Book Proposal.docx

Open-Ended Book Proposal An American Wellspring Expanding the Search for Humankind Origins: A Reexamination of the Western Hemisphere Abstract: Please find for your reviewing pleasure my Attachment of the “Book Proposal” as an academia.edu Discussion. The https://www.academia.edu/s/a7ca00a3e2   link takes you to an ongoing Discussion (as of June 2, 2022), at academia.edu. The Discussion includes the "Introduction" a “General Review”, "Chapter Outline", and the First 8 pages of the manuscript. This ‘Book Proposal’ HERE follows a broad standard university-based format, one I originally organized for submission to Princeton University Press. Should a prospective Publisher wish to contact the Author regarding Publishing the manuscript then this Discussion has met its primary intended outcome. A few pages/examples of the content are drawn from the beginning of the manuscript near the end of the "Book Proposal/ Discussion". It represents an example of the general appeal to the readership set in the onset as a historical narrative. The Premise is Centuries-old, far-ranging, and well thought out with over 40 years of personal and corroborative interdisciplinary research contained within the transcript. Geneticist Alan Templeton recently corresponded finding the genetic chapter as being “very stimulating and thought-provoking, and indeed well argued” while archaeologist James Adovasio was in agreement noting; “I carefully read your link and like Dr. Templeton, I am impressed by both your writing style and the manner in which you develop your argument!” They hold strict reservations as to agree with the ‘basic premise’ however while noting that in science it is well and good to keep an “open mind”. The implications attend to the scope of a recent University of Nebraska Press Publication; by Paulette Steeves, The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemisphere, July 2021, suggesting another level uncompromised by the articulation of the significance beyond the 130-thousand year boundaries established in The Cerruti Mammoth site (Holen et al 2017), the 250 thousand year Central Mexico Hueyatlaco, Valsequillo finds, and even beyond the limitations described in 256 Human Footprints likely dating to 1.3 Million years past (Renne, Nature 2005). Anatomically Sapient Humans (ASH) research from the Western Hemisphere should apply similar timeframes concordant with hominid evolution in the Eastern Hemisphere. This articulation finds that human fossils and footprints have and will be dutifully discovered and optimistically pursued to facilitate this Hypothesis. An inter-disciplinary research strategy is called for, one that initiates a ‘paradigm’ to guide this emerging theory the scope of which was presented 110 years ago by Alfred Russel Wallace and Florentino Ameghino and many others as, “there are those who advance reasons which in their judgment are equally adequate to prove that he was autochthonous in America, whence he spread to the Old World.” (Holmes 1910) (Keywords: Hypothesis and Hypothesis testing, Human origins, Paleolithic stages(s), Paleoamerican, Paleoindian, pre-Clovis as Reduced Paleolithic, Mousterian Problem, species identification and species concepts in Human Evolution Acknowledgment: German Dziebel and Jose Carlos Solar Gomez through independent academic research and several Doctorates later have come to similar conclusions to those once held by numerous Scholars (Alfred R. Wallace and Florentino Ameghino among others), more than a century ago. I would like to include insightful correspondence and guidance from geneticists Ryk Ward, Luca Cavalli Sforza, and Theodore Schurr and the lengthy conversations before and just after the Turn-of-the-Millennium and insights provided by Thomas Dillehay and Lewis Binford, among others. We must welcome with open-arms researchers with an “open mind” or those willing to address limitations beyond the invisible implications of the Emperor’s New Clothes in a search for the “Naked Truth”. Alan Templeton, Jeffery Schwartz, Albert Goodyear, James Adovasio, and many others, some that have passed on including Lewis Binford, Alan Bryan, George Carter, Luis Leakey, Philip Walker, Cavalli Sforza, Ryk Ward, and Harold Fleming; come to mind! To those mentioned and unmentioned, please hold harmless any inconsistencies. Welcomed are contributions and comments/posts on this Discussion. Preamble This nearly completed Book and Volume II (ongoing Discussion, https://www.academia.edu/s/a7ca00a3e2 ), appeals to a progressive-leaning publisher to turn this Indigenous American perspective into both a documentary and written book to initiate greater discourse. It identifies a conceptual “Repatriation of Ideas”, ideas left behind in the wake of Manifest Destiny beyond indifference to the most basic assumptions of those originating within the Americas. It is a significant proposal directed to both laymen and scholars appealing to a broad historic-minded readership. An application detailed in Thomas Kuhn’s “Structure of Scientific Revolutions” is contained in this thesis. As noted by eminent scholar G.A. Clark, “Science can be defined as a collection of methods for evaluating the credibility of knowledge claims about the experimental world. Science does not pretend to certainty; it only seeks better and better approximations of it. Scientific conclusions are continuously subjected to critical scrutiny. Science is, therefore, self-correcting. No topic or question is "off-limits" to science.” Clark, G.A. NAGPRA, the Conflict between Science and Religion, and the Political Consequences. Society for American Archaeology (1998), Vol. 16, No. 5., pp. 22-25. emphasis added (Alvah M. Hicks) AMH G.A. Clark has challenged “students” of the Human origin’s “debate” singling out whether “it is worth asking ourselves whether we are any closer to solving the question of our origins than we were a century ago”. As for the inclusion of the Americas into the debate he contends contentiously, however, inadvertently obstructing students of scientific objectivity, a case study could be made of the quandary applied to Native American research strategies; “Clearly, humans did not evolve in this hemisphere. Indians haven't always been here, regardless of what their origin myths might say.” Ibid p. 24 Am I missing something that, “does not pretend to certainty” or that is “off-limits” here? Perhaps, but perhaps not? Could or should researchers have overlooked the “Second” world is highlighted in the place we are today; as stated by Willamette and Clark’s own profound articulation of an “interminable debate, now well into its second century, with no resolution in sight”. In a sentence, declarations central to the preceding quotes can be found as this multidisciplinary approach offers an untested “resolution” that is possibly “in sight”. The prognosis just presented is delimited in the pages herein waiting to be given the “Light of Day” and so do I appeal that this work is not only worthy but in want of publication. The Text is outlined in the Chapter Outline providing a map of the course of events, beginning with Historical renderings, advancements in scientific knowledge, the accumulation of theories and funding priorities, and ultimately to a reassessment of wide-ranging implications today. Thus, Volume I, as it is effectively completed, provides a guideline for articulating ramifications central to the inclusion of the “Scientific Process” as part and parcel of the “Testing of Ideas.” Should ‘readers wish to review specific portions of Chapters found in the “Chapter Outline” please contact me or make a request by placing a post in that regard. With best regards to all who wish to contribute meaningful dialog in a polite and cordial manner, Alvah M. “Pardner” Hicks Lakoya-Sespe Foundation P. O. Box 2481 Atascadero, CA 93423 (805) 930-5489 alvahhicks@gmail.com Website: https://islandnites.academia.edu/AlvahHicks The Bibliography and Research Articles are available at my academia.edu website (above) An ongoing Discussion with Jose Carlos Solar Gomez; https://www.academia.edu/s/a7ca00a3e2 © 2021 by Alvah M. Hicks. This is an open-access compilation, of an unpublished Book distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/license/by/4.0 Postscript The Discussion and the Book itself is an appeal is to secure a protracted agreement in pursuit of open-minded scientific scholars and Institutions of Higher Learning, willing to objectively evaluate and subsequently; sanction the testing of this essential Indigenous wisdom. Funding for future research should be secured from traditional sources within and beyond the scientific community while the responsibility to push forward could come from a dialog coordinated with First Nations Everywhere. The aim is to secure genetic baselines in pursuit of an Indigenous/autochthonous Native American orientation ensuring academic participation from all disciplines. The greater manuscript carries with it a direct appeal to academic researchers to finally test this evolutionary-based alternative hypothesis. The implications outlined suggest a reappraisal, and in fact, appreciation of the Genetic data (personal correspondence Ward 1992, Ward et al 1992; Chakraborty and Weiss 1991; Johnson personal conversation 1991, Johnson et al 1983; personal correspondence 1992 Cavalli-Sforza, and others), while expanding the search and dating of additional Fossil evidence of which I have been actively involved. That many purported ‘early, early man’ finds remained un-dated for nearly a century and that this Civilian initiated this process speaks volumes as to the relevance of a theory to guide future academic research. Examples of great antiquity remain in limbo while several finds have been undatable by14C as the collagen content is minimal or null (see R. Grun, in Toledo 2017). Acronyms: Peopling of the New World (PNW) Peopling of the Old World (POW) Homo sapiens sapiens (Hss) Anatomically Sapient Humans (ASH) Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Holocene Back Migration (HBM) from the Americas Paleoamerican (PA) Pleistocene Native American Populations Paleo-Indian (PI) Early Holocene Native Americans ~ Clovis Culture African Replacement Hypothesis (ARH) “Eve out of Africa” American Wellspring Hypothesis (AWH) untested Hss genesis concept Mutational-drift Equilibrium" (MDE) years before the present (ybp); Before Present (BP) founding effects (FE) Maximum Genetic Diversity” Theory (MGD) Bottleneck (BN) reduction of earlier genetic diversity Sea Mammal Hunting Cultures (SMHC) descendants of Native North Americans Formatted Book Proposal One. Proposed Title and Subtitle An American Wellspring Expanding the Search for Humankind Origins: A Reexamination of the Western Hemisphere Two. Brief Description An American Wellspring, Volume One, presents a general overview of the science of evolutionary anthropology and theories, one untested. In so doing it outlines the origins of Native Americans and synthesizes an academically unsanctioned Indigenous perspective that embraces the New World as the cradle of humankind. It promises to illuminate what many theologians and scientists have long characterized as, an unheralded place to start in anticipating our human beginnings. The language of anthropology and its assorted terms will be refined as we examine the lost horizons of this long-overlooked evolutionary model. Following the immediate European Discovery of the Western Hemisphere by First world People the question of the origin of Second world Inhabitants and the initial separation of them was a major topic of discussion. A Second world evolutionary origin was specifically set aside although eminent scholars at the turn of the XIX Century were willing to “risk their reputations” in favor of an Autochthonous American origin for all of Humanity. This Book captures the historical placement and subsequent disregard making this a now long-overlooked hypothesis. It is a cautionary tale and worthy of telling and reliving. Three. Full Description This work is an encapsulation drawn from the hypothesis that all Humanity can be traced back to those Native to the Americas. This single idea is part of the greater picture encompassing specifically Repatriation of Ideas, if you will, being scientifically testable given the biogenetic, anthropological, and ever-increasing archeological data available today. It tackles head-on many of the most detailed inconsistencies and dynamically incorporates them into an equation comprised of verifying the conformity of established paradoxes waiting to be uniformly resolved. Species concept and species identification, the European Mousterian Problem, and the American pre-Clovis enigma come to mind and are addressed in the text. These measures are delineated in a no-uncertain manner encompassing ongoing anomalies seeking resolution. The profound but unresolved significance of unexpected Linguistic and Genetic diversity is demonstratable but often overlooked, for example, mutational drift equilibrium is contained uniquely in Native Americas alone. An ancient virtually indistinguishable relationship to an earlier pre-Clovis habitation is also highlighted. The international significance suggests we identify, in Space and Time, the potential for a basal Anatomically Sapient Human (ASH) moniker. The relevance of a regrettably long unsung search for our common origins underlies an inclusion of those Native to the Americas. “A major problem confronting late 19th-century human evolutionists was the incipient argument for the relative stability of the human form.” “In 1887, Wallace examined the evidence for early “early man” in the New World, and, like the German anatomist Julian Kollman (1834-1918) who three years earlier had made a similar survey, found not only considerable evidence of antiquity from the available specimens, but also, a continuity of type through time.” (Spencer in Smith Spence edt. 1984, pg. 7). The need to resolve our supposed relationship to species of non-humans has undermined a solution to Human origins, as G.E. Clark advises, leaving an “interminable debate, now well into its second century, with no resolution in sight”, and counting, if I might add. What was dismissed 110 years ago here begs to be reconsidered; From Holmes, W.H. 1912 Bearing of Archeological Evidence on the Place of Origin and the Question of the Unity or Plurality of the American Race; “While the majority of anthropologists hold that man's original home was in Eurasia, there are those who advance reasons which in their judgment are equally adequate to prove that he was autochthonous in America, whence he spread to the Old World. Recent investigations relating to North American as well as South American early man show that the testimony, if it is to stand, must have much additional support. In view of these conditions, the theory of an autochthonous origin of the American race may be set aside, and the problem of the arrival in the New World of racial elements originating in the Old World need alone receive consideration.” (1912) pp. 30-31 all emphasis added AMH The following is a brief excerpt from the beginning of the First Chapter An American Wellspring By Alvah M. Hicks © Copywrite January 29, 2021 Expanding the Search for Homo Sapiens Sapiens Origins: A Reexamination of the Western Hemisphere CHAPTER ONE The Dawn of Modern Science and Evolutionary Theory’s Lost Horizon "Knowledge is inherent in all things. The World is a library..." Chief Luther Standing Bear; Ogala Sioux The 1984 work “Modern Human Origins: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence” edited by Fred Smith and Frank Spencer, was pivotable and laid the foundation of my work, oversight of the theories contriving to make ends meet. A quote from this pivotal work lays a foundation for the direction of this book. A major problem confronting late 19th century human evolutionists was the incipient argument for the relative stability of the human form. From accumulating skeletal evidence it appeared as if the modern human skeleton extended far back in time, an apparent fact which led many workers to either abandon or modify their views on human evolution. One such apostate was Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913). In 1887, Wallace examined the evidence for early “early man” in the New World, and, like the German anatomist Julian Kollman (1834-1918) who three years earlier had made a similar survey, found not only considerable evidence of antiquity from the available specimens, but also, a continuity of type through time. In an effort to explain this, Wallace [1889, pp 454-461] suggested that once man had become morphologically differentiated from his apish kin (during the mid-Tertiary period), he had remained physically stable (Frank Spencer 1984 pg. 7) As we can see from the preceding quote, many anthropologists were willing to argue that our modern human form has remained relatively stable, far longer than any relationship Europeans might have had with Neandertals. The turn-of-the-century debate centered on the same alternative promoted today of a sudden replacement by modern humans of Homo erectus populations, who are now known to have evolved in Africa (Johanson and Edey 1981). Evidence suggesting that transitional forms suddenly became modern was and continues to be seen as controversial while the main alternative to Multiregional Evolution, Replacement of the Neandertals, requires a separate origin for modern mankind outside of Europe. Thus the evolution of the African Replacement Hypothesis though I will later diagnose this as a culmination of a lack of Old World alternatives and an example of the “Emperor’s New Clothes” effect. Clearly, replacement from the Americas conforming to an autochthonous origin for the American Indian was lost in the emergence of Western European perspectives following the dawn of 'anthropological theory.' A Separate World: The Europeans Discover the Americas Our primary concern in these first Chapters is to lay a foundation for a pending challenge to the Euro-centric contention that has ruled out an American genesis for all human populations living today. An American Wellspring counters the primacy of a “Peopling of the Americas” with an alternative, a Paleoamerican “Peopling of the Old World.” It is no less glaring to question that the ascension to humanlike qualities happened more than once on Planet Earth or the greater cosmos we dwell within. “Philosophical givens” are central to ideas directing a scientific consensus, not only regarding Native American origins but also modern human’s first appearance in the Old World. These “givens” help establish “taboos”, areas that would cast doubt on philosophical starting points defining “consensus opinion”. Certainly, most consensus is proven correct in time. Yet, when resolution seems unobtainable, the philosophical given (and the “paradigms” that eternalize the theoretical framework) must be questioned. It is when chaos is found that taboos must be re-examined for they may reveal clues to the world of the unknown. With a thorough appreciation of these perspectives in mind, we challenge anthropologists to examine a number of “philosophical givens” and address long-standing taboos, one specifically; an Old-World starting place for a recent arrival of Homo sapiens sapiens (Hss). The untested alternative; an autochthonous American Wellspring for Humanity, will be hypothetically sanctioned and drive the discussions set forth in this thesis. A young Passamaquoddy brave once asked, “Why do you call us Indians?” His missionary teacher answered, “Because your lands are east of the Indus River.” This classic interpretation of the Native American Indian and his world has plagued them from Columbus’ discovery. The first Spanish explorers’ descriptions of the Indians were those of a lost race devoid of such attributes as agriculture, civilization, marriage, morals, medicine, metal goods, and above all, religion. This limited view of the Native American Indians slowly changed with the discovery of Northwest Pacific Coast Chiefdoms and Mayan, Incan, and Aztecan Civilizations to mention only a few highly “civilized” societies. It should not surprise anyone that New World Indian societies held the world’s most functionally beautiful cities, superior aqueduct and agricultural systems, hieroglyphic texts, written records and books, astronomical ceremonial worship, and intricate social and political organizations. Following the discovery of the New World, it became vitally important to explain for European theosophy the presence of Native People in the Americas. “It is in there’ present condition that we are to behold, as in a mirror, the features of our own progenitors.” (Adam Ferguson, Edinburgh University, 1767) The theory that mankind originated in the New World has had many champions besides those Native to the Americas. Perhaps, the first European to contemplate an autochthonous view was Bartolemue de Las Casas (1484-1566), a Catholic missionary who traveled to Hispaniola in 1502, witness to some of the first encounters between New and Old World civilizations. His missionary duties included the religious conversion of those Native to the Americas and assimilating their divergent cultural orientations. Las Casas was also engaged in the search for gold and silver that accompanied the Spanish exploitation of the indigenous. Diggings of the early Spaniards in the Caribbean Islands revealed that ancient hearths existed well below the immediate horizon of human habitation. Las Casas was intrigued by the implications this had regarding the antiquity of the ‘Indian’. He postulated many alternatives to the religious orientations that he understood as a European scholar. Surmising that these Native people were living their lives in a way that the earliest Europeans may have once lived he could be likened to an anthropologist in a Friars’ robe. Regarding the placement of the aboriginal nations, Las Casas understood that they were far removed from the cultures of the Old World. He was willing to debate with himself the scope of the isolation of these people. In itself, Las Casas was the first theologian to entertain the length of the isolation that afforded these Indigenous People an origin from within the Americas. Clearly, the discovery of people in the Americas created an alternative to biblical scripture founded in the belief that the earliest societies of the Americas contained the most intrinsic element of human society, an ancient form of reciprocity. Isaac de la Peyrere, in 1655, attended another ancient concept in his work, A Theoretical System upon that Presupposition that Men were before Adam. In this continuation of the work inaugurated by Las Casas, Peyrere addressed theosophical limitations that later anthropologists would directly encounter in the 19th and 20th Centuries. For the first time, Europeans began to look into the Americas as if it were a mirror to their own questions concerning their own origins, even if they were ordained to fit in Judeo-Christian definitions. The principal components of human origins were applied to the Americas well before the scientific inquiry into mankind’s past would herald the basic tenants of evolutionary theory. Identifying the arrival of the first Americans set the stage for the revolution into evolutionary thought where-by Carl Linnaeus could, in 1790, classify God’s Creation into order’s that would link the myriad forms. This procession led to the identification of a scientific framework, eventually leading to the discovery of the evolutionary process. So instrumental was Linnaeus’ work to understanding the evolutionary process that it was the Society that reflects his name that Darwin’s work would be first presented. It seems that European beliefs, be they theological or scientific, could not entertain the idea that the ancestors of Old-World peoples could possibly be Native American Indians. The result remains that the theories that guide our observations are bound to the givens we inherited with anything that might challenge becoming taboo. These beliefs have been handed down while we must ask if censure is flawed by consensus and opinion lacking conjecture. Fundamental understanding of the alternative view held by the original inhabitants of the Americas offers, in our view, a new ascertainment bias. We have chosen to follow a path of our own making. The trickster has shown the Algonquin that you cannot live or move into the forest relying merely on strategies that you learned in hunting Caribou in the grasslands. The trick to undoing the obstacles we find in exploring how to navigate the world of scientific inquiry should require researchers to first validate the methods and possible prejudices that might lead us astray in the first place. I am not suggesting we forget what we have uncovered from the past. However, we must be on our guard of internal prejudice that forestalls the recognition of alternative views of the past and their potential scientific merit. Native Americans understood the immensity of the Americas and their place in this vastness, maintaining knowledge of this in interpretations held in historical records. These embellished stories and myths are revealed in the messages depicted in the lives and historical renditions of the past, as for example, Anishinaabe wampum belts. The movements of Old-World people into these remote reaches of the Americans have since altered the historical translations held by the ancestors who have, as they see it, from a time immemorial, inhabited the Western Hemisphere. In historical perspectives, the records often incorporated into the written history of the Americas do not include, often enough, the appropriation of histories of the original people who were already here. Their messages remain an integral element of each and every tribe’s original knowledge while historians have long overlooked and underestimated the wealth of historical fact contained in them. By removing cultural artifacts including wampum belts and other depictions of histories and their lessons from the past (the heart of indigenous life), museum collectors have left intrinsic understandings and historical interpretations of the indigenous’ “past”, less-than-what-it-should-be. How people came to find their current place in the Americas is retrieved in these depictions, and thus, great mysteries are revealed. These journeys into the past are retold in myths and stories retrieved by the Fire in Ceremonies entrusting a spiritual connection by exemplifying daily life through traditional revisiting. Traditions are anecdotes, gained in the life of any given people. Be they, reenacted in celebration or simple observances, the defining elements of a Culture enjoined with the past. The lives, journeys, and histories of Native American Tribes have suffered without these hereditary records, contributing to the present condition that finds many Native people reluctant to share what remains of their cultural ways. However, contributions made by non-native to the understanding of their “way of life” can be attributed to numerous adventurers who wrote, painted, and photographed depictions that hold today accurate portrayals of the original people of the Americas. Many of these important insights into Indian Life furnished by early ethnologists have been discounted including the observance of the Sundance Ceremony and other rituals encompassing separate worlds of reality. Can human origins be traced to the New World? An evolutionary explanation that transcends both spiritual and scientific explanations might offer us lessons beyond that of where we originated on planet Earth. Anthropologists continue to discount the plausibility of origin stories by insisting that they be scientifically based. Left unattended, the Power of Myth to reveal what has come and gone will continue to elude us. Will the proper interpretation of the past remain, unknown, or exhaustively likened to another separate species (Homo erectus) that may have no relationship to our own origins except that it too evolved from a similar Earthly process? This book attempts to bridge the gap between myth and science by identifying the evolutionary impact properly interpreting the Native American belief “that they have always been here”, holds evolutionary theory. Early European interpretations relating to the origins of the First Americans Bartolome de Las Casas became a leading advocate and benefactor of Native American rights, returning to Spain several times to champion for more humane treatment of the “Indian”. He believed that “they too were the sons and daughters of a benevolent God, and so, worthy of his teachings.” Yet, continued persecution of the Indian accompanied an unwitting contempt for their primitive way of life leaving little reason to include them in the “family of man.” In Las Casas, there was a champion of the indigenous cause and he returned to Spain to argue that their treatment by the Spanish Conquistadors was not in balance with the wishes of the church and/or the crown. His attempt to identify atrocities accompanying the conquest of Mexico culminated in 1550 when he argued with Juan Gines Sepulveda in the Spanish court as to whether the peoples of the New World had a soul. If so, were they worthy of attempts to convert them to Christianity? Las Casas won his argument but, if the Native refused Christianity they were destined for conquest and enslavement. In accompanying this decree, “heathens”, who chose to resist the teachings of the church, were persecuted in the most inhuman ways. In the end, Queen Isabelle’s court attended to the Native Inhabitants’ membership into “the family of man,” thus allowing them to be considered, subjects of the Spanish Kingdom. Las Casas did not win or lose his case, only gaining the directive from the Court counseling more humane treatment of the hemispheres native people. The crown’s knowledge of ongoing atrocities did not prevent them from continuing in Spain’s new realm. Not only did Las Casas consider that these cultures maintained a code of social conduct that was superior to Old World European Civilizations, but that their technological understandings were highly evolved. Worth noting is the soldier’s inquiry as to whether they had “found Heaven upon arriving into the great city of Tahetchuacan?” Las Casas’s efforts unfortunately required the Indians to assimilate biblical scripture through reduccion, a system that ultimately dislocated Indian people from their families and their culture. His reduccion system later spread throughout colonial Spain and, much later, adopted by protestant missionaries in New England and Africa. Through this reduccion the Catholic Church allowed the savage the same rights of god-fearing Old World peoples. Certainly, the alternative of them being ancestral had no explanations from the biblical foundations of the day despite the intriguing question their origins presented. Las Casas’s view of possible great antiquity for the Native Americas was based not only on their primitive nature but on physical evidence including the presence of ancient hearths that were discovered in the silver mines of Hispanola. Isaac de la Peyrere in 1655 undertook the theological investigation in revealing the “presumption that men were before Adam.” He, as most other thinkers of his time, applied religious definitions to the question of the presence of people in the Western Hemisphere, in an attempt to explain a pre-Darwinian rise to humanness from the domains of the Americas. He too was an exception, able to apply legitimate concepts to Indigenous beliefs; that they originated in the Americas. More common was the Judeo-Christian doctrine that rendered the American Indian Natives as a “lost tribe”. Though inappropriate, this concept eventually permitted the pagan Indian societies’ acceptance into the family of man whether or not they were descendants of Adam and Eve. Tracing the “White Man’s Indian” back beyond the Greeks, Egyptians, and Biblical Hebrews helped answer a confounding question of the 15th and 16th centuries; “Where did the Indian come from and how did he get here?”. Unequivocally, the “given” answer to this question was first theorized by Jose de Acosta in 1590 and later championed by others including Thomas Jefferson. Acosta’s description of migration from Asia (later versions entailing the Bering Land Bridge) has continued to be the most popular – though equivocal – theory accounting for humankind’s presence in the Americas. The continuance of this and other evolutionary ideas of ancient man found convenient support in the 19th-century mixing of science and religion. The Native American Indians were the ones who retained, in this natural form, the remnant of our primordial ancient society. End Book Proposal Alvah M. Hicks (805) 930-5489 The Full Text & Bibliography, several years of research, and “quotes from hundreds of Papers” are found on my academia.edu website https://islandnites.academia.edu/AlvahHicks In this new age of environmental consciousness, it is time to place Native America in direct line with ancestral stewardship. It is only fair to redress the worldwide significance of retracing our footsteps directly from a Western Hemispherical perspective. Any logical search is customarily designed to embrace accompanying wide-ranging truths. This book addresses an appreciation of the relevance of Great Mysteries, in this case, the quest for humanity’s common heritage. The worldwide significance of the manifestation of an Indigenous Pillar of Truth contained in the moniker; ALL OUR RELATIONS is the harmony contained in the philosophical consecration of “KINSHIP WITH ALL LIFE! It is always in the present to Renew the Ceremony of Life on MOTHER EARTH and include the most basic idioms as Universal in Concept and Need. Endnotes Holmes, W.H. Bearing of Archeological Evidence on the Place of Origin and on the Question of the Unity or Plurality of the American Race. (Ibid 1912) That an autochthonous Origin “must have much additional support” is the mainstay of this current (2022) effort. The perspective of an American Wellspring for humankind will be expanded in the pages that follow and enliven the study of anthropology by highlighting a new robust re-inclusion of two missing continents to the human origin debate. That this investigation is relative and or legitimate can be found in the conundrum defined and accepted by mainstream evolutionists 110 years ago, (as just noted), and today. The proper placement of our species’ origin, as compatible with what we have detected from other species’ evolutionary paths, awaits a less complicated scientific synthesis. From a paleoanthropological perspective, I and others, found this “conclusion” to have profound implications sustained in the pages of my work; “Conclusion” “For a variety of historical reasons explored above, our species has contrived to elude satisfactory morphological definition. Through a sort of self-reinforcing process, whereby each reasonable large-brained extinct form that was shoehorned into the taxon has appeared to enlarge its permissible morphological limits, a huge variety of morphologies has been admitted into H. sapiens, albeit sometimes into archaic varieties of the species. Acceptance of this muddled variety has been facilitated by a view of evolution that emphasizes gradual transformation in lineages, in which species are basically units of convenience rather than of biology, and that are expected in principle to be undefinable in morphological terms. To systematists studying other groups of mammals, this situation would be untenable; it would indeed, effectively prevent them from plying their trade using currently fashionable approaches, but paleoanthropologists have remained fairly unperturbed because, after all, as human being we “know who we are,” and do not really need to be told, which absolves us, of course, from having to find out (Tattersall and Schwartz 2008, pg. 52).” Four. Chapter Outline Chapter One: The Dawn of Modern Science: Evolutionary Theory’s Lost Horizon 1. Earth’s ‘Two Worlds’ aside from the European Discovery of the Americas Early European Interpretations Relating to the Origins of the First Americans Theosophical and Philosophical Contentions: The Cart Before the Horse Western Science Tackles “Human Origins” Points of Order: Basic Assumptions Regarding a “Peopling of the Americas” We Have Always Been Here: Native American Concepts of Autochthonous Origins Chapter Two: Looking out from the Americas: Paradigm Growth & Theory Building Geographic Constraints: Why it took so long to find the ‘Old’ World Archaeological Facts and the Nature of pre-Clovis Man in the Americas A New Anthropological Design New World Paradigms and Paradigm Bias Old World Paradigms and Sudden Replacement Chapter Three: The Sapient Peopling of the Old World 12. Into Africa and the Out of Asia Hypothesis 13. An Emerging Theory: Insights and Alternative Explanations 14. Corridors of Migration: Out the Backdoor of the Americas Fossil Evidence: the New and Old World Paleontological Record The Invisible Truth: Inviting Cinderella to the Conference Chapter Four: Pre-Clovis/Paleoamericans: A pre-Paleolithic Basal Hss Signature 17. Neandertals in Europe and Modern Humans in Chile: Problems or Possibilities 18. A Reappraisal of The Genetic Data 19. Franz Boas and the Holocene Amerindian Settlement of Northeast Asia 20. Language Correlates and Related Fields Ascertainment Bias Sudden-Replacement and Out of Africa I and II Science and Scientific Revolutions: Treading on Thin Ice Clovis–First and the pre-Clovis Enigma Chapter Five: Paleoamerican Source for Sudden Replacement 24. Historical Anthropology: Lessons from the Trickster Lessons Gained from Studies of the Past Boldly Going where we have never gone before: from Polynesia to Outer Space From Bone to Stone: pre-Clovis to Clovis: The casual links of Human Passage Pending Resolutions in Evolutionary Anthropology The Human Species Longing to Reveal Great Mysteries Where do we go from Here: Our obligation to Future Generations? Five. Author Information My research strategy began by digging into the UCSB Davidson Library and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo’s Kennedy and, specifically, to satisfy a multidisciplinary theme, the Current Periodical sections. To my satisfaction, this quest led to autonomous discussions with Anthropology Department Head Phillip Walker “He was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2003, and he served as president (2003-2005) and vice president (2000-2002) of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. “He was a particularly effective mentor of students, both graduate and undergraduate, and his former doctoral students are now established scholars at colleges and universities throughout the United States” from Noted Anthropologist Phillip L. Walker, UCSB Professor, Dies at 61George Foulsham Wednesday, February 11, 2009 - 16:00 Santa Barbara, CA In 1991 he suggested I present my ideas in an academic setting after he received a ‘call for papers/presenters’ for a session inspired by then Dean of McMaster University Emőke Szathmary Emőke Szathmary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C5%91ke_Szathm%C3%A1ry Ed-in-Chief Am J Physl Anthropol 1995–2001; Ybk Physl Anthropol 1987–1991. Her resume includes… exec Comm Am Assoc Physl Anthropol 1987–1991, 1995–2001 After we got back in touch in 2019 she wrote me ‘wondered what had become of my work? We are still in touch. titled “Wild but Possibly True Ideas in Human Evolution.” I had laid my groundwork by trying to substantiate an alternative hypothesis that the Americas was not Peopled but the cradle of human origins. Item 5. Continued as a footnote. My presentation went over very well with the main distraction coming with the revealing that I was self-taught. I believe a civilian has a place in science while my biography might remedy my “means and methods” and the “why and how” that led me on a separate path and strategy as previous obligations required, I do. Ultimately, I presented numerous papers and organized a symposium for the Society for American Archaeology during the 1990s. One of the key directives was to highlight the significance of Back-Migration from the Americas during the Holocene (Hicks 1998 Human Biology). I was sponsored to attend and present a paper at the Chacmool Conference in Alberta Canada in 1999 on “Being First”. Harrold Fleming, the founder of Association for Language in Pre-History (ASLIP), asked me to help in editing the Journal Mother Tongue” provide interdisciplinary research as he felt; “He’s really knowledgeable and I’m impressed by how easily he can get the top experts on the phone,” said Hal Fleming, professor emeritus of anthropology at Boston University who said he relies on Hicks “to give me the latest word on physical anthropology.” According to Fleming, Hicks is “not the only one who believes the Americas were the source for at least the Indians and maybe all of mankind.” See next footnote J. Meyers… JEFF MEYERS JULY 27, 1993 12 AM PT TIMES STAFF WRITER I reviewed current periodicals and contributed a few articles of my own to the Journal “Mother Tongue” as an Assistant Editor during the turn of the last Millennium. I had to relinquish this position to secure a living in the Real Estate Industry in order to provide the means to an end in raising my son and providing for my family. You might say I took a sabbatical from my efforts but never stopped researching the Idea. This idea is really who I am as I take the liberty, please forgive me, to expand my “Author Information”. Respect, civility, and resolution-oriented are what I am all about. In my numerous Discussion at academia.edu, you will find this to be the case as the discourse is principled and courteous. Although you might find the premise challenging especially to the limitation applied by proponents of Clovis First. I offer a parable. One version of “The Emperor’s New Clothes” ‘ends’ with a young child tugging at his mother’s dress deploring her to notice that the Emperor is naked. She scolds him quietly “hush Child don’t say a thing”. The enigma of a pre-Clovis or a Reduced Paleolithic and the baby steps undermining further implications of even greater antiquity fit the parable outlined by HC Anderson. Some are simply ignoring the challenge of redressing long-standing consensus views despite a “Naked Truth” underlining OTHER interrelated disciplines. The direct result of Clovis First Gatekeepers agenda has left us with the “like a battlefield” mentality as described by Emanate Stanford Geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1922 -2018), in a personal letter to me from 1992… “I prefer archaeological dates, when available, but archaeology of the Americas seems more like a battlefield than a research topic. Given the circumstances, I suppose it is reasonable to be cautious. Only if I were forced to bet I would probably prefer older dates.” The pre-Clovis “gatekeepers” remain empirically unnerved, unable to balance the mounting archaeological bounty that now rocks the ship. The anchor has been severed and Clovis-First, as a theory, is not the “battlefield” it once was (while the effects linger and to ignore the decades of censure is to underestimate the ramifications). We must salvage the ship and move on to higher waters and explore, as geneticists call it, ‘what is upstream’ and the source of a new wellspring. Please see my full “Biography” / as a footnote. My, not so ‘Full CV’. I attended Pepperdine University and Ventura College but never completed a degree as I took the opportunity to purchase a remote Homestead in the center of the Los Padres National Forest. This expanded Biography includes a three-sentence Family History. My Grandfather, Alvah Hicks developed the Palm Springs Water Supply Company retaining ‘riparian rights to Snow Creek just west of the Township. My father, Milt Hicks, and colleague Art Dunlevy procured Bob Hope in 1963 to sponsor their Amateur/Professional (Pro/am) Golf Tournament the ‘Palm Springs Desert Classic’ into the “Bob Hope Desert Classic,” the proceeds of which went to build the Eisenhower Medical Clinic. My father was President of the Palm Springs Chamber of Commerce and, as well, of ‘Indian Wells’ Country Club later becoming chairman of the Bob Hope Desert Classic. I suppose it is serendipity that I have titled my efforts to explore the origins of Humanity; An American Wellspring. I have tried to make the most of all-of-this by believing in the spirit of free will and free-thinking. I would later purchase (from my father’s Trust in 1978, he died in 1966), a remote homestead 25 miles from Ojai in the center of the Los Padres National Forest (LPNF), secure water from a riparian creek source (as my grandfather/namesake did for the City of Palm Springs back in the 1930s), and start a horse stable and Pack Station. This enterprise led me to accidentally photograph in their natural habitat six condors (1983) and ‘identify’ two of the 22 surviving mythic “Thunderbirds” (as Tribal Plains Nation entitled them), whose white triangular underwings were the source of the Thunder (my own perspective). When the California Recovery Program contacted me about my photographs, I glid right in. I had long been an advocate of control-burning as a way to return the LPNF to a more natural habitat (of course to no avail). The elfin-forest of Chaparral and Pines require recurring fires as a natural element dependent on a healthy ecosystem. My thoughts now turned to returning North America’s largest bird to its last domain. In so doing, I wrote the first release-site criteria for what is now a successful multi-state release program for the Condor. After doing so, my packing partner Tony Alvis and I led a group of ten gate-keepers of the Condor recovery team into the Sisquoc Condor (Chumash word for Condor), Sanctuary. During this four-day excursion, members of the Audubon Society and the US Fish and Game agreed that the only way to preserve the species was to take the last surviving Condors into captivity and develop a Captive Breeding Program. This discission prevented a court battle that could have outlasted their survival in the wild. The decision to go forward with the program was made not in a courtroom but through a fireside chat at the base of the Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary. I was later told they adopted my release-site plan because I was a ‘civilian’ an outsider without prejudice. This perspective dovetails into the current predicament, what are my academic credentials? It would have been very unlikely that this idea would have ever been promoted into a thesis orientation as it is way too broad and the direction uncharted. It is seen as counter to “all we know about human origins” less we return 110 years back to the dawn of its dismissal by ranking anthropologists convinced of a more primitive genesis for OUR beginnings. A Null-hypothesis, if allowed to delve beyond the first criteria, “legitimacy,” must address irregularities found in the principal hypothesis. The alternative must be interdisciplinary in scope and all-encompassing, and statistically viable. You read the best that science has to offer; you look to colleges for professional guidance, their libraries, and make copies of the most recent periodicals, month after month, year after year. You talk with professors who sometimes tell you what they don’t know, and you follow your intuition. The idea becomes not yours but a product of the process, and you must allow it to expand the horizon beyond the initial premise. You keep an open mind, try and prove the idea wrong itself, and go from there to the next camp if you get far enough. Ultimately you make the summit before you run out of air. The Felt Homestead along the Sespe River in Ventura County was my home from 1978 to the Turn of the Millennium. After retiring my stock of horses of ten years (some to my high school horse program), I allowed the homestead to naturally transcend into a so-called ‘Indian encampment’ with spontaneous assistance from Elders wishing to share some of their knowledge. Treasured Chumash oversight came from descendants (including the David Alcasas Family, Anutka), who came to reside on the lands few cabins (he gave me my Chumash name, Antica meaning whirlwind). Everyone involved gained from the opportunity to live twenty-five miles from power and phone service on a beautiful mesa (elevation 4,340‘) that overlooked the Sespe River (an ancient Primate bearing local) beneath the 7,000’ Transverse Range of Pine Mountain. Winter snows and warm summer breezes offered a real sense of seclusion, while the lack of conveniences like a nearby restaurant or liquor store was in hindsight greatly appreciated. My colleague German Dziebel attained his second Doctoral degree at Stanford, his thesis; Native Americans and their cultural impact on living Europeans. I lived this study right here in the Americas! Ultimately, numerous visiting Traditionalists from throughout the Americas offered guidance and lessons in Indigenous Wisdom, and innumerable ceremonies were practiced, everyone without the exchange of wampum. This went on for several years with weekly Sunday sweet lodges an ongoing tradition, an open invitation that brought Indian and non-Indians together. It was a wellspring helping participants kick bad habits or reunite with their past. It was never for sale or a solution to meet all ends. The impact embedded into a “Way of Life” led to more songs and ceremonies for those who took residence. It was a fantastic place to live or visit, and we all have our own stories to tell. Before this transition of the land, I had begun my research into a long, independently held idea that I had gleaned from my High School European textbook; the arrival of Homo sapiens into Europe. This may have indirectly led to the how-and-why as-to my becoming an advocate of an American Wellspring. In contrast, Native Americans have long held an “Indigenous” perspective, as do all Indigenous People. For some, it may be kept as an ‘invisible truth’ imparting in principle, ‘A Great Mystery?’ Unheralded and invisible is the path not taken by Old-World evolutionary theories. Should we examine the New-World alternative as a Null hypothesis? An American Wellspring advocates an alternative perspective altogether; it should and does reconcile significant signposts left unattended along the way in the Old-World’s prevailing paradigm(s). The 1984 work “Modern Human Origins: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence,” edited by Fred Smith and Frank Spencer, was pivotable and laid the foundation of my work, oversight of the theories contriving to make ends meet. My assessment did not rectify hypothetical downsides when looking to the Old World for our genesis; it was and is a Replacement both in theory and form. In essence, the examination of any hypothesis can be better served in testing legitimate alternatives. The question remains, can the first step of an American Wellspring survive the first prerequisite; is it within the realm of possibility, is it “legitimate”? Researchers may want to find examples that test the concept of ‘a Null hypothesis’ while an American wellspring does just that if it can pass the first test; again, is it legitimate? If it is(?), the divergences offer challenges to original hypotheses and go the extra step as it unravels limitations in the prevailing theories. Simply, researchers have long been agreeing with two fundamental premises; (i) “a Peopling of the Americas” and (ii) settling on the evolutionary backdrop of “Multi-regional evolution” and with-it (or not) a single source for the “Replacement” be it ‘out of Africa, the Near, Middle, or the Far East, or Europe itself.’ Asking for several locations to simultaneously perform procrustean speciation holds uncertain merit with deference to Franz Weidenreich’s efforts and those accompanying Milford Wolproff’s constituencies). I am not trying to take sides here only provide an alternative that also holds scientific merit within the scope of Human Evolutionary concepts. Six. Readership In a Nutshell, anyone with an interest in Human Origins and/or the Native American place in expanding this discourse will find this a new and engaging reading. Examples of ‘traditional venues’ can be found in Guideline Seven. An American Wellspring Hypothesis (AWH) details circumstances and historical renditions that carry this idea into the present. It is not a snip-hunt while the circumstances leading to the uncovering of the Piltdown Hoax are discussed in detail within. I have articulated the greater significance of dating Fossil Human remains discovered long ago within the Americas, paralleling their historic worldwide implications, while the circumstances that leave many of these discoveries in limbo are reassessed against the backdrop of recent calibrations (see Toledo 2017). Readership(?), anyone wanting to see or even contribute to the greater scientific process that accompanies the recounting of the history leading into the Human origins debate. Those open to a Native American orientation will find in Volume I a scientifically based methodology in an approach that conforms with Old World revelations. It does not ignore the difficult realities but compliments them in endorsing their existence. The American Wellspring Hypothesis investigates certain Old World conundrums, highlights why they exist, and, in so doing, offers compelling resolution to them. Volume II is a work in progress and awaits the publication of the present effort and will very well include multiple authors. Volume I, speaks for itself and is virtually complete in its scope setting the groundwork for the building of greater empirical shreds of evidence. This publication will expand the dialog and data set before tackling a culmination in Volume II. The aim is to multisource scholars, including Indigenous proponents of this perspective being ‘Native to the Americas’, and entreaty them to the table to create a dynamic consortium enabling the multidisciplinary scientific process to move forward in a new untested direction. Seven. Comparable Books (University of Nebraska Press remains The Vanguard) In short, there are numerous books (and/or articles), that could be called “comparable”. In theme, many authors have in fact ‘acknowledged the existence of the main counter-direction of migration’ outlined in this Book. Some sparingly dismiss it as illegitimate and undeserving of further discussion with no further ado. Thus, the premise of this work is both the untested nature of the evidence and the effort to theoretically assess its worldwide implications; not dismiss it as out-of-hand, but rather, to grasp its implications by devoting a book to its “cause and effect”. Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas Hardcover – February 8, 2022 by Jennifer Raff. Hachette Book Group 1290 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10104 This book had a short review time that in less than a week had 990 Comments (see https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/08/books/review/A-Genetic-History-of-the-Americas-By-Jennifer-Raff.html An alternative to the Ice-Free Corridor is explored in this recent publication I have read portions of the book while its synopsis follows with the “Kelp-Highway hypothesis” and is written with genetic methods and ideologies conforming to the data in support of a “‘Peopling’ of the Americas”. The book highlights the common threads viewed as a genetic highway into the Americas but offers a similar antidote that has scored the general theme compounded by settlements that, as the author distinguishes, will remain wholly incomplete until we have a larger contribution from Those Native to the Americas. She aims to appeal to greater participation while holding dates to earlier occupation at bay. As for my own scope of the causes for this cautionary timeframe and the sequences related to this conservative approach, I will offer quotes from two personal letters to me from geneticists Luca Cavalli Sforza and Ryk Ward, (both have unfortunately passed away). The following correspondences contain genetic views on 1; the “archaeology of the Americas” and the compatibility of the greater implications outlined in my work. “I prefer archaeological dates, when available, but archaeology of the Americas seems more like a battlefield than a research topic. Given the circumstances, I suppose it is reasonable to be cautious. Only if I were forced to bet I would probably prefer older dates.” Luca Cavalli-Sforza, in a personal letter to AMH 1992 Luca Cavalli-Sforza, in a personal letter to Alvah Hicks. This quote has been used as a Chapter Heading referenced in Paulette Steeves work/Book. This reference has been placed in numerous Books without credit to the recipient it was sent to. One Author was fired from the University of Colorado for plagiarism, not applied to this instance, for the record. And 2; the antiquity of Amerindian mitochondrial lineages “As you can see, some of our conclusions (such as the antiquity of Amerindian mitochondrial lineages) resonate with your ideas.” “Dear Alvah, It was nice talking to you the other day. Enclosed, please find a copy our paper which will be appearing in the PNASD very shortly, As you can see, some of our conclusions (such as the antiquity of Amerindian mitochondrial lineages) resonate with your ideas.” I could expand here… Personal correspondence from Geneticist, Ryk H. Ward, September 16, 1993 Ward, R.H., Frazier, Barbara L., Dew-Jager, Kerry, and Svante-Paabo. 1991. Extensive Mitochondrial Diversity within a Single Amerindian Tribe, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemisphere – July 1, 2021 by Paulette F. C. Steeves Publisher: University of Nebraska Press Imprint: University of Nebraska Press Published: 07/2021 Pages: 324 Subject: Social Science eBook ISBN: 9781496225368 “Paulette Steeves. Ph.D. – (Cree- Metis), Canada Research Chair Tier II Indigenous History Healing and Reconciliation Algoma University. She was born in Whitehorse Yukon Territories and grew up in Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada. She is an Indigenous archaeologist with a focus on the Pleistocene history of the Western Hemisphere. In her research, Steeves argues that Indigenous peoples were present in the Western Hemisphere as early as 60,000 years ago, and possibly much earlier. She has created a database of hundreds of archaeology sites in both North and South America that date from 250,000 to 12,000 years before present, which challenges the Clovis First dogma of a post 12,000 year before present initial migrations to the Americas.” (From the Book) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was first published as a monograph in the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, then as a book by the University of Chicago Press in 1962. In 1969, Kuhn added a postscript to the book in which he replied to critical responses to the first edition. A 50th Anniversary Edition (with an introductory essay by Ian Hacking) was published by the University of Chicago Press in April 2012.[2] Kuhn dated the genesis of his book to 1947, when he was a graduate student at Harvard University and had been asked to teach a science class for humanities undergraduates with a focus on historical case studies. Kuhn later commented that until then, "I'd never read an old document in science." Aristotle's Physics was astonishingly unlike Isaac Newton's work in its concepts of matter and motion. Kuhn wrote "... as I was reading him, Aristotle appeared not only ignorant of mechanics, but a dreadfully bad physical scientist as well. About motion, in particular, his writings seemed to me full of egregious errors, both of logic and of observation." This was in an apparent contradiction with the fact that Aristotle was a brilliant mind. While perusing Aristotle's Physics, Kuhn formed the view that in order to properly appreciate Aristotle's reasoning, one must be aware of the scientific conventions of the time. Kuhn concluded that Aristotle's concepts were not "bad Newton," just different.[3] This insight was the foundation of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.[4] "Look to the Mountain Top" Editors Robert Iacopi, Bernard L. Fontana, and Charles Jones. Chapters authors include; Dr. Alfonso Ortiz, Ph.D. 1972, Look to the Mountain Top, Native American Anthropology, A Cultural Journey Encompassing Native American Scholarly Presentations. Publication Date: 1972 Publication Name: Look to the Mountain Top Citation: Ortiz, Alfonso. 1972. Foreword to Look to the Mountain Top, in Look to the Mountain Top. Edited by Robert Iacopi, Bernard L. Fontana, and Charles Jones. San Jose, CA: Gousha Publications. ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000GSVQYK Publisher: ‎ Gousha Publications; First Edition (January 1, 1972) ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 119904783X ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1199047830 Hardcover: 121 pages “As Vine Deloria and others comment in this book, there are ways of being that remain unknown and thus underappreciated while this book runs a full scope of historical, cultural, art and craft, and social applications highlighting “a way of Life” to edify Indian and non-Indian alike.” From the Book Diamond, J. (March 1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03891-0. de Certeau Michel. The Writing of History. Translated by Conley Tom. (European Perspectives.) New York: Columbia University Press. 1988. Pp.  xxviii,  368 This book investigates the consequences of the discovery of a Second world by First world explorers. Dillehay, Thomas D. (2008). The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7867-2543-4. I have shared numerous phone and in-person conversations along with serendipitous taxi trips to conferences with Tom. I could go on and on about Tom Dillehay and have a lengthy Discussion (Academis.edu, https://www.academia.edu/s/6df6e633ea among other discussions...), on his work at Monte Verde with 232 readers from 2020-2021. He taught a class in Chicago attended by my now colleague German Dziebel in 1998. German returned to Stanford near (150 miles) where I live, chased me down per Tom’s instructions and we have become lifelong friends. I attended a couple conferences sponsored by Stanford University with him, one where my name came up (as we came walking in the western door), as a warning that “If Alvah Hicks is wright we are going to need to rethink things”; linguist Harrold Fleming, not knowing I was in attendance. German has two Ph Ds the first from St. Petersburg Russia, being a scholar and author of “The Genius of Kinship” 2007. He resides in the US and has since I met him. “The Genius of Kinship” Copyright 2007 German V. Dziebel Cambria Press, P.O. Box 350 Youngstown, New York 14174-0350 ISBN 978-1-934043-65-3 (alk. paper) German brings a scientific mind to my /our conversation points. He is an authority when it comes to “The Genius of Kinship”. I opened for Discussion at academia.edu Chapters 1-3 ideas that redirect the historical circumstances https://www.academia.edu/s/a7ca00a3e2 . Highlighting anomalies in separate disciplines is the first step in ascending towards a greater measurement of truth or not-truth. When a legitimate hypothesis appears, it must find validation by seeking resolutions to accepted inconsistencies. This is what an Out of the Americas offers in a wide-ranging interdisciplinary model. Researchers seem to have learned to accept certain limitations as if ignoring their ramifications is how scientific conundrums can be left aside rather than expunged. Philosophical-givens run-a-muck. We must strive to revive what might seem a lost cause by using any-and-all-data to create an appeal to open-minded strategies aimed at overcoming 160 years of exhausting explanations. We must welcome with open-arms researchers with an “open mind” or those willing to address limitations beyond the invisible implications of the Emperor’s New Clothes in a search for the “Naked Truth”. Alan Templeton, Jeffery Schwartz, Jose Carlos Solar Gomez, Albert Goodyear, Theodore Schurr, James Adovasio, and many others, some that have passed on including Lewis Binford, Alan Bryan, George Carter, Luis Leakey, Cavalli Sforza and Ryk Ward; come to mind! If there was one study that spans several disciplines and historical applications; it is Kinship. Dr. Dziebel highlights my ideas in this work here and at his unparalleled website; http://anthropogenesis.kinshipstudies.org/ . From the book’s Link: “This highly acclaimed book brings the cumulative results of a century and a half of kinship studies in anthropology into the focus of current debates on the origin of modern humans in Africa and on an entangled bit of human evolutionary history commonly subsumed under the heading of the "peopling of the Americas." This erudite study is based on a database of some 2,500 kinship vocabularies representing roughly 600 African languages, 140 Australian languages, 500 Austronesian languages, 200 Papuan languages, 350 languages of Eurasia (excluding Indo-Europeans), 440 North and Middle American Indian languages, and 200 South American languages. This valuable reference will take the reader to the dawn of kinship studies in the 19th century Western science in order to elicit the wider context of anthropological interest in kinship systems and the interdisciplinary salience of the phenomenon of kinship. This far-reaching historical journey aims at formulating an idea of what human kinship might be all about, especially in the light of the widespread uncertainties about this question caused by the constructivist turn in anthropology. Eventually our ideas regarding human origins, ancient population dispersals and the homeland of modern humans are inextricably linked to our ideas about kinship. As a book that brings together evolutionary and sociocultural anthropology, The Genius of Kinship will be a critical addition for all Anthropology collections.” From the Book As my colleague German Dziebel knows; I believe the best physical evidence comes from the limited definitions of the earliest Paleoamerican archaeological manifestations of habitations. Not despite a Reduced Paleolithic, but in light of it, my views support a pre-Clovis basal human signature. In archaeology what we have already confirmed from decades of past research are implications of uncertainties, as the pre-Clovis conundrum demonstrates. Another conundrum is likened in the "Mousterian Problem" where definitions of several hundred thousand years of the Middle Paleolithic meet the sudden behaviorally modern Upper Paleolithic. The Asian “Late Paleolithic” and the African “Later Stone Age” demonstrate nearly identical archaeological sequences, both in time and space. This is an Old World “Problem” (see Lewis Binford 1983, 1984, personal conversations, 1991-2011), while the ‘international significance’ underscores the pre-Clovis and Clovis enigma (ibid LB personal conversations). The time spanning the acceptance of a "pre-Clovis" and the evolution of Human Origin(s) theories have left the Americas devoid of anything but a so-called-Peopling of them. So, not only are we facing a challenge in adapting multidisciplinary limitations ingrained in today's limited Native American studies ‘framework’ but, also, a historical form of academic pragmatism resulting from the omission of the Western Hemisphere in human evolutionary research? Dziebel’s The Genius of Kinship delves beyond these ‘limitations.’ Stanford, Dennis J.; Bradley, Bruce (2012). Pre-Clovis First Americans: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22783-5. “Who were the first humans to inhabit North America? According to the now familiar story, mammal hunters entered the continent some 12,000 years ago via a land bridge that spanned the Bering Sea. Distinctive stone tools belonging to the Clovis culture established the presence of these early New World people. But are the Clovis tools Asian in origin? Drawing from original archaeological analysis, paleoclimatic research, and genetic studies, noted archaeologists Dennis J. Stanford and Bruce A. Bradley challenge the old narrative and, in the process, counter traditional—and often subjective—approaches to archaeological testing for historical relatedness. The authors apply rigorous scholarship to a hypothesis that places the technological antecedents of Clovis in Europe and posits that the first Americans crossed the Atlantic by boat and arrived earlier than previously thought. Supplying archaeological and oceanographic evidence to support this assertion, the book dismantles the old paradigm while persuasively linking Clovis technology with the culture of the Solutrean people who occupied France and Spain more than 20,000 years ago.” (From University of California Press) Dennis Stanford may have come to find some Genetic data from my Paper given at an SAA session he attended and in fact personally ‘turned my overheads’ during my presentation. (Minnesota 1995) Dixon, E. James (1993). Quest for the Origins of the First Americans. University of New Mexico. ISBN 978-0-8263-1406-2. James Dixon was a Discussant for the symposium Richard Rodgers and I organized for the SSA meeting in Seattle 1999. My Paper addressed admixture between Siberians and Amerindians in northeast Asia (as evidence of Paleoindian migration north), and later (Boas’s Eskimo wedge theory), during the formation of maritime Circumpolar People in coastal environments of Eastern Beringia between 10,600 and 6,000 years ago. This rarely discussed alternative direction of migration is complemented by accepting Dixon’s Clovis occupation of the Americas and his articulation of migration of Amerindians (as I and others see it; the Formation of Athapascans and later, Sea-Mammal Hunting Cultures), into the north followed by the retreat of glacial barriers after the in-situ development of "Paleoarctic Traditions" in southeastern North America. Interior Holocene migrations can be traced to the Americas (north and east, through initial unglaciated regions of North America), by boreally adaptive Athapaskans (Boas 1905, 1910; Dixon 1993) and in eastern North America by Algonquian speakers (Rogers 1985). These movements may have continued well into late-Holocene times (Ackerman 1982). Even more recent movements suggest acculturation during the Post-Paleoarctic interval in the Central Brooks Range (Schoenberg 1995). This study proposed and this Book Proposal details the distinct genetic affinities linking Amerindian mtDNAs with Siberians preceding the formation of the today’s Circumarctic Populations. As Boas suggested a separate “Eskimo wedge” divided Northeast Asian Amerindians from their parent stock in the Americas. Boas alternative naturally follows today’s scientific extenuation of a presence of pre-Clovis people and with it, the testing of the possibility of regional expansions into deglaciated areas of the Northern Hemisphere by later Holocene descendants comprising Paleoindians. This is significant and detailed in the current Book Proposal herein (Hicks 1998 Human Biology). Lauber, Patricia (2003). Who Came First: New Clues to Prehistoric Americans. National Geographic Soc Children’s books. ISBN 978-0-7922-8228-0. The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery James Adovasio, Jake Page Random House Publishing Group, Jan 16, 2009 - Social Science - 352 pages “Engrossing account of recent developments in a long-running and contentious scientific debate. “With the exception of the creationism vs. evolution controversy, few areas of contemporary science have engendered such fierce dogmatism and even fiercer adherents as the questions of who the first Americans were and when they got here. Assisted by science writer and editor Page (The Lethal Partner, 1996, etc.), Adovasio presents his case with reasonableness and clarity. He begins with his early fieldwork at the Meadowcroft Rockshelter near Pittsburgh, where in 1974 he found charcoal from two hearths that placed humans in the vicinity nearly 4,000 years before they supposedly have set foot anywhere on the continent. Though he vowed not to, the author became ensnared in what anthropologist Tom D. Dillehay has called the “dishonesty, double standards, and phony scientific posture” of scholars with an axe to grind or a reputation to uphold at all costs. At issue was the sacrosanct notion that nomadic mammoth hunters crossed the frozen Bering Strait during the last glacial period about 12,000 years ago. Now director of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Adovasio contends humans arrived millennia earlier, most likely by boat, and that the contributions of women were more critical to their success than previously credited. Despite the existence of such widely accepted methods as radiocarbon dating, much evidence about the time of human habitation in the Americas has been automatically discounted by opponents of whatever theory the dating supports. Add to this the fact that various ethnic groups, including modern Native Americans, have a vested interest in the first Americans being their ancestors, whether a lost band of Israelites or survivors of a sunken Atlantis or wandering Welshmen in sealskin coracles, and you have all the ingredients for an intellectual brouhaha that frequently reached the vitriolic flashpoint.” From a Review Affording glimpses into both scientific detection processes and vicious academic infighting, this will appeal to scientists and general readers alike.” (Taken from the Editors) As for my work Adovasio states “I carefully read your link and like Dr Templeton, I am impressed by both your writing style and the manner in which you develop your argument!” He does not though agree with the antiquity required to substantiate it. Eight. Additional Information and Specifications It is virtually complete with perhaps a Glossary of terms, Anonym’s list, revised Bibliography, and of course an accompanying Index, and Epilog awaiting. The manuscript contains five main chapters. Total breakdown estimates ‘including footnotes, References etc. 133,518 words Forward: German Dziebel author The Genius of Kinship, or Jose Carlos Solar Gomez, Archaeologist/population geneticist, Madrid, Spain Dedication: Ely Parker Acknowledgement: (to be Completed) Glossary of Terms (to be Completed) Antonyms Introduction List of Illustrations, figures, maps, tables, portraits, etc. (to be determined, ‘monochrome (grayscale or black-and-white) image)’ would be ideal. Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Epilog (to be completed) Biography Bibliography Index 19