My second abstract

The organisms lacking a spine but are large enough to be seen from the naked eyes are called as Macro invertebrates. A macro invertebrate generally lives in fresh water. Macro invertebrate commun ity consists of adults as well as immature stages of their community for example flies, stoneflies, aquatic worms, snails, leeches beetles, dragonflies, mayflies, and many other organisms residing in the benthos. Macro invertebrates, main ly the aquatic group are the one which, represent the biological monitoring programs. Therefore Macro invertebrate communit ies residing in an aquatic system are very large enough to describe the chronic effects of pollutants, and as well as short enough to respond to relatively acute changes in water quality. As the macro invertebrates are less motile, hence they can indicate the pollution in a part icular area and due to this the pollution or so urce of pollution can be pinpointed, as compared to more motile organis ms residing in the water bodies. For the changes in different types of water chemistry, water quality and physical habitat, the macro invertebrates shows different responses, and their response to the environmental conditions produces shifts which are measurable and predictable. The indication of pollution by macro invertebrates is classified as clean water, slightly polluted water, moderately polluted water and severely polluted water. According to the habitat of the above four types of water bodies different macro invertebrates resides to different habitats thus indicating the health of the stream. Macro invertebrates can be captured with the help of simple equip ments and following the proper protocol. During capturing of the macro invertebrates all the necessary precautions should be t aken at first so that no errors in the interpretation of the water quality can occur. As soon as the macro invertebrates are captured they are identified with the help of the identification key. The identification of macro invertebrates helps to find the pollution level of the water which is calculated by the macro invertebrate biotic index calculator.

Journal of Environment, Earth Sciences and Ecology, 2019

This paper reviews the Impact of pollution of fresh water bodies on the well-being of aquatic organisms found in them. Fresh water constitutes an insignificant part of the total volume of water in the earth’s surface accounting for less than 1% of the whole, but it is extremely important to life on earth. Both natural and anthropogenic activities such as domestic, industrial and commercial have been shown to impair surface water quality (pollution) which in turn impacts adversely on the aquatic (fresh water) organisms found in them. Organism’s response to such pollutants are varied and could be in the form of migration, morphological, behavioural, histopathological, respiratory, reproductive or biochemical changes and above all death, which however, depends on the nature and concentration of the pollutant, the species and size of the organism etc. While nanofiltration, electrodeposition, sequestration, activated carbon treatment, ion exchange etc., can improve the quality of polluted water, proper treatment of industrial, commercial and domestic (sewage) wastes, reducing excess application of pesticides, environmental education/enlightenment, regulating products and processes, limiting the discharge of specific pollutants etc. can help stem the tide of aquatic pollution. However, the strict obedience to environmental laws and regulations at the local, national and international level is the panacea to bring fresh water pollution to its barest minimum.

Journal of The American Water Resources Association, 1988

Chemistry and Ecology, 2000

2016

The development and application of bioindicators has been in use since 1960s (Hilsenhoff, 1988). Bioindicators are developed for ecosystem health assessment, for human effects and interventions, human health assessment, and for evaluating sustainability (Burger, 2006). Bioindicators are recommended for water quality assessment as they are less costly and environmentally friendly biomonitoring tool (Aura et al., 2010). Biomonitoring of ecosystems require the use of bioindicators that are biologically and methodologically user friendly, and can effectively be used to provide early warnings (Burger, 2006). Focus is now being directed towards aquatic organisms, which are used as ecological indicators (bioindicators) of water quality (Wenn, 2008). Among the most commonly used bioindicators for assessing water quality status include macro-invertebrate communities. Macroinvertebrates are commonly used to monitor the health status of different watersheds (Holt, 2010). Unlike chemical analys...

In the context of an ecological approach of assessing pollution in lakes, biomonitoring render a strategic method for estimating ecosystem health. Rapid bioassessment method using benthic macroinvertebrates as ecological indicators was successfully applied in two study lakes, Veli-Akkulam and Vellayani lake of Kerala. The lakes were surveyed for a period of two years for recording physicochemical variables of water and estimating the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and biotic indices. The spatial and temporal variability in macroinvertebrate communities and water quality showed noticeable ecological degradation in Veli-Akkulam lake. The taxonomic groups recorded from Veli-Akkulam lake included Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Mollusca and Diptera. Conversely in Vellayani lake the majority of the invertebrate taxa were dominated by aquatic insects of the order Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Coleoptera. The pollution index HFBI values in Vellayani lake ranged from 3.35 to 4.33, while in Veli- Akkulam lake it ranged from 6.63 to 8.25, indicating very poor water quality conditions in the latter. The percentage EPT taxa and BMWP score showed distinct variation between Veli-Akkulam and Vellayani lakes, with highest biological monitoring working party score recorded at Vellayani lake, substantiated by the presence of pollution intolerant taxa such as Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Very low BMWP score values recorded at Veli-Akkulam lake stations reflected the presence of pollution tolerant taxa particularly Oligocheates and many of the dipteran insects with 24 genera under 15 families. The present paper discusses the reasons for ecological degradation of the Veli- Akkulam lake and effectiveness of macroinvertebrates as bioindicators in pollution monitoring studies.

2005

article, 2017

The aim of this study is to determine fish farm pond's water quality by using aquatic insect. Monthly samplings have been conducted in five fish farms (Layo, Banco, Azaguié, Anyama I and Anyama II) in southern Côte d'Ivoire. In each pond, samples were collected in water column using a hand-net and in the sediment using a van Veen grab. Environmental variables were measured in situ. Water samples were taken and conducted to the laboratory where analyses of dissolved inorganic nutrients were carried out. A total of 79 taxa belonging to 35 families and 8 orders were recorded. Aquatic insect's fauna richness is clearly dominated by Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Chironomidae was the most diverse family. Order Heteroptera was numerically the dominant taxa. The water quality is changing both spatially and temporally. Spatially, FBI values ranged from 1.61 to 3.41. This study revealed that water quality of the pond is excellent as supported by the values of biological index.