Bulg. J. Phys. 44 (2017) S49–S59
Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of
8
B Proton-Halo Projectile on Nuclear Targets
at Energies 20 < E < 170 MeV
M.K. Gaidarov1 , V.K. Lukyanov2 , D.N. Kadrev1 ,
E.V. Zemlyanaya2 , K.V. Lukyanov2 , A.N. Antonov1 ,
K. Spasova1
1
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
2
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
Received 31 July 2017
Abstract. A microscopic analysis of the optical potentials (OPs) and cross
sections of elastic scattering of 8 B on 12 C, 58 Ni, and 208 Pb targets at energies
20 < E < 170 MeV is carried out. The real part of the OP is calculated by
a folding procedure and the imaginary part is obtained on the base of the highenergy approximation (HEA). The density distributions of 8 B obtained within
the variational Monte Carlo (VMC) model and the three-cluster model (3CM)
are used to construct the potentials. In the hybrid model, the only free parameters are the depths of the real and imaginary parts of OP obtained by fitting
the experimental data. The use of HEA to estimate the imaginary OP at energies just above the Coulomb barrier is discussed. The analysis of the behavior
of 3CM and VMC densities and the corresponding OPs in comparison with the
fitted Woods-Saxon OP gives additional information on the decisive role of the
nuclear surface on the elastic scattering mechanism in the particular example
of 8 B+58 Ni cross sections measured in a wide range of angles and energies of
20.7, 23.4, 25.3, 27.2, and 29.3 MeV. In addition, cluster model, in which 8 B
consists of a p-halo and the 7 Be core, is applied to calculate the breakup cross
sections of 8 B nucleus on 9 Be, 12 C, and 197 Au targets, as well as momentum
distributions of 7 Be fragments. A good agreement of the theoretical results with
the available experimental data is obtained.
PACS codes: 21.10.Gv, 24.10.Ht
1
Introduction
The development of the radioactive ion beams has allowed studies of nuclei far
from stability. This technical headway led to the discovery of halo nuclei on
the neutron-rich side of the valley of stability [1, 2]. These weakly bound nuclei
1310–0157 c 2017 Heron Press Ltd.
S49
M. K. Gaidarov, V. K. Lukyanov, D. N. Kadrev,...
have a strongly clusterized structure [3–6]. In a simple model, they are seen as a
core that contains most of the nucleons to which one or two neutrons are loosely
bound. The latter is related to the tunneling of the valence neutrons far outside
the classically allowed region which form a sort of halo around the core [7].
Although less probable, proton halos are also possible. In recent years, the
short-lived radioactive nucleus 8 B with a very low breakup threshold energy
(0.137 MeV), adjacent to the proton drip line, has attracted much attention because it may present a proton halo structure and is valuable for astrophysical
reasons [8, 9]. The narrow momentum distributions of 7 Be fragments in the
breakup of 8 B measured in C, Al, and Pb targets at 1471 MeV/nucleon with
full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 81 ± 6 MeV/c in all targets have been
interpreted in terms of a largely extended proton distribution for 8 B and have
implied a radius of 2.78 fm [10]. Here we should mention also the results of the
experiments at lower energies for the breakup of 8 B in the collisions with Be and
Au targets at 41 MeV/nucleon (81 ± 4 and 62 ± 3 MeV/c FWHM for Be and Au
targets, respectively) [11] and for C target at 36 MeV/nucleon [12] with FWHM
124 ± 17 and 92 ± 7 MeV/c for the stripping and diffraction components, correspondingly. Indeed, these experimental results reflect the large spatial extension
of the loosely bound proton in 8 B. The halo nature of 8 B nucleus through studies of its breakup has been mostly tested with cluster models presuming simple
two-cluster structure that consists of 7 Be core and valence proton (for instance,
Refs. [10, 13]).
The aims of the present work (see also [14]) are as follows. First, we analyze the differential elastic cross sections for the scattering of 8 B on 12 C at
25.8 MeV [15], 8 B on 58 Ni at 20.7, 23.4, 25.3, 27.2, and 29.3 MeV [16], and 8 B
on 208 Pb at 170.3 MeV [17] within the microscopic model of the respective OP
and compare the results with the available experimental data. Such a study could
lead to a minimization of the ambiguities in the fitted OPs. As in our previous
works [18–22], where processes with neutron-rich He, Li, and Be isotopes were
considered, we use the hybrid model of OP [23], in which the real part (ReOP)
is calculated by a folding of a nuclear density and the effective nucleon-nucleon
(NN) potentials [24] and includes direct and exchange isoscalar and isovector
parts. The imaginary part (ImOP) is obtained on the base of the high-energy
approximation method developed in Refs. [25, 26]. There are only two fitting
parameters in the hybrid model, which are related to the depths of the ReOP
and ImOP. In the present work we use the density distribution of 8 B nucleus
obtained within the variational Monte Carlo model [27] and also the density obtained within the framework of the microscopic three-cluster model of Varga et
al. [28]. Second, for a more consistent description of the possible halo structure of 8 B we calculate the momentum distributions of 7 Be fragments from the
breakup reactions 8 B+9 Be, 8 B+12 C, and 8 B+197 Au for which experimental data
are available. Such a complex study based on the microscopic method to obtain the OPs with a minimal number of free parameters and by testing density
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Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of 8 B Proton-Halo...
distributions of 8 B which reflect its proton-halo structure (in contrast, e.g., to
the Hartree-Fock density used in Ref. [17]) would lead to a better understanding of the 8 B structure and to a reduction of the inconsistency of describing the
available data.
2
Elastic Scattering of 8 B on 12 C, 58 Ni, and 208 Pb
The microscopic volume OP used in our calculations contains the real part
(V DF ) including both the direct and exchange terms and the HEA microscopically calculated imaginary part (W H ). It has the form
U (r) = NR V DF (r) + iNI W H (r).
(1)
The parameters NR and NI entering Eq. (1) renormalize the strength of OP and
are fitted by comparison with the experimental cross sections. The real part V DF
consists of the direct (V D ) and exchange (V EX ) double-folding integrals that
include effective N N potentials and density distribution functions of colliding
nuclei. The V D and V EX parts of the ReOP have isoscalar (IS) and isovector
(IV) contributions. The IS ones of both terms are
Z
D
D
(2)
VIS (r) = d3 rp d3 rt ρp (rp )ρt (rt )vN
N (s),
Z
EX
VIS
(r) = d3 rp d3 rt ρp (rp , rp + s)ρt (rt , rt − s)
EX
× vN
N (s) exp
h iK(r) · s i
M
,
(3)
where s = r + rt − rp is the vector between two nucleons, one of which belongs
to the projectile and another one to the target nucleus. In Eq. (2) ρp (rp ) and
ρt (rt ) are the densities of the projectile and the target, respectively, while in
Eq. (3) ρp (rp , rp +s) and ρt (rt , rt −s) are the density matrices for the projectile
and the target that are usually taken in an approximate form. The effective N N
D
EX
interactions vN
N and vN N have their IS and IV components in the form of M3Y
interaction obtained within g-matrix calculations using the Paris NN potential
[24]. The expressions for the energy and density dependence of the effective
N N interaction are given, e.g., in Ref. [22].
Concerning the ImOP, it corresponds to the full microscopic OP derived in
Refs. [23, 29] within the HEA [25, 26]:
Z ∞
1 E
H
W (r) = − 2 σ̄N
j0 (qr)ρp (q)ρt (q)fN (q)q 2 dq.
(4)
2π k
0
In Eq. (4) ρ(q) are the corresponding form factors of the nuclear densities, fN (q)
is the amplitude of the NN scattering and σ̄N is the averaged over the isospin
S51
M. K. Gaidarov, V. K. Lukyanov, D. N. Kadrev,...
of the nucleus total NN scattering cross section that depends on the energy and
accounts for the in-medium effect.
To apply the microscopic OPs to scattering of 8 B on nuclei we used realistic
density distributions of 8 B calculated within the VMC model [27] and from the
3CM in Ref. [28]. In our case, within the VMC method the proton and neutron
densities have been computed with the AV18+UX Hamiltonian, in which the
Argonne v18 two-nucleon and Urbana X three-nucleon potentials are used [27].
Urbana X is intermediate between the Urbana IX and Illinois-7 models (the latter was used by us in Ref. [22] for the densities of 10 Be nucleus). As far as the
3CM densities of Varga et al. [28] are concerned, the 8 B nucleus has been studied in a microscopic α+h+p three-cluster model (h = 3 He) using the stochastic
variational method, where a Minnesota effective two-nucleon interaction composed from central and spin-orbit parts was used. It has been shown in [28] that
the proton separation energy of 8 B is reasonably reproduced, but the calculated
point matter radius exceeds the "empirical" one. The VMC and 3CM densities
are given in Figure 1. It can be seen that they have been calculated with enough
accuracy up to distances much larger than the nuclear radius. In both methods
the total densities of 8 B occur quite similar up to r ∼ 4 fm and a difference
between them is seen in their periphery. Due to the cluster-structure model of
8
B, where the proton is considered as a single cluster [28], the tail part of the
point-proton distribution of 8 B is significantly larger than that of the neutron one,
causing considerable difference in the corresponding rms radii (see Ref. [14]).
The calculated within the hybrid model elastic scattering cross sections of
8
B+12 C at energy E = 25.8 MeV in the laboratory frame are given in Figure 2 and compared with the experimental data [15]. It can be seen that in
both cases of calculations with VMC or 3CM densities the results are in good
1
1
8
8
B
ρ(r) [fm-3]
ρ(r) [fm-3]
10-2
10-4
proton 3CM
neutron 3CM
proton VMC
neutron VMC
10-6
10
2
4
6
r [fm]
10
-4
10
-6
B
3CM
VMC
-8
0
10
-2
8
10
10
-8
0
2
4
6
8
10
r [fm]
Figure 1. Point-proton (normalized to Z = 5), point-neutron (normalized to N = 3) (left
panel) and the total densities (right panel) of 8 B (normalized to A = 8) obtained in the
VMC method [27] and in the 3CM [28].
S52
Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of 8 B Proton-Halo...
agreement with the available data. The differential cross section obtained with
VMC density demonstrates more developed diffraction pattern. It would be desirable to measure the elastic scattering in the angular range beyond 55◦ , where
the differences between the theoretical results start, in order to determine the
advantage of using VMC or 3CM microscopic densities of 8 B. Complementary
measurements at smaller steps of scattering angle would also allow one to observe some possible oscillations of the cross section. Our next step is to study
8
B elastic scattering on a lead target at 170.3 MeV incident energy. The same
Figure 2 shows a fair agreement of our microscopic calculations with the experimental data for the cross section. Both VMC and 3CM densities used in the
calculations are able to reproduce the data that are restricted in a range of small
angles. Similarly to the case of 8 B+12 C process, the reasonable agreement of
our model with the data on 8 B+208 Pb elastic scattering is in favor of the very
10
(dσ/dΩ)/(dσR/dΩ)
8
B + 12C @ 25.8 MeV
1
10-1
-2
10
10-3
10-4
10
20
30
40
50
θc.m. [deg]
60
70
10
(dσ/dΩ)/(dσR/dΩ)
8
B + 208Pb @ 170.3 MeV
1
10
-1
10
-2
5
10
15
θc.m. [deg]
20
Figure 2. (Top) 8 B+12 C elastic scattering cross sections at E = 25.8 MeV. Solid line:
calculations with 3CM density of 8 B; dashed line: calculations with VMC density of 8 B.
Experimental data are taken from Ref. [15]; (Bottom) 8 B+208 Pb elastic scattering cross
sections at E = 170.3 MeV. Solid line: calculations with 3CM density of 8 B; dashed
line: calculations with VMC density of 8 B. Experimental data are taken from Ref. [17].
S53
M. K. Gaidarov, V. K. Lukyanov, D. N. Kadrev,...
weak contribution from other reaction mechanisms, which is supported by the
results from CDCC calculations [15, 17].
In what follows, we present in Figure 3 (left panel) our results for 8 B+58 Ni elastic scattering cross sections at energies 20.7, 23.4, 25.3, 27.2, and 29.3 MeV
using the VMC density. These results are obtained with NR and NI which reproduce in a best way the experimental cross sections at considered five energies.
One can see that the results are in a good agreement with the data for all energies
considered. It is well known that the couplings to non-elastic channels lead to
polarization potentials that can considerably modify the bare potential calculated
within the double folding formalism. Obviously, for more successful description
of cross sections at low energies near Coulomb barrier an inclusion of polarization contributions due to virtual excitations and decay channels of the reactions
is necessary to obtain unambiguously the OP renormalization parameters. The
good fit obtained for the experimental angular distributions in Ref. [16] with real
and imaginary potentials of the Woods-Saxon type and our best fit to the same
data using microscopic OP in this work lead to values of the predicted total re-
20.7 MeV
1
|V| [MeV]
(dσ/dΩ)/(dσR/dΩ)
10-1
1
3
10
2
8
B+
25.3 MeV
-1
10
-2
10
-3
|W| [MeV]
27.2 MeV
10-1
29.3 MeV
10
3
10
2
10
10
-3
20
40
60
80 100
θc.m. [deg]
120
140
160
B+
Ni @ 25.3 MeV
10
1
10-1
-2
58
0.317VDF - VMC
0.235VDF - 3CM
WS
8
1
Ni @ 25.3 MeV
1
10
10-1
1
58
10
23.4 MeV
1
10
10
-1
10
-2
1.030WH - VMC
H
0.212W - 3CM
WS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
r [fm]
Figure 3. (Left) 8 B+58 Ni elastic scattering cross sections at E = 20.7, 23.4, 25.3, 27.2
and 29.3 MeV calculated using the VMC density of 8 B. Experimental data are taken from
Ref. [16]; (Right) The absolute values of the real NR V DF and imaginary NI W H parts
of the calculated optical potentials for the 8 B+58 Ni elastic scattering at E = 29.3 MeV
obtained using the VMC and 3CM densities of 8 B in comparison with those of the WS
potential from Ref. [16].
S54
Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of 8 B Proton-Halo...
action cross section σR very close to each other (see [14]), the latter exhibiting
a smooth increase with the energy increase.
Also, we give in Figure 3 (right panel), as an example (for E = 29.3 MeV),
the comparison of the obtained real and imaginary parts of the OPs for both
3CM and VMC densities with the corresponding parts of the fitted Woods-Saxon
potential used in [16]. The values of our parameters NR and NI are indicated in
the figure. Here we mention that at such energies the surface part of the ImOP
plays a decisive role on the behavior of the elastic cross sections. One can see
that the use of the VMC density leads to a very good agreement of the imaginary
part of our OP with the imaginary part of the fitted WS OP in the surface region.
Also, the slope of the real part of OP obtained with the VMC density in this
region (8 < r < 10 fm) is similar to that of the real part of WS OP. There exist
some differences in the surface region for the real and imaginary parts of the OP
obtained with the 3CM density and the corresponding parts of the WS OP.
3
Breakup Reactions of 8 B
In this section we consider the characteristics of breakup processes of the 8 B nucleus on the example of the stripping reaction cross sections and the momentum
distributions of the fragments. We use a simple model in which 8 B consists of a
core of 7 Be and a halo of a single proton (see, e.g., Refs. [10]). In this model the
density of 7 Be has to be known. We use that one obtained from the calculations
performed by means of the 3CM density of 8 B [28].
For calculations of breakup cross sections and momentum distributions of fragments in the 7 Be+p breakup model within the eikonal formalism (see, e.g.
Ref. [30]), one needs the expressions of the S-matrix (as a function of the impact
parameter b):
Z ∞
p
i
(b)
2
2
(5)
U ( b + z )dz ,
S(b) = exp −
~v −∞
where
U (b) = V + iW
(6)
8
is the OP of the breakup of B in its collision with nuclear targets within the
7
Be+p cluster model. The longitudinal momentum distribution of 7 Be fragments
produced in the breakup of 8 B in the case of stripping reaction (when the proton
leaves the elastic channel) is (more details can be found in Ref. [14])
Z
dσ
1 ∞
=
bp dbp 1 − |Sp (bp )|2
dkL str 3 0
Z
X
Fm (ρ).
(7)
× ρdρdϕρ |Sc (bc )|2
m=0,±1
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M. K. Gaidarov, V. K. Lukyanov, D. N. Kadrev,...
The wave function of the relative motion of the proton and 7 Be clusters in 8 B is
obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation with the Woods-Saxon potential
for a particle with a reduced mass of two clusters. The parameters of the WS
potentials are obtained by a fitting procedure, namely, to reach the proton separation energy Sp = 137 KeV. However, this procedure could provide several sets
of potential parameters that satisfy the above condition. They are close to each
other leading, at the same time, to different valence proton rms radii. Therefore,
in order to understand better the observed widths of the longitudinal momentum
distributions of 7 Be fragments formed in the breakup of 8 B and measured at different targets and energies, we consider three cases. The values of WS potential
parameters and corresponding rms radii of the cluster formation for 1p state in
which the valence proton in 8 B is mainly bound (see Refs. [13, 30]) are listed in
Table 1.
Table 1. The parameters V0 (in MeV), R (in fm), a (in fm) of the Woods-Saxon potentials
and the rms radii of the cluster wave function (in fm) obtained by using of the 3CM
density of 7 Be for three cases (see the text).
V0
R
a
rms radii
38.22
38.70
38.77
2.70
2.50
2.48
0.55
0.20
0.50
4.51
5.08
6.24
The stripping cross sections for reactions 8 B+9 Be, 8 B+12 C, and 8 B+197 Au are
calculated from Eq. (7). The obtained results are illustrated in Figure 4. The
blue dotted, black solid, and red dashed curves in the figures correspond to the
three sets of WS parameters given in Table 1.
Here we note that due to the arbitrary units of the measured cross sections of
the considered processes it was not necessary to renormalize the depths of our
OPs of the fragments-target nuclei interactions. It is worth to note the relevance
between the rms radii of the wave function of the 7 Be-p relative motion and the
obtained FWHMs for the considered three cases. Due to the uncertainty principle the widths become smaller with the increase of the distance between two
clusters. We note the good agreement with the experimental data from light and
heavy breakup targets. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the best agreement with
the experimental data for the parallel momentum distributions of 7 Be fragments
in a breakup reaction of 8 B on a 9 Be target at 41 MeV/nucleon and on a 12 C
target at 36 MeV/nucleon is achieved when the relative 7 Be-proton distance is
5.08 fm or 4.51 fm, respectively, while in the case of 8 B breakup on a 197 Au
target at 41 MeV/nucleon shown in the same figure a larger distance (6.24 fm)
is needed to get better coincidence with the data. The values of the theoretical
FWHMs in this case are 72.07 MeV/c when describing the stripping mechanism of the 8 B breakup on the 9 Be target, 108.71 MeV/c for the breakup on 12 C
target, and 54.86 in the case of 197 Au target. These values are close to the experS56
Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of 8 B Proton-Halo...
500
dσ/dkL [arbitrary units]
8
400
9
B + Be
300
200
100
0
1700
1800
1900
2000
kL [MeV/c]
2100
2200
dσ/dkL [arbitrary units]
70
60
8
B + 12C
50
40
30
20
10
0
1300
1400
1500 1600 1700
kL [MeV/c]
1800
1900
dσ/dkL [arbitrary units]
140
120
8
B+
197
Au
100
80
60
40
20
0
1800
1900
kL [MeV/c]
2000
2100
Figure 4. Cross sections of stripping reactions in 8 B+9 Be scattering at E =
41 MeV/nucleon, 8 B+12 C scattering at E = 36 MeV/nucleon, and 8 B+197 Au scattering
at E = 41 MeV/nucleon. Experimental data are taken from Refs. [11], [12], and [11],
respectively.
imentally measured widths and are within the range found in other theoretical
analyses.
S57
M. K. Gaidarov, V. K. Lukyanov, D. N. Kadrev,...
4
Conclusions
In the present work (see also [14]) we performed microscopic calculations
of the optical potentials and cross sections of elastic scattering 8 B+12 C at
25.8 MeV, 8 B+58 Ni at 20.7, 23.4, 25.3, 27.2, and 29.3 MeV, and 8 B+208 Pb
at 170.3 MeV, in comparison with the available experimental data. The direct
and exchange isoscalar and isovector parts of the real OP (V DF ) were calculated microscopically using the double-folding procedure and density dependent
M3Y (CDM3Y6-type) effective interaction based on the Paris N N potential.
The imaginary part of the OP (W H ) was calculated as a folding integral that
corresponds to the one in a phase of HEA. Two model microscopic densities of
protons and neutrons in 8 B were used in the calculations: the density calculated
within the VMC model [27] and from the three-cluster model [28].
We have tested our microscopic model studying the role of the breakup mechanism to analyze properly the whole picture of 8 B scattering. For this purpose, we
use another folding approach to consider the 8 B breakup by means of the simple
7
Be+p cluster model for the structure of 8 B. We calculate in HEA the ImOP of
the interaction of 7 Be with the target, as well as the p+target interaction. Using
them the corresponding S-matrices for the core and proton within the eikonal
formalism are obtained. The latter are used to get results for the longitudinal
momentum distributions of 7 Be fragments produced in the breakup of 8 B on
different targets. This includes the breakup reactions of 8 B on 9 Be and 197 Au
at E = 41 MeV/nucleon and 8 B on 12 C at E = 36 MeV/nucleon, for which a
good agreement of our calculations for the stripping reaction cross sections with
the available experimental data were obtained. The theoretical widths are close
to the empirical ones.
In general, we can conclude that our microscopic approach can be applied to reaction studies with exotic nuclei such as 8 B. The consistency of our results with
the measured elastic cross sections and narrow longitudinal momentum distributions may provide supplemental information on the internal spatial structure of
the 8 B nucleus supporting its proton-halo nature.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to S. C. Pieper for providing with the density distributions of 8 B nucleus calculated within the VMC method and to S. L. Jin for
the experimental longitudinal momentum distributions of 7 Be fragments from
the breakup of 8 B on a carbon target. Four of the authors (D.N.K., A.N.A.,
M.K.G. and K.S.) are grateful for the support of the Bulgarian Science Fund
under Contract No. DFNI–T02/19 and one of them (D.N.K.) under Contract
No. DFNI–E02/6.
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Elastic Scattering and Breakup Reactions of 8 B Proton-Halo...
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