Economic policy, 1918–1939

Eastern Journal of European Studies, 2013

2008

Conference " Eastern Europe after the First World War " In the early years following the First World War (1918-1923), political, military, cultural, social and economic developments consolidated to a high degree in Eastern Europe. This period was shaped, on the one hand, by the efforts to establish an international structure for peace and to set previously oppressed nations on the road to emancipation. On the other hand, this time was also defined by political revisionism and territorial claims, as well as a level of political violence that was effectively a continuation of the war in many places, albeit under modified conditions. Political decision makers sought to protect the emerging nation states from radical political utopias but, at the same time, also had to rise to the challenges of a social and economic crisis, manage the reconstruction of the many extensively devastated landscapes and provide for the social care and support of victims of war. When faced with these conflicting trends, differing memories developed regarding this period of just five years, making the concept of any transnational memorial culture appear barely possible even to the present day.

The World Economy, 1980

1870 to the Present, 2009

An essay analysing what factors predominately resulted in the protracted economic, political and social recovery from the First World War on the European continent.

2011

An historical analysis of the state of East European agriculture and industry at the end of World War I. The essay concludes that the region was only 'backward' when compared to Western Europe; if another point of reference is used, the area does not deserve the label 'backward'.

In Urs Matthias Zachmann, ed., Asia after Versailles: Asian Perspectives on the Paris Peace Conference and the Interwar Order, 1919–33 (Edinburgh University Press, 2017), pp. 23–54.

Contents: Flows and Shocks / The Export Boom / Pandemic, Livelihood Crises, Popular Revolts / National Awakenings / The Postwar Bubble / The Postwar Crash / A Globally Synchronous Microcycle Hundreds of millions of people who missed the news of Sarajevo or of Versailles nevertheless felt the shocks generated by Europe's war and peace. Of all the effects of the war and its settlement, the economic shocks, transmitted by the great rise and then fall of prices, may have been most universal in their social incidence. They were also global in their geographical reach. These economic revolutions were connected inextricably with the political and ideational movements that have gotten the largest share of historians' attention.