Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage. 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023, Serial #35
Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management
(GJESM)
Homepage: https://www.gjesm.net/
Podcasts
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER
Modeling the tropical fish community related to land uses and environmental
determinants
N.D. Takarina1,*, O.M. Chuan2, M.I. Afifudin1, L. Tristan1, I. Arif1, A. Adiwibowo3
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Gedung E, Kampus UI Depok,
Depok 16424, Indonesia
1
2
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia, C Building 1st Floor Kampus Baru
UI. Depok 16424, Indonesia
3
ARTICLE INFO
A B ST R AC T
Article History:
Received 25 September 2022
Revised 01 November 2022
Accepted 09 December 2022
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coastal ecosystems worldwide have been threatened by changing
land use and environmental determinants. These conditions have impacted important marine resources,
including fish diversity. Southeast Asia, one region experiencing massive land use change, still has limited
information on how land use and disturbed coastal ecosystems impact fish diversity. This information is
urgently needed as fish is one of the most important food resources here. This study aims to assess and
compare the environment and tropical fish community between disturbed and intact sites, represented
by coasts dominated by settlements and coasts dominated by mangrove forests in West Java, Indonesia.
METHODS: Fish sampling was carried out at two sites: Jakarta as the disturbed site and Subang as the
intact site; water quality was also measured at these sites. Land uses at the sites were interpreted using
satellite imagery. Fish diversity was determined using the Shannon–Wiener index, rarefaction curve, and
Lorenz graph. Principal component analysis, analysis of variance, and the x2-test were used to determine
environmental factors that affected the fish community at both sites. Akaike’s information criterion was
assigned to model the relationship between environmental factors and the fish community.
FINDINGS: Coasts characterized by anthropogenic disturbances and the absence of mangrove cover
have a lower potential of hydrogen (pH) and reduced fish diversity by up to 53.91%. The intact site
had higher fish diversity and made a greater contribution to conservation by providing habitats for
fish species with the least concern and vulnerability statuses, according to the International Union for
Conservation of Nature Red List. From the AIC model, the decreasing water pH (AICc = 27.28) was the
main determinant that reduces fish diversity at disturbed sites compared to dissolved oxygen (Akaike’s
information criterion = 28.13) and salinity (Akaike’s information criterion = 29.95).
CONCLUSION: The coastal fish community was affected by differences in environmental factors,
land uses, and mangrove cover driven by anthropogenic influences. The AIC model proved capable
of assessing the effects of environmental factors on coastal fish communities. This study modeled
environmental factors that should be managed and prioritized to restore and conserve the fish
community along tropical coasts.
Keywords:
Akaike
Fish
Land use
Mangrove
Potential of hydrogen (pH)
DOI: 10.22035/gjesm.2023.03.10
NUMBER OF REFERENCES
NUMBER OF FIGURES
NUMBER OF TABLES
71
9
4
*Corresponding Author:
Email: noverita.dian@sci.ui.ac.id
Phone: + 021 7721 7019
ORCID: 0000-0003-1766-7445
Note: Discussion period for this manuscript open until October 1, 2023 on GJESM website at the “Show Article”.
N.D. Takarina et al.
INTRODUCTION
Marine ecosystems, including coastal ecosystems,
are subjected to several anthropogenic activities.
The loss of coastal biodiversity has become a
well-recognized feature of the Anthropocene.
Anthropogenic disturbances caused by activities such
as agriculture, massive urbanization, deforestation,
and introduction of non-native species may
contribute to the diversity of fish species within
a community, for example, the reduction in fish
diversity and the increased similarity in composition
of fish species (Dornelas et al., 2014; Socolar et al.,
2016). The disturbance induced by human activities
in an intact ecosystem can promote the replacement
of many endemic species with cosmopolitan fish (Li
et al., 2018). Environmental disturbances related to
anthropogenic activities include small farms, tourism,
and fishing fleets (Méndez, 2021). Anthropogenic
activities have been widely reported to have negative
impacts on coastal ecosystems from the tropics to
Antarctica. Even in remote places like Antarctica,
the disturbed area along the coast showed lower
values of biodiversity and taxonomic distinctness
(Stark et al., 2014), because of anthropogenic
activities and disturbances in the form of old waste
disposal sites, environmental pollution, and organic
enrichment. Palacios-Sánchez et al. (2019) confirmed
that the presence of anthropogenic impacts reduced
salinity, fish abundance, and biodiversity values, as
observed in the disturbed coasts receiving medium
to high impacts. Nevertheless, the category of coasts
without impacts has high values of fish diversity and
abundance, and salinity, but low concentrations
of nitrites, nitrates, and ammonia. In seagrass
ecosystems (Iacarella et al., 2018) near the coast,
associated with high anthropogenic disturbance, the
fish composition exhibits biotic homogenization. A
site with this high disturbance was reported to have
lower biodiversity than an area with low disturbance
(Fakhry et al., 2020). The Southeast Asian region
is known for its vast and lucrative tropical coasts
that have high fish diversity. In this region, coastal
ecosystems located on the West Java coast are
known to have high fish species biodiversity, which
include families of Leiognathidae (Leiognathus
spp.), Sciaenidae, Synodontidae (Saurida tumbil),
Bothidae, Ariidae (Netuma thalassina), Plotosidae,
Nemipteridae (Nemipterus hexodon), Clupeidae, and
Haemulidae (Partasasmita et al., 2015). However,
516
this coast has been recently threatened (Nuryanto
et al., 2021) and disturbed by the presence of
anthropogenic influences and land-use conversion
from intact mangrove forests to human settlements
(Fabinyi et al., 2022). In Indonesia, comparative
studies on the fish community in both protected and
disturbed environments are still lacking; however, this
information is urgently needed as fish communities
are threatened by the magnitude of anthropogenic
activities on coasts. Currently, the West Java coast is
threatened by population density and anthropogenic
activities that have led to land-use change, reduced
carrying capacity, and increased impacts on
environmental quality (Handayani et al., 2017).
The West Java coast has a population of 35 million,
and this keeps increasing. This makes it the second
largest urban population in the world (Octifanny and
Hudalah, 2017) and can pose a significant threat to
coastal fish resources. Considering this situation, this
study attempts to address the following questions:
are there any differences in the fish community
between coasts disturbed by anthropogenic activity
and intact coasts? If there is a difference, what are
the primary environmental determinants affecting
the fish community? The assessment was based on
Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) modeling as this
method can select environmental factors that should
be managed and prioritized to restore and conserve
the fish community along disturbance gradients.
Assessment and modeling results can then be applied
to strategize the management and conservation of
coastal fish, especially in controlling anthropogenic
activities and regulating environmental factors
related to those activities. The objectives of this
study are to assess and compare the environment
and tropical fish community between disturbed
and intact sites, represented by disturbed coasts
dominated by settlements (Jakarta coast) and intact
coasts dominated by mangrove forests (Subang
coast), on the West Java coast, Indonesia, in 2022.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The northern West Java coastal areas, Indonesia,
consisting of Jakarta and Subang (western part/
West Java coast), were selected as the study areas
representing disturbed and intact sites, respectively
(Fig. 1). The determinations of disturbed and
intact sites were based on literature reviews, field
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
Fig. 1: Geographic location of the study area at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast, Indonesia
Fig. 1: Geographic location of the study area at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast, Indonesia
Subang district, with coordinates of 6°12’50.4”SL,
observations, and satellite image classification using
107°38’38.4”EL - 6°13’19.2” SL, 107°41’38.4”EL. This
geographical information system (GIS) analyses.
sites is characterized by a combination of fishponds
The disturbed site was part of Jakarta city, with the
with reforested mangroves and the presence of intact
geographical location of between 6.103o and 6.108o
mangrove forests. This site was previously covered by
south latitude (SL) and 106.773o and 106.779o east
vast mangroves. However, those intact mangroves
longitude (EL). These sites are characterized by the
were deforested and converted into fishponds. As a
absence of natural cover, including mangrove forests,
result of awareness of the community and fishermen,
as the natural vegetation has been converted into
the logged mangrove forest has been restored
settlements. Driven by economic growth and high
through reforestation. The results were mangroves
population growth in Jakarta, there have been massive
covered with fishponds. The water near the coast is
developments of residential and infrastructure
known to have numerous fish species of commercial
areas in Jakarta. Besides the settlements, there are
value, which can be either consumed or sold in the
seaports and industrial areas. As a result, residential
market. The population of the disturbed site was only
and infrastructure area expansion has disturbed
64,235 people.
the mangrove forest cover in Jakarta, reducing
mangrove areas by up to 393 hectares from 1998 to
Fish survey
2018 (Rizal and Haykal, 2021). Despite these massive
anthropogenic disturbances, the body of water off the
The procedure for the fish survey was modified
coast is still utilized by traditional fishermen to catch
from previous studies (Agustriani et al., 2020;
some fish species. The population of the disturbed
Araújo et al., 2006). The survey was conducted in
the daytime, from 8.00 am to 14.00 pm. Gillnets
site was 1.8 million. The intact site was part of the
517
Modeling the tropical fish community
with a mesh size of 2 inches were used to capture
fish. The fish collected were preserved using 10%
formaldehyde. Fish identification was conducted
based on their morphological characteristics, using
the identification key provided in the guidebook by
Kottelat et al. (1993).
diagonal line representing the evenness. The greater
the curve of the evenness line, the more diverse the
particular species becomes and the more uneven the
abundance of each fish species becomes (Nijssen et
al., 1998; Rousseau et al., 1999; Tallei et al., 2018).
Principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of
variance (ANOVA), and x2-test
PCA, an ordination method, was used to visualize
the patterns of diversity values (H’) and environmental
variable data between the disturbed and intact sites
(Chen et al., 2022). The significance of the effects of
disturbances on the H’, DO, salinity, and pH was tested
using ANOVA (Caliman et al., 2013). The x2-test was
used to test the differences of land-use compositions.
Environmental variable measurements
Environmental variables, such potential of
hydrogen (pH), salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO),
were recorded in situ. Each variable was noted with
three replications for each sampling location. The
equipment used to measure the variables were the
Lutron DO meter 5510 for DO values, Lutron pH meter
5510 for pH, and Atago refractometer for salinity. The
site coordinates were plotted using the Garmin eTrex
global positioning system (GPS).
Akaike information criterion (AIC) model
Fish community correlations with environmental
variables in both disturbed and intact sites were
modeled using AIC, following Cavada et al. (2016).
The AIC model was developed using linear regression
(Smoliński and Radtke, 2017; Wedding et al., 2019).
The parameters measured included in AIC were
AICc, ΔAICc, AICc weight, cumulative weight, and log
likelihood. To develop the model, environmental
variables correlated with the fish biodiversity index
(H’), including pH, DO, and salinity, were analyzed.
To investigate which is the best model, the following
seven linear mixed-effect models were applied and
compared as follows:
Data analyses
Coastal land uses
A GIS was used to classify land use in the coastal
area. Images captured using Landsat 8 were
reacquired and supervised to obtain the type of land
use. The categories for coastal land-use classifications
were water and sea, mangrove, mangrove and
fishpond, and settlement. Then, the compositions of
each land-use type were denoted as percentages.
Fish species diversity
The diversity of fish species was determined using
the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. This index was
applied to measure the diversity of fish species in
both disturbed and intact sites using Eq. 1 (Roy et al.,
2022).
Model 1: Salinity effect
Model 2: DO effect
Model 3: pH effect
Model 4: Salinity + DO effect
Model 5: Salinity + pH effect
Model 6: DO + pH effect
Model 7: Salinity + DO + pH effect
The best model was selected based on the lowest
AICc and cumulative weight values.
H′= - ∑ i=1pi lnpi
S
Where, H’ is the Shannon–Wiener index, pi is the
proportion of the total abundance of the community
represented by the i-th species, ln (pi) is the natural
log of pi, S is the number of fish species encountered,
and Σ is the sum of species 1 to species S.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Coastal land uses
Land-use characteristics are one of the important
pieces of information recorded in this study as they
play a significant role in influencing the environmental
determinants and fish species diversity. Based on the
statistical results, a significant difference in landuse compositions was found (x2 = 23.532, P < 0.05)
Rarefaction curves and Lorenz graphs
Fish diversity was modeled using the rarefaction
curve (Nuon et al., 2020) and Lorenz graph. The
Lorenz graph indicates diversity based on the
evenness. Within the Lorenz graph, the diversity
was measured based on the curve shapes under the
518
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
(Fig. 2). The coastal disturbed site was dominated by
settlements. In comparison, settlements were absent
at the intact site. At the intact site, intact mangroves
and reforested mangroves were more common and
dominant (Fig. 3).
The significant differences in land-use types
between both sites affected fish species diversity
and environmental determinants. The average fish
species diversity, denoted as H’, reduced by 53.91%
from 2.17 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–3.19)
to as low as 1 (95% CI: 0.018–1.98) (Table 1). Some
environmental determinants were also affected (Fig.
4). The water at the disturbed site was becoming
more acidic than that at the intact site (F = 220.516, P
< 0.05). The disturbed site had lower salinity because
of the presence of 13 rivers at this site that discharge
freshwater.
These findings on how coastal land uses influence
the ecosystem along with fish species diversity agree
with those of previous studies (Qiao et al., 2022). In the
Southeast Asian region, as observed in Sabah (Tóth et
al., 2019), land-use changes in protected intact areas
reduced the species and functional richness of native
fish. Any form of logging or land-use change has had
a clear and negative impact on fish communities. As
a consequence of anthropogenic disturbances, low H’
values can also be caused by the presence of invasive
fish species that replace native species. Conversions
of intact vegetated areas into agricultural areas have
caused non-native fish to modify the structure of
native fish communities (Wilkinson et al., 2018).
Fish community assemblage
In total, 11 species from 11 families were found
in the disturbed site (Table 2). Species belonging to
Leiognathidae, Haemulidae, and Sciaenidae were
Fig. 2: Land-use classifications at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast
Fig. 2: Land-use classifications at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast
519
N.D. Takarina et al.
Fig. 3: Land-use compositions at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast
Fig. 3: Land-use compositions at disturbed and intact sites on West Java coast
Table
95% CI
for effects
effects of
of disturbances
disturbances on
on H’,
H’,DO,
DO,salinity,
salinity,and
andpH
pHatatdisturbed
disturbedand
andintact
intactsites
sites
Table 1:
1: Summary
Summary of
of the
the mean
mean and
and 95%
CI and
and ANOVA
ANOVA for
Source of variations
H’
DO
pH
Salinity
Disturbed
1 (0.018–1.98)
19 (17.3–20.7)
6.99 (6.76–7.22)
24 (12.6–35.4)
Mean and 95% CI
Intact
2.17 (1.15–3.19)
6.33 (6.19–6.47)
7.7 (7.59–7.81)
35.5 (34.4–36.6)
F
P
2.606
220.516
29.337
3.851
0.181
0.000
0.005
0.121
Fig. 4: Comparisons of H’, DO, salinity, and pH between disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 4: Comparisons of H’, DO, salinity, and pH between disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
520
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
Table 2: Fish species list recorded with family, common name, and individual abundance at disturbed (A) and intact (B) sites on West Java
Table 2: Fish species list recorded with family, common name, andcoast
individual abundance at disturbed (A) and intact (B) sites on West Java coast
Scientific name
Common name
Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775)
Common ponyfish
Leiognathus brevirostris
Shortnose ponyfish
(Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835)
Pugnose ponyfish
Deveximentum insidiator (Bloch, 1787)
Orangefin ponyfish
Photopectoralis bindus (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835)
Nuchequula nuchalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1845)
Spotnape ponyfish
Blunthead puffer
Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller and Troschel, 1845)
Half-smooth golden pufferfish
Lagocephalus spadiceus (Richardson, 1845)
Sardinella brachysoma (Bleeker, 1852)
Deepbody sardinella
Tenualosa toli (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847)
Toli shad
Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787)
Striped eel catfish
Sagor catfish
Hexanematichthys sagor (Hamilton, 1822)
Spotted scat
Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Sphyraena obtusata (Cuvier, 1829)
Obtuse barracuda
Bartail flathead
Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Abalistes stellaris (Anonymous, 1798)
Starry triggerfish
Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål, 1775)
Silver grunt
Southern yellow croaker
Larimichthys pamoides (Munro, 1964)
Pennahia argentata (Houttuyn, 1782)
Silver croaker
Common silver-biddy
Gerres oyena (Forsskål, 1775)
Lutjanus russellii (Bleeker, 1849)
Russell’s snapper
Star snapper
Lutjanus stellatus (Akazaki, 1983)
Moustached thryssa
Thryssa mystax (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, 1829)
Sulfur goatfish
Camouflage grouper
Epinephelus polyphekadion (Bleeker, 1849)
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerel
Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800)
Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829)
Savalai hairtail
Nemipterus virgatus (Houttuyn, 1782)
Golden threadfin bream
Silver pomfret
Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)
Comet
Calloplesiops altivelis (Steindachner, 1903)
Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830)
Javelin grunter
Long tongue sole
Cynoglossus lingua (Hamilton, 1822)
Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846)
Silver-stripe round herring
Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)
Silver sillago
Tank goby
Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)
Bluespot mullet
Crenimugil seheli (Forsskål, 1775)
Fourfinger threadfin
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Chanos (Forsskål, 1775)
Milkfish
Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)
Jarbua terapon
DD: data deficient; NE: not evaluated; LC: least concern, V: vulnerable
more abundant than other species and families. At
the intact site, there were 29 species belonging to 25
families. Species belonging to Mugilidae, Sciaenidae,
and Ariidae were more abundant than other species
and families. The presence of high numbers of
individuals and families in the intact site confirms
that fish species at this site are more diverse and
abundant. According to the rarefaction curve and
Lorenz graph (Figs. 5 and 6), a small sample taken from
the intact site yielded more fish species than a sample
taken from the disturbed site. Some fish species were
Family
Leiognathidae
IUCN
LC
A
6
B
-
Leiognathidae
NE
-
1
Leiognathidae
Leiognathidae
Leiognathidae
Tetraodontidae
Tetraodontidae
Clupeidae
Clupeidae
Plotosidae
Ariidae
Scatophagidae
Sphyraenidae
Platycephalidae
Balistidae
Haemulidae
Sciaenidae
Sciaenidae
Gerreidae
Lutjanidae
Lutjanidae
Engraulidae
Mullidae
Serranidae
Scombridae
Trichiuridae
Nemipteridae
Stromateidae
Plesiopidae
Haemulidae
Cynoglossidae
Spratelloididae
Sillaginidae
Gobiidae
Mugilidae
Polynemidae
Chanidae
Terapontidae
NE
NE
NE
V
LC
NE
V
NE
NE
LC
NE
DD
NE
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NE
LC
LC
V
NT
NE
V
NE
LC
NE
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NE
LC
LC
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
23
11
-
3
1
4
3
1
12
1
26
1
2
1
9
2
1
1
3
1
1
5
6
3
2
1
1
23
2
1
3
restricted to either the intact or disturbed sites,
whereas other fish species were more general. At the
disturbed site, 36% of recorded species were found
only at this site, and these species include Plotosidae,
Scatophagidae, and Sphyraenidae. At the intact site,
up to 65% of fish species were found to be limited to
this site. About 63% of fish species at the disturbed
site were also found at the intact site, and as low as
27% of fish species at the intact site were also found
at the disturbed site. As the disturbed site have more
common fish species, this indicates that disturbance
521
Modeling the tropical fish community
Fig. 5: Rarefaction curves of fish species at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 5: Rarefaction curves of fish species at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 6: Lorenz graphs of fish species at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 6: Lorenz graphs of fish species at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
can cause a homogenization of fish species (Fig. 7).
Regarding the International Union for Conservation
of Nature (IUCN) Red List, more vulnerable and
least concern fish species were recorded at the
intact site. This indicates that the intact sites make
greater contributions to conservation as they provide
protection to and habitats for threatened fish species
(Fig. 8).
The changing fish assemblages between disturbed
and intact sites are related to land use that influences
nutrient discharge into the waters. Urban areas with
higher human populations are subjected to inputs of
anthropogenic waste and characterized by alterations
of intact ecosystems to settlements and agriculture,
which discharge large quantities of nutrients and
waste nitrogen. The accumulation of nitrogen
522
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
Fig. 7: Fish family compositions at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 7: Fish family compositions at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast
Fig. 8: Fish IUCN Red List Status compositions at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast (DD: data deficient; NE: not evaluated; LC: least concern, V: vulnerable)
Fig. 8: Fish IUCN Red List Status compositions at disturbed (a) and intact (b) sites on West Java coast (DD: data
deficient; NE: not evaluated; LC: least concern, V: vulnerable)
523
N.D. Takarina et al.
increases the abundant plankton and aquatic plants,
followed by increases in planktivore and herbivore
species only, which replaces other guilds (Britton et
al., 2019). Coastal land use for human activities is
intrinsically linked to ecological conditions in coastal
environments. Nearby mangrove cover removal
either at a catchment scale or at a local scale increases
the input of sediments and nutrients into coastal
ecosystems near terrestrial ecosystems and mangrove
cover (Tibúrcio et al., 2016). On the contrary,
intact vegetation cover is known to improve water
quality, availability and stability of physical complex
structures, and availability and diversity of food items
for fish (Lo et al., 2020). As a result, as observed in
this study, forested sites host higher fish abundance
because fish often actively select mangrove forests
in searching for suitable habitat conditions (Castello
et al., 2022). The presence of mangrove cover
benefits the fish community (Hutchison et al., 2014)
by providing nursery grounds, food resources, and
protection from predators. Rogers and Mumby
(2019) reported that the presence of mangroves can
increase fish productivity.
Fish community and environmental models
The ordination of disturbed and intact sites by PCA
of environmental variables (Fig. 9) demonstrated
some probable relationships among them. For
instance, the intact site was characterized by high
diversity, alkaline water with high pH values, saline
water, and low DO values. At the intact site, fish
diversity tended to be positively correlated with
increases in pH, salinity, and DO. Conspicuously, the
DO was negatively correlated with fish diversity, pH
values, and salinity. In contrast, the disturbed site was
characterized by low diversity, acidic water with low
pH values, less saline water, and high DO values.
Table 3 shows the model for the fish community
and environmental determinants represented by AICc
and cumulative weight. Two models had the lowest
AICc and cumulative weight, indicating that they were
the best models. These models include the effects
of DO and pH determinants. The summed AICc and
cumulative weight for these determinants were 27.28
Fig. 9: PCA plot showing intact (1, 2, 3) and disturbed (4, 5, 6) sites related to H’, DO, salinity, and pH
Fig. 9: PCA plot showing intact (1, 2, 3) and disturbed (4, 5, 6) sites related to H’, DO, salinity, and pH
524
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
Table
3: AIC
models
of fish
diversity
H’, DO,
salinity,
pH variables
at intact
disturbed
on West
Table
3: AIC
models
of fish
diversity
(H’)(H’)
withwith
H’, DO,
salinity,
andand
pH variables
at intact
and and
disturbed
sitessites
on West
JavaJava
coastcoast
Fish diversity models
Model 1: H’⁓salinity
Model 2*: H’⁓DO
Model 3*: H’⁓pH
Model 4: H’⁓salinity+DO
Model 5: H’⁓salinity+pH
Model 6: H’⁓DO+pH
Model 7: H’⁓salinity+DO+ pH
AICc
ΔAICc
AICc weight
29.95
28.13
27.28
57.66
57.28
57.28
na
2.67
0.85
0.00
30.38
29.99
30.00
na
0.14
0.34
0.5234
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Cum.
weight
1.00
0.86
0.52
1.00
0.00
1.00
1.00
Log
likelihood
-5.97
-5.07
-4.64
-4.83
-4.64
-4.64
-4.63
Table 4:
current
studies
on fish
community
Table
4: Comparisons
Comparisonswith
with
current
studies
on fish
community
Region
Indonesia
Location
Lake Siawan, West Kalimantan province
Indonesia
Banten Bay, Banten province
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
India
Indonesia
Indonesia
Paraja Bay, Banten province
Bidong island, South China Sea
Ban Pak Klong, Trang province
Western coast
Jakarta, Jakarta province
Subang, West Java province
Species
57
Data analysis
Shannon–Wiener H’
Source
Haryono (2020)
52
Shannon–Wiener H’
Sugiarti et al. (2021)
106
89
62
212
29
11
Shannon–Wiener H’
Shannon–Wiener H’
Shannon–Wiener H’
Fish community index
Shannon–Wiener H’, AIC model
Shannon–Wiener H’, AIC model
Mujiyanto et al. (2021)
Rumeaida et al. (2014)
Phinrub et al. (2014)
Bella et al. (2021)
This study
This study
level. Meanwhile, studies in Malaysia and Thailand
represent the current Southeast Asian work. A study
from India represents the current work on the fish
community at the Asian level. However, the current
studies have a limitation in their methods. The data
analysis method in most current studies is limited to
the Shannon–Wiener H’. To fill this gap and provide
a better understanding of the fish community along
with its determinant factors, this study implemented
the AIC model as the sole data analysis method.
This is clearly progress compared to current similar
studies in that there is a paucity of fish community
modeling. In this study, AIC was used to determine
that pH is the environmental determinant that most
affects fish species diversity. At the intact site, the
environmental condition is indicated by the alkaline
water with a higher pH that has converse effects on
fish species diversity. In comparison, water at the
disturbed site is more acidic and it reduces fish species
diversity. These findings are in agreement with those
of previous studies. In acidic aquatic environments,
the aquatic organism diversity was lower than that
in acidic aquatic environments with higher pH, and
these results were statistically significant. It is clear
that acidification (Spyra, 2017) negatively affects
ecosystem function (Alam et al., 2021) and diversity
because of the elimination of fish species that are
and 0.52 for pH determinants and 28.13 and 0.86 for
DO determinants, respectively. The summed AICc and
cumulative weight for Akaike weight as low as 27.28
and 0.52 indicate significant effects of pH variations
on fish species diversity. The second important effect
was DO, followed by salinity. Then, the suggested
model equations are H’⁓DO and H’⁓pH. The other
five models of fish communities that incorporate
salinity and the combined effects of salinity and pH,
salinity and DO, salinity and DO and pH, and DO and
pH were not suggested because those models have
higher AICc and cumulative weight values than the
suggested best models.
Cum., cumulative; na, not available
AIC was chosen and used as one of the methods
for determining which environmental determinant
has the greatest impact on specific fish diversity.
This method has been used to model the effects of
various environmental determinants, including the
year, lunar cycle, and tide, on several fish families
(Powell et al., 2016). This study is comparable with
current research on fish communities at the national,
Southeast Asian, and Asian levels (Table 4). Studies
in numerous Indonesian provinces represent the
current work on the fish community at the national
525
N.D. Takarina et al.
most sensitive to the low pH of water (Hall-Spencer
and Harvey, 2019).
manuscript. O.M. Chuan prepared the manuscript,
reviewed the proposals, and verified the data. M.I.
Afifudin conducted fish sampling in Jakarta and
tabulated the data. L. Tristan conducted fish sampling
in Subang and counted and identified the samples. I.
Arif prepared the samples and tabulated the data. A.
Adiwibowo drafted the manuscript and analyzed and
interpreted the data.
CONCLUSION
The coast is an important area because it is
basically composed of various ecosystems, including
mangroves, coral reefs, sea grasses, and sandy
beaches, which are interrelated with each other.
Coastal areas are also influenced by various kinds of
anthropogenic activities, either directly or indirectly,
as well as natural processes that are found on land
and at sea. Here, this study succeeded in modeling
coastal fish communities on the northern West Java
coast, covering both disturbed and intact sites. This
study has added value to current research on the fish
community by using an AIC model. The AIC model
of the fish community resulting from this study
can be applied to other coastal areas affected by
anthropogenic activities. The model can be used to
determine which environmental factors should be
regulated to restore and conserve the fish community.
This study confirms that the numbers of fish species
found at the disturbed site were lower than those
at the intact site. More fish species are found at the
intact site with H’ values of 2.17, and vulnerable
species are found at the intact site compared to the
disturbed site. The fish community showed lower
homogeneity at the intact site, which indicated that
more species could thrive at the intact site and more
niches were available within the ecosystem. In this
AIC model, three main environmental determinants
of DO, pH, and salinity were tested for their relative
impacts on fish biodiversity. The model discovered
that the most important factor in determining fish
biodiversity was pH. Based on the model, the summed
AICc and cumulative weight for Akaike weight were as
low as 27.28 and 0.52, indicating significant effects
of pH variations on fish species diversity. Thus,
coastal conservation management should make the
maintenance of more natural coastal systems at
intact sites their main priority, as well as restore and
improve environmental quality at disturbed sites.
Both these objectives could be achieved through
a moratorium on development and simultaneous
mangrove planting.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The sampling was conducted on the coasts of
Jakarta and Subang with the help of local citizens.
The authors thank the Directorate of Research and
Development, University of Indonesia (Risbang
UI), for its funding through PUTI Q2 Research
Grant with contract number [NKB-1304/UN2.RST/
HKP.05.00/2022 Fiscal Year 2022].
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there is no conflict of
interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.
In addition, the ethical issues, including plagiarism,
informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/
or falsification, double publication and/or submission,
and redundancy have been completely observed by
the authors.
OPEN ACCESS
©2023 The author(s). This article is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you
give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made. The images or other
third-party material in this article are included in the
article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is
not included in the article’s Creative Commons license
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory
regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright
holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PUBLISHER’S NOTE
GJESM Publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional afflictions.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
N.D. Takarina as corresponding author contributed
to the funding, proposal, and drafting of the
526
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
ABBREVIATIONS
o
Degree
%
Percentage
Σ
Sum of species 1 to species S
am
Ante meridiem
ANOVA
Analysis of variance
AIC
Akaike information criterion
AICc
Akaike information criterion factor i
ΔAICc
Akaike information criterion delta/sum
CI
Confidence interval
DD
Data deficient
DO
Dissolved oxygen
EL
East longitude
F
Means between population/
distribution
GIS
Geographical Information System
GPS
Global Positioning System
H’
Shannon–Wiener index
in
Inch
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of
Nature
LC
Least concern
ln
Natural log
N
North
na
Not available
NE
Not evaluated
P
Probability / significant value
PCA
Principal component analysis
pH
Potential of hydrogen
pi
Proportion of the entire community
made up of species i
pm
Post meridiem
S
Number of fish species encountered
SL
South latidude
V
Vulnerable
x
Chi square
2
REFERENCES
Agustriani, F.; Purwiyanto, A.I.S.; Putri, W.A.E.; Fauziyah,
F., (2020). Biodiversity of fishes in musi estuary, South
Sumatra, Indonesia. J. Lahan Suboptimal: J. Suboptimal
Lands, 9(2): 192-198 (7 pages).
Akazaki, M., (1983). A new lutjanid fish, Lutjanus stellatus,
from southern Japan and a related species, L. rivulatus
(Cuvier). Jpn. J. Ichthyol., 29(4): 365-373 (9 pages).
Alam, M.Z.; Baki Bhuiyan, M.A.; Abdullah, H.M.; Ghosh,
S.R.; Hassan, M.M.; Akter, R.; Rokonuzzaman, M.; Alam,
M.S., (2021). Changes of land use and land cover with
the diversity of fishes, aquatic plants, and bird’s species
at wetland ecosystem. Sci. World J., 2021: 7533119 (15
pages).
Anonymous, (1798). [Review of] Tome I of `Histoire naturelle
des poissons’ by Lacepède (1798). An VI-An –I.
Araújo, F.G.; Guimarães, F.J.; da Costa, M.R., (2006).
Environmental influences on distribution of four
Sciaenidae species (Actinopterygii, Perciformes) in a
tropical bay at Southeastern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Zool., 23(2):
497-508 (12 pages).
Bella, K.; Sahadevan, P.; Bhavan, S.; Kumar, B.; Raghavan, R.,
(2021). Characterization of fish community structure and
development of an estuarine fish community Index For
Temporarily Closed Estuaries (TCEs) From India’s Western
Coast (21 pages).
Bleeker, P., (1849). Bijdrage tot de kennis der percoïden van
den Malaijo-Molukschen archipel, met beschrijving van
22 nieuwe soorten, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen.
Bleeker, P., (1852). Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch
Genootschap der Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Egbert
Heemen.
Bloch, M.E., (1787). Naturgeschichte der ausländischen
Fische, Auf Kosten des Verfassers und in Commission bei
dem Buchhändler Hr. Hesse.
Bloch, M.E., Schneider, J.G., (1801). Systema ichthyologiae
iconibus CX illustratum, Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et
Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum.
Britton, A.W.; Murrell, D.J.; McGill, R.A.R.; Doble, C.J.; Doble,
Ramage, C.I.; Day, J.J., (2019). The effects of land use
disturbance vary with trophic position in littoral cichlid
fish communities from Lake Tanganyika. Freshw. Biol.,
64(6): 1114-1130 (7 pages).
Caliman, A.; Carneiro, L.S.; Leal, J.F.J.; Farjalla, V.F.; Bozelli,
R.L.; Esteves, F.A., (2013). Biodiversity effects of ecosystem
engineers are stronger on more complex ecosystem
processes. Ecology. 94(9): 1977-1985 (9 pages).
Castello, L.; Anane-Taabeah Attu, G.; Aliebe, A.; Onana
Ateba, N.O.; Jueya, S.; Carvalho, F.; Ickowitz, A.; Frimpong,
E.A., (2022). Land-use and land-cover affect inland fish
catch in two rivers of Central Africa. Water Biol. Secur.,
1(4): 100074 (10 pages).
Cavada, N.; Barelli, C.; Ciolli, M.; Rovero, F., (2016).
527
N.D. Takarina et al.
Houttuyn, M., (1782). Beschryving van eenige Japanese
visschen, en andere zee-schepzelen. Verh. Holl. Maatsch.
Wet. Haarlem., 20(2): 311-350 (40 pages).
Hutchison, J.; Spalding, M.; zu Ermgassen, P., (2014). The
Role of Mangroves in Fisheries Enhancement. The Nature
Conservancy and Wetlands International (54 pages).
Iacarella, J.C.; Adamczyk, E.; Bowen, D.; Chalifour, L.; Eger,
A.; Heath, W.; Helms, S.; Hessing-Lewis, M.; Hunt, B.P.V.;
MacInnis, A.; O’Connor, M.I.; Robinson, C.L.K.; Yakimishyn,
J.; Baum J.K., (2018). Anthropogenic disturbance
homogenizes seagrass fish communities. Global Chang.
Biol., 24(5): 1904-1918 (15 pages).
Kottelat, M.; Whitten, A.J.; Kartikasari, S.N.; S.Wirjoatmojo,
S., (1993). Freshwater of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi,
Periplus Ed. London.
Lacepède, B.G.E., (800). Histoire naturelle des poissons.
Chez F. G. Levrault.
Li, Y.; Tao, J.; Chu, L.; Yunzhi, Y., (2018). Effects of
anthropogenic disturbances on α and β diversity of fish
assemblages and their longitudinal patterns in subtropical
streams, China. Ecol. Freshw. Fish, 27(1): 433-441 (9
pages).
Linnaeus, C., (1758). Caroli Linnæi systema naturæ,
Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann.
Linnaeus, C., (1766). Systema naturae per regna tria
naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species
cum characteribus, differentiis, sinonimis, locis. Tomus
1 / [Pars 1] / Caroli a Linné, Impensis Laurentii Salvii
(Holmiae).
Lo, M.; Reed, J.; Castello, L.; Steel, E.A.; Frimpong, E.A.;
Ickowitz, A., (2020). The influence of forests on Freshwater
fish in the tropics: a systematic review. BioSci., 70(5): 404414 (11 pages).
Méndez, N., (2021). Assessing anthropogenic disturbance in
Estero de Urías coastal lagoon through the lens of annelid
distribution. Bull. Mar. Sci., 97(1): 89-104 (16 pages).
Mujiyanto; Sugianti, Y.; Afandy, Y.A.; Rahayu, R.; Bidikusuma,
R.A.; Nasriri, A.S.; Syam, A.R.; Purnaningtyas, S.E., (2021).
Reef fish community structure in the islands of Paraja Bay,
Pandeglang District, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22:
4402-4413 (12 pages).
Müller, J.; Troschel, F.H., (1845). Horae ichthyologicae :
Beschreibung und Abbildung neuer Fische, Veit and
Comp.
Munro, I.S.R., (1964). Additions to the fish fauna of New
Guinea. Papua New Guinea Agr. J., 16: 141-186 (46 pages).
Nijssen, D.; Rousseau, R.; Hecke, P.V., (1998). The Lorenz
curve: a graphical representation of evenness. Coenoses.
13(1): 33-38 (6 pages).
Nuon, V.; Lek, S.; Ngor, P.B.; So, N.; Grenouillet, G., (2020).
Fish community responses to human-induced stresses in
the lower Mekong Basin. Water. 12(12): 3552 (21 pages).
Nuryanto, A.; Bhagawati, D.; Kusbiyanto, (2021). Species diversity
and conservation status of marine ornamental fish traded at
three market spots in the southern coast of West Java. IOP
Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 746: 012021 (11 pages).
Primates in human-modified and fragmented landscapes:
the conservation relevance of modelling habitat and
disturbance factors in density estimation. PLoS ONE,
11(2): e0148289 (16 pages).
Chen, K.-S.; Chen, H.-S.; Chen, C.-Y.; Su, Y.-L.; Meng, P.-J.;
Chen, M.-S., (2022). Multivariate analysis of the spatial
species diversity of demersal fish assemblages in relation
to habitat characteristics in a subtropical national park,
Taiwan. Mar. Biodivers., 52(2022): 4 (18 pages).
Cuvier, G., (1829). Le règne animal distribué d’après son
organisation, pour servir de base à l’histoire naturelle des
animaux et d’introduction à l’anatomie comparée, Chez
Déterville.
Cuvier, G., (1830). Le règne animal distribué d’après son
organisation, pour servir de base à l’histoire naturelle des
animaux et d’introduction à l’anatomie comparée, Chez
Déterville.
Cuvier, G.; Valenciennes A., (1835). Histoire naturelle des
poissons. Chez F. G. Levrault, 1828-1849.
Cuvier, G.; Valenciennes A., (1847). Histoire naturelle des
poissons. Chez F. G. Levrault, 1828-1849.
Dornelas, M.; Gotelli, N.; Mcgill, B.; Shimadzu, H.; Moyes,
F.; Sievers, C.; Magurran, A.E., (2014). Assemblage time
series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic loss.
Science. 344(6181): 296-299 (4 pages).
Euphrasen, B.A., (1788). Kongliga vetenskaps academiens
nya handlingar, Stockholm.
Fabinyi, M.; Belton, B.; Dressler, W.H.; Knudsen, M.; Adhuri,
D.S.; Aziz, A.A.; Akber, Md.A.; Kittitornkool, J.; Kongkaew,
C.; Marschke, M.; Pido, M.; Stacey, N.; Steenbergen, D.J.;
Vandergeest, P., (2022). Coastal transitions: Small-scale
fisheries, livelihoods, and maritime zone developments
in Southeast Asia. J. Rural Stud., 91: 184-194 (11 pages).
Fakhry, A.M.; Khazzan, M.M.; Aljedaani, G.S., (2020). Impact
of disturbance on species diversity and composition of
Cyperus conglomeratus plant community in southern
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J. King Saud Univ. Sci., 32(1): 600605 (6 pages).
Forsskål, P., (1775). Descriptiones animalium, avium,
amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium. Hauniæ, ex
officina Mölleri, 1775.
Hall-Spencer, J.M.; Harvey, B.P., (2019). Ocean acidification
impacts on coastal ecosystem services due to habitat
degradation. Emerg. Top Life Sci., 3(2): 197-206 (10
pages).
Hamilton, F., (1822). An account of the fishes found in the
river Ganges and its branches. Edinburgh, Printed for A.
Constable and company; [etc., etc.], 1822.
Handayani, L.D.W.; Tejaningrum, M. A.; Damrah, F., (2017).
Modelling of land use change in Indramayu District, West
Java Province. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 54:
012021 (8 pages).
Haryono, (2020). Fish community structure and distribution
at Lake Siawan, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 535:
012051 (11 pages).
528
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 9(3): 515-530, Summer 2023
demersal fish diversity in the Baltic Sea: comparison of
machine learning and regression-based techniques. ICES
J. Mar. Sci., 74(1): 102-111 (10 pages).
Socolar, J.B.; Gilroy, J.J.; Kunin, W.E.; Edwards, D.P.,
(2016). How should beta-diversity inform biodiversity
conservation?. Trends Ecol. Evol., 31(1): 67-80 (4 pages).
Spyra, A., (2017). Acidic, neutral and alkaline forest ponds
as a landscape element affecting the biodiversity of
freshwater snails. Sci. Nat., 104: 73 (12 pages).
Stark, J.S.; Kim, S.L.; Oliver, J.S., (2014). Anthropogenic
disturbance and biodiversity of marine benthic
communities in Antarctica: a regional comparison. PLoS
ONE, 9(6): e98802 (24 pages).
Sugiarti; Nasution, S.; Sulistiono., (2021). Estuarine fish
community structure in Banten Bay Indonesia. IOP
Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science. 744
(15 pages).
Tallei, T.E; Saroyo; Tallei, V.R., (2018). Wild birds diversity
in Mount Tumpa Forest Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Biosci. Res., 15(1): 443-452 (10 pages).
Temminck, C.J., Schlegel. H., (1845). Pisces, in: Siebold, P.F.
de (Ed.), Fauna japonica, sive, Descriptio animalium, quae
in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis, superiorum,
qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto,
annis 1823-1830. Lugduni Batavorum, Apud Auctorem.
Temminck, C.J., Schlegel. H., (1846). Pisces, in: Siebold, P.F.
de (Ed.), Fauna japonica, sive, Descriptio animalium, quae
in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis, superiorum,
qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto,
annis 1823-1830. Lugduni Batavorum, Apud Auctorem.
Thunberg, C.P., (1787). D.D. [Docente Deo] Museum
Naturalium Academiae Upsaliensis. Cujus partem primam
consensu exp. Fac. Med. Upsal. / Praeside Carol. Pet.
Thunberg, [...] Publico examini proponit, Fridericus Wilhelm.
Radloff, Stockholmiensis. In auditorio Gust. Maj. d. XIV. April.
MDCCLXXXVII. H.A.M.S., Upsaliae: Typis Edmannianis.
Tibúrcio, G.S.; Carvalho, C.S.; Ferreira, F.C.; Goitein, R.;
Ribeiro, M.C., (2016). Landscape effects on the occurrence
of ichthyofauna in first-order streams of southeastern
Brazil. Acta Limnol. Bras., 28: e2 (10 pages).
Tóth, R.; Czeglédi, I.; Kern, B.; Erős, T., (2019). Land use
effects in riverscapes: Diversity and environmental drivers
of stream fish communities in protected, agricultural and
urban landscapes. Ecol. Indic., 101: 742-748 (7 pages).
Steindachner, F. (1903). Wien Der Akademie 1864-1914.
Wedding, L.M.; Jorgensen, S.; Lepczyk, C.A.; Friedlander,
A.M.; (2019). Remote sensing of three-dimensional
coral reef structure enhances predictive modeling of fish
assemblages. Remote Sens. Ecol. Conserv., 5(2): 150-159
(10 pages).
Wilkinson, C.L.; Yeo, D.C.J.; Tan, H.H.; Fikri, A.H.; Ewers, R.M.,
(2018). Land-use change is associated with a significant
loss of freshwater fish species and functional richness in
Sabah, Malaysia. Biol. Conserv., 222: 164-171 (8 pages).
Octifanny Y.; Hudalah, D., (2017). Urban agglomeration and
extension in northern coast of West Java: a transformation
into mega region. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 79:
012011 (9 pages).
Palacios-Sánchez, S.E.; Vega-Cendejas, M.E.; Hernándezde-Santillana, J.M.; Aguilar-Medrano, R., (2019).
Anthropogenic impacts in the nearshore fish community
of the Yucatan Coastal Corridor. A comparison of
protected and unprotected areas. J. Nat. Conserv., 51:
125721 (9 pages).
Partasasmita, R.; Nuari, T.; Erawan, T.; Iskandar, J., (2015).
The diversity of fish species and the disturbances in the
Cikawung river, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Nus. Biosci.,
7(2): 171-176 (6 pages).
Powell, A.; Dominique, P.; Jones, T.; Mallet, D., (2016). The
impacts of short-term temporal factors on the magnitude
and direction of marine protected area effects detected
in reef fish monitoring. Global Ecol. Conserv., 8: 263-276
(14 pages).
Phinrub, W.; Montien-Art, B.; Promya, J.; Suvarnaraksha, A.,
(2014). Fish diversity and fish community in seagrass beds
at Ban Pak Klong, Trang Province, Thailand. International
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 2: 197-201 (5
pages).
Qiao, J.; Li, P.; Li, Q.; Chu, L.; Wang, K.; Yan, Y., (2022). Effects
of land use on the β-diversity of fish assemblages in
subtropical headwater streams, China. Ecol. Freshw. Fish.,
31(3): 583-595 (12 pages).
Richardson, J., (1845). Ichthyology, Part 3, in: R. B. Hinds
(Ed.) The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under
the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B.,
F.R.G.S., etc., during the years 1836-42. Smith, Elder,
London.
Rizal, A.; Haykal, F., (2021). Land use changes analysis in
Jakarta Bay coastal area between 1998, 2008 and 2018. J.
Segara. 17: 135-144 (9 pages).
Rogers, A.; Mumby, P.J., (2019). Mangroves reduce the
vulnerability of coral reef fisheries to habitat degradation.
PLoS Biol., 17(11): e3000510.
Rousseau, R.; Van Hecke, P.; Nijssen, D.; Bogaert, J., (1999).
The relationship between diversity profiles, evenness and
species richness based on partial ordering. Environ. Ecol.
Stat., 6(2): 211-223 (13 pages).
Roy, D.; Didar, N.B.; Sarker, S.; Khan, Md.A.R.; Latifa, K.A,
(2022). Appraisal of different attributes of fish community
in Andharmanik River of coastal Bangladesh and socioeconomic conditions of fishermen. Heliyon. 8(7): e09825
(14 pages).
Rumeaida, M.P.; Daud S.M.M. ; Badri, F.M.I., (2014). Fish
diversity and abundance in Bidong Island, South China
Sea, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux. 7(3): 176-183 (7 pages).
Shaw, G., (1803). General zoology, or Systematic natural
history. London, Printed for G. Kearsley, 1800-1826.
Smoliński, S.; Radtke, K., (2017). Spatial prediction of
529
N.D. Takarina et al.
AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES
Takarina, N., D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas
Indonesia, Gedung E, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
Email: noverita.dian@sci.ui.ac.id
ORCID: 0000-0003-1766-7445
Web of Science ResearcherID: GPX-2701-2022
Scopus Author ID: 6505460222
Homepage: https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/persons/noverita-dian-takarina
Chuan, O., M., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala
Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Email: ong@umt.edu.my
ORCID: 0000-0003-0095-6849
Web of Science ResearcherID: H8919–2018
Scopus Author ID: 57220668305
Homepage: https://fssm.umt.edu.my/ongmengchuan/
Afifudin, M., I., B.Sc. Student, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Gedung E,
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
Email: muhammad.irfan06@ui.ac.id
ORCID: 0000-0001-7655-3742
Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
Scopus Author ID: NA
Homepage: https://biologi.ui.ac.id/en/home/
Tristan, L., B.Sc. Student, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Gedung E,
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
Email: leondy.tristan@ui.ac.id
ORCID: 0000-0003-2615-1889
Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
Scopus Author ID: NA
Homepage: https://biologi.ui.ac.id/en/home/
Arif, I., B.Sc. Student, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Gedung E, Kampus
UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
Email: ibrahimarif1487@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-5208-7027
Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
Scopus Author ID: NA
Homepage: https://biologi.ui.ac.id/en/home/
Adiwibowo, A., M.Sc., Occupational Health and Safety Department, Faculty of Public Health Universitas Indonesia, C Building 1st Floor
Kampus Baru UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia.
Email: wibowohealth@hotmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-7787-5735
Web of Science ResearcherID: NA
Scopus Author ID: 57226558692
Homepage: https://staff.ui.ac.id/andrio.adiwibowo
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Takrina, N.D.; Chuan O.M.; Afifudin, M.I.; Tristan, L.; Arif, I.; Adiwibowo, A ., (2023). Modeling the tropical
fish community related to the land uses and environmental determinants. Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage.,
9(3): 515-530.
DOI: 10.22035/gjesm.2023.03.10
url: https://www.gjesm.net/article_698514.html
530