THE PETROPOLIS OF TOMORROW Edited by: Neeraj Bhatia & Mary Casper Copyediting: Neeraj ghatia & Mary Casper with Carly Dean (LO,G Chapter) Graphic Design: Neeraj 8hatia & Mary Casper Typeface: Adobe Caslon Pro, Univers Production: Nÿria Sabae Paper: On Offset Printing: Pdnted and hound in the European Union Publisher: Actar Publishers & Architecture at Rice Distributed by: Aetar D 151 Grand Street, 5th Floor New York, NY 10013 USA Phone + 1 212 966 2207 www.actar-d.com © 2013 Actar Publishers, Rice School of Architecture, and authors of projects Original Artwork produced by authors and co-editors. All rights reserved. No part of this book ma, any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information about The Rice School of Architecture please visit our homepage at http://arch.rice.edu/ For more information about The Petropolis of Tomorrow, please visit www.petropia.org ISBN: 978-0-989331ÿ7-84 ,,, , ,- ,z ÿt 1ÿ_. r, a__. tÿ ..... Neeraj Bhatia Casper ++÷ÿ+++++++÷÷÷++++++++++÷++÷÷÷+++÷ +++++÷ÿ++÷+÷÷+++++÷+++4÷ÿ+÷÷+÷4++4+ ++,1.+++ÿ4÷ÿ÷ÿ+÷++ÿ++++÷ÿ+++÷÷÷+÷++÷÷ +÷4÷+++÷÷ÿ÷÷+÷++ÿ÷+++÷÷+++÷ÿ+÷÷ÿ÷++ 4÷+÷+++++÷ÿ++++++ÿ÷+÷++++÷++÷+++4÷÷+4ÿ +ÿ÷++ÿ÷÷+÷+++÷÷+++++++÷++++++++÷÷÷+ has been a critical agent in shaping geographies urban, rural, and physical infrastructure for production sites, along networks 3tion, and through intangible, THE L 0 GIS TICAL lational flows of the finances, people, ideas that sustain it. 2-hroughout the :ntieth century, as oil developed into single most dominant natural resource, companies and states sought to assure from the production Carola Hein to the refinery and, ultimately, to the a result, dynamic, multi- and interconnected petroleumscapes Port cities are the quintessential where the physical presence oil infrastructure--storage tanks, pipelines, facilities--overlaps with oil-related strative and cultural functionsJ As has transpired, colonial systems have succeeded by corporate entities that the corners of the earth by networks--physical and intangible-oil. s oil company) agreed that the Samuel brothers would utor of bulk oil east of the Suez, and so they set up the and installations in fourteen ports from the Bay of Ben- According to many sources, including the Internationalÿ oil has already peaked2 While new sources continue to be such as those offthe coast of Brazil, they are less accessible diffiodt to exploit than previous reserves.Tile world thus t ienge of accessing conscious consumption patterns and renewable and contemporary research on these interconnected network port city nodes can improve our understanding of the forces shaped our current environment, the challenges we face in the end of oil, and the strategy necessary to redevelop these oil the postoil society. . In 1907, the Shell Transport and Trading Company united yal Dutch Petroleum Company to create Royal Duteh Shell, g Dutch interests in Sumatran petroleum, with *ÿ , the capacities b trading company headquartered m London and working m 7 .... d Asia• The Suez Canal remained a major transit point for the any, ÿvhich owned thirty-eight petroleum tankers at the time • Oil and ships have long been intimately connected by way of river transportation and later by ocean• In the i860sÿ ÿ beginning of petroleum extraction in Western Pennsylvaniÿ bulk boats carried oil down Oil Creek and the Alleghen burgh refineries and consumers.3 While these early barges Were replaced by rail transportation, water transport still remained pensive on the Great Lakes. Seafaring ships carried along the coasts and across the oceans• Standard Oil for lamps in China as early as the 1890s, owned its owr This fleet also cÿ ports in Asia.4 Refineries needed rivers for industrial processes, fi ing and wasking, for dumping unwanted products, and for the drinking water to a key figure in, if not the defining framework of, the earl cape. Proximity to the port, as the transition point between land-based infrastructure, contributed to the location of olJ as well as other petroleumscape infrastructure• It is cities as key future notions nf design. Global Oil Geographies and Controls The growing demand for oil in everyday life--initially for lamps later as fuel for cars and ships--sinnlarly expanded the of oil. Because petroleum production sites were located far from sJ consumption, maj govermnents, expanded their distribution networks, fleets, and established ports in Indonesia, Russia, South America. '][he histop ÿ . he identification of new global transportataon routes, the foil prospecting under,cored development in oil-rich regions• d British Petroleum (BP) to form Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields *ract Egyptian oil in 19113 Early on the Shell Transport and ' forbidden the shipping ofoil tttrough the canal. In 1892, Company, then run by the SS Murex, to carry Bangkok--a quicker and cheaper connection between Russian till ÿ++ ÿ ++ ÿ++ + ++ + ÷ ÿ+ ÿÿ, + + ++ + ÿ+++ ÷++ %+ + + 2ompany had rightly understood petroleum as not only a good sported, but also a fuel that might replace coal.The company bought land in Suez to provide for the construction of related +% +ÿ+ ÿ+ÿ ;'Ihe company also built the first refinery m the Middle East, • • 9 . . a" Refinery, m Suez m 1913. The presence of oil m the locainch a key infrastructure far away from the Britisb heartland +++ + + ++ +++ÿ • . , :d the desare of the Brmsh government to betterecontrol th + ++ reginn in support ofoil corporations.'Ihis was even more ++* iÿmtas the British government decided to convert its entire fleet leum transportatmn vessels the same year, further enhancing the • ;ance of the region. npanies also intervened in the restructaÿring of ports and of cities. urs added facilities for storing, refining, and refuelling higher • . !s ofoil. Cities created offices and housing for od workers and • %1 + ÿ., + .i ,, • , '+ÿ +++ÿ + %* 1- + tstrators, expanding the coastal urbmnsm for oil.'ihe North Gerrt city of Hamburg, for one, emerged as a centre of the German '.urn industry in the nineteenth century. The city has had its own harbour in the Veddel area since 1870, and in 1890, the +% +% ++ÿ ÿ+ÿ mnn Company, a local leader in oil trade, established the Deutsch anische Petroleumgesellschafi (DAPG) with partners in Bremen e United States• Over time, the city developed into Germany's top +ÿ +++ +++ÿ y centre and eventually processed oil from abroad, further tying • . . a global logistical networks. Off compames with reflnerms m the rlal Ruhr area and in other parts of Germany maintain headquar the city today, highlighting the importance of coastal networks ++ÿ + ++, ++ ++ÿ Y. +++ÿ networks that linked disparate oil regions Canal was a major lynch pin. For safety reasons, ÿ+ Q+ ÿ++ ++ÿ e s colonial empares and the subsequent postcolomal oincided with the expansion of the United :s and related restracmring of global networks ++ ++ÿ + +ÿ structure. As oil became more important to +% oil-rich countries natlonalised oil reserves and ÿ.+ÿ ++++++++ÿ+++ÿ+++++v+++++++++.+++++ +4.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++v++++++++++ÿ++++++++++ÿ++++++ !+++++++++++F+++44 _ÿ +++++++ÿ+++ÿ+++++4ÿ+ÿ+÷ll++++++++++v+i ÷+ÿ-++++++ÿ+++ ++b+44ÿ++v++v÷++++++ ....... ÿ + ++ÿ • +1 ++÷÷÷+ÿ+÷÷+++++ÿ++ÿ+÷4++++++++÷+ÿ++++4ÿ1ÿ I +++++ÿ_++v++++++++4+÷+++++ÿ+++F++++++*ÿ 28.7 792 28.2 86.9 115.7 f 1.5 27.9 21,0 / wJ ÿ, ".% jor Trade Movements (2009) trade flows worldwide (million tonnes). Unit ed States iiI Canada Mexico South & Central Amerlca Eurepa and Eurasia Middle East 2" Africa Asia Pacific new wealth to create former colonial powers had to leaw their home count ÿ'ies and remained involved, where possible, in the colonial oll business. The entanglement of global oil companies colonial oil exploration and t including new ports in exporting of Nigeria. Royal Dutch Shell (as &hell D'./lrcy) discoverec in 1956, and Nigerian crude, 19583°The petroleum industry sparked urban Harcrout and the Abuja in the centre of the country, as well as the growth of the Lagos, through which consumer country,n The impact of petroleum explorations thus extends production sites to locations ofadministratlon as well as to places new development and investment of oil funds, provoking GÿllÿA Iÿ ÿf presence in oil-rich countries led to uncontrolled development more often than carefifl planning. Occasionally, with the technologies necessary for extracting and • ÿ utilised architectural and urban n their new locations.'Ihe British government sup- drÿ , before World War I. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company de 1 in [ran as a refinery site between 1920 and located at the end of a pipeline in the Shatr-el-Arab area• Laid town to negotiate soclal and ethnic tensions, housing ; the spacious arrack-like for locally recruited workers and with the locally administered town Rÿr,h ÿn ÿ,ÿomnlÿ ÿf rnmnÿnv invnlvement in the overall ++ÿ+++++1+++++++++++++++++ÿ++++++ÿ+++++++++ÿ+ÿ+++++++ +++++++++ÿ++ÿ+ +ÿ+++++++++++++÷÷+÷+ÿ++++++++++÷ÿ++ÿ+++++++++++++++++++ÿ++++++++++++ÿ++÷+++ design of a town appears to be a rarity, though a comprehensive in conjunction with local interests, has the potential to provide infrastructure, housing, leisure, and other facilities for local and create long-term settlements for oil workers. Jebel Ali in Dubai, provides another example of a port city built ii context of oil, which the Sheikh built to compete with emirato and to secure oil profits. He used foreign ideas and for engineering, planning, and architecture pany towns) new scale?3 As the arehitoctural historian Stephen Ramos has ++++++++++++++++ÿ++ÿ++++++++++++ÿ÷+++ ++++ÿ++++++ÿ1ÿ++4+++ÿ+++++++ÿ++++ÿ÷++4ÿ+ ++++÷ÿ+++ÿ+ÿ++++ÿ÷+ÿ+++++++ÿ++++ÿ4++t+ Oil Sites to Build Postoil Cities countries have already begun using oil money to build postoil annual revenue from oil and gas (8325 billion in 2006) affords Gulf countries a fiÿaancial foundation from which to reform their rebuild cities, and invent new urban futures,a6 Virtual of oil are inscribed in these developments, whose new wator, tourism, culture, and leisure activities being built on reclaimed land in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, and economically and establish a leader in energy preservation and waste reduction, it also has 0 prove its commitment to sustainable development through out, the city is not a hodgepodge of different ideas, but rather carefiflly composed development.14 Public entities and private oil ests tives--to contribute positively to the process of planning the scape• The opportunities to do so continue to increase as oil transport impacts more of the globe via logistical waterways. projects in the Dubai and Abu Dhabi, • more impressive, are the recent megaprojects in Saudi .]here, the world's single largest supplier ofoil plans to use oil the economy, create jobs, attract foreign investment, ighty Network Logistics and Urban Development Geographic location, combined with political stabilit interest, can elevate select ports and cities to key roles in the troleumscape, even if they don't have access to the of its revenue from oil, is engaged in 420 major projects includeconomic cities worth over $283 billion and covering 430 million 006 and 2025, each to mÿdmlse regional strengths and host various cultural One of these, the King Abduilÿh Economic City will include by the opening of the Suez Canal, which shortened travel times b Europe and Asia. Founded as a shipping post by the British EastJ Com the Far East.ts Although international oil companies had been since the lg90s, it was primarily after independence in the 196(1 Singapore emerged as an international business centre an ery hub, especially with the construction of Singapore's first oil J on Pulau Bukom in 1961. Thanks to its location near one of the points in global sbipping, the Malakka Strait, its former British colony, tions to its Asian neighbours, Singap The critical role of shipping and will likely continue into the filtore. ( continues to occur primarily via ships. Even alternative to shipping--are often linked to on OPEC oil and to bypass Russia, several petro-actors United States, various European companies, company 2002, in order to transport Caspian oil to the port of Ceyhan. From there, ships will transport the internationally. The interface between hard infrastructure soft infrastructure (mobile logistical routes) creates critical nodes that are directly or indirectly tied to oil. a financial centre, a residential zone an educational development for 15,000 18 These new petropolises are diversifying their programmes to of an urbanism that extends beyond the life of oil. • infrastructure and many of the instaliations for oil ' become obsolete, pe for redevelopment. The plans to do this often inscribe the role ofoil urbanism into postoil waterfronts• BP Park in Sydney, 920s to transfer fuel from inbound ships to some of the gigantic rigs in the Mexican Gulf and been reenvisioned as hotels, wind farms, and tourist attractions, or public such former petroleum sites stand as memorials to the industry, its and its technologies. Sites that resulted from early petroleum such as the Newtown Creek in Brooklyn, where oil spills have seen cleanup and eventually, rebuilding. r sites, such as the lower Philadelpbia waterfront and its centenary now finding their way back to the drawing [. Several of these former petroleumscapes have an embedded yet '+'+'+'ÿ'+'+'+'I•'+ÿTÿTÿT+T+T+'ÿ'+ÿ+ÿ+ÿ+ÿ41•VIF'+t+*tÿ+•ÿVÿ+ÿ+÷++÷ÿ + + +++++++++++ÿ+ÿ44++I41++ÿ++++++ÿ+IÿV'Jÿ4+++++Iÿ'F+++++++++ÿ44+EÿI'4ÿ++4++ÿ+ÿ Conclusions Logistics favour partictflar nodes in a complex network that are fioilt to predict. ÿle confluence of politics, economics, and produces nodal petroleumscapes that are often far ftom sites ofÿ extraction or consumption. National and corporate interests in traction have been critical in creating and implementing new networks, new ports, and petroleum-related facilities around the Furthermore, they have determineÿ administrative facilities. Oil irdrastructurÿ-and its related refineries, and pipelines--occupies prominent space in hathours the world. In both growth and decline, changes to and requirements and by extension, to the ports that smÿce them, had major impacts on cities, from the utilization of the, "Global Landscapes of 0il," NewGeographies2 [2609), 33 42, and Carola (kondon: Rout*edge, 2011 ). , Agency, "World Energy Outlook: Executive Summary 29107 (2010}, 6. rail and truck, Petroleum Panorama," Oil & Gas Journal 57, no.5 (1959): 652. Schoff, The Porl and City of Philadelphia International Congress of Navigation, 1912) and Sherman Cochran, Encounter;e NetWorks: Western, Japanese, and Chinese Corporations in China. 1880-1937 University of California Press, 2900), 1243. Sellers, "Petropolis and finvironmentat Protest in Cross-National Perspec versus Minatitlan-Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz," Journalof 7 History 99 (2012): 111-123.. and Jan Luiten Van Zanden, A History ties. Some of this inftastrucmre, such as and shapes later user patterns; others, such as shipping networks pear with little trace. Some of the abandoned areas can be reused other activities, often liberating centrally located city s manifestations, oil redevelopment will underscore the pervasive of the petroleumscape and its presence in major ports and cities. The history of shipping, which is entangled in the historÿ the ninetenth century, oil-related facilities have been primarily built by the service of their corporate interests and not in connection iButch Shell(Amsterdam: Oxford. University Press, 2667}, 40. irospection and extraction in Egypt see : J. S. Royds, J. E Mason, and D. B. gypt" AAPG Special Volumes 24, No. 8 (1975): 1419 1436. h decision to invest in the canal may have been inspired by the discovery of the I field, as cited by Bam i A. Kamal, "Overview of the petroleum industry in the 1869-1950)" The Leading Edge 24, No. 8 (August 2095): 818-822. According to gypt, the ownership ratio between Shelland BPwas fifty fifty in 1911: ;" ShellEgypt NV, accessed June 19, 2012, www.oilegypt.com/webprol/oil/ • In 1937, when the Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields Companydiscovered t of fins Gharib, Shellowned 32.2 % of the company according to Stephen How regional or urban plans. Even under colonialism or state, comprehensive planning approaches have been rare. Petroleum h paid little attention to the potentially supplemental or future uses 6 these projects, including better and long-term settlements for local I Bami A. Kama!, "Ovengew of the petroleum industry in the Middle East ' 818 822. see atso: Kairn A. Klieman, "U.S. 0il Companies, the Nigerian Civil War, and aacity in the Nigerian 0il Industry," Journal of American History99 (2012): While produce is often colonised by a second production of uthanism I could more holistically designed in its initial conception. Petroleum interests are again shifting the locations ture, leaving spaces that will require redevelopment and entering i areas that will be forever transformed. Exploration and facilities move further out to sea, creating yet another dimension i relationship between water and oil. These transformations opportunities for comprehensive planning "Investment in Port Systems: A Case Study of the Nigerian Ports," i of Transport Economics and Policy 15 (1981 ): 201-216. k Crinsen, "Ahadan: planning and architecture under the Ang!o-Banian Oil Company," : 341-359• "Dubai's Jebel Ali Pert, Trade, territory and infrastructure," in Port Cit- ed. Carola Hein (kondon: Routledge, 2911) of Southeast Asian Architecture 1 (1996[ n M. Turner, "Beyond oil: Reappraising the Gulf States," The McKinsey executed by private companies--some connected with national ments. As we become more aware of produce spatial templates, which linger beyond thei: extraction and are most evident in port cities, the logistics requires greater consideration the corporate and governmental players that contrc coastal city in anticipation of broader cultural needs a democratic intervention or public input. [] 2907), accessed July 16, 2012, www.mckinseyquartedy.com/Beyondoil he Gulf States 1£62. ,, see: Emaar, "King AbduHah Economic City: Opportunities for all in 01 the future," www.kaec.net. uthority, "Key Sectors," accessed July 16, 2912, ghp. ;" Topos.• European Landscape Magazine 52 + + ÷ + + ÿ + + + F ÷ÿ + + + 4. + + + + + + + + + + ÿ F + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ ÿ + + ÿ 4 + + ÿ + ÿ ÷ v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + +'+ ÷ 2÷ ÷ + + + + F + + + ÿv + + ÿ + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + ÿ ÷+ +ÿ ÷ + + ÷ + + + + + + + v ÿ + + + ÷ v + + + + + v + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ + + + 5 + + + + + 4- + + + + + + + + + + + F + + + + + + + ÷ + + + + + + + + + ÷ + + + + ++ ÿ ,4_ ÿ÷ ÿ + + + + F + + + + + + + + + + + ÿ ÿ + + + + + + F + + ÿ + + + + + + + + + F + + + + ÷ Neeraj Bhaÿa Is an architect and urban designer from Toronto, Canada. His work resides at the Fares el-Dahdah, Professor of Architecture and Director of the Humanities Research Center at intersection of politics, infrastructure, and urbanisna. He received his Master's degree in Architecture !iRice University, studied ÿt the Rhode Island Schoul of Design (BFA, '86/BAtch '87) and at Harvard and Urban Design from MIT where he was studying on a Fulbright Fellowship. Prior to that, he GSD (MAUD '89/DDes '92). He recendy co-edited Roberto Burle Marx: The Modernity of Landscape attended the Umverslty of Waterloo where he obtained a Bachelor of Envaronmental Studies and (2011) and partlcapated m Reason andEnwronment (20ÿ1). His current research focuses on Lucio ....... , * . . , , a Bachelor of Architecture. He has practtced with Elsenman Architects, Coop Hlrmnelblau, Bruce Costas 1957 Brasilia Pilot Plan project and, wxth Alida C. Metcalf, the social and architectural hisMau Design, OMA, ORG, and Lateral Office. Neeraj has previously taught at the University of tory of Rio de Janeiro. Toronto, the University of Watorloo, Ohio State University, Cornen University, Rice University, and as presently an Assistant Professor of Arcbitecture at the Calikbrma College of the Arts, where ii :lLama Ghosn is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Michigan. Prior to joinhe is also co-coordinator of the URBANlab. Neeraj is a co-director of InfraNet Lab, a non-profit !i ing UM Taubman College, Rania has held toaching and research positions at Harvard GSD, MIT, research collective probing the spatial byproducts of contemporary resource logistics, and founder of ÿ' and Boston University. She received a Bachelor of Architecture from American University of Beirut, The Open Workshop, a design office examanmg the project of plurality. He is co-author of Pamphlet ÿ! a Master m Geography from University College London, and a Doctor of Design from Harvard Architecture 30 (Princeton Architectural Press, 2010), co-editor of Arium: Weather 4 tlrchitecture (with ii GSD. Ghosn's research explores arcbitectalre's geographic project particularly as it relates to territorial Jiirgen Mayer H., Hatje Cantz Publishing, 2009), and co-editor of Bracket [Goes Soft] (with Lola systems. Her essays have been published in Thresholds, Bracket, and Perspecta. She is founding editor of Sheppard, Actar Publishing, 2012). the joÿtrnal New Geographies and editor-in-chief of the issue Landscapes of Energy (2010). Mary Casper is a Master of Architecture candidate at Rice University. She earned her Bachelor of ÿi Carola Hein is a professor at Bryn Mawr College in the Growth and Structure of Cities Depart- Arts with Departmental Honors from Vassar College m 2006, where she majored m Sociology and ÿ:! ment. Her current research interests include translmsmon of architectural and urban ideas along Russian Studies. Her senior thesis, an ethnography of domestic labour, documented the community ÿ international networks, focusing specifically on port cities and the global architecture of oil. With an of quilters in Gee's Bend, Alabama. Mary's architectural interests focus on the research and design !!ÿ Alexander yon Humboldt fellowsbip she investigated large-scale urban transformation in Hamburg of social space and the evolving public realm. Mary previously contributed research and design to !ÿiÿ in the international context between 1842 and 2008. th ............ e exhlbltaon Next North with Infranet Lab/Lateral Office and assisted in the publicatmn:y of the ,ÿ: Design for Reuse Primer with Public Architecture. She served as co-editor-in-chie f for PLdTJournal, ÿ Garth Lenz is a photographer whose work has appeared in major pubIications including, Time, GEO, overseeing the publication of its 2.5 and 3.0 issues• She has collaborated with Situ Studio, Inter- The Guardian, Esquire, The New York Times, and The Christian Science Monitor, among others. He has loopÿArchitecture, WW Architects, and JohnstonMarldee. Mary has been awarded the Dorothy received major awards from the Prlx de Photographie Paris, the International Photography Awards, K. Evans and the Louise Hart Van Loon Fellowships for Graduate Study, the Morris R. Pittman ÿ and Social Documentary Net. His work has been exhibited at the Power House Arena and Aperture Traveling Fellowship, and the Gene Hackerman Prize• (ÿ Foundation in New York, at the G2 Gallery and Annenburg Space for Photography in Los Angeles, •• ., • p _m , • ÿ, i, •p if! at the BanffMountaln Film Festival, ,,and the Capital Building in Washington DC. He is one of sixty iÿi photographers to be named a Fellow of the International League of Conservation Photographers. Luis Callejasis an architect, former founding partuer of Palsajes Emergentes, and now director of LCLA ÿ Btlrbara Loureiro is a Geographer from the Federal Fluminense University. She has developed a OFFICE. His practice stands in the intersection between the fields of landscape, architecture, and urban- ÿ! technical career in environmental permitting and corporate social responsibility within the oil and ism, oriented toward new forms of public realms through environmental and territorial operations, iÿi gas sector, focusing on the impacts of the energy industry on aquaculture. • +ÿ Felipe Correa is an Associate Professor in the Department of Urban Planning and Design at Har- }ÿi Clare Lyster is an architect, writer, educator, and founding principal of CLUAA, a research and design yard GSD and the cofounder of Somatic ColLaborative. He is also cofounder of The South America ÿfirm in Chicago whose work explores the design of space at the intersection of architecture, landscape, Project, a network of affiiliated researchers who examine issues of fast-paced urbanisation within {;i? and infrastructure. She is Assistant Professor of Architecture at the University of Iilinois, Chicago.