JKAU: Met., Env. & Arid Land Agric. Sci., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp: 33-47 (2009 A.D. / 1430 A.H.) Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.) Seed Yield, Yield Components and Seed Quality under the Effects of Four Genotypes and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates Fathy S. El-Nakhlawy and Ahmed A. Bakhashwain Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Abstract. This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Hada El-Sham, King Abdulaziz University during 2006 and 2007 seasons. Four canola varieties, Callypso, Pactole, Sero-4 and Sero-6 varieties were tested under four nitrogen fertilizer rates (0.00, 92,138 and 184 kg N/ha) to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the canola (Brassica napus L.) seed yield, yield components and seed quality. The results showed that as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased, plant height, number of fruit / plant, 1000-seed weights, seed weight / plant and protein content increased. However oil content (%), was the highest under 92 kg nitrogen rate, then significantly decreased under the higher nitrogen rates. In terms of variety differences, the plant height data revealed that Sero-4 was the taller, followed by Sero-6, and then Callypso and Pactole varieties and Pactale and Sero-6 varieties produced the highest number of fruits / plant and significantly dominated over the Sero-4 and Callypso variety. In addition, Pactale and Sero-4 had the highest 1000-seed weights without significant differences between them, while Callypso variety was the lowest. Pactole variety was also the highest in seed weight / plant, while Sero-4 and Sero-6 varieties were not significantly different in seed weight / plant. Pactole variety was the highest in protein content followed with a significant difference by Sero-4, then Sero-6, while the lowest variety in protein content was Callypso variety. The rate of 138 kg N / ha produced the highest seed yield / ha (1550.51 kg), protein content (28%) and had 34.10% oil content. Oil content of the studied varieties ranged from 37.80% for Callypso variety to 32.04% for Sero-4 variety, and the statistical comparisons showed significant differences among the four studied varieties. Furthermore, iodine value and refractive index of the oil under the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates were not significantly different from 33 34 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and A.A. Bakhashwain each other and the same behavior of iodine value and refractive index values were detected. Introduction Canola is a member of the Brassicaceae family and has become one of the most important sources of vegetable oil in the world. Its oil also has potentially developed in the bio-diesel market. In addition to oil production, the leaves and stems of canola provide high quality forage matter because of their low fiber and high protein content (Wiedenhoeft and Bharton, 1994) and can be milled into animal feeds (Ban˜uelos, et al., 2002). Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a specific type of rape seed associated with high quality oil and meal. It has less than 2% erucic acid and its meal has less than 30 µg of glucosinolates. It contains 40-45% oil and 36-40% protein. Oil and meal are now very acceptable as alternatives to soyabean oil and meal (Amin and Khalil, 2005; Muhammad, et al., 2007). Canola grows well in dry environments and can tolerate moderately saline soil conditions (Ban˜uelos, et al., 1997 and Stricker, et al., 1997). Nitrogen is a major nutrient element which provides lush green color to the plant due to increase in chlorophyll. Phosphorus is necessary for young and fast growing tissues and performs a number of functions related to growth, development, photosynthesis and utilization of carbohydrates (Shah, et al., 2004). Fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus gave a larger increase in the yield of rape than wheat (Reauz, et al., 1983) and phosphorus doses up to 180 kg/ha increased yield and oil content in winter rape (Shah, et al., 2004). Nitrogen plays a key role in plant growth and protein synthesis, protoplasm, cell size, and photosynthetic activity and thus provides a huge frame on which more flowers and pods are produced (Yasari and Patwardhan, 2006). Nitrogen (N) fertilizer increases yield by influencing a variety of growth parameters such as the number of branches per plant, the number of pods per plant, the total plant weight, the leaf area index (LAI). Also, it increases the number and weight of pods, seeds and flowers per plant, and overall crop assimilation, contributing to increased seed yield (Wright, et al., 1988 and Al-Barrak, 2006). Excess nitrogen rate, however, can reduce seed yield and quality appreciably (ِِAl-Barrak, 2006). As to nitrogen sources, highest yields were obtained with Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.)… 35 ammonium-sulphate as compared to ammonium nitrate (Rechcigl and Colon, 2000 and Farahbakhsh, et al., 2006). High N applications were found to cause lodging (Wright, et al., 1988 & Bailey and Grant, 1990). Taylor, et al. (1991), observed that split applications of N were not more effective than application of the total amount of N at seeding. The highest rates of fertilizer application were reported to give significantly higher total dry weight than the lowest rate of fertilizer application (Singh, et al., 1991 & Kjellstrom, 1993). Taylor, et al. (1991) reported that despite seasonal differences, shoot dry matter significantly increased as application rate of fertilizer increased. Kumar, et al. (1997) also reported higher total dry matter production with increased rate of fertilizer application. Bhan (1976) reported that the average seed production was high when 40-80 kg nitrogen, 30-60 kg phosphorus and 40 kg potassium per hectare were applied. Singh and Rathi (1985) reported that increase in nitrogen significantly increased the crop yield, they observed highest yield with 160kg ha–1. Mudholkar and Ahlawat (1981) reported that nitrogen significantly increased the growth and yield components with highest rate of NP combination. Ali and Rahman (1986) reported that increasing rates of N up to 160 kg ha–1 progressively increased the growth and yield components. Scarisbrick, et al., (1980) reported that all the growth and yield components were increased with increasing nitrogen 100, 130 and 200 kg ha–1. Significant differences in the number of pods per plant were observed amongst the different fertilizer rates and the number of pods per plant increased linearly with increasing rates of nitrogen up to 180 kg N (Basak, et al., 1990; Chauhan, et al., 1995; Arthamwar, et al., 1996 & Nielson, 1997). The number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight was significantly increased with increasing levels of nitrogen fertilizer application (Scarisbrick, et al., 1980 & Chauhan, et al., 1995). Arthamwar, et al. (1996) reported an improvement in the canola seed yield and oil content by applying Zn and Fe fertilizers (foliar sprays) along with N and K. A 1.5% increase in oil content of seeds of rapeseed was observed by Laaniste, et al. (2004) due to additional application of sulfur. Application of nitrogen fertilizer was reported by Ramsey and Callinan (1994) and Brennan, et al. (2000) in canola and Mohan and Sharma (1992) in Indian mustard. Seed yield of canola increased in response to higher nitrogen fertilizer application, with maximum yields (3.99 t/ha) being attained under the highest N rate, (Hocking, et al., 36 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and A.A. Bakhashwain 1997a and Kumar, et al., 1997). El-Nakhlawy and El-Fawal (1991) in Saudi Arabia stated that rapeseed oil content significantly decreased as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased especially after the 131 kg N/ha, while El-Nakhlawy (1996) in Egypt found a significant increment as nitrogen rate increased up to 90 kg N/ha. An adequate application of N fertilizer enables the crop to produce rapid leaf growth which may positively contribute in seed filling. This is reflected in efficient partitioning of assimilate into economic yield resulting from the greater number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod (Al- Barrak, 2006). Fertilizer application did not significantly affect the seed oil content, but the highest rate was associated with light decrease in seed oil content in canola (Al-Barrak, 2006; Hocking, et al., 1997b; Leilah and AlKhateeb, 2003). Leilah, et al., (2002) considered the most effective dose in maximizing the final canola yield/ha was 150 kg N ha–1 with no significant differences appearing when N fertilization increased to 200 kg N ha–1 under Al-Hassa conditions. Fernandez, et al. (1986) reported that nitrogen rates of 0-150 kg/ha had no appreciable effect on oil content but rates higher than 200kg/ha reduced oil content by 8-9%. Muhammad, et al. (2007) concluded that different sources of N fertilizer did not show significant improvement in oil and seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.). Khehra and Singh (1988) studied 29 genotypes of Brassica napus L. and reported significant differences for seed yield, number of siliqua, number of secondary branches and plant height. Also, Paramjit, et al. (1991) studied 29 genotypes of Brassica napus L. for nine quantitative traits and found significant variability for various seed yield related traits. Several investigators (Khoshanazar, et al., 2000; Kolte, et al., 2000; Stringam, et al., 2000) compared different mustard and rapeseed cultivars and reported that all cultivars differed significantly for seed oil yields. Sana, et al. (2003) concluded that the variation in plant height of different varieties may be attributed to their genetic potential and the number of siliqua branches per plant is the result of combined effect of genetic make up of the crop and environmental conditions, which play a remarkable role towards the final seed yield of the crop. Variable number of branches per plant among different varieties, which have been related to be under genetic management control, has also been reported by Labana, et al. (1987) and Khehra and Singh (1988). Significant differences in the number of siliquas per plant among different cultivars Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.)… 37 of brassica and significant differences in seed yield among different varieties of brassica species were reported (Khehra and Singh, 1988 & Reddy and Reddy, 1998). Significant differences for 1000-seed weight among different brassica varieties were also reported (Munir and McNeilly, 1992; Hashem, et al. 1998; Reddy and Reddy, 1998; Om, et al., 1998; Khoshnazar, et al., 2000 & Sana, et al., 2003). Sana, et al. (2003) concluded that certain cultivars may be susceptible to environmental factors while others may be tolerant. In addition, it was reported that different brassica varieties differed significantly regarding their plant heights (Maestro, 1995 & Reddy and Reddy, 1998). However, Munir and McNeilly (1992) found no significant difference for the number of seeds per siliqua between different brassica varieties. Differences in oil yields of different brassica species were reported (Gentent, et al., 1996; Das, 1998 & Baranyk and Zukalova (2000). Bengtsson (1988) reported 9% difference between two varieties of winter rape, while Gentent, et al. (1996) observed 2.3% differences between different Brassica carinata lines for seed oil content. Sana, et al. (2003) concluded that the maximum oil content obtained from some canola (Con 11) might be due to the variation in genetic make up of the variety. This investigation aims to study the performance of seed yield, yield component and seed quality of four canola varieties under the effects of four nitrogen fertilizer rates. Materials and Methods This investigation was conducted at the Agricultural Experiment station, Hada El-Sham, King Abdulaziz University during 2006 and 2007 seasons. Four canola varieties: Callypso and Pactole varieties introduced from Germany and Sero-4 and Sero-6 varieties introduced from Egypt, were tested under four nitrogen rates; 0.00, 92, 138 and 184 kg N/ha in a split plot design with Latin Square arrangement for the nitrogen fertilizer rates as main plot treatments, and the sub plots were occupied with the four canola varieties. Four replicates were used in the two studied seasons (Steel and Torrie, 2000). Sub plot consisted of 7 rows with 40 cm apart and 4 m long. The experiments were cultivated in soil characterized with 8.03 pH, 1.15 DSM–1, 0.501% organic matter and 0.18% N. Before planting, 100kg P2O5/ha and 50 kg K2O /ha were added and incorporated with the soil. 38 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and A.A. Bakhashwain The two seasons’ experiments were planted in January 18th and 23rd, respectively. Spraying irrigation was used in this study. Other recommended cultural practices were applied during the period of the experiments. At harvesting ten random guarded plants were chosen from each sub plot and the data of plant height (cm), no. of fruits / plant and seed weight / plant (g) were recorded. Seed yield / ha (kg) was recorded from the yield of the inner 5 rows then converted into kg seed / ha. Two random seed samples were withdrawn from the seeds of each sub plot and used to estimate the 1000-seed weight (g). Protein content of the seed (%) was determined using Kjeldahl method (A.O.A.C., 2000). Oil content of the seeds (%) was determined using Soxhlet instrument with n-hexane (60°C) as organic solvent. The iodine value of the oil was determined according to A.O.A.C., (2000). The oil refractive index was determined using ABBE refractometer at 25°C according to A.O.A.C., (2000). Combined statistical analysis of variance was done for the obtained data of the two studied seasons after applying the assumptions of analysis of variance. Results and Discussion The effects of the four nitrogen fertilizer rates on plant height are presented in Table 1. Means of plant height under the nitrogen fertilizer rates showed an increasing in plant height as nitrogen fertilizer rate increased, but no significant difference was detected between plant height means under 138 and 184 kg N/ha. Plant height means ranged from 85.50 cm to 131.75 cm under the 0.00 kg N/ha and 184.0 kg N/ha, respectively. The previous results might be due to the positive effect of nitrogen on the growth development of stem and leaf, which was reflected into taller plants. Comparing the varieties, plant height data of Table 2 revealed that Sero-4 was the taller, followed by Sero-6, then Callypso and Pactole varieties with mean values of 122.75, 116.70, 108.50 and 106.76 cm respectively. These significant differences between canola varieties plant height might be due to the differences in genetic background and the genetic × environment interaction effects. Certain cultivar may be sensitive to environmental factors while other may be tolerant (Sana, et al., 2003). Maestro (1995) and Reddy and Reddy (1998) reported that different brassica varieties differed significantly regarding their 39 Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.)… plant heights. Sana, et al. (2003) concluded that the variation in plant height of different varieties may be attributed to their genetic potential. Table 1. Means of plant height (cm), no. of fruits / plant, 1000-seed weight (g), seed weight / plant (g) and seed yield / ha (kg) under the effect of four nitrogen fertilizer rates as average of the 2006 and 2007 seasons. Means Nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg N/ha) Plant height (cm) No. of fruits / plant 1000-seed weight (g) Seed weight/ plant (g) Seed yield /ha (kg) 0.00 85.50 c* 98.75 c 2.65 c 10.20 c 881.75c 92.00 108.50 b 141.00 b 2.85 b 15.04 b 1268.25b 138.00 129.00a 205.70 a 3.00 ab 20.31 a 1550.51a 184.00 131.75 a 205.80 a 3.03 a 21.06 a 1488.74 a *Means followed by the some letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at P < 0.05 Table 2. Means of plant height (cm), no. of fruits / plant, 1000- seed weight (g), seed weight / plant (g) and seed yield / ha (kg) of the four studied canola varieties as average of the 2006 and 2007 seasons. Means Variety Plant height (cm) No. of fruits / plant 1000-seed weight (g) Seed weight/ plant (g) Seed yield / ha (kg) Callypso 108.50 c* 112.50 c 2.375 c 14.25 c 916.25 c Pactole 106.76 c 189.51 a 3.225 a 20.17 a 1471.075a Sero-4 122.75a 169.25b 3.025 ab 15.93 b 1362.80 b Sero-6 116.70 b 180.00 a 2.900 b 16.26 b 1438.50 a *Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at P < 0.05. As for the number of fruits/plant, the mean values in Table 1 revealed that the lowest value (98.75) was produced from the plants treated with 0.00 Kg N/ha followed by 141 fruits/plant under the effect of 92 kg N/ha. No significant difference was shown between the nitrogen rates of 138 and 184 kg N/ha in the number of fruits/plant, but both rates produced the highest no. of fruits/plant (205.7 and 205.8, respectively). Pactale and Sero-6 plants produced the significant highest number of fruits/plant 189.51 and 180.00, respectively, and significantly dominated over the Sero-4 variety (169.25 fruits/ plant) and callypso variety (112.50) as shown in Table (2). The number of siliqua branches per plant 40 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and A.A. Bakhashwain is the result of combined effect of genetic make up of the crop and environmental conditions, which plays a remarkable role towards the final seed yield of the crop (Sana, et al., 2003). Concerning 1000-seed weight under the studied nitrogen rates, data of Table 1 revealed that as nitrogen rate increased 1000-seed weight increased. Under 184 and 138 kg N/ha, 1000-seed weight means were the same, while the lowest value was produced under the 0.00 kg N/ha. Values of 1000-seed weight were 2.65, 2.85, 3.00 and 3.03g under 0.00, 92, 138 and 184 kg N/ha, respectively. As for the studied varieties, Pactale and Sero-4 had the highest 1000-seed weights without significant difference between them, while Callypso was the lowest 1000-seed weight variety (2.375g). These differences between the four varieties might be due to the genetic background of each variety. Several investigators (Munir and McNeilly, 1992; Hashem, et al., 1998; Om, et al., 1998 & Sana, et al., 2003) found significant differences for 1000seed weight among different brassica varieties. Seed weight/plant of canola under the four studied nitrogen fertilizer as shown in Table 1 showed significant increase in seed weight/plant as nitrogen fertilizer increased up to 138 kg N/ha. The highest nitrogen rate produced the highest seed weight/plant (21.06g) while under 0.00 kg N/ha, seed weight/plant was 10.20g. Pactole variety was the highest variety in seed weight/plant (20.17g), while Sero-4 and Sero-6 varieties were not significantly different in seed weight/plant as shown in Table 2. The range of seed weight/plant of the four varieties were from 20.17g to 14.25g. Comparing the seed yield/ha under the nitrogen rates, data presented in Table 1 showed that the highest seed yield/ha 1550.01 kg was obtained under the 138 kg/ha without insignificant difference from the seed yield under the 184 kg N/ha. The lowest seed yield/ha (881.75 kg) was produced under 0.00 kg N/ha. Seed yield/ha were similar in Pactale (1471.75 kg) and Sero-6 (1438.50 kg) varieties while Callypso variety was the lowest variety in seed yield/ha (916.25 kg) as found in Table 2. Reddy and Reddy (1998) and Khoshnazar, et al., (2000) found significant differences in seed yield among different varieties of brassica species. The significant and insignificant differences between the studied canola varieties in yield and yield components might be due to the genetic × environment interaction effects. Khoshanazar, et al. (2000), Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.)… 41 Kolte, et al. (2000) and Stringam, et al. (2000) compared different mustard and rapeseed cultivars and reported that all cultivars differed significantly for seed oil yields. Pactale variety ranked first between the studied varieties in seed yield/ha as a result of the highest value of its seed yield components, seed weight/plant and 1000-seed weight. Sana, et al. (2003) concluded that the variation in plant height of different varieties may be attributed to their genetic potential. Maestro (1995) and Reddy and Reddy (1998) reported that different brassica varieties differed significantly regarding their plant heights. Concerning the quality properties of canola seed, i.e., protein content, oil content, iodine value and refractive index of oil, data of protein content under the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates in Table 3 showed significant increase as nitrogen rate increased until the 138 kg N/ha and insignificantly different after this rate. The nitrogen rate of 138 kg N/ha produced seeds which had the highest protein content (28.52%) followed by 184 kg N/ha (28.19%), then 92 kg N/ha (26.24%) and the lowest protein content was produced under no nitrogen fertilizer (25.73%). The increasing of nitrogen fertilizer rate might increase the absorbed nitrogen by plant root. Accordingly, nitrogen increases in protein metabolism and is reflected in increasing the protein content in canola seeds. Nitrogen fertilizer increases yield by influencing a variety of growth parameters such as the number of branches per plant, the number of pods per plant, the total plant weight, the leaf area index (LAI), and the number and weight of pods, seeds per plant and flowers per plant and increases overall crop assimilation, contributing to increased seed yield (Wright, et al., 1988; ِAl- Barrak, 2006). Pactale variety was the highest in protein content (30.24%) followed with a significant difference by Sero-4 (28.29), and then Sero-6 (27.02%), while the lowest variety in protein content (23.13%) was Callypso variety (Table 4). As for oil content (%), the data of Table 3 revealed that under 92 kg nitrogen rate, oil content was the highest, then significantly decreased under the higher nitrogen rates. Oil contents were 30.54%, 36.93%, 34.10% and 34.65% under the nitrogen rates of 0.00, 92, 138 and 184 kg N/ha, respectively. These reverse relationships between protein and oil contents under the nitrogen fertilizer rates were detected by different 42 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and A.A. Bakhashwain investigators in different oilseed crops. Sana, et al. (2004) found that the maximum oil content obtained from some canola might be due to the variation in genetic makeup of the variety. Gentent, et al. (1996), Das (1998) and Baranyk and Zukalova, (2000) observed differences in oil yields of different brassica species. Bengtsson (1988) reported 9% difference between two varieties of winter rape, while Gentent, et al. (1996) observed 2.3% difference between different Brassica carinata lines for seed oil content. Oil content of the studied varieties as shown in Table 4 ranged from 37.80% for Callypso variety to 32.04% for Sero-4 variety, and the statistical comparisons showed significant differences among the four studied varieties. Table 3. Means of protein content (%), oil content (%), iodine value and refractive index of the oil of the four studied canola varieties as average of the 2006 and 2007 seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer rate (kg N/ha) Means 0.00 Protein content (%) 25.73c* Oil content (%) 30.54 c Iodine value 110.36 a Refractive index (25°C) 1.47032 a 92.00 26.24 b 36.93 a 115.79 a 1.47135 a 138.00 28.52 a 3410 b 120.20 a 1.47162 a 184.00 28.19.a 34.65 b 123.07 a 1.74230 a *Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at P < 0.05. Table 4. Means of protein content (%), oil content (%), iodine value and refractive index of the oil of the four studied canola varieties as average of the 2006 and 2007 seasons. Means Variety Protein content (%) 23.13 d* Oil content (%) 37.80 a Pactole 30.24 a 34.25 b Sero-4 28.29 b 32.04 d 113.74 a 1.47116 a Sero 27.02 c 33.15 c 115.93 a 1.47127 a Callypso 121.39 a Refractive index (25ْ C) 1.47140 a 118.86 a 1.47139 a Iodine value * Means followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different according to LSD at 0.05. Iodine value and refractive index of the oil under the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates (Table 3) did not differ significantly from rate to another. The same behavior of iodine value and refractive index values were shown under different rates (Table 4). Iodine values ranged from Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.)… 43 121.39 for Callypso variety to 113.74 for Sero-4 variety, and the refractive indices ranged from 1.47140 for Callypso variety to 1.17116 for Sero-4 variety. The iodine value and refractive index were oil properties and related to the oil quality genetics more than the environmental effects during plant growth in the field. References Al- Barrak, K.M. (2006) Irrigation interval and nitrogen level effects on growth and yield of canola (Brassica napus L.), Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences), 7(1): 87-103. 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Bakhashwain‬‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻨﻭﻻ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻼﻭﻱ ﻭﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﺎﺨﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ‪ ،‬ﺠﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤ ﺘﺨﻠﺹ‪ .‬ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻲ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪٢٠٠٧‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻨﻭﻻ‬ ‫‪(L.‬‬ ‫)‪Pactole, Sero-4 and Sero-6‬‬ ‫) ‪Brassica napus‬‬ ‫‪ (Callypso,‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ )‪ ،٠,٠٠‬ﻭ‪ ،٩٢‬ﻭ‪ ،١٣٨‬ﻭ‪١٨٤‬‬ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‪/‬ه( ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺒﺫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﻭﻥ )‪ (٪‬ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ‪٩٢‬‬ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‪/‬ه ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Sero-4‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ ،Sero-6‬ﺜﻡ ‪ ،Callypso‬ﻭﺃﺨﻴ ‪‬ﺭﺍ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ .Pactole‬ﻭﺃﻨﺘﺠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫‪ Pactole‬ﻭ‪Sero-6‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻝﻠﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪Sero-4‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ .Callypso‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻋﻁﻰ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ ،Pactole‬ﻭﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Sero-4‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺒﺫﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫…)‪Performance of Canola (Brassica napas L.‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Pactole‬‬ ‫‪Callypso‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﺒﺫﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻋﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ ،Sero-4‬ﻭﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Pactole‬‬ ‫‪Sero-6‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ ،Sero-4‬ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﻑ ‪ ،Sero-6‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Callypso‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻁﻰ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ‪١٣٨‬ﻜﺠﻡ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻬﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻭﺭ‪/‬ﻫ )‪ ١٥٥٥,٥١‬ﻜﺠﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ )‪ ،(٪٢٨,٥٢‬ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺕ )‪ .(٪٣٤,١٠‬ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ ،٪٣٧,٨٥‬ﻝﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪Callypso‬‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ ٪٣٢,٠٤‬ﻝﺼﻨﻑ‬ ‫‪ .Sero-4‬ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎ‪ T‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺯﻴﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺭﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻨﻔ‪ T‬ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‪.‬‬