣﻬﺎﻫﺎ،
ﺗﻮﻧﺎﻳﻰﻫﺎ #ﻧﺴﺎ ,ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬ ﺑﻮ ﺳﺖ .ﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎ ،,ﺷﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ' ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ6 #ﻣﻮﺷﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻳﮋ ﺑﺨﺶ 6ﻣﻮ' ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ،
ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ #ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ' ﺑﺰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ6 #ﻣﻮﺷﻰ ،ﻧﺪ 6ﻣﻮ' ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ
ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻰ ﮔﺮﮔﻮ ,ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻧﺶﻧﺪ 6 #ﻣﻮ' ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ
ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ .ﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺋﺔ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ #ﺷﻦ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺎ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻋﺮﺻﺔ 6ﻣﻮ' ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻰﭘﺮ.
ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ژﻫﺎ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ6 ،ﻣﻮ' ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ6 ،ﻣﻮ' ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ،ﻃﺮﺣﻰ 6ﻣﻮﺷﻰ ،ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ
.1ﻛﺎ ﺷﻨﺎ Rﺷﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺪ # Qﻃﻼ Pﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﻋﻠﻮ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﺻﻔﻬﺎ
aminpour@mui.ac.ir
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﻫـﺰ ﺟـﺪﻳـﺪ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﻧﺎ
ﻧﻬﺎ ﻧـﺪ .ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻛـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻫﺪ ﻇﻬﻮ
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫـﺎ ﻧﻮﻳـﻦ ﻃﻼﻋـﺎﺗﻰ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃـﻰ
ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ .ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ،ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ،
ﻋﻠﻮ # ،ﻧﻈﺎﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ﺳﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻨﺎ #
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﭼﻨﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺷﺪ ﻛﺮ
#ﮔﺮﮔﻮ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮ #ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎﻫﺎ
ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﺰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ ﺧﻮ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻ :ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺎ5ﻧﺪ .ﻛﻨﻮ
ﺷﻴﻮ 5ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻓﺮ ،ﻛﺴﺐ #ﻛﺎ #ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼ،
ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ # ،ﻧﺠﺎ ﭘﮋ#ﻫﺶﻫﺎ #
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ،
ﺗﺠﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ،ﻗﺘﺼﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ# ،
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﭼﻨﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﻮ Hﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ
ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﺪ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ.
ﻋﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ #
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ #ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻚ
217
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
218
ﻣﺎ R#ﻧﺠﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ ،ﺑﺮ ﻣﺔ ﻛﺎ #
ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ #ﻧﻌﻄﺎUﭘﺬﻳﺮ
ﺿﺮ Q #ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ ،ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ
ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ #ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﺋﻢ ﻣﻌﺮX
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ،ﻧﻮ Pﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻ،
5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎﻧﻰ # ،ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮ[5
ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ 5ﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ
ﻋﺒﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ 5ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺗﻰ
ﭼﻬﺮ ﻣﻮ [5ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ) .(2:11ﻣﺴﻠﻢ
ﺳﺖ ﺑﻬﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ 5ﻓﻨﺎ #
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮ [5ﺑﻪ
ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ 5ﻧﺪ ،ﭘﻮﻳﺎ # ،ﺟﺬ eﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ؛
5ﻳﺮ ﻓﺮ ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺎ 5ﺗﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ
ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ #ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎ Q
ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ 5ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
#ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻ 5#ﻓﺰ#
ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﻴﻢﻋﻤﺮ ﻧﺶ ﻛﻮﺗﺎ #ﻛﻮﺗﺎﺗﺮ
ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ،ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﺣﺠﻢ
ﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎ 2020 Hﻫﺮ # 5# 73
ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺧﻮ ﻧﮕﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ
ﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻣﺪ #ﻓﺮ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ).(304:14
e-learningﻳﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ،
ﺷﻴﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮ [5ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺋﻪ
#ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺎQ
ﻧﺶ #ﻣﻬﺎ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ #ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ
ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻰﭘﺮ .5ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ )ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ( ،ﻣﺤﺼﻞ )ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮ ﺟﺎ enﻃﻼﻋﺎ
#ﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
5ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ .
ﺻﻄﻼ e-learning pﺑﺮ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ
ﺳﺎ 2001 Hﺟﻨﺒﺔ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ.
ﻳﻦ ﺻﻄﻼ5 pﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﻮ[5
ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ 2ﺑﻮ ،ﻛﻪ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ
#ﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻧﺖ ﺋﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﺪ # # ،ﻗﻊ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ
ﻣﻮ [5ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ 3e#ﺷﺪ) .(291:9ﭘﺲ
5 5ﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ #ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﻌﺎ ﻳﻒ #ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺪ ﺋﻪ
ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ 5ﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻰ
5ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺘﻪ
ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ5 .ﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ 5ﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎ ﻳﻒ
)3. Web Based Training (WBT
)2. Computer Based Training (CBT
ﻣﻌﻠﻢ( #ﻛﻼ # R Rﻛﺎ ﮔﺎ )ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ (Qﻣﺘﺤﻮ Hﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ،ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ
ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ #ﻧﺶ ﻧﺪ 5#ﻧﻴﺰ 5ﻣﻮ[5
) (teachingﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ) (learningﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ
ﻛﺮ ﺳﺖ .ﺣﺎ Hﺣﺎﺿﺮ[# ،ﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ
ﻣﻮ [5ﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ
ﺷﺪ #ﮔﺴﺘﺮ[ ﻣﺪ #ﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ،
ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺗﺮ # ،ﺟﺬ eﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺋﻪ
ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻳﻰ #ﺷﻴﻮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ.
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻨﺎ #
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﺮ5ﻫﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ #
ﻣﺮ5ﻫﺎ 5ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﻫﻢ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ #ﺑﺰ ﻫﺎ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺋﻪ
ﻣﻰ ﻛﻨﺪ).(81:13
ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
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ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮ ﺋﺔ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ،ﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻧﺖ ،ﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﻧﺖ ،4ﭘﺨﺶ
ﻣـﺎﻫـﻮ ،ﻧـﻮ ﻫـﺎ ﺻﻮﺗـﻰ /ﺗـﺼﻮﻳـﺮ،
ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻰ # ،ﻟﻮpﻫﺎ Qﻓﺸﺮ ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
5ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﺮ #ﻓﺮ ﻗﺎ
ﻣﻰﺳﺎ 5ﺗﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ #ﺷﻴﻮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺧﻮ
ﻧﺘﺨﺎ eﻛﻨﻨﺪ؛
ﻛﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﻜﻮ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ #ﻗﻊ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ
ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺳﺖ #ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﭼﻮ ﺋﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ
ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎ e
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ 5ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ،ﻓﺮ #
ﺑﺮﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ .ﻳﻦ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ # ،ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎ
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻗﺎ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ #ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺪ)(19؛
ﺧﺎ 5ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﺘﺮ Uﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ
ﺑﺮ ، 6e#ﻣﻮ [5ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ، 7
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﺔ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ، 8ﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ
، 9e#ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ # 10ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ 5
ﻧﻌﻄﺎUﭘﺬﻳﺮ(51:16) 11؛ #
ﻫﻨﺮ 12ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ
·
·
·
·
: Extranet .4ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ Qﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺮ ﻧﺖ ﺑﺮ Qﺳﺮ#ﻳﺲﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ #ﻋﻀﺎ Qﻳﻚ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ
ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮ zﻃﺮ ﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎ #ﻛﻪ ﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﻧﺖ ﺳﻄﻮ pﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ Qﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺗﻌﺪ 5 Qﺷﺮﻛﺎ Qﺗﺠﺎ # Q
ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﺧﺎ zﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ # # Qﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻣﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ # Qﻳﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﺒﻮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
)10. Online Learning (OL
5. Khan
)11. Open Flexible Learning (OFL
)6. Web Based Learning (WBL
12. Henry
)7. Internet Based Training (IBT
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
ﺋﻪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ:
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻃﻼﻗﻰ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ ﺋﻪ ،ﻧﺘﺨﺎ،e
ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ # ،ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5
ﻗﺪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﻓﻌﺎ Hﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻫﺮ 5ﻣﺎ #ﻫﺮ ﻣﻜﺎ ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺋﺔ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ #ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﺠﺮe
ﻫﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ
ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻰ ﻧﻘﺎ tﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎ ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺷﻴﻮ 5ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #
ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ #ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ
ﺳﺖ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻳﻨﻰ 5
ﻣﻮ # 5 [5ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺠﺎ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮ ﺑﺮﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ؛
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﺋﻪ #
ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ،ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ # ،ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ
ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻰ ﺑﺮ e#ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﺮ
#ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻓﺮ ؛
)8. Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL
)9. Web Based Instruction (WBI
219
ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ 5ﺋﺔ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ،ﻧﺶ # ،ﻣﻬﺎ 5
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻜﺎ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﻰ ﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮ
ﺑﻪ ،R#ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ #ﺣﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ 5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ
ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﺤﺪ #ﺳﺎﺧﺖ .ﻫﻨﺮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻣﺤﺼﻮ Hﻣﺸﺘﺮ| #ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ،ﻓﻨﺎ # ، #ﺧﺪﻣﺎ
ﻣﻰ ﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ # .(1ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ
5ﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮ 5ﺟﺰ ﻳﮕﺮ
ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻧﺪ).(251-249:15
ﻓﻨﺎ #
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ
ﺧﺪﻣﺎ
ﺷﻜﻞ :1ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻠﻰ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
220
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
#ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ ﺗﻌﺎ ﻳﻒ ﺋﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ Hﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻧﻌﻄﺎUﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ #ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #
ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ 5 #ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ #ﻣﺘﻨﻮP
ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ 5ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﺎ
ﻧﺘﺨﺎ5 eﻣﺎ #ﻣﻜﺎ ﻣﻮ # [5ﻗﺎﻟﺐ #ﺑﺰ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻟﺨﻮ #ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ #ﺷﺮ ﻳﻂ
ﺧﺎ zﺧﻮ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎﻳﻰ
ﭼﻮ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ،ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ،
ﻛﻼRﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺎ ،5ﻛﺘﺎeﻫﺎ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ،
ﻛﻨﻔﺮ ﻧﺲﻫﺎ #ﻳﺪﺋﻮﻳﻰ ،ﮔﺮ#ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻪ،
ﭘﺴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ # ،ﮔﻔﺖ#ﮔﻮ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻰ
5ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺰ ﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ
ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ #ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻣﻮ5
ﺑﭙﺮ .5ﻧﻌﻄﺎUﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ Hﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻠﻰ ﭼﻮ
ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺷﻐﻠﻰ ،ﺷﺨﺼﻰ # ،ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ
ﺣﻀﻮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﻛﻼRﻫﺎ ﺳﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ
5ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻞ ،ﻣﻮ # ،[5ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﺑﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ 5 .ﺳﻮ ﻳﮕﺮ ،ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪH
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮ Uﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ 5ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ
ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﺎ ،ﺧﺘﺼﺎ zﻓﻀﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ# ،
ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮ [5ﻧﻴﺴﺖ.
ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﻨﺪ 5ﻫﺮ
ﻧﻘﻄﻪ 5ﺟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ #ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ
ﺧﻮ ﺗﺒﺎ tﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﻛﺮ #ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮ pﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺎ
#ﺳﺆ ﻻ ﺧﻮ ﺑﭙﺮ 5ﻧﺪ ،ﭘﺮ#ژﻫﺎ ﺳﻰ
ﺧﻮ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻛﺮ # ،ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻣﺪ #ﻣﻮ
5ﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﻗﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ.
ﻫﻤﺎﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ 2ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻼﻗﻰ ﺣﻮ5ﻫﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻰ 5ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ #ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﺖ :ﺣﻮ5ﻫﺎ
ﻣﻮ ،[5ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ،ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ،ﻧﺶ # ،ﻓﻨﺎ. #
ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ
ﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ
ﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﻰ ﺳﺖ # .ﻗﻊ ،ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ #ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ #ﺳﺘﺎ 5ﻳﻚﺳﻮ #
ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻮ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ 5ﺳﻮ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ،ﻋﻢ 5ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ) 13ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ
13. Synchronous
ﻓﻨﺎ #
ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻣﻮ[5
ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﺶ
ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺷﻜﻞ .2ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺣﻮ!ﻫﺎ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ
#ﻳﺪﺋﻮﻛﻨﻔﺮ ﻧﺲ( #ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ) 14ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺴﺖ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ( ،ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﻦ
ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ #ﻫﻤﻜﺎ ﺧﻮ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ).(20
ﻣﺰﻳﺎ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ،ﻧﺶ #ﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺎ
ﻧﺴﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ #ﺗﻘﺎ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ
ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮ ﻧﺪ #ﺑﺎ ﺷﺪ 5#ﻓﺰ #ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﻮ #ﻫﻤﺮ ﮔﺮ ﻧﺪ .ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
#ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ
ﺗﻘﺎ Qﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ #ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﺑﻬﺒﻮ
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ،ﺧﺼﻮﺻ ًﺎ ﺳﻄﻮp
ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ #ﻣﻮ [5ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﺮ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻰ. #
ﺑﻴﺘﺲ 15ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ
ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ #ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ،ﺑﻬﺒﻮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ،
ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ # ،[5ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ-
ﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻮ [5ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻻﻳﻞ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻮ [5ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺳﺖ).(5
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻣﻰﻫﺪ
ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺪ ﻧﻴﻢ #ﺳﺮﻳﻊﺗﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ #ﻳﻦ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺻﺮ Uﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪﺳﺖ
.1ﻧﻌﻄﺎRﭘﺬﻳﺮ#
ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮ Pﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ،
#ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻣﺪ Hﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪ 5#
#ﻛﻠﻴﺔ 5#ﻫﺎ ﺳﺎ Hﻣﻜﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ.
15. Bates
14. Asynchronous
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
#ﻳـﻢ .ﻳـﺎﮔﻴـﺮ ﻟﻜﺘـﺮ#ﻧـﻴـﻜﻰ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ﺋﻪ ﻛﺮ،
ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﺰ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ
ﻧﺶ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺷﺪ ،ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ
ﺧﺪﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ # ،ﻣﻮﺟﺐ
ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ).(46:12
ﻧـﻌﻄـﺎUﭘـﺬﻳـﺮ ،ﻳـﺠﺎ ﻧـﮕﻴـﺰ ،ﻫﺰﻳـﻨﻪ-
ﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ # ،ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻰ 5ﻣﺎ 5 ،ﻳﮕﺮ
ﻫﺎ #ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﺤﺴﻮe
ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 5 ،ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﺷﺪ ﻓﺰ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #
ﻧﺶ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﻨﺘﺮ # # Hﻗﺪ
ﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﺮ5 .ﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻃﻰ ﻫﺸﺖ #ﻳﻜﺮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﺎH
ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
221
ِ
ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻧﻌﻄﺎUﭘﺬﻳﺮ ،ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ #
ﻳﻦ
ﺳﺘﺎ ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰ ﺳﺎ 5ﺗﺎ 5ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎ ،
ﻧﺸﮕﺎ # ،ﻳﺎ 5ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﻨﺪ
ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ #ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ،
5ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ #ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ ﻟﺨﻮ ﺧﻮ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﻮ Pﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺮ #
ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻣﻬﺎ # ،
ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺧﻮ ﺷﺨﺼ ًﺎ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ eﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
222
.2ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ
ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﻞ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻳﻰ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ.
ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺋﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺎ #ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ
#ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ
#ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻻ 5ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ [#ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ 5ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ #
ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ[ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﺪﻳﺸﻴﺪ #ﺳﻼﻳﻖ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻣ ً
ﻼ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺖ .ﺑﺪﻳﻦ
ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ 5# 5ﻣﺪﺳﺎ # 5ﺗﻘﺎQ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ [#ﻫﺎ #ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺋﺔ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮ5 ،ﻳﺮ
ﺗﻨﻬﺎ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ
ﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﺳﻰ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ
5ﭘﻴﺶ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ .ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﻣﻜﺎ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺋﻤﻰ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ،ﻣﺘﻮ #ﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺳﺘﺎ ،ﺗﺼﺎ#ﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮ| ،ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻫﺎ
#ﻳﺪﺋﻮﻳﻰ # ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ #
5ﻣﺎ #ﻣﻜﺎ ﻟﺨﻮ ﺧﻮ ﻧﺎ ،ﺑﺎ ﺑﻮ
ﺟﺬ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ [#ﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ
ﻣﻮ ،[5ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻧﮕﻴﺰ #ﻣﺸﺎ ﻛﺖ
ﻓﻌﺎ Hﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ
ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
.3ﻳﺠﺎ ﺳﺘﻘﻼU
ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎ Qﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ،ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ 5ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ #ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺎ eﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ،
ﺗﻘﺎ Qﻓﻜﺮ ،ﻧﮕﻴﺰ # ،ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ
ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻫﻢﻛﻼ R
ﻳﻚ ﺷﺘﺔ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮ Pﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ
ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ ،ﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ
5ﺟﺰ ﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺳﺘﻌﺪ ﻫﺎ ،ﻧﮕﺮ[ﻫﺎ،
#ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ # #ﺧﺎ zﺧﻮ
ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ
ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ 5ﺗﺎ ﺟﻮ ﻧﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﺮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎR
ﺳﺘﻌﺪ #ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﺧﻮ ﻣﻮ ﺳﻰ
ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮ #ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺮ #ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﭙﺮ .5
ﻋﻼ #ﺑﺮ #ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ 5ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﻟﺐﻫﺎ
ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻰ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ ،ﺳﻼﻳﺪ # ،ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ،ﻗﺎﻟﺐ
ﺳﻰ ﻟﺨﻮ ﺧﻮ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ eﻛﻨﺪ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ
ﺷﺪ #ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻰ ﺷﻮ .ﺑﻪ
ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ #ﻧﺪ ﻣﻮ [5ﺧﻮ ﻛﻨﺘﺮH
ﻣﻰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ؛ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ،ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ،ﻣﻜﺎ5 # ،ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ[5
ﺧﻮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ؛ #ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ
ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ »ﺧﻮﻣﺤﻮ « ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
.4ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ
ﺷﻴﻮﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ 5ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪ #ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺑﻪ
ﺣﻀﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﺳﻰ ﺗﺒﺎt
ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﻛﺮ 5 #ﻣﺘﻮ ،ﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻠﻢﻫﺎ# ،
ﺟﺪ #ﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ #ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻟﺨﻮ ﺧﻮ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ .ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ
ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻗﺎ ﺳﺎ 5ﺧﻮ ﺑﻪ
| ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ #ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺧﻮ ﺑﭙﺮ 5ﻧﺪ.
ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻴﻮ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻮ ،[5ﺳﺘﺎ
ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ #ﻧﺤﻮ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ #ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ #ﻫﺪ ﻳﺖ
ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ.
.6ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ#
ﺷﺪ #ﮔﺴﺘﺮ[ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ #ﻛﻨﺘﺮH
ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ 5ﺳﻮ ﺳﺘﺎ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮ # ،
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺰ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ 5ﺻﻮﻟﻰ ﺳﺖ
ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ 5ﻳﺎ
.ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮ[5
ﺧﻮﻣﺤﻮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ 5ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ eﻣﻰﺷﻮ ،ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ
ﻫﻤﻜﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ #ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ
ﻋﺘﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮ #ﺑﻮ ﺻﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ
ﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻛﺎﻣ ً
ﻼ ﻣﻮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ 5 #ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﻫﺪ ﻳﺖ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ
ﺟﻤﻌﻰ ،ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺎ ﮔﺮ#ﻫﻰ ،ﻧﺘﻘﺎ Hﻧﻈﺮ #
ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﺎ5ﺧﻮ ،ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎ،
ﻛﻨﺘﺮ Hﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ # ،ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ
ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ .
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮ ﻣﺤﻮ
ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭘﻴﺪ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ .ﻣﺪﻳﺮ
ﻛﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﻢ 5ﻣﺤﺘﻮ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ،ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ # ،ﺟﻠﺴﺎ ﻛﺎ
ﮔﺮ#ﻫﻰ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﻰ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ .5ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻰ
ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻣﻮ [5ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ #ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
.5ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮ
ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﻣﺤﻮ
#ﺳﺘﻘﻼ Hﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﻳﻜﻰ 5ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ
#ﻳﻜﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺳﺖ،
ﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ 5ﻧﻈﺮ #ﺷﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ #ﻳﺠﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺮ
ﻫﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ 5ﺷﺮ ﻳﻂ ﺻﻠﻰ
ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮ eﻣﻰﺷﻮ .ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ
ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ
ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ 5ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ
ﻋﻢ 5ﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ #ﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺸﺠﻮ
ﻏﻔﻠﺖ ﻛﺮ .ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﮔﺮ#ﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻰ #ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺴﺖ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺟﻬﺖ
ﻃﺮ pﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ،ﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ،ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﭘﺮ#ژﻫﺎ،
#ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ
ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎ #ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ #ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ
ﺷﺮﻛﺖ #ﻳﺪﺋﻮﻛﻨﻔﺮ ﻧﺲ ﻫﺎ 5ﻧﺪ #
ﺟﻠﺴﺎ ﮔﻔﺖ#ﮔﻮ ﺑﻼ ﻧﮓ ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻰ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ
ﭼﺖ ،ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎ5 ،
ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ #ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺳﺖ .ﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺬ # eﭘﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻮ eﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺘﺎ #ﻧﺸﺠﻮ
ﻧﻈﺎ ﻣﻮ [5ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻰ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ
ﻛﺎﻫﺶ #ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰ
5ﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﻨﺪ.
223
ﻣﺪ 16ﺑﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎ #ﺳﺖ .ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
ﺳﺘﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﻮ ﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻫﻨﻤﺎ
ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺪ ﻳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
ﻣﻮ [5ﻣﺤﺴﻮ eﻣﻰﺷﻮ.
.7ﻣﻜﺎ ,ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎ#
ﻳﺠﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺎ 5ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻳﺎ 5ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺎ # 5ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ
ﺷﺒﻴﻪﺳﺎ 5 5ﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ #ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺳﺖ .ﻳﻦ 5ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ
ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮ zﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻰ ،ﻋﻠﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ# ،
ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻰ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮ 5ﻋﻮ ﻗﺐ #ﺧﻄﺮ
ﻧﺎﺷﻰ 5ﻧﺠﺎ 5ﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ| ﻫﻤﻴﺖ
5ﻳﺎ ﻧﺪ .ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﺪ#
ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﺎﺷﻰ 5ﺣﻀﻮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻰ
ﭼﻨﻴﻦ 5ﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻳﻰ #ﺑﺪ #ﺻﺮ Uﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ
ﮔﺰ Uﺑﺮ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﻮ #ﺑﺰ 5ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ
#ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5 5ﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎ ،ﻣﻜﺎ ﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ
ﺗﺠﺎ eﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺧﻮ ﺧﻮ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺖ.
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
224
.8ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ -ﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ#
ﻳﻜﻰ 5ﻣﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ 5 #ﻳﺎﺑﻰ
ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﻄﺮ pﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎ
ﻗﺘﺼﺎ #ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ -ﺳﻮﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﺳﺖ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻋﻼ #ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺎQ
ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ،ﻛﻮﺗﺎ ﻛﺮ 5ﻣﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
#ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ،
ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ [5ﺳﻨﺘﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ
ﻣﻰﺷﻮ .ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻰ
ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺎ #ﻛﻼRﻫﺎ
ﺳﻰ ،ﺑﺮﮔﺰ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎ ﻫﺎ ،ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﻔﺮ #ﻗﺎﻣﺖ
ﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻼRﻫﺎ ﺳﻰ
ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ ،ﻫﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﮕﻬﺪ #
ﻛﻼ ،Rﺑﺮﮔﺰ ﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎ # ،ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ
ﻛﺘﺎ # eﺟﺰ #ﺻﻮ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻳﮕﺮ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻢ 5
ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺎ؛ ﻧﺘﺨﺎ ،eﺣﺬ # Uﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ #ﺣﺪﻫﺎ
ﺳﻰ؛ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ،ﻧﮕﻬﺪ # ،ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ
ﭘﺮ#ﻧﺪﻫﺎ؛ #ﺣﺘﻰ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮt
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ،ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ #ﺳﺘﺎ
ﺑﺎ ﺻﺮ Uﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺪ #ﻟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮ|
ﻣﺤﻞ ﺻﻠﻰ 5ﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎ ﺧﻮ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﻨﺪ
5ﻣﺎ #ﻣﻜﺎ ﻟﺨﻮ ﺧﻮ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﺣﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ #ﻟﻜﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻣﺮ 5#ﻧﺴﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻰ ﺑﻪﺳﺮ ﻣﻰﺑﺮ ﻛﻪ
ﺋﻤ ًﺎ ﺣﺎ Hﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ :ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ [#ﻛﺎ ،
ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮ ،Hﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﻮ ﻧﻴﻦ ،ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎﻧﻰ # ،ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ 5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ
ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ).(203:17
ﺑﺤﺚ 5ﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺌﻮ ﻫﺎ #ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ
| ﺑﻬﺘﺮ 5ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ .ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ 5
5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ Qﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺎ
ﻣﻲﻳﺪ ﻏﻠﺐ nﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ 5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎQ
ﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ # Qﺷﺒﻜﻪ Qﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﻣﻌﻄﻮU
ﻣﻲﺷﻮ .ﺣﺎﻟﻰﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬ Qﺑﻴﺶ 5
ﺣﺪ 5ﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ Qﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ 5 Qﻳﻚﺳﻮ
16. Teacher-centered
18. Thomas
17. Boticario & Gaudioso
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
ﻣﺤﺪ#ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬ QﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎQ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻳﻲ #ﻧﺮ ﻓﺰ Qﺧﻮ ﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ 5 #ﺳﻮ
ﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻳﻦ 5ﻣﻴﻨﺔ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ،ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻧﺎﻛﺎ ﻣﺪQ
ﻓﺮ ﻫﻢ
ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ Qﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢﮔﻴﺮQ
ﻣﻰ. #
17
5ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ ﻳﻮ #ﮔﺎﻳﻮﺳﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ
ﺑﺮ ﻧﺪ ﻣﻮ 5ﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
.1ﻳﺠﺎ #ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪ Hﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻰ 5
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﺎ Qﻧﻈﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻋﻢ 5ﺳﺘﺎ ،
ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ # ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ؛
.2ﺗﻘﺎ Qﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﻣﺸﺎ ﻛﺖ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ 5
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ؛
.3ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ #ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ
ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ 5ﻃﻼﻋﺎ #ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ #
ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ؛
.4ﻣﻜﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ
ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺳﺘﻔﺎ ﺳﺎ #ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻫﻤﺔ ﮔﺮ#ﻫﺎ
ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ؛ #
.5ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ #ﺑﻬﺒﻮ [#ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ
ﺗﺒﺎ tﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻳﺠﺎ ﻛﺎ ﮔﺮ#ﻫﺎ
ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ 5ﻓﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﻳﻖ #
ﻋﻼﻳﻖ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ).(6
ﺗﻮﻣﺎ 18Rﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺳﺖ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ،
ﺗﺪ | ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻰ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎ 5ﺑﺮ ﻧﺠﺎ
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ،ﻣﻜﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ #ﺗﺒﺎH
ﻧﻈﺮ # ،ﺋﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺻﻠﻰ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ
ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ).(18
5ﻳﺪﮔﺎ ﻓﻬﻴﻤﻲﻓﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ 5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎQ
ﻣـﻮ ﻧـﻴﺎ 5ﺑـﺮ Qﺑـﺴﺘـﺮﺳـﺎ Q5ﻳـﺎﮔﻴـﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺪ :5
5 .1ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ Qﺳﺨﺖ ﻓﺰ # Qﺷﺒﻜﻪ؛
5 .2ﻳـﺮﺳـﺎﺧـﺖﻫﺎ Qﻧـﺮ ﻓـﺰ Qﺑـﺮ Q
ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ #ﺑﻪﻛﺎ ﮔﻴﺮ Qﺳﻴـﺴﺘـﻢﻫﺎ Qﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴـﻜﻲ #ﺑﺰ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ
ﺑﺮ Qﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ #ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮ Qﻣﻮ5ﺷﻲ
ﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ؛ #
5 .3ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ Qﻣﻐﺰ ﻓﺰ Qﺑـﺮ Qﺗﻬﻴﺔ
ﻣﺤﺘـﻮ #ﻣﺪﻳـﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺆﺛـﺮ ﻣﻮ [5ﻣﺤﻴﻂ
ﻣﺠﺎ.(2)Q5
ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪ ﻛﻠﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ
ﻛﻪ 5ﻳﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖﻫﺎ ﺿﺮ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻮ[5
ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﻫﻨﺪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮ:
.1ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎ # 5ﻳﺠﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ #ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ
ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ؛
.2ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ #ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻓﻨﺎ Q #ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ5؛
.3ﺗﺪ#ﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮt
ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ؛
.4ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
ﻋﺘﻤﺎ؛ #
.5ﺋﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﺎ ،
ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ # ،ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ.
ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎ# ،Hﻟﻴﻦ #ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻰ ﻛﻪ
ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ 5ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪ ،ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ #ﺗﺪ#ﻳﻦ
ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﻗﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ Hﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﺳﺖ .ﻃﺮﺣﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ #ﺷﻨﻰ ﺿﺮ #ﺳﺘﻘﺮ
225
ﻧﻈﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ
ﻣﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺳﺎ # 5ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻧﺔ ﻻ 5ﺑﺮ
ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﺪ ) .(246:4ﺑﻪ
ﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻻ 5ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ 5ﻗﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ
ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ ،ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ #ﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ #
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ #ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎ ﺗﻰ
ﺿﺮ #ﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭘﺮ ﺧﺖ.
ﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪ Hﻣﻌﺮ 19 ADDIE U#ﺷﺎ
ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ 5ﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ
ﺳﺘﻔﺎ .ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺳﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺪ Hﻣﻮﺟﺐ
ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮ #ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻠﻰ 5ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻫﺮ
ﻃﺮ pﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﺠﺴﻢ ﻛﺮ).(413:7
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ
ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
226
ﺟﺮ
5ﻳﺎﺑﻰ
ﺷﻜﻞ .3ﻣﺪ* ! ADDIEﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ 'ﻣﻮ!ﺷﻰ
ﻫﻤﺎﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ 3ﻳﺪ ﻣﻰﺷﻮ ﻣﺪH
ADDIEﭘﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ #ﻣﺘﻮ ﻟﻰ
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ ،ﺟﺮ ،ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ5 # ،ﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺳﺖ
) .(3ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎ 5ﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟
ﻫﺪ Uﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻛﺪ ﻧﺪ؟ ﭼﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ
ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺳﺖ #ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮ ﻧﻬﺎ
ﺟﻤﻊ #ﻛﺮ؟ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ
ﻛﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ؟ ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮ Pﻣﺤﺘﻮ
#ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﺳﺖ ؟ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺪ#
5ﻣﺎﻧﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﻦ ﻣﻮ #ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ
ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮ# pﺟﻮ ؟ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺪ Uﻃﺮ pﻋﻴﻨﻰ #
ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﺪ 5ﮔﻴﺮ ﻧﺪ؟ ﻳﺎ ﻃﺮ pﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺖ؟
ﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮ #ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺳﺖ؟
ﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻗﻴﻖ ،ﻛﺎﻣﻞ # ،ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؟ ﻧﺠﺎ
ﭼﻪ ﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻰ ﺿﺮ #ﺳﺖ؟
ﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ 5ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﺟﺮﻳﺎ ﻳﻦ ﻣﺮ ﺣﻞ ﭘﻨﺞﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻬﺎ
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ) .(8ﺑﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺎ ،Rﭘﻴﺶ 5ﻃﺮ ﺣﻰ
#ﺟﺮ ﻣﺪ Hﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻻ 5ﺳﺖ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﺪ ﻧﻴﺎ 5ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺳﻨﺠﻴﺪ #ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﻮ
#ﭘﺲ ، 5ﻣﺎﮔﻰ ﻧﺸﮕﺎ ﻣﺬﻛﻮ ﺑﺮ
ﺳﺘﻘﺮ ﻳﻦ ﻃﺮ pﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮ .ﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﮔﻰ
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻨﺞ 5ﻣﻴﻨﺔ 5ﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ،
ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ،
ﻓﻨﺎ، #
ﻣﺤﺘﻮ # ،
#ﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ.
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﮔﻰ ﺳﺎ5ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺘﻘﺮ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ 5ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮ ﺳﺖ
ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ H#ﻣﺪ ،ADDIE Hﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ
·
·
·
·
·
19 . ADDIE=Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation
ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻄﺮ pﻣﻰﺷﻮ) .(10ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻼ[ﻫﺎ #
ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻧﺠﺎ ﺷﺪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎ tﺟﻬﺎ
5ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮ Qﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ
ﺑﻬﺮ # Q #ﻫﺪ ﻳﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬ Qﻫﺎ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻮ # #5ﭘﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻤﺎ 5ﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎQ
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺷﻮ .ﻻ 5ﺑﻪ nﻛﺮ
ﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺸﻮ ﻫﺎ Qﻓﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ 5ﻧﺠﺎ
ﭘﺮ#ژﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ 5ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻳﻲ
ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﮔﻲ ﻛﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ Qﻳﺎﻓﺖ
ﻣﻮ[5ﻫﺎ Qﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺰ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ
5ﺗﻼ# Uﻗﺖ #ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻴﺮ Qﻛﻨﻨﺪ.
ﻳﻦ 5ﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﺑﻪ 5ﻣﻮ E-Learning
Readiness Assessmentﺷﺎ ﻛﺮ ﻛﻪ
ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ 5ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ #ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ،
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻣﺎﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ،ﻣﺎﮔﻲ
ﻗﺘﺼﺎ ،Qﻣﺎﮔﻲ ﻓﻨﺎ ،Q #ﻣﺎﮔﻲ ﺑﺰ # Q
ﻣﺎﮔﻲ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ ﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮ).(1
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
» .1ﻟﺰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ« .1384 .ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ
:5
http://www.itanalyze.ir/archives/2005/
05/oeuoeoeuoeoe_oe_2.php.[4Feb.2006].
» .2ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ«.
.1384ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ :5
http://www.itanalyze.ir/archives/2005/
05/oeoeuoeu_oeoeuo_4.php.[4Feb.2006].
3. "ADDIE Model". [on-line].Available:
_http://www.exomedia.ca/elearning/ addie
model.cfm.[4Feb.2006].
ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺘﺎ ) 69ﺑﻬﺎ (86
.5ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮ#
ﺑﺪ #ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺷﺪ #ﮔﺴﺘﺮ[ ﻓﻨﺎ #ﻫﺎ
ﺑﺮ
ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ #ﺗﺒﺎﻃﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ
ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻰ #ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻛﻠﻰ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮ[5
ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ﺷﺘﻪ ،ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮ 5#ﺑﺮﻗﺮ
ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻴﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪ Uﻋﻠﻤﻰ،
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ # ،ﭘﮋ#ﻫﺸﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺰ ﻳﻨﺪ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ #ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ
ﺷﺪ ﺳﺖ 5 .ﺳﻮ ﻳﮕﺮ[# ،ﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻰ
ﻣﻮ [5ﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ
ﻓﺮ #ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺺ ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎ
ﻧﻴﺴﺖ .ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﻴﺎ5ﻣﻨﺪ
ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻣﺪ #ﺗﻮ ﻧﺎﻳﻰﻫﺎ ﺧﻮ
ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﻫﻨﺪ #ﻳﻦ ﻛﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ 5ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ
ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ،ﺑﻬﻨﮕﺎ # ،ﻣﺪ #ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ #ﺳﺘﺎ
ﻣﻜﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺳﺖ .ﻣﺤﺪ #ﻛﺮ ﻳﻦ ﺳﺘﺮﺳﻰ ﺑﻪ
5ﻣﺎ #ﻣﻜﺎ ﻛﻼ ،R Rﻛﺎ ﮔﺎ #ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ
ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻰ ﺑﺰ گ ﺗﻘﺎ Qﻧﺶ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﺖ.
ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻓﺮ ﮔﻴﺮ ﻗﺎ ﻣﻰﺳﺎ5
ﺗﺎ ﻓﺮ ﻳﻨﺪ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺎ ﻛﺖ ﻓﻌﺎ Hﺷﺘﻪ #
ﭘﻴﺮ ﻣﻮ ﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺳﺖ ﻣﻰ #ﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ
#ﺗﺒﺎHﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﭙﺮ 5ﻧﺪ .ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ
ﻇﻬﻮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ ﻧﻮﻳﺪ
ﻣﻰﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻰ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ،
ﻣﺰ ﻳﺎ #ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎ ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻰ ،ﻳﺠﺎ
ﺗﺤﻮ Hﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻰ #ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ
ﻧﮕﺮ[ ،ﻋﺎ ،ﻓﺘﺎ ﻃﻼPﻳﺎﺑﻰ # ،ﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺎ
ﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎ ،ﺳﺘﺎ # ،ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﺰ ﺳﺖ.
ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻧﻜﻪ ﻃﺮ pﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﺎ #ﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪ ﻫﺎQ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ 5ﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ 5ﻣﻜﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲﻫﺎQ
#ﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮ ﺳﻲ# ،ﻧﺪﻫﺎ Qﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮ
ﻣﻮ5ﺷﻲ ،ﺋﺔ 5 # ،R#ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ
ﻣﻲﺗﻮ ﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎ ﻓﺰ ﻳﺶ ﺑﻬﺮ Q #ﻳﺎﮔﻴﺮ
ﻟﻜﺘﺮ#ﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﺮ ﻫﻢ . #
227
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