Taxonomically, lichens are classified as a distinct group under the Kingdom Fungi. They have been subject to materia medica books since the ancient times, drawing attention for their medicinal properties. Studies on the biology and history of lichens in Türkiye have now reached a significant level. Therefore, it is epistemologically plausible to consider lichens in philosophy and from a philosophical perspective. The dual nature of lichens known as symbiotic organisms leads to the emergence of certain properties that are not observable when individual partners live separately. The present study explores whether lichens are indivisible individuals, discussing the lichen thallus as a relatively balanced system and even a miniature 'ecosystem'. Consequently, this paper proposes that emergence, as a concept, can be considered a methodological apparatus in both defining and explaining biological facts and phenomena. Building on biological knowledge, it is suggested that philosophy, particularly biophilosophy and ethics, can consider lichens as model organisms. Through this perspective, principles for coexistence of both individuals, communities, and societies can be established.
The objective of the article was to perform a literature review to analyze the use of megatrends as an analytical framework in various areas of economic and social discourse. Following SALSA methodology, the scope of the research covers peer reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2018. The results show that the concept of megatrends has been utilized in analyzing the impact of fundamental economic and social changes in three main areas: foresight studies of selected industries, analyses of existing and anticipated changes in management and business practices, and other socioeconomic topics. The content of the most frequently used megatrends covered: technology developments, environmental changes, demographic shifts, urbanization, and changes in geopolitics. The most coherently defined megatrends that are frequently envisaged to exercise influence on the contemporary world, and are expected to continue to do so in the future, are: digitization and development of ICT and related technologies, urbanization growth, scarcity of resources and climate changes. Streszczenie: Celem artykułu było przeprowadzenie przeglądu literatury w celu przeanalizowania użycia koncepcji megatrendu jako analitycznej struktury w różnych obszarach ekonomicznego i społecznego dyskursu. Badanie z wykorzystaniem metodyki SALSA obejmuje recenzowane artykuły naukowe opublikowane między 2010 a 2018 rokiem. Wyniki pokazują, że koncepcja megatrendów była wykorzystywana do analizy oddziaływania istotnych ekonomicznych i społecznych zmian w trzech głównych obszarach: studia nad przyszłością poszczególnych branż, analizy obecnych i przewidywanych zmian w zarządzaniu i praktyce biznesowej oraz do badania społeczno-gospodarczych zagadnień. Problematyka najczęściej używanych megatrendów obejmuje: rozwój technologii, zmiany środowiskowe, przemiany demograficzne, urbanizację, zmiany geopolityczne. Najbardziej spójnie zdefiniowane megatrendy, o największej domniemanej sile oddziaływania, to: 210 Radosław Malik, Anna Anetta Janowska cyfryzacja i rozwój technologii informacyjnych, wzrost urbanizacji, niedobór surowców naturalnych oraz zmiany klimatyczne. Słowa kluczowe: megatrend, analiza megatrendów, przegląd literatury, analiza ekonomiczna, gospodarka światowa, studia nad przyszłością.
The cultural ecosystem service (CES) has been rarely expressed in the area of urban landscape and design. This study tries to find a framework to apply the CES usage in the literature of landscape design. The results show that most indicators have expanded in the areas of "landscape elements" followed by the "ecological infrastructures." In addition, the aesthetic indicators in the biological aspect have been mainly focused on plants; moreover, birds have been more considered than the other species. Other findings indicate that, in addition to the existing proceedings, the link with the sustainable development objectives, the effects of the drivers for change and the ecosystem's improper services' indicators are factors that should be considered in the area of landscape design in a framework of ecosystem cultural services.
The research and development of damage tolerant carbon fiber composites
Miranda, John Armando
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses; 1999; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses (PQDT)
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'The Chronology of the Wars of Artaxerxes II in the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries', in: M. Brosius, A. Kuhrt (eds.), Studies in Persian History: Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: 1998), 239-256
JOHN PAUL MIRANDA