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Thermo- and Fluid-Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines. THIESEL2016 special
issue
Authors: Raul Payri and Xandra Margot
The THIESEL 2016 International Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct
Injection Engines (13th to 16th September 2016) is the ninth edition of this conference and it has
gained a consolidated position as a meeting point between industry, research institutions and
academia involved in R&D for automotive engines.
Its main objective remains unchanged since its first edition in 2000, namely present the latest
developments for the adaption of the automotive internal combustion engine to new
environmental challenges. These developments come from all over the world, so that one of the
characteristics of this conference is to gather contributions not only from Europe, but also from
the United-Sates of America and from the main Asian countries, such as Japan, Korea and China.
It is also a forum where OEMs, research organizations and university groups concerned by the
‘green car’ communicate their ideas to find relevant solutions.
THIESEL’s success may lie in its balance between papers on fundamental aspects of all thermoand fluid processes occurring in ICEs and those describing some new application about to enter
or already on the market. People familiar with this conference will know that its topics include all
thermo-and fluid dynamics processes affecting the engine, ranging from the intake and injection
systems, to novel combustion concepts and to the turbo-charging and after-treatment
technologies [1].
Progress on injection strategies and understanding of mixture formation - which is key to
combustion improvement and emissions control [2][3] relies nowadays strongly on modelling
performance, especially as modern computer technology allows for serious cost reduction.
Hence, much effort is put on the development of reliable spray and combustion models that
include detailed kinetics and better turbulence models[4][5][6][7]. One main advantage of CFD is
that it becomes possible to identify not only the processes that lead to NOx and soot emissions,
but also those contributing to combustion noise levels [8]. At the same time, experimental studies
are still very necessary to provide validation of these models and ensure adequate representation
of the phenomena ¡Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.¡Error! No se encuentra
el origen de la referencia.. Hence, LIF-PIV, high-speed UV Chemiluminescence Imaging and Xray radiography techniques have to be adapted to obtain all relevant information [11][12][13][14].
New injection strategies [14][15], new combustion concepts (RCCI, PCCI, gasoline lean
combustion, stratified-charge operation, low temperature combustion [16][17][18] and alternative
fuels such as natural gas and biofuels [19][20][21] are currently being explored, on the one hand
in order to improve mixture formation for both CI and SI engines, and on the other hand, in the
context of engine downsizing.
Engine downsizing requires solving some challenging problems in order to improve engine
efficiency. Technology has to follow, on the injection and combustion front [22], but also for the
intake [23][24], turbocharging [25][26] and exhaust after-treatment [27]. It is hoped that techniques
such as waste heat recovery [28] and supercharging, and studies on thermal efficiency [29] will
help.
No matter the progress of the past few years, emissions legislation is bound to become stricter
and stricter, as more countries become aware of the consequences of air pollution. New efforts
are therefore requested. Most engine developers agree that in the future small engines will
Raul Payri rpayri@mot.upv.es; Xandra Margot xmargot@mot.upv.es
Published at International Journal of Engine Research, 2017. Doi : 10.1177/1468087416680663
probably be gasoline and hybrid, and this conviction was voiced by Dr. Krüger in the closure sumup of the THIESEL 2016 conference, though Diesel engines will certainly remain in the next
decades for large vehicles. Still according to Dr. Krüger, one of the main challenges nowadays
for engine development lies in the system optimization for the different operation modes, and in
particular for the transients.
Innovation and future developments call for important research efforts, and require the exchange
of valuable knowledge and experience between the main actors of the automotive R&D sector.
The THIESEL Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamics Processes in Direct Injection Engines
aims at providing Academia researchers and Industry developers the ideal setting for these high
tech exchanges. The selection of papers from this conference presented here is a good
representation of these exchanges, since six out of 13 reflect industry-university collaborations
[7][14][16][23][24][25], while two more are collaborations between various research organizations
[6][12].
Traditionally, over half the papers deal with injection and combustion issues, as well from the
modelling as from the experimental side, and this is also well reflected in the current selection of
‘best’ papers.
It is important to point out that most of the 40 papers presented at the THIESEL 2016 conference
were of high quality, so that deciding on the ‘best’ papers has not been easy. ‘Best’ may be an
arguable term, as quite a few others deserve this qualification too. However, the selection of the
papers for this special issue has been made on the basis of the opinion of four independent
experts in the engine field. In addition, each paper has undergone two review processes, the first
one by two referees for the Conference selection itself, and a second review by two peers for the
IJER special issue.
Summarizing the contents of this special issue, we can classify the papers selected in four main
categories: Modelling ([5][6][7]), Injection ([12][13]), Compression Ignition ([14][16][23][25]) and
Spark Ignition ([17][22][24][29]).
As mentioned above, modelling of combustion processes has progressed considerably in recent
years thanks to the development of better spray and combustion models and the extensive use
of parallel computing. Even so, the difficulty lies in choosing the most representative chemistry,
as these calculations are rather time-consuming. Bolla et al [5] perform RANS numerical
simulations of the combustion for multiple injection strategies for a case defined in the ECN
consortium database [30]. Ma et al [6] have developed a non-equilibrium differential wall model
based on the evaluation of the more traditional algebraic equilibrium wall-functions commonly
used in RANS and LES IC-engine simulations. In the work by Lucchini et al [7] CFD engine
simulations are performed using the Lagrangian approach to describe the spray evolution and
detailed chemistry to model the combustion process.
On the topics relative to fuel injection systems and sprays, Duke et al. [12] study the cavitation
formation in a real size beryllium nozzle and perform a quantitative analysis of the vapor and liquid
phases formed inside. Nishida et al [13] present new experimental data with micro-hole nozzles
at very high injection pressure (up to 3000 bar) and demonstrate that these conditions enhance
fuel mixing and reduce soot formation.
Raul Payri rpayri@mot.upv.es; Xandra Margot xmargot@mot.upv.es
Published at International Journal of Engine Research, 2017. Doi : 10.1177/1468087416680663
Topics about compression ignition engines have been the main focus of the THIESEL conference
until recently and still bring in many papers, though they combine now gasoline direct injection.
An example is the study by Benajes et al. [16], which explores the limits of the RCCI combustion
mode when implemented in a medium-duty engine. Another hot topic for the engine community
is the improvement of the engine thermal efficiency, and this is addressed by Olmeda et al. [23]
who analyze the effect of swirl on heat rejection. The work by Kondo et al [14] provides a valuable
insight into late combustion Diesel flames. Bermúdez et al. [25] present emissions measurement
results obtained with a novel dedicated altitude simulation equipment capable of reproducing high
altitude conditions on an engine test bench.
With respect to spark ignition engines, Catapano et al [22] show an optimization of natural gas
direct injection in a transparent engine, while Zeng et al [17] use double injection strategies to
increase the operating range of DISI stratified operation. Krüger et al [24] present a combination
of experiments and modelling to study the effect of SI dispersion during lean combustion. And
finally, the last paper selected for this special issue by Wissink et al [29] presents a comparative
study of the thermodynamic characteristics of different engine operating modes with the aim to
provide insight into the limits they offer in terms of efficiency.
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Raul Payri rpayri@mot.upv.es; Xandra Margot xmargot@mot.upv.es
Published at International Journal of Engine Research, 2017. Doi : 10.1177/1468087416680663
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Raul Payri rpayri@mot.upv.es; Xandra Margot xmargot@mot.upv.es
Published at International Journal of Engine Research, 2017. Doi : 10.1177/1468087416680663