Bhavachakra Mandala

af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on ljifo ;"rL qm;+= ljifo RjdL !_ ejrqm d08n @_ #_ #_ $_ %_ ^_ axfMalxMof ;j{kf| rLg clen]v k~rf]krf/ k"hfljlw j plsof efjfy{ cfo{tf/f j pxf“af6 lg;[t lq—pQd cEof; k|tLTo;d'Tkfb k|f= 8f= >4]o jh|/fh zfSoh' ln;] v“NxfaNxf k'ik/fh jh|frfo{ j 1fg]Gb| zfSo 1fg]Gb| zfSo /fhefO{ jh|frfo{ ldng zfSo 8f= uf}tdaL/ jh|rfo{ ;'/G] b| s'df/ zfSo *_ $ !^ @) @& $) %@ Nepali Artist Arniko's Artistic Legacy and its Influence on the Buddhist Art in China &_ k]h g+= Dr. Miroj Shakya af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ lgodfjnL -lj=;+= @)&&_ af}4 ljxf/ ;+3of ultljlw %^ ^# eujfg a'4of @^$% SjMu' hGd lbj;, @^!) SjMu' af]lwnfe lbj; j @^^% SjMu' dxfkl/lgjf{0f lbj; :j+u" ;+of]u r"nfMu' kfjg lb+ :jfFof klGxof n;tfo\ ;snoft le+t'gf . jh|frfo{ k"hfljlw cWoog ;ldlt O{vf5]+, on . kmf]g g++ M %%%)$)* 3 lq/Tg Konf kf} ejrqm d08n k'ik/fh jh|frfo{ 1fg]Gb| zfSo ejrqm, k~ru08s rqm, k|tLTo;d'Tkfb d08n cflb gfd+ Dxl;sf jofRj+u' ljz]iftM ltAatL k/Dk/fo\ cfkfn+ k|rngo\ b"u' cToGt ;f/ule{tu' y''u' lrqsnf a''4f]kb]zof ;f/ofu'' lrqdo cleJolQm vM . ljxf/] b'xf+ jg]an] 5SjMklt+ hLjgof ;Tooft efjgf ofof+ b'xfF jg]t ltAatL u'Daf ljxf/of n'vfof vjkfv] Yj lrq Rjo]u' k/Dk/f b' . Yj lrqoft :jof y'lsof cy{ y'Os]u' jf n'd+su] ' x] 5u" sy+of Wofg efjgf h"jlg . y'lsO clgTo, b'Mv, sd{, hGdd/0f, if8ult, åfbzf· k|tLTo;d'Tkfb, x]tk' mn, z"Gotf cflb ljifoj:t' b'Yofsf tMu' b' . eujfg\ a'4ofu' x] lgb]{zg sy+ k/dfy{ wd{oft lrqdoofgf :og]sg] ofo]u' ljlw eujfg\ a'4of cg'kd pkfosf}zNoof pbfx/0f vM . y'lsof k|of]u ef/t -chGtf u'kmf_ lg;]+ rLg, ltAat, d+uf]lnof, hfkfg cflb b]z tSs h'ofRj+u' b' . Yj n]vo\ lrqof b'g] b"u' k|dv ' ljifoj:t't j plsof efjfy{, y'lsof u|Gy k|df0f, k|rng, k|rf/k|;f/ j ljsf;, gfFof lg?lQmoft k|:t't ofo]u' s'tM h"u' b' . y'lsO k|d'vtM lgDgfg';f/ ljifoj:t'oft k|tLsfTds sy+ snfk"0f{ ;+of]hg ofgf tMu' b' . !_ lqljif rqm /fu, å]if j df]x ¿kL :j+u" ljifoft qmdzM Uj+uMvf, tfxf j kmf+ kfv]+ k|tLs ofgf y'lk+ 5Dxl;u' Dx't+' d]Dx lkxfF jofRj+u' sy+ Sogf tMu' lrq . 4 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on kfv]+ ;+;f/ rqmofu' eofjxtf Sogf Rj+u' vM. @_ ;'ult b'u{lt udg rqm j[Qfsf/oft alR5 t'ou' ' j alR5 xfs'u' jf ^_ tyfut+ k"0f{rGb| ¿kL lgjf{0fd08noft Sogf Rj+u' jr'u' /+u+ Sogf qmdzM ;'ult udg j b'ul{ t udg lrqof Rjo\of hjkfv] tyfut j vjkfv] h'Ou' sf/0f lrqf+lst ofgf tMu' . 5kfM k"0f{rGb| bo]sf tO . k"0f{rGb|of lztntf lgjf{0f ;'vof k|tLs sy+ sf;] tyfut+ klt+rf+ pu' lgjf{0f #_ k~ru08s jf if8\ult rqm j[Qfsf/oft GofAj jf v'Aj ynf Rjo\ lg;]+ d08nkfv] Sogf Rj+u' bO{ . ejrqmof e'd/LO nfgf 5l;sy+ b]j, c;'/, dg'io, kz', k|t] j g/s y'lk+ v'u" Rj+lk+ ;ŒjlkGt lgjf{0fof nFk' tyfutlkG;+ Sogf ultof :jefj j cgof b'Mv k|ltlalDat ofgf Rjof laHofOu' vM w}u' Yj lrqof cy{ vM . ltAatof k/Dk/fo\ cfkfn+ 5\onfa'nfo\ bM;f+ tMu' Yj ejrqm vM . lbJofjbfgof a'4 jrg cg';f/ GofAj yn]u' lgb]z { g b' . cy] ofo]an] b]j j c;'/oft g]kfM nufot d]du] ' k/Dk/fo\ Yj lrqof k|of]u vg] dbo\ w's + n . y'lsof Oltxf; :jo]jn] y'u' k/Dk/f 5u" x] nf]s vM wsf y'Os]dfM . ef/t g]kfn kfv]+ x] ltAat k|jz ] h"u' vF :ki6 l;Ob' . $_ åfbz lgbfg k|tLTo;d'Tkfb rqm gfnGbf j ljqmdzLn dxfljxf/ olb Wj:t dofMu' != sf+Dx dg", @= ef8f bo]sf Rj+Dx s'df, h";f plk+ ljxf/of b'xfF jg]u' n'vfof hMvM jf c+un] #= dfsM, $= lgDx dg" 5u" 8'+ufo\ Rjgf ;d'b| l5gf kSsf g+ k~ru08s rqmof lrq Rjof tOu' n'Os] Rj+u,' %= v'kfM ‰ofM b"u' 5],+ ^= ld;fldh+ cfln+ug km}u' h'O t/ yf}+sGx] Yj lrqof k|of]u ltAatL u'Dafo\ ofgf Rj+u,' &= ldvfo\ jf0f+ sof Rj+u,' *= conf Tjgf hs vg] b' . Yj lrq lgdf{0f :jod\ eujfg a'4ofu' Rj+u,' (= l;dfo\ kmn vfof Rj+u,' !)= ue{jtLDx x] lgb]z { g cg';f/ h"u' vM w}u' vF ;jf{l:tjfbL ljgolk6s ld;f, !!= drfa'OsfRj+u,' !@= ;LDx kf5fof lbk] j lbJofjbfg; pNn]v h'o' fRj+u' b' . y'sy+ Yj lrqof o+sf Rj+u' – y'lk+ lem+lgu" lrqof dfMxgf qmdzM cljBf, k|rng a'4sfn+ lg;]+ b"u' h'n . u|Gy k|df0f sy+ hs ;+:sf/, lj1fg cflb k|tLTo;;d'Tkfbof lemlGgu" x]t' :j;f+ g+ Yj lrqof k|rng O;fk"jo{ f bf];f| ] ztflAb kmn rfsMof k|tLs Sogf tMu' lrq . lg;]+ b"u' vg]b' . y'u' lrqsnfof k|rngof af/] k|frLg %_ j[Qfsf/ d08nfs[lt sQfgf jfGofgf Rj+Dx od u|Gyo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+uo' f ;Gbe{of ljifo y'sy+ b' . Uofgfk';] Rj+u' hLj cfs[lt+ tMkfu' j[Qfsf/u' d08noft Nxft+ j t'tL+ sQfSs Hjgf xfg+ Dx't+' g+ jfGofgf Rj+u' lrq Rjof tO . Yj qmf]w¿kL hLjfs[lt od cyf{t\ d[To/fh vM . d]u' sy+ Yj cfs[lt sfn cyf{t\ ;doof k|lts g+ vM . bSj cl:tTj x] clgTo, b'Mv j cgfTd wd{of cwLgo\ nfgf Rj+u' vM w}u' k/dfy{ ;Tooft k|tLsfTds sy+ y'sy+ Sogf tMu' h'n . y'lsO odof d's'6o\ b"u' GofuM s+sfn 5\of]oF f cy{ od w}Dx h/f, Aoflw, d/0f, Ifo j k'gh{Gd kfv]+ d'QmDx vM w}u' h'n . pls+ ;+;f/o\ lgTo wd{ 5'+ bM;f d[To' wd{ 5tf hs x] b' . Yj hLjfs[ltof eo+s/ ?k !_ u'0fk|ef /lrt ljgo ;"q -*cf}+ ztflAb_ ltAatL leIf' k/Dk/f ;jf{l:tjfbL ljgo sy+ GÞofOu'' vM . ltAatL efiff+ cg'jfb h'ofRj+u' u'0fk|ef /lrt ljgo ;"q; ljxf/of k|j]z :yfgo\ Yj ejrqm d08nof lrq tof to]df wsf :ki6 pNn]v h'of Rj+u' b' . y'lsO Yj lrq bo]su] ' lglt+ lj:t[t lgb]{zg ;d]t Rjof tMu' b' (Sopa, 1984 – pp 125) -;f+s[Tofog, !(^#_ . ljgolk6s; pNn]v h'of Rj+u' ljgowd{oft x] k'g?4/0fofgf u'0fk|ef+ j;kf]nåf/f /lrt ljgo;'q; GÞoAjMu' vM . * cf}+ ztflAbof u'0fk|ef cfrfo{ j;'jGw'of lzio vM. 5 lq/Tg Konf kf} rt'kl/ifb\lkGt sgf laHofOu' h'ofRjg . y'u' b]zgfkfv]+ cfkfn+ >f]tflkG;+ wd{rIf'nfe ofOu' h'ofRjg . yg+lnkf ;'+ g+ leIf'lk+ leIf' hLjgkfv]+ lg/fz j c;Gt'i6 h"u' l;nls df}b\uNofogyfo\ 5\jof Yj x] Gofu"ultof b]zgf Go+sf af]w ofsL]u' h'ofRjg . 5SjM eujfg\ a' 4 /fhu[ x laHofMjn] cfo'idfg\ df}bu\ Nofog rt'kl/ifb\ kfv]+ 3]/o] fsfRj+u' h'ofRjg . Yj vgf eujfg\ a'4+ cfgGbofs] Gogf laHoft – æ5fo\ df}b\uNofogof pkb]z ;sl;g+ GogfRj+u' <Æ cfgGb+ ln;M lan ædf}bu\ Nofogof cg'ejof lnwF;fo\ c;Gt'i6 leIf' lkGt af]w ofo]k}mu' sy+of pkb]z laOu' h'of y'sy+ ;sl;g+ pkb]z Go+ju+ ' vM .Æ cg+ln eujfg+ cf1f h'of laHoft –æcfgGb ¤ df}b\uNofogy]+ hfMDx kl/kSjDx JolQm Go+s g+ GÞofUu'On] g+ pknAw h'Odv' . pls+ Gofu" v08 b"u' rfsMof lrq ljxf/of k|jz ] åf/ If]qo\ to]dfM .Æ Yjx] vFo\ lbJofjbfg; pNn]v h'of Rj+u' a'4jrgof d"n ;+:s[t kf7 j efjfy{ yg GÞoyg]u' h'O . pQm+ eujtf åf/sf]i 7s] k~ru08s+ rqm+ sf/lotJoldlt . eujfg+ y'sy+ n'vfk|jz ] sf]7fo\ k~ru08s rqm bo]sd] f wsf wof laHoft . @_ ljgoIf'bs | j:t' u'0fk|ef+ p4/0f ofMu' ;|f]t ;jf{l:tjfbL ljgolk6s cGtu{t ljgoIf'bs | j:t'ofu'' vM. 5u" ;do cgfylk08sof h]tjg ljxf/oft lrqsnf kfv]+ 5fo\kf ofo]u' nflu a'4ofs] cg'dlt Çj+a+ n] a'4 kfv]+ :jLsf/ of;] Yj ejrqmof lrq bo]s]t lgb]{zg h"u' k|;u+ y'lsO pNn]v b' . (Sopa, 1984) #_ leIf'0fLljeË ;jf{l:tjfbL ljgoof leIf'0fLlje·o\ eujfg+ Yj rqmof lrq bo]su] ' lgb]z { g h"u' vF pNn]v b' . 5u" ;do] eujfg a'4' /fhu[xof j]0f'jgo\ laHofgf RjFan] cfkfn+ pkf;s pkfl;sflk+ df}b\uNofogof pkb]z GogfRj+u' Sogf j;kf]n+ y'lsof sf/0f leIf' cfgGbofs] Gogf laHoft . æGofu" nf]so\ rflxlnOu'' hGdd/0f rqmof ljifo sNof0fsf/L h'Os t;s+ afFnfSs b]zgf ofOu'ln+ yy] cfkfn+ pkf;s pkfl;sflk+ df}bu\ Nofogof pkb]z GogfRj+u' vM.Æ wsf cfgGb+ ln;M lan . y'lsoft sof x] eujfg a'4+ wof laHoft – æx] cfgGb Û df}b\uNofog GÞofjn]+g+ GÞofyfo\ g+ pkl:yt dh'Okm' . pls+ y'lk+ Gofu" nf]s lrqf+lstofgf ejrqmof lrq k|jz ] åf/ If]qof c+un] to]u' of .Æ yg+ln Yj uy]ofgf bo]su] ' w}u' g+ lgb]z { g ofgf laHoft . y'hfMu' x] k|;+u lbJofjbfgo\ g+ pNn]v h'of Rj+u' b' . leIfjf] g hfgt] sLb[z+ sf/lotJoldlt . x] leIf'lk+ Û Yj u'hfMu'klt rqm vM <, u'sy+ bo]sLdfM < wsf l;Odv' . $_ lbJofjbfg lbJofjbfgof gL5u"u' cjbfg ;xf];b\utf– eujfgfx – k~r utoM st{Jof jbfg; pNn]v h'of Rj+u' sy+ eujfg a'4 /fhu[xof g/sfl:to{~rM k|]tf b]jf dg'iofZr . j]0f'jgof snGbs lgjfko\ laHofgf RjFjn] k~ru08s eujfg+ wof laHoft – g/s, lto{s, k|]t, b]j rqm bo]sf k|j]zåf/ If]qo\ to]dfMu' lgb]{zg h"u' vM . j dg'io g+ ofgf Gofu" ult bo]lsdfM . eujfg\ a'4of cu|>fjs dxfdf}bu\ Nofog yMu' Cl4an+ yL yL nf]so\ rfÞo' jgLu' h'ofRjg . u'an]+ g/s], tqfw:tft\ g/sfM st{ JofM, lto{ ~rM k| ] t fZr, pkl/i6ft\ b]j f dg'iofZr . u'jn]+ kz'nf]s,] k|t] nf]s,] b]jnf]s] laHofgf cg Rj+lk+ bSjl;j] Sjo\kfv] g/s, cg+ lto{s j k]|t ;ŒjlkG;+ ef]uofgf Rj+u' gfgf b'Mvof cjnf]sgofgf xfg+ hDa'låko\ lnxfFjof yDx+ v+u' y'hfMu' b[Zoof af/] ult bo]lsdfM . Rjo]kfv] qmdzM b]j j dg'io ult g+ bo]lsdfM . 6 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on rTjf/f] åLkfM st{ JofM k" j { l jb] x f] ˜ k/uf] b fgLo of] Þol:dg\ wd{ljgo] ck|dQZrl/iolt . pQ/s' ? h{ D a' å LkZr . k| xfo hflt;+; f/+ b'M v:ofGt+ sl/iolt ..@.. k"j{ljb]x, ck/uf]bfgLo, pQ/s'? j hDa'åLk u'Dxl;g+ y'u' wd{ljgo; ck|dflbh'of cfr/0f ofgf KoFu" åLk g+ bo]lsdfM . ofO{ . pDxl;g+ hGdof ;+;f/oft Tofuofgf b'Mvoft cGt ofO{ . dWo] /fuå] i fdf] xfM st{ J ofM, /fuM kf/fjtfsf/] 0 f, å] i ff] e' h + u fsf/] 0 f, df] x M pQm+ eujtf åf/sf]i 7s] k~ru08s+ rqm+ sf/lotJoldlt leIf' leM sfl/td\ . ;" s /fsf/] 0 f . bYjL /fu, å]if j df]x bo]lsdfM . av'+of eujfg+ sgf laHofMu' y]+ k|j]zåf/If]qo\ lrqkfv]+ /fu, tfxfMof lrqkfv]+ å]if j kmfFofu' lrqkfv]+ k~ru08s rqm leIf'lkG;+ g+ bo]sn . df]xof k|tLs Sog]dfM . a| f Þd0fu[ x kto cfuTo k[ R 5lGt–cfo{ , lsldb+ a' 4 k| lltdfZr} tdfZr} t lGgjf{ 0 fd08nd' kkbz{ bz{ o GToM lnlvtldlt < a|fÞd0f u[xkltlk+ jof Yj 5' Rjof tMu' < st{ J ofM . lgjf{0f d08noft Sogf Rj+Dx a'4k|ltdf g+ wsf Gog] k'm . bo]lsdfM . t] syolGt–eb|d'vfM, jodlk g hfgLd Olt . lhld;+ g+ d:o' wsf Oldu' GÞof]g] wfo]dfln . cg' k kfb' s fM ;Œjf 36LoGqk| o f] u ] 0 f Rojdfgf pkkBdfgfZr st{ J ofM . eujfgfx – åf/sf] i7s] leIf' ?2] i6Jof] o 36LoGq cyf{t \ nM 38Lof k|o f] uofgf cgf}kkfb's ;Œj -dfaf} kfv]+ hGd h'Olk+_ lkGt Ro't cfutfutfgf+ a| fÞd0fu[x ktLgf+ bz{o lt . eujfg+ sgf laHoft – cfuGt's a|fÞd0f -d[To'_ h'h+' j pkklQ -hGd] h'h_+' h'of RjFu' Sog]dfM . u[xkltlkGt Yj lrq Sog]of nflu 5Dx leIf' lgo'Qm ;fdGts] g åfbzf· ofo]df . k| t LTo;d' T kfbf] ˜ g' n f] d k| l tnf] d M st{ J oM. xfg+ eujfg+ lgo'Qm h'ODx leIf'of of]Uotfof 5rfv]/+ lemlGgu" c· b"u' k|tLTo;d'Tkfb af/] g+ sgf laHoft – æyy] lgo'Qm ofo]an] d"vl{ k+, cg'nf]d j k|ltnf]d g+ bo]sLdf . afFnfSs dy"lk+, zLnfr/0f db'lk+ leIf' nfO{ w}u' g+ ljrf/ ofo]dfM . olb lgo'Qm h"Dx leIf'+ x] Yj vF d:o' ;j{dlgTotof u|:t+ st{Jod\, ufyfåo+ r ;f j+ d]lkGt uy]ofgf JofVofofo] k}m < pls+ ;IfdDx n] v lotJod\ leIf'oft lgo'Qm ofo] dfM.Æ bSj+ k'mSs+ clgTotf+ u|:t h'ofRj+u' Sog]dfM . Rjo\ GÞoygfu' p4/0f; k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof lgu" ufyf g+ Rjo]df . k|tLsfTds lrqof ljifo pNn]v db' . Yj lrqsnf cf/eWj+ lgiqmfdt o'H oWj+ a'4zf;g] . bSjl;j] Gxfkf+ ef/t+ ltAat] ;fd\ o] u'Dafo\ o+su" ' w'gLt d[To'gM ;}Go+ g8fuf/ldj s'~h/M ..!.. vM . ;fd\ o] u'Daf ltAato\ bSjl;j] Gxfkf+ bo]su" ' z'?of, lkxfF jf, a'4zf;g] nu]h' . lsl;+ ljxf/ vM . yg ;jf{l:tjfbL ljgo sy+ leIf'lkGt Gx]ks + lyof 5]+oft Wj:t ofOy]+ d[To'of ;]gfoft Wj:t cleif]s lbIff Ao"u' h'n . cg+ln+ d] d] yfo\ g+ y'sy+ of . x] ljxf/ bo]sn . 7 lq/Tg Konf kf} %_ kfln ;flxTo k~ru08s rqm k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof ljifo; eujfg a'4of cfkfn+ pkb]zt b' t/ rqmof pkdf ljof AofVof ofgf tMu' kfln a'4 jrgo\ vg]db' . cZj3f]if /lrt ljz'l4dUu; y'hfu' rfsMof pkdf k|of]u h'of Rj+u' b';f+ k"0f{?k+ ejrqm d08nof k|;+u db' . eujfg\ a'4+ lbJofjbfg; y'u' lrqoft k~ru08s wsf gfdf]Rrf/0f ofgf laHofMu' vM . pls+ Yj lrqof cflwsfl/s gf+ Yj x] h'n . y'lsof d"n ljifoj:t' sy+ ;+;f/oft Gofu" ju{o\ Ajynf laHofgf plsoft lrqo\ Sogf laHofu'ln+ y'lsoft k~ru08s wfMu' vM . y'lsO k~r wfMu' Gofu" vM ;f u08s wfMu' efu, jf ju{ vM . k|rng, k|rf/k|;f/ j ljsf; Rjo\ GÞoygfy]+ a'4kfv]+ lgb]l{ zt h'of pan]of ljxf/o\ k~ru08s rqmof lrq Rjo]u' k|rng bM;f+ sfnfGt/o\ Yj nf]k h'ofj+u' vg]b' . ltAjtL ;|f]t cg';f/ eujfg a'4+ jf lkgf tMu' a'OF +{ Gofl;laHofgf RjFan] hfls+ Rjof y'lsof cfs[lt bo]sf laHofMu' vM w}u' pNn]v b' . d]yfo\ dv';f+ sd;]sd ;jf{l:tjfbL ljxf/of n'vfo\ b'xfF jg] GÞof] Yj lrq :jof wd{ ;+ju] Ajn+ls h'O cyjf cgle1lklgu' nflu 5u" sf}tx' ntf Ajn+su] ' x]t' h'Ou' h'O . ef/to\ 5u" g+ phfu' n'vf NoFdbo] w'+sn . chGtf u'kmf g+ !& of 5u" vl08tu' lrqsnf :jo]jn] ejrqmof lrq vMnf w}u' cfefif h" . Yj vM;f Yjx] 5u" lrq No+ blgu' eflkO dfM . ltAato\ k'nf+u' j Gx"u' ofgf lgu" z}nLof ejrqm d08nt b' . k'nf+u' z}nL w}u' Rjo\ lbJofjbfg jf leIf'0fL lje·; GÞoygftMy]+ hfMu' vM u'lsO Gofu" ultof ejrqm hs Rjof tMu' bO . Gx"u' z}nLof lrq0f cfrfo{ rf]ªv \ fkf kfv]+ ofMu' vM . ejrqmoft v'u" sy+ Ajynf, cjnf]lst]Zj/lk+ v'ul" n+ nf]so\ a'4of ?ko\ laHofgf p4f/ ofMjlgu' ljifo b'Yofs"u' b' . yy] ljifoj:t't yk]ofgf Yj d08no\ dxfofgof l;4fGt g+ b'Yofs"u' vg]b' . (Khantipalo, 1995) ejrqmd08n – ‘ej’ of cy{ ‘cl:tTj’ cyf{t\ ‘bOu'’ jf ‘h'Ou'’ w}u' vM. k|fl0flk+ u'sy+ bOu' cyjf bofjOu' vM < hGd d/0fof rfsM u'sy+ lxnLu' vM< ej;+;f/ u'sy+ofu' vM< ;'ult jf b'u{lt GÞofUu' h";f+ Yj ej;+;f/of wd{ w}u' b'Mv x] hs dv'nf < cflb ej;+;f/ ;DaGwL ljljw GÞo;Mof ln;M b'Yofsf /rgf ofgf tMu' h'of y'u' lrqsnfoft ejrqm d08n g+ wfOu' vM . ‘ejrqm’ w}u' vFUjMln+ Gofu" jf v'u" nf]s sy+ GÞofu' sy+ Ajynf tM;f+ 5u" x] cy{ h"jlg . y'ls+ rt'/fo{ ;Toof KoFu" dWo] b'Mv j b'Mv ;d'boof vF hs sM3fO{ . pls+ Yj vFUjM kfv]+ a'4lzIffof alR5 Ajoft hs slg . k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof cg'nf]d1fg ejrqm 1fg vM . cy] w}u' cljBf+ ;+:sf/ pTkGg h'O, cy]x] qmdz lj1fg, gfd¿k, if8fotg cflb h'h'+ hGd h'O . hGd h"u'ln+ h/f, d/0f, zf]s, kl/b]j bf}dg{ :o, pkfof;flb AofSj+ b'Mvof pTklQ h'O . y'sy+ b'Mvof pTklQof rfsM x] ejrqm h"u' h'of y'lsoft b'Mvrqm wsf g+ wfo] km' . eujfg\ a'4of lzIff b'MvjfbL l;4fGt dv' . pls+ a'4 lzIffoft k"js + y'Os]u' h";f Yj d08n gfFof lg¿lQm ejrqm y'Os] w's + f y'lsoft k|ltnf]d sy+ g+ y'Os]u' ejrqm d08noft k~ru08s rqm, tf]lkms] dHo' . xfg+ k|ltnf]d kIf; k|j]z h'Ot Gxfkf+ k|tLTo;d'Tkfb d08n cflb j c+uh | L+ wheel of life cg'nf]d 1fg dy'Os';+] dufM . k|ltnf]d w}u' cljBf, gfd+ Dxl;sf jofRj+u' b' . y'lk+ gf+ vFUjof lg¿lQm t[i0ff jf pkfbg ¿kL Sn]z ju{ dWo] GÞofUu';f+ 5u" y'sy+ b' . Tjfyn] km}jn] x]tk' mnof l;4fGt sy+ qmdzM bSj 8 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on x]tt' lg/f]w h'of hGd, h/f, d/0fflb bSj+ b'Mv lg/f]w RjgL . pls+ /fuof Hof cflb, dWo j cGt :j+u" h'O . yy] k|ltnf]d 1fgof b[li6+ y'Os]an] Yj x] d08n g+ cj:yfo\ b'Mv lao]u' hs vM . Uj+uMvf GÞofjn]+ wd{rqm h"jlg . Yj rqmoft wd{rqmof ?ko\ y'Os]u' x] g;f dfn]of nflu k|oTg/t h'of RjgLu' h'of pkb]z rt'/fo{;Toof b'Mv lg/f]w ;To j b'Mv Yj /fuof :jefj ln;] HjnfMu' h'of /fuof k|tLs lg/f]wufldgL k|ltkbf ;To vM. 1fgLhglklgu'' lglt+ sy+ Uj+uMvf oft sof tMu' h'n . ejrqm j wd{rqm lgyL dv' . v_ tfxfM yg+ln Yj lrqsnf; b'Yofgf Rj+u' Ko+u" å]ifof k|tLs sy+ tfxfMof lrq tOu' vM . å]if rqmoft lj:t[t ?k+ j0f{g ofo]u' h'O . w}u' doM tfOu' efj vM, 3[0ffefj, qmf]wefj, Oiof{efj cflb bSj x] å]ifof k'rM vM . /fu h"u' !_ lqljif rqm ljifoj:t' k|fKt dh'nls g+ å]if pTkGg h'O oM . ejrqmof s]Gb|ljGb'O 3MrfMof d" ;fM sy+ cy]x] qmf]wofgf yM Toft wfM;f g+ pu' cj:yfo\ cyf{t\ 3MrfM rflxs]t d'Vo ?k+ an jOu' yfo\ sy+ cfglGbt h'of /fuefjo\ nfo] oM . pls+ /fu j lqljifoft sof tMu' b' . lqljif w}u' :j+u" ljif cyf{t\ å]ifof k|sl[ t km/s h";f+ plk+ Ps cfk;of pTklQof /fu, å]if j df]x u'ls+ xfgL afx]s 5'+ x] sy+ le+ ofO{ sf/0f h'Ok'm . tfxf, ;k{ofu' :jefj g+ å]ifL h'Ou' dv' . b'Mv pTklQof ;Dk"0f{ sf/0fof ;+lIfKt+ sfo]jn] h'of å]ifof k|tLs tfxfMoft sof tMu' vM . y'lk+ :j+u" vM . Yj lrqsnfo\ /fuoft k+IfLkfv]+ u_ kmfF lbJofjbfg sy+ av'r + f, ug+ Dxo\vf b';f ug+ Uj+uMvf df]xof k|tLs sy+ kmfFofu' lrq tOu' vM . df]x Rjo]u' rng b'_, å]ifoft tfxf kfv]+, df]xoft kmfFkfv]+ w}u' dy'Ou', a'n;' ] vlgu' cyjf y";f+ afFnfSs k|ltlalDat ofgftMu' b' . y'lk+ r}tl;s wd{t vM u'u' dy'Ou' vM . pls+ df]xoft cljBf, cGwsf/, ef}lts ¿k+ vg]bOdv"u' t/ k|ToIf cg'ej ofo] km}u' d"9tf cflb vFUjMkfv]+ g+ y'Os]km' . clgTo, b'Mv vM. Yj :j+ul" n+ y'lk+ :j+u" x] pTklQof x]t' h'O k}mu' j cgfTdoft dy'ul' n+ ;+;f/of AofSj+ ljifoj:t' h'of kmfFof Dx't+ tfxfM, tfxfMof Dx't+' Uj+uM j Uj+uMof lgTo, ;'v j cfTdfefj tof RjgL . afFnf;] Rj+u' Dx't'+ xfg+ kmf+ pTklQ h'ofRj+u' sy+ lrq Sogf tMu' j:t' jf JolQm clgTo, b'Mv j cgfTd :jefjofu' b' . lqljif dWo] g+ df]x bSj ljifof hggL vM . pls+ vM w}u' jfMdrfOu' x] df]x d"9tf vM . Yjx] u'ln+ul' n+ k/Dk/fo\ kmfFof Dx't+' vf j tfxf lkxfjofRj+u' df]xof sf/0f+ pu' j:t' jf JolQmofu' oyfy{ :j?k ofgf g+ lrq bo]su] ' rng b' . y'lk+ lqljifoft y'sy+ dvFul' n+ jf d:o'ul' n+ plsoft x] afFnf eflkof oM Dxl;Os] . tfOu' vM . xfg+ df]xof x] sf/0f+ pu' oMu' j:t' s_ Uj+uM vf jf JolQmln;] tfkfgf Rjg] dfnLu' cj:yfoft /fuof k|tLs sy+ Uj+uMvfofu' lrq tOu' vM . doM tfOu' vM . oMu' efj –‘/fu’ j doMu' efj /fu w}u' oM tfOu' efj, cfxf Û afFnf w}u' efj – ‘å]if’ pTkGg h'Ou'of d"n sf/0f x] df]x vM . vM . oMu' efj h'nls plsoft k|fKt ofo]t pls+ df]x 5u"oft hs afFnfs y'Osf cdf]xof k|oTgzLn h'O . k|fKt dh"tn] g+ sf]lz;ofgf cEof; ofo]kmt wfM;f+ y'lk+ :j+ug" + ljifkfv]+ d'Qm b'Mv l;of RjgL, k|fKt h'Ow'+sf g+ j k|fKth"u' h'O kmO . yy] df]x Ifo h"u' cj:yfoft x] df]If j:t' tgL jf :ogL wsf GÞofjn]+ lrlGtt h'of wsf wfOu' vM . kmfFof :jefjoft df]xof k|tLs RjgL . xfg+ ljgfz h'Ow'+sf g+ ljnfkofgf sy+ sof tMu' b' . 9 lq/Tg Konf kf} Gofu" nf]so\ Ajynf tMu' h'of plsoft k~ru08s lqljif rqmof lkg]of rfsMof alR5 Aj t'ou' ' rqm wsf wfn . Gx"u' z}nL lrqo\ ejoft b]j, c;"/, /· b' ;f alR5 Aj xfs'u' jf jr'u' /· b' . Yj lgu" dg'io, kz', k|]t, g/s nf]s ofgf v'u" nf]so\ Ajynf tMu' h'of y'lsoft if8\ult rqm wsf wfn . y'lk+ v'u" kIfof k|tLs vM . y'lk+ lgu" kIf y'sy+ b' . ultof :jefj wd{of y'sy+ y'Os] . s_ z'Sn kIf t'ou' ' /+uof cy{ z'Sn kIf cyf{t\ ;'ult ug ;'v, s_ b]jnf]s b]jnf]s, :ju{nf]s bSj ;+;fl/s ;'v ;'ljwf+ zflGt, /d0fLotf bO . v'u" ult dWo] b]j, c;'/, el/k"0f{u' nf]s vM . yg pTkGg h"lk+ ;Œjlklg dg'iooft ;'ult sy+ sof tMu' b' . y'u' ult k'0o yMt ;f}efUozfnL tfo]sf Do] xfn]u,' KofvF x'n]u,' ;+:sf/ kfv]+ k|fKt h'O . ;fM;fMu' gof ;'vfg'e"lt ofgf hLjg lgjf{x ofgf v_ s[i0f kIf RjgL . s'zn sd{of sf/0f+ y'sy+of nf]s xfs'u' jf jr'u' s[i0f kIf vM . Yj b'ul{ tof k|fKth'Ou' vM. y'lk+s] g+ df]x cljBf bof x] k|tLs vM . eo, b'Mv, si6 ygof :jefj vM . RjgLu' sf/0f+ ef]u ofo]ul' nO lnKt h'of k|dflb v'u" ult dWo] kz', k|t] j g/soft b'ul{ t sy+ h'of RjgL . lnkf k'0o;+:sf/ km'O w'g]j+ d]lk+ sof tMu' b' . y'lsO lgDx Uofgfk';] Rj+lk+ dfgj k|fl0flk+ ;/x xfsg+ kz', dg'io jf d]u' nf]s] hGd cfs[lt+ cs'zn sd{ ofOlkGt l;vn+ Nxft'tL sfM jlg . Yj nf]s] Rj+lk+ ;Œjlklg cfo' tfMxfs lrgf ckfo b'ul{ t nf]skfv] n'Qn ' 'of o+sf Rj+u' h'Ou'ln+ yMoft cd/ jf lgTo wsf eflkof b[io Rjof tMu' b' . y'u' ultO ck'0o ;+:sf/of df]hdHhfo\ e'nh] o' f RjgL . plkGt ;'vfg'el" tofu' sf/0f+ nfMjgLu' vM . clgTotf af]w ofs]t jL0ff yfgf Rj+Dx t'ou' ' cGt/fej ;DjGwL u|Gyfg';f/ d/0ff;Gg j0f{Dx cjnf]lst]Zj/of lrq g+ Sogf tMu' b' . cj:yfo\ JolQm+ or'u' k|sfz vlgu' jf jr'u' k|sfz uy] jL0ffof dgdf]xs ;+uLt erf lnkf lkmsf vlgu' h'O . ;'ultO nfODx ;Œj+ rfGxo\ x] or';] h'h'+ jlgy]+ ;'vfg'e"lt g+ 5'+ O{ lnkf a'n';] Rjgf vgLu' h'O . xfg+ b'ul{ tO nfODx ;Œj+ lGxg]of ;"Bf{o] f jj+ cGTo h'O wsf b]jtf lkGt af]wofo]t hM g+ xfs';] vgLu' h'O . Yj cGt/fejof cj:yfof af]lw;Œjlk+ y'sy+ GÞoAjfgf RjgL . k|tLs sy+ g+ Yj rqm Rjof tMu' vM . t'ngfTds ¿k+ ;'ultO ;'v b}u' j b'ul{ tO v_ c;'/nf]s b]jnf]sof vjkfv] cledfgL b]jtflklgu' nf]s b'Mv b}u' vM;f+ y'lk+ v'ul" n+ nf]s ;+:sfl/t wd{ h"ul' n+ c;'/ nf]s Rjof tO . zlQm j k|sl[ t cg';f/ clgTo, b'Mv j cgfTd :jefjofu'' vM . pls+ ;'ult y'lk+ ;Œjlk+ b]jtf ;dfg x] vM . t/, O{iof{ j h";f+ b'ul{ t h";f+ jf:tjo\ b'Mvof e'd/L x] vM . Yj vF cledfgof sf/0f+ y'lk+ leGg ;d"x; Rjlglk+ y'Osf ;'ult jf b'ul{ tof kfv]F g+ k'nf lgjf{0f ultO vM . 5df sNkj[If l;df of lrq b' u'lsofkmn jg]u' p2]Zo tof wdf{Eof; ofo]u' ofo]dfM . ;Ou' srf j xM bSj b]jnf]so\ nfgf kmn bSj #_ ejrqm÷k~ru08s÷if8\ult rqm b]jtflklgu' cwLgo\ h'O cn] bF j xf hs ;'ult b'ul{ t udg rqmof+ lkg]of rqm ejrqm c;'/nf]so\ nfgf kmnof nflu GÞofjn]+ x] b]jtflk+ vM . k'nf+u' z}nLof lrqo\ ejof Yj rfsMoft b]jf;'/ ln;] o'4 Njfgf RjgL . pls+ Olk+ csfn+ x] l;gf nf]s, dg'ionf]s, kz'nf]s, k|]tnf]s, g/snf]s ofgf RjgL . Olk+ GÞofjn]+ x] lsNnfjlGb 5]F bo]sf @_ ;'ult b'u{lt udg rqm 10 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on xftxltof/+ ;';lHht h'of RjgL . Yj nf]s] jf+u' ª_ lto{s nf]s j0f{ofDx cjnf]lst]Zj/ Hjfnf o'Qmu' t/jf/ yg Rj+lk+ ;Œjlk+ h+unL h'of sfdjf;gf, lgGb|f Hjgf RjgL . Yj t/jf/ k|To]jI] f0f 1fgof k|tLs j g;fof lglt+ hs x] Djfgf RjgL . cy] x] ljljw j cljBfof xf ;d]t+ n]ygflaOu'of k|tLs vM . eo kfv]+ ql;t h'ofRjgL . yg jr''u' j0f{ofDx u_ dg'io nf]s cjnf]lst]Zj/ NxfltO k|1fkf/ldtf ;k"m Hjgf p4f/of lglt+ jofRj+u' g+ Rjof tMu' b' . ;f+;fl/s ;'v ;'ljwf k|fKt ofo]of nflu cl;ldt OR5fofgf b'Mv l;of Rjlglk+ dg'iolk+ vM . Yj r_ g/s nf]s Ajo\ a'F kfnf Rj+u,' xnf] hf]to] fgf Rj+u' -Jofkf/ b]jnf]sof No"g], d08nof bSjl;j] Sjo\ g/s ofgf Rj+u,' ld;flk+ sfkM yfgf Rj+u,' yj+yj] nf]sof lrq tof tMu' b' . y'lsO hgfj/of 5\of]F, Njfgf Rj+u,' /f]uL, j[4 h'of l;gf Rj+u' cflb_ dg" cfs[ltof Dx b'lk+ ;ŒjlkG;+ kfkLlkGt s7f]/ b}lgs jf lgoldt 36gfj:t' lrq0f ofgf tMu' oftgf laofRj+u' eofgs b[Zo Sogf tMu' b' . b' . xfg+ y'lsO x] k"hf kf7 ofgf Rj+u,' Wofg:y y'lsO x] xfg+ Nxft] Gxfo]s+ Hjgf Rj+Dx Uofgfk';] h'of Rj+u' g+ Sogf tO . dg'iolkGs] hs 7Ls Rj+Dx od/fh g+ Rjof tMu' b' . k|fl0flkG;+ k"jh{ Gd] a]7Ls 5'6o] fgf larfofo]km}u' ljj]s b}u' h'of Yj ofMu' cs'zn sd{ Gxfo]s+ :joy]+ 5n{· Sog] v'u" ult dWo] bSjl;j] pQdu' ult vM. wdf{Eof; km'Dx w}u' y'lsof k|tLs vM . od/fhof hjl/v] ofof+ cf>j Ifo h'h+' lgjf{0f k|fKt ofo] km}u,' wd{ RofyL SjfMu' g/s j vjl/v] RofyL VjfFpu' >j0f j cEof;of df}sf k|fKt h'Ou' h'of dg'io g/sof lrq g+ Rjof tMu' b' . xfg+ od/fhof hLjg b'n{e wsf eujfg a'4+ pkb]z laof GÞof]g] kfv] efnf+ ;'oLu', bfofRj+u' lrs+ b"u' laHofMu' vM . y' l sO Dxf;' u ' j0f{ D x hMl;O y'lgu', sMlt+ Dx kmfOu' cflb gfgf k|sf/+ cjnf]lst]Zj/, leIff kfq Hjgf zfSod'lg a'4ofu' oftgf ofOu' g/sof lrq g+ Rjof tMu' b' . hLjg cg'z/0f ofo]df w}u' ;Gb]z laof RjgLu' kfkof sd{;:+ sf/ dk"mtn] x] y'lk+ k|fl0flkGt y'sy+ sy+ lrq bo]sf tMu' b' . b'Mvsi6 cg'ej ofsf tO{ . 5kf Nxflt+ cd[t 3_ k|]t nf]s 38f j 5kf Nxflt+ ld+of Hjfnf Hjgf Rj+Dx cjnf]lst]Zj/ Sjxf+ laHofgf Rj+u' b[io Rjof Yj go]dfl:tjo]sf, nMTjg] lkTofsf jfyfjfyf tMu' b' . cd[t Tj+sf b'Mvsi6 dbo]sf laOu' j sgf Rj+lk b'MvL, czflGt, c;Gtf]ifL, Dx'tK' jf Hjfnf+ sd{ ;+:sf/ Rofsf km'sf laOu' ofO{ u'ls+ofgf lrKjf, uMkM lrk' t/ KjfM wfM;f tMUjlk+ kfkLlk+ d]u' hGd] ;'ultO hGd h"jgL . ;Œjlklgu'' nf]s vM. ;+tfk Sog]of nflu bSj k|]t to]u' Dx'to' f GÞof]g] ld+of Hjfnf Sogf tMu' b' . g;f, TjF;f, /Tg+ cflb+ hfof Rj+u' nf]s h";f+ $_ åfbzlgbfg k|tLTo;d'Tkfb rqm d08nof bSjl;j] lkg]of rqmo\ k|tLTo– pld;+ Yj 5'+g+ pkef]u ofo] dkm}u,' Oldu' OR5f u'jn]+ k'/d] h'Ou' h'of k|]t nf]s cToGt b'MvbfoL ;d'Tkfbof !@ u" lgbfgoft k|tLsfTds ¿k+ lrq+ vM. yg Þof+u' j0f{Dx cjnf]lst]Zj/, lbJo ef]hg Sogf tMu' b' . k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof ;+lIfKt kl/ro GÞoAj;] Hjgf p4f/of nfluO jofRj+u' g+ Rjof tMu' b' . Yj k|ltsfTds lrqof AofVof ofo]u' h'O . yg ‘k|tLTo’ wofu' ‘lge{/ h'Ou'’ vM;f t[i0ffof sf/0f+ k|]tnf]s k|fKt h'Ou' vM . ‘;d'Tkfb’ wofu' ‘pTklQ’ jf ‘vg] b}u’' vM . pls+ 11 lq/Tg Konf kf} y'lsofu' cy{ – 5'F g+ 36gf, j:t' jf k|lqmof yMx] :jtGq ¿k+ pTkGg h'O dkm' . plk+ km'Ss+ x]t' k|Tooof aM sof cyjf sf/0f j cj:yfof lnRjM sy+ hs pTkGg h'Ou' vM . k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof Yjx] kl/efiffoft y'Os]of nflu leIf' c:;lh+ pklt:; -;fl/k'q_oft s+u' æo] wdf{ x]t' k|ejf x]t' t]iff+ tyfut Þojbt\, t]iff+ r of] lg/f]wf] Pj+ jfbL dxf>d0fÆ wfMu' jfSof+z yg n'd+su] ' ;fGble{s h'O . ;+;f/] b"u' u'lng+ ldvf, Gxfo\, Gx]k,+ Do], 5\ou+ ' j dg+ ef]u ofOu' cyjf l;OsLu'' u'lng+ ljifoj:t't b' plk+ k'mSsoft wd{ wsf wfO{ . y'lk+ bSj wd{t lagf sf/0f pTkGg h'O dv' cyjf vg] bO dv' . g y'lk+ yMx] pTkGg h"u' vM, g 5'+ cb[Zo c1ft OZj/+ ;[li6 ofMu' vM . g y'lk+ cgflb sfn+ lg;]+ bof Rj+u' x] vM . cy] h";f y'lk+ u'sy+ bof Rj+u' vM< x]t' j k|Tooof ;+ld>0f j ;+of]u+ hs y'lk+ vg]bof Rj+u' vM . x]t' w}u' d"n sf/0f vM;f k|Too w}u' x]to' ft Ujfxfln ofOu' d]du] ' sf/0ft vM. Yj k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof lgod nfu" dh'Ou' ljifoj:t' 5'+ g+ b}dv'. pls+ h'of yy] x]t' k|To]oof ;+of]u+ pTklQ h'Ou' AofSj+ wd{oft ‘k|tLTo;d'TkGg wd{’ wsf wfO . 5'F g+ k|tLTo;d'TkGg wd{to\u' yMu' :jtGq cl:tTj wsf b}dv' . cy] w}u' 5'gF + ljifoj:t'of :jefj w}u' x] db' . bSjof x] cl:tTj plsof x]t;' lge{/ h'ofRjgL . k|tLTo;d'Tkfbo\ cfwfl/tu' y'u' lg:jefjtfof k/dfy{1fg x] z"Gotf 1fg vM . xfg+ bSj k|tLTo;d'TkGg wd{t clgTo vM, pls+ j k'mSs+ x] b'Mv vM . x]t' k|Too kfv]+ ag]dh"u' c;+:s[t wd{ x] lgjf{0f vM . y'u' lgjf{0f wd{ kfv] GÞof+jg]u' x] dfu{;Toof pkb]z vM . pls+ zfln:tDe dxfofg ;"q; eujfg a'4+ æof] leIfj k|tLTo;d'Tkfb kZolt, ; wd{ kZolt . of] wd{+ kZolt, ; a'4+ kZolt .Æ cyf{t\ æu'Dx]l;g+ k|tLTo;d'Tkfboft v+sL, j+ wd{oft v+sL . u'Dxl;g+ wd{oft v+sL, j+ a'4oft v+sLÆ wsf k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof dxŒj Sogf laHofMu' b' . k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof b]zgf b'Yofgf Rj+u' k|d'v ;"q k|tLTo;d'Tkfbflblje·lgb]{z;"qd\ 5u" g+ vM . y'lsof ;DjlGwt pkb]zof cg'jfb GÞoyg]u' h'O . æPj+ dof >'td\ . Psl:dg\ ;do] eujfg\ >fj:Tof+ ljx/lt :d h]tjg] cgfylk08b:of/fd] dxtf leIf' ; + 3 ] g ;fw{ d w{ q of] b zlele{ I f' z t} M . tq eujfgfdGqot] :d– k| t LTo;d'T kfb:o jf] leIfjM cflb+ jf] b]zloiofld lje· r . tR5[0f't, ;fw' r ;'i7' r dgl;s'?t, eflifio]– k|tLTo;d'Tkfb:o cflbM stdM < ob't cl:dg\ ;lt Ob+ ejlt, c:of]Tkfbflbbd'TkBt] . ob' t cljBfk| T oofM ;+ : sf/fM . ;+ : sf/k| T oo+ lj1fgd\ . lj1fgk| T oo+ gfd¿kd\ . gfd¿kk| T oo+ if8fotgd\ . if8fotgk| T ooM :kz{ M . :kz{ k | T oof j] b gf . j] b gfk| T oof t[ i 0ff . t[ i 0ffk| T ood' k fbfgd\ . pkfbfgk| T oof] ejM . ejk| T oof hfltM. hfltk| T oof h/fd/0fzf] s kl/b] j b' M vbf} d { g :of] k fof;fM ;+ejlGt . Pjd:o s]jn:o dxtf] b'Mv:sGw:o ;d'bof] ejlt . cod'Rot] k|tLTo;d'Tkfb:oflbM..Æ ælh+ yy] Gogf, 5u" On] eujfg\ >fjl:tof cgfylk08sof h]tjg ljxf/] lemG:j;MTof -!#%)_ leIf';3 + gfk+ Rjgf laHofgfRj+u' vM . cg j;kf]n eujfg+ leIf'lkGt ;Daf]wg ofgf yy] wof laHoft – leIf'lk+ Û lh+ l5ldt k|ltTo;d'Tkfbof cflb j cGToof b]zgf ofo]Togfu' b' . Wofgk"js { GoF, yMu' dg Psfu| of, lh+ sgf xo] . k|ltTo;d'Tkfbof pTklQ 5' vM < Yj y'sy+ b', Yj b"ul' n+ j b"u' vM . y'lsof pTklQ+ plsof pTklt h"u' vM . cy]x] cljBfof sf/0f+ ;+ : sf/, ;+ : sf/of sf/0f+ lj1fg, lj1fgof sf/0f+ gfd¿k, gfd¿kof sf/0f+ if8fotg, if8fotgof sf/0f+ :kz{, :kz{of sf/0f+ j]bgf, j] b gfof sf/0f+ t[ i 0ff, t[ i 0ffof sf/0f+ pkfbfg, pkfbfgof sf/0f+ ej, ejof sf/0f+ 12 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on hflt j hfltof sf/0f+ h/f, d/0f, zf] s , kl/b] j , b' M v, bf} d { g :o / pkfof; pTklQ h' O . s] j n y' l k+ sf/0f+ b' M v:sGwof pbo h' O . y' l soft x] k| t LTo;d' T kfbof pbo wfO{ .Æ yy] sf/0f j kl/0ffdof cgGt rfsM oft x] ;+;f/ wsf wfO. k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof !@ u" s8L dWo] k'gh{Gd, h/f d/0fflb b'Mv cfo{;To vM . cy] x] cljBf, ;+:sf/, t[i0ff j pkfbfg y'lk+ Kou" b'Mv ;d'bo cfo{;To cyf{t\ b'Mvof sf/0f vM . uy] 5uM k';f rfo\ y'g]j+ dn hn ufM;f pls+ l;df a'of jO{ . cn] jx] l;dfo\ ;Mu' kmno\ RjFu' k'F d]u' l;df a'OsL . y'u' k';f j l;dfof hLjg rqm cgGt rn] h'of t'+ RjgL . cy]x] b'Mv j b'Mv ;d'boof rfsM g+ cgGt rflxnf x] RjgL . Yjx] l;4fGtoft ;/nLs/0fofgf y'Os]of nflu cfrfo{ gfufh{'g+ k|tLTo;d'TkfbXbosfl/sf; y''sy+ Rjof tMu' b' . Yj sy+ !@ u" lgbfgoft ;+lIfKt+ :j+u" x]tk' mn k|lqmof sy+ y'Os] Ho' . Sn]z+ sd{ bo]ls, sd{of ljkfs jO{, xfg+ ljkfs b'Mv ef]u ofOan] Sn]z x] pTklQofgf Rjlg . Yj Sn]z sd{ j ljkfsof b'Mvrqmoft TjfNxfo]u' lzIff oft k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof k|ltnf]d 1fg sy+ a'4 g+ v+sf laHoft j b]zgf ofgf laHoft . u'lng+ Sn]z pTkGg h'Ou' O{ vM, a'l4dfgDx JolQm+ pu' O{no\ Sn]zof wd{ y'Osf plsoft k|xf0f ofo]u' cEof;] Rjgf RjgL . s_ t[i0ff k|xf0f ofo]u' v'u" cfotg j plsof ljifoof by'O{ :kz{ h'O;fy+ pTkGg h'Ou' j]bgfoft lzlIftDx JolQm+ pQm pTkGg h"u' j]bgf k|lt of]u' jf dof]u' efj dtM;] ;fIfL efj+, t6:y efj+ rfo]sf efljtf ofgf RjgL . yy] rfo]su] ' ljlwoft :d[ltk|:yfg ljkZogf efjgf wfO{ . yy] lg/LIf0fofo] ;M;f ‘j]bgf k|To]of t[i0ff’ h'Ou' ;§f ‘j]bgf k|To]of k|1f’ h" jgL . yy] cgGt rfsMof qmd TjfwMjlg . åfbz o]˜·ljz]iff d'lggf]l2i6fM k|tLTo;De"tfM. t] Sn]zsd{b'M v]i f' ;ª\ u[xLtfl:qif' oyfjt\ . v_ pkfbfg k|xf0fofo]u' k|dfb] nfgf lrQo\ t[i0ff pTkGg h";f+ xf];o\ zfSod'lg a'4+ u'u' k|tLTo;d'Tkfbof b]zgf ofgf laHofMu' lemlGgu" c·t b', plk+ c·to]t Sn]z, jof olb clgTo, b'Mv j cgfTd wd{oft jfMrfo]sf sd{ j b'Mv sy+ :j+u" ju{o\ ;+ul| xt ofgftMu' b' . pkfbfg cyf{t\ k]Kk'gf Rjg]u,' Hjgf Rjg]u' :jefj dh'Os] kmM;f, t[i0ff a'nx' 'F Sjngf jj+ lg?4 h'O, gfk+ cfBfi6dgjdfM :o'M Sn]zfM sd{ låtLobzdf} r . pkfbfg g+ lg/f]w h'O . z]iffM ;Kt r b'Mv lq;ª\ux| f åfbz t' wdf{M..@.. Gxfkf+u' -cljBf_, Rofu"u' -t[i0ff_ j u'+uu" ' u_ cljBf k|xf0f ofo]u' >'t, lrGtg j efjgfåf/f k|1f Ajn+su] ' ofM;f -pkfbfg_ c· Sn]z vM . lgu"u' -;+:sf/_ j lemu"u' -ej_ c· sd{ vM . NoFblgu' Gx]u" c· b'Mv vM . yy] clgTo b'Mv cgfTdf+ o'Qmu' ljBf+ cljBf oft lg/f]w ofO{ . cljBf lg/f]w h'nsL ;Dk"0f{ b'Mv lg/f]w h'O{ . åfbz wd{oft :j+u" ju{o\ b'g] b'Yofs] k}m . y'sy+ b'Mvof cgGt rfsMoft lemlGgu" lgbfg lqEof] ejlt åGå åGåfTk|ejlGt ;Kt ;KtEoM. dWo] Sn]zju{o\ nfMu' cljBf, t[i0ff j pkfbfg pTkGg qo pb\ejlGt e"o:tb]j t' e|dlt ejrqmd\ ..#.. h'Ou' On] x] xf]; to] kmM;f pu' On] Yj b'Mvrqmoft :j+u" wd{+ lgu" h'O . lgu" kfv]+ Gx]u," xfg+ Gx]u" k|1f¿kL tnjf/+ rGx+s Tjfyn] kmO{ . y'sy+ h'Ou' kfv]+ :j+u" pTkGg h'O . yy] Yj ejrqm dlbSs k|ltnf]dof lqmof+ pTkGg h'Ou' lgjf{0f wd{ lg/f]w ;To rfMlxnf Rjlg . 13 lq/Tg Konf kf} vM;f zLn ;dflw k|1f+ o'Qmu' cfo{ ci6fl·sdfu{ b'Mv lg/f]wfufldgL k|ltkbf ;To vM . y' l s Sogf tMu' lemlGgu" l n+ lgbfgof k|tLsfTds lrqof AofVof y'sy+ b' . pTkGg h'O . Yj gfd?k x/]s ;'vb'Mvoft d's + Lu' yn y]+ vM . y'ls lgDx dg" gfd j ?kof k|tLs h'n . cy] x] hGd k'gh{Gd ofs]t yny]+ h'Ou' h'of gfd j ?koft 8'+ufof lrq+ g+ Sogf tMu' vM . !_ sf+Dx dg" %_ GofkfM ‰ofM j 5kfM n'vf b"u' vflnu' 5]+ d08nof 7Ls Rjo\ kfv]+ Rjof tMu' sfFDx dg"of lrq cljBfof k|tLs vM .cljBf wofu' d:o"u,' dy"u,' dv+u' vM. pls+ cljBfoft 3f]/ cGwsf/of pkdf g+ laof tMu' vM . clgTo b'Mv cgfTdf af]w dh'Ou', sd{ j sd{kmnof ljifo dv'y]+ y'Os]u,' rt'/fo{ ;Tooft dy'Osf Rjg]u' cflb x] cljBf vM . ldYofb[li6, k|dfb, t[i0ff, Sn]z, df]x, c1fg, d"v{tf cflb bSj cljBfof ljljw ¿k vM . cljBfof an+ x] b'Mv rqm, ejrqm, ;+;f/rqm rflxsLu' vM . Yj lrq if8fotgof k|tLs vM . if8fotg w}u' ldvf, Gx]k+, Gxfo\, Do]+, z/L/ j dg ofgf hDdf v'u" cfotg vM . gfd?k kfv]+ y'lk+ v"u' cfotg pTklQ h'O . :jo]u,' Gog]u,' gt'gu] ,' ;jf sfo]u,' lyof l;Osf sfo]u' j ljrfM ofo]u' Ifdtf ;lxtu' OlGb|ot ljsf; h'O . @_ ynjn bo]sf Rj+Dx s'dfM Yj ;+:sf/of k|tLs vM . cljBfof sf/0f+ JolQm+ ;+;f/] xfg+ xfg+ hGd sfo]u' OR5f ofO{ . uy] s'dfMg+ yMt oMu' yL yL j:t't bo]sLu' vM cy] x] hLjg, :jefj, p2]Zo, efUo j sd{oft g+ bo]sf RjgL . plsof kmn :j?k xfg+ xfg+ ;+;f/o\ hGdsfM jof RjgL . #_ dfsM sd{ ;+:sf/of sf/0f+ dfFofu' ue{o\ hGd] h"jgL . yy] k"j{hGdo\ Ro't h'of jMu' lrQ Yj hGdo\ k|lt;lGw lrQof ?ko\ pTkGg h'O . lrQof :jefj ;fdfGotof r~rn h'Ou' h'of pv]+y'v]+ rflxnfRj+Dx dfsMof lrq lj1fgof k|tLs sy+ RjOu' vM . ^_ ld;fldh+ cfln+ug j r'Dag ofgf Rj+u' Yj lrq :kz{of k|tLs vM . y'lk+ v'u" cfotgof ljsf; h'Ow'+sf jftfj/0fof ljifoj:t'ln;]+ y'lk+ cfotglklgu' ;Dks{ h'O . ldvfof ?kln;], cy] x] Gx]k+of ;M ln;], Gxfo\of uGwln;], Do]+of :jfb -/;_ ln;], z/L/of :ki6«Jo -cg'ej h'Ou' ljifoj:t'_ ln;] j dgof ljrf/ ln;] ;Dks{ h'of OlGb|o, ;DalGwt lrQ j ;DalGwt ljifo gfk+ ;+oQ ' m h'of ;DalGwt ;+:kz{ pTkGg h'O . yy] OlGb|o j plsof ljifoof by'O ;+;u{ h'Ou' oft k|tLsfTds sy+ lgDx ld;fldh+ cfln+ug, r'Dag ofgfRj+u' lrq Sogf tO . &_ ldvfo\ jf0f+ sof Rj+u' Yj lrq j]bgfof k|tLs vM . ldvf w}u' cToGt ;+jb] gzLnu' c+u vM . ldvfo\ jf0f+ snls u'hfMu' k|sf/ofu' cg'ej h'Ou' vM j cg'ejoft j]bgfof k|tLs sy+ Sogf tMu' h'n . OlGb|o j plsof ljifoof ;Dks{of sf/0f+ ;'vb, b'vb jf cb'Mv c;'v ofgf :jyL sy+of j]bgf pTkGg h'O . $_ lgDx dg" 5u" 8'+ufo\ Rjgf ;d'b| l5gf Rj+u' Yj gfd?kof k|tLs vM . gfd w}u' lrQ *_ co\nf Tjgf Rj+u' Yj lrq t[i0ffof k|tLs vM . ;'vb j]bgfof r}tl;sof ljifoj:t' vM;f ?k w}u' ef}lts ljifoj:t' vM. ue{o\ pTklQ h"u' k|lt;lGw lj1fgof sf/0f+ gfd?k k|lt oMu' efj lkHjo]sf phfMu' j]bgf xfsg+ jo]df, 14 af}4 ljxf/ ;+3, on ;bf+ Nogf Rjg]df w}u' OR5f ofO . cy] x] b'Mvb j]bgf k|lt doMu' 3[0ff efj lkHjo]sf dbofjg]df, k'mgfjg]df w}u' OR5f ofo]u' ofO{ . yy] xfg+ xfg+ yy] h'Odf jf dh'Odf wsf af/–af/ OR5f h'Ou'oft t[i0ff wfO{ . xfg+, Yj x] OR5f k|jn h'h'+ ;+;f/o\ hGd h'Ou' ;'v vM wsf v+sL . pls+ jof xfg+ xfg+ hGdsfo]u' OR5f h'of RjgL . uy] conf TjlgDx AolQmof confof tntn h'of RjgL jx] tntnoft yg t[i0ffof k|tLs sy+ Sogf tMu' h'n . cg]x] jgf tf;]hj" gL . u'ls+ofgf uef{wfg h'O . yy] pkfbfgof sf/0f+ d]u' hGdof nflu ue]{ Rj+jlgu' k|lqmofoft Sog]u' k|tLs sy+ d}yg' /t h'of Rj+u' b[Zo j ue{jtLDx ld;f Sogf tMu' b' . (_ l;dfo\ kmn vfof Rj+u' !@_ ;LDx kf5fof lbk] o+sf Rj+u' Yj lrq pkfbfgof k|tLs vM . t[i0ff tLj| h'nls pDx JolQm ;'Ds Rjg] k}mdv' . OR5f ofMu' j:t' cKjMl;j]cKj k|fKtofo]of nflu AjfFoA\ jfFo\ h'of RjgL . pu' k|fKt h'Ou' jf h"u' ljifoj:t' k|lt cf;Qm h'of Rjlg . cy] k]kg' f RjgLu' :jefjoft x] pkfbfg wfOu' vM . pkfbfgof sf/0f+ dg"t nfeof lglt+ pBt h'ofRjgLu'o' f k|tLs sy+ l;dfo\ kmn vfof Rj+u' lrq Sogf tMu' vM . !)_ ue{jtLDx ld;f Yj lrq ejof k|tLs vM . ;+;f/ j ;+;f/of ljifoj:t' k|lt tLj| cf;lQmof sf/0f+ d[To'lnkf jofMu' sd{ ;+:sf/ cg'?ku' d]u' hGdof cj:yf l;h{gf h'O u'lsOoft ej wsf wfO{ . d]u' hGdof dfF ca'of ;xjf; h'of Rj+u' cj:yfo\ pDx k|fl0fof jf AolQmof yMu' sd{ ;+:sf/ln;] ldn] h";f jofu' k|lt;lGw lj1fg !!_ drfa'OsfRj+u' Yj lrq hGdof k|tLs vM . ue]{ Rjg] w's + f pu' sf/0f+ hGd h'O . y'lsof k|tLs sy+ 5Dx ld;f+ drf a'Osf Rj+u' x] b[Zo Rjof Sogf tMu' h'n . hGd h'Ow's + f plsof sf/0f+ cjZo /f]u, dfgl;s b'Mv, zf/Ll/s b'Mv lg;]+ d/0f ts h'O . ;+;f/of bSj b'Mv dWo] g+ k|wfgu' d/0f b'Mv h"u' sf/0f+ b'Mvof k|ltlglwof ?ko\ d/0f oft yg Sogf tMu' h'n . 5Dx JolQm+ ;LDx kf5fof lbk kfv]+ o+sf Rj+u' b[Zo d/0fof k|tLs vM . pk;+xf/ ;du| a'4 1fg b'Yofgf Rj+u' Yj cToGt ;f/ule{tu' k|tLsfTds lrq yf}+sGx] g]kfMof af}4 ljxf/of lgdf{0fof k/Dk/fo\ vg] db';f+ k|frLg sfno\ b"u' cg'dfg ofo]k'm . uDeL/u' wd{oft lrqfTds ?k+ ;/n sy+ y'Os]u' pkfosf}zNoof ¿ko\ GÞofgfRj+u' Yj k~ru08s rqm -ejrqm d08n_ of lrqsnf Rjof k|lt:yfkgf ofo]u' k/Dk/f g]kfMof af}4 ljxf/o\ -axfalx_ xfg+ GÞofs]dfMu' vg]b' . ;Gbe{ ;|f]t ;"rL !@_ Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-dzinrgya-mtsho, The Wheel of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect. !#_ Bhikkhu Khantipalo, 1995. The Wheel of Birth and Death https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/ khantipalo/wheel147.html !$_ T.B. Karunaratne, 1969. The Buddhist Wheel Symblol, Wheel Publication No. 137/138, Buddhist !%_ !^_ Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka https://static.sariputta.com/pdf/tipitaka/1159/ wh137_karunaratne_the-buddhist-wheel-symbolpdf.pdf Geshe Sopa, 1984, The Tibetan “Wheel of Life”: Iconography and Doxography in The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 7 No.1 page 125-145 USA https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8622/2529 15