Aluminium alloys

Aluminium Alloys Alclad aluminium sheet formed from high-purity aluminium surface layers bonded to high strength aluminium alloy core material. Birmabright (aluminium, magnesium) a product of The Birmetals Company, basically equivalent to 5251. Duralumin (copper, aluminium). Magnox (magnesium, aluminium). Silumin (aluminium, silicon). Titanal (aluminium, zinc, magnesium, copper, zirconium) a product of Austria Metall AG. Commonly used in high performance sports products, particularly snowboards and skis. Y alloy, Hiduminium, R.R. alloys pre-war nickel-aluminium alloys, used in aerospace and engine pistons, for their ability to retain strength at elevated temperature. � � 1000 series are essentially pure aluminium with a minimum 99% aluminium content by weight and can be work hardened. 2000 series are alloyed with copper, can be precipitation hardened to strengths comparable to steel. Formerly referred to as duralumin, they were once the most common aerospace alloys, but were susceptible to stress corrosion cracking and are increasingly replaced by 7000 series in new designs. 3000 series are alloyed with manganese, and can be work-hardened. 4000 series are alloyed with silicon. They are also known as silumin. 5000 series are alloyed with magnesium, derive most of their strength from work hardening. It is suitable for cryogenic applications and low temperature work. However is susceptible to corrosion above 60�C. 6000 series are alloyed with magnesium and silicon, are easy to machine, and can be precipitation hardened, but not to the high strengths that 2000, and 7000 can reach. 7000 series are alloyed with zinc, and can be precipitation hardened to the highest strengths of any aluminium alloy. 8000 series is a category mainly used for lithium alloys. � Brass Alloys Admiralty contains 30% zinc, and 1% tin which inhibits dezincification in most environments. Aich's typically contains 60.66% copper, 36.58% zinc, 1.02% tin, and 1.74% iron. Designed for use in marine service owing to its corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness. A characteristic application is to the protection of ships' bottoms, but more modern methods of cathodic protection have rendered its use less common. Its appearance resembles that of gold. Alpha brass with less than 35% zinc, are malleable, can be worked cold, and are used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. They contain only one phase, with face-centered cubic crystal structure. Prince's metal or Prince Rupert's metal is a type of alpha brass containing 75% copper and 25% zinc. Due to its beautiful yellow color, it is used as an imitation of gold.The alloy was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Alpha-Beta brass (Muntz metal), also called duplex brass, is 35–45% zinc and is suited for hot working. It contains both α and β' phase, the β'-phase is bodycentered cubic and is harder and stronger than α. Alpha-beta brasses are usually worked hot. Aluminium brass contains aluminium, which improves its corrosion resistance. It is used in Euro coins (Nordic gold). Arsenical brass contains an addition of arsenic and frequently aluminium and is used for boiler fireboxes. Beta brasses, with 45–50% zinc content, can only be worked hot, and are harder, stronger, and suitable for casting. Cartridge brass is a 30% zinc brass with good cold working properties. Common brass, or rivet brass, is a 37% zinc brass, cheap and standard for cold working. DZR brass is dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic. Gilding metal is the softest type of brass commonly available. An alloy of 95% copper and 5% zinc, gilding metal is typically used for ammunition components. High brass contains 65% copper and 35% zinc, has a high tensile strength and is used for springs, screws, and rivets. Leaded brass is an alpha-beta brass with an addition of lead. It has excellent machinability. Lead-free brass as defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains "not more than 0.25 percent lead content". Low brass is a copper-zinc alloy containing 20% zinc with a light golden colour and excellent ductility; it is used for flexible metal hoses and metal bellows. Manganese brass is a brass most notably used in making golden dollar coins in the United States. It contains roughly 70% copper, 29% zinc, and 1.3% manganese. Muntz metal is about 60% copper, 40% zinc and a trace of iron, used as a lining on boats. Naval brass, similar to admiralty brass, is 40% zinc and 1% tin. Nordic gold used in 10, 20 and 50 cts euro coins, contains 89% copper, 5% aluminium, 5% zinc, and 1% tin. Red brass, the American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as gunmetal, which is technically not brass, can also refer to ounce metal, another copperzinc-tin alloy. Tombac is 15% zinc. It is often used in jewelry applications. Tonval White Yellow (also called CW617N or CZ122 or OT58) is a copper-lead-zinc alloy. It is not recommended for seawater use, being susceptible to dezincification. brass contains more than 50% zinc and is too brittle for general use. The term may also refer to certain types of nickel silver alloys as well as Cu-ZnSn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with copper additive. brass is an American term for 33% zinc brass. Steel Alloys 1xxx Series Carbon steels. Carbon steels. 10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max). 11xx Resulphurised. 12xx Resulphurised and rephosphorised. 15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%). Manganese steels. 13xx Mn 1.75% 2xxx Series Nickel steels. 23xx 25xx Ni 3.50% Ni 5.00% 3xxx Series Nickel Chromium steels. 31xx 32xx 33xx 34xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80% Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07% Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57% Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77% 4xxx Series Molybdenum steels. 40xx 44xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S Mo 0.40% or 0.52% Chromium Molybdenum (Chromoly) steels. 41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30% Nickel Chromium Molybdenum steels. 43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25% 43BVxx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min 47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35% 93xx Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12% 94xx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12% 97xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20% 98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25% Nickel Molybdenum steels. 46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25% 48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25% 5xxx Series Chromium steels. 50xx 50xxx 50Bxx 51xx 51xxx 51Bxx 52xxx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65% Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min Cr 0.28% or 0.50% Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05% Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min Cr 0.80% Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min 6xxx Series Chromium Vanadium steels. 61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min 7xxx Series Tungsten and Tungsten Chromium steels. 72xx W 1.75%, Cr 0.75% 8xxx Series Nickel Chromium Vanadium steels. 81xx 81Bxx 86xx 87xx 88xx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12% Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.12% Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20% Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25% Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35% 9xxx Series Silicon Manganese steels. 92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65% High-strength low-alloy steels . 9xx Various SAE grades xxBxx Boron steels xxLxx Leaded steels Stainless Steel Alloys 100 Series� austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys. 101 �austenitic that is hardend through cold working for furniture. 102� austenitic general purpose stainless steel working for furniture. 200 Series� austenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys. 201� austenitic that is hardenable through cold working. 202� austenitic general purpose stainless steel. 300 Series� austenitic chromium-nickel alloys. 301 �highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue strength than 304. 302� same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon. 303� free machining version of 304 via addition of sulphur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506. 304 �the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506. 304L� same as the 304 grade but contains less carbon to increase weldability. Is slightly weaker than 304. 304LN �same as 304L, but also nitrogen is added to obtain a much higher yield and tensile strength than 304L. 308� used as the filler metal when welding 304. 309� better temperature resistance than 304, also sometimes used as filler metal when welding dissimilar steels, along with inconel. 316� the second most common grade, (after 304), for food and surgical stainless steel uses, alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants. 316L� extra low carbon grade of 316, generally used in stainless steel watches and marine applications due to its high resistance to corrosion. Also referred to as "A4" in accordance with ISO 3506. 316Ti� includes titanium for heat resistance, therefore it is used in flexible chimney liners. 321� similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium. See also 347 with addition of niobium for desensitization during welding. 400 Series� ferritic and martensitic chromium alloys. 405� ferritic for welding applications. 408� heat-resistant, poor corrosion resistance, 11% chromium, 8% nickel. 409� cheapest type, used for automotive exhausts, ferritic (iron/chromium only). 410� martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosionresistant. 416� easy to machine due to additional sulphur. 420� Cutlery Grade martensitic, similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability. 430� decorative, e.g., for automotive trim, ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance. 439 �ferritic grade, a higher grade version of 409 used for catalytic converter exhaust sections. Increased chromium for improved high temperature corrosion/oxidation resistance. 440�a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to above Rockwell 55 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its hardness and relatively low cost, most display-only and replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A, having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered more desirable in knife making than 440A, except for diving or other salt-water applications. 446� For elevated temperature service. 500 Series �heat-resisting chromium alloys. 600 Series� martensitic precipitation hardening alloys. 601 to 604 martensitic low-alloy steels. 610 to 613 martensitic secondary hardening steels. 614 to 619 martensitic chromium steels. 630 to 635 semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. 630 is most common PH stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel. 650 to 653 austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work. 660 to 665 austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation. 2205� has the most widely used duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel grade. It both excellent corrosion resistance and high strength. Standard mill finishes can be applied to flat rolled stainless steel directly by the rollers and by mechanical abrasives. Steel is first rolled to size and thickness and then annealed to change the properties of the final material. Any oxidation that forms on the surface (scale) is removed by pickling, and a passivation layer is created on the surface. A final finish can then be applied to achieve the desired aesthetic appearance. � No. 0: Hot rolled, annealed, thicker plates. No. 1: Hot rolled, annealed and passivated. No. 2D: Cold rolled, annealed, pickled and passivated. No. 2B: Same as above with additional pass-through highly polished rollers. No. 2BA: Bright annealed (BA or 2R) same as above then bright annealed under oxygen-free atmospheric conditions. No. 3: Coarse abrasive finish applied mechanically. No. 4: Brushed finish. No. 5: Satin finish. No. 6: Matte finish. No. 7: Reflective finish. No. 8: Mirror finish. No. 9: Bead blast finish. No. 10: Heat coloured finish-wide range of electropolished & heat coloured surfaces.