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In the aftermath of the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake (where approximately 185 people died) police officers from Australia deployed into Christchurch to assist New Zealand Police. Unlike their Australian counterparts, New Zealand Police are not routinely armed; they do not wear a firearm on their duty belt as a matter of course. As such, the Australian police officers had to 'disarm' during their deployment in New Zealand. There is anecdotal evidence that the 'disarmed' officers were initially fearful of operating unarmed, but over time they became accustomed to it, and observed that New Zealand police officers dealt with situations in a different manner because of their unarmed status. There is further anecdotal evidence that suggests some of the Australian officers, when returning from New Zealand, took time to readjust to policing in their 're-armed' state. While these anecdotes poses several questions—the most curious of which is to ask how two...
2019 •
This summary focuses on the data associated with the author's doctoral thesis: Procedural conflict and conflict resolution: a cross-national study of police officers from New Zealand and South Australia. It summarises the key research findings and recommendations. Further details of the relevant research literature, research methodology and detailed analysis of quantitative and qualitative data that support the findings herein may be found in the thesis. Quantitative data revealed that officers from South Australia used verbal and physical control behaviours more frequently and for a higher proportion of time during encounters than did officers from New Zealand. There were no clear explanations for the differences, although there were variations in law and the profile of event-types between the research sites. The qualitative enquiry found that officers from both jurisdictions followed a similar diagnostic and treatment procedure during police-citizen encounters. Moreover, officers in both jurisdictions experienced conflict from procedural frustrations or goal blockages when interacting with citizens.
This research takes a cross-national approach to explore how police officers attempt conflict resolution in their day-to-day activities. Using comparisons of the behaviour of routinely armed officers from South Australia and routinely unarmed officers from New Zealand, this thesis chronicles a research journey which culminates with a new theoretical framework to explain police-citizen encounters. The research took a grounded theory approach and employed a mixed methods design. Quantitative data revealed that officers from South Australia used verbal and physical control behaviours more frequently and for a higher proportion of time during encounters than during the encounters observed in New Zealand. There were no clear explanations for the differences, although there were variations in law and the profile of event-types between the research sites. The qualitative enquiry found that officers from both jurisdictions followed a similar diagnostic and treatment procedure during police-citizen encounters. Moreover, officers in both jurisdictions experienced conflict from procedural frustrations or goal blockages arising from interaction with citizens. Findings provided the context for the construction of a substantive ‘procedural conflict’ theory. This theory (1) illustrates how procedural conflict can cause a strain for officers, (2) posits that officers take corrective actions to overcome the conflict using control behaviour, and (3) explains that while officers may use force to regulate police-citizen encounters, other behaviour for resolving conflict during encounters is more common. Accordingly, procedural conflict theory provides a new framework for the explanation of the police use of force. Further theoretical propositions about police-citizen interaction are set out in the final chapter and further research to test the validity of the theory is proposed.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Police-Public Interactions: The Impact of Conflict Resolution Tactics11994 •
Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice
Routinely armed and unarmed police: what can the Scandinavian experience teach us?2014 •
This article introduces the author’s recent study on the ‘strategic impact’ of routinely arming the New Zealand Police and discusses how two significant research findings are consistent with published theory. First, the utility of taking a binary, black and white approach when analysing the ‘routinely armed versus routinely unarmed’ debate, is limited in terms of considering police officer behaviour. This is because police departmental policies shape police officer risk-taking and behaviour to a considerable degree. Second, despite departmental policies, the routine armament of a routinely unarmed police force, say for health and safety reasons, may be counterproductive; such a change exposes police officers to increased risks. Both findings come from an analysis of Scandinavian police forces. The author’s study was primarily concerned with the police forces of Norway and Sweden; however, comparisons were made, at times, within a wider Scandinavian context.
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It is believed that an armed police force interacts in society differently from an unarmed police force Little is known about how the change to an armed force will affect the relationship between the police and the public. This study identifies these issues by studying the police of England and Wales, Norway and Sweden. Prominent themes emerged including the importance maintaining a high level of police legitimacy. The use of firearms by police is influenced by departmental policy and their independent perception of the degree of risk they face. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that it was not likely a barrier would emerge between the police and public nor was there likely to be a significant impact on the police’s ability to police by consent. However routinely arming might lead to a reduction in police safety as officers may be more inclined to engage in dangerous situations.
Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews
Understanding Police Use of Force: Officers, Suspects, and Reciprocity2006 •
Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and …
Building Respect for the Badge: The management of the use of force by police2009 •
, in: Policing and Society, jrg 24 (2012) vol 4, p. 459-478.
Police and Citizens in Conflict: Exploring Post-Confrontation Interaction from a Relational PerspectiveThis paper introduces a relational perspective to the analysis of the interaction process from confrontation to cooperation between police and civilians. Exploring a case of riots between Dutch youths of Moluccan descent and the police during New Year's Eve, which was followed by a peaceful celebration one year later, a process of reconciliation between the two groups is reconstructed and analyzed. By means of a comparison of the relationship nature before and after the confrontation and an in-depth analysis of post conflict interaction, it is shown how institutional, group and individual interactions affected the change from confrontation to cooperation.
Hovorun, Cyril. “Deus Ex Machina of the War in Ukraine.” Review of Ecumenical Studies 15, no. 3 (2023): 538–49
Deus ex Machina of the War in Ukraine2023 •
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua
RESEÑA de : Perea Yébenes, Sabino. Officium magicum. Estudios de magia, teúrgia, necromancia, supersticiones, milagros y demonología en el mundo greco-romano. Salamanca: Signifer Libros, Colección Thema Mundi, n.º 6, 20142015 •
2024 •
Global Public Health
Assessment of systems for paying health care providers in Vietnam: Implications for equity, efficiency and expanding effective health coverage2015 •
Routledge eBooks
The supply of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED) to local non-elite users in England: Resilient traditional and newly emergent methods2019 •
International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security (IJCNIS)
Performance Study of Spread Spectrum Systems with Hard Limiters2020 •
Egyptian dental journal
Melatonin Application with Indirect Maxillary Sinus Lift and Simultaneous Implant Placement: A Promising New Approach2022 •
2021 •
Child & Family Social Work
What Works in Residential Child Care: A Review of Research Evidence and the Practical Considerations2008 •
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Ocular Surface Microbiota in Naïve Keratoconus: A Multicenter Validation Study2023 •