Using Molecular Weight-Based Fluorescent Detector to Characterize
Dissolved E uentOrganic Matter in Oxidation Ditch with Algae
Euis Nurul Hidayah ( euisnh.tl@upnjatim.ac.id )
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur: Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jatim
Okik Hendriyanto Cahyonugroho
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jawa Timur: Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jatim
Elita Nur triyani Sulistyo
Universitas Islam Indonesia
Nieke Karnangingroem
ITS: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Research Article
Keywords: algal organic matter, fractionation, fulvic acid-like, molecular weight cut-offs, oxidation ditch
Posted Date: December 13th, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-815621/v1
License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License
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Abstract
Implementation microalgae has been considered for enhancing e uent wastewater quality. However, algae can cause environmental issues due to algae
released extracellular organic matter, algal organic matter, instead of bacteria-derived organic matter in the biological process. The objectives of this study
are to investigate the characteristics of dissolved e uent organic matter as algal-derived organic and bacteria-derived organic during the oxidation ditch
process. Experiments were conducted in the oxidation ditch without algae, with Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed dissolved
e uent organic matter increased into higher dissolved organic carbon, more aromatic and hydrophobic than that before treatment. Fluorescence
spectroscopy identi ed two component, namely aromatic protein-like at excitation/emission 230/345 nm and soluble microbial products-like at 320/345
nm after treatment, instead of fulvic acid-like at 230/420 nm and humic acid-like at 320/420 nm in raw wastewater. Fractionation of dissolved organic
uorescence based on average molecular weight cut-offs (MWCOs) has obtained that fractions aromatic protein-like, fulvic acid-like, humic acid-like, and
soluble microbial products-like has respectively a high MWCOs 50,000 Da, a high to low MWCOs <1650 Da, medium MWCOs 1650 Da to low MWCOs.
Biological oxidation ditch under symbiosis algal-bacteria generated humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like with a higher MWCOs than oxidation without algal.
The quality and quantity of dissolved e uent organic matter in oxidation ditch algal reactor has been signi cant affected by algal-bacteria symbiotic.
Introduction
Microalgae have been considering as an alternative solution to enhance wastewater treatment due to their ability to use inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorous for their growth. Microalgae could also remove pathogens, heavy metals, and furnish O2 to heterotrophic aerobic bacteria to degrade
organic pollutants (Munoz and Guieysse 2006). The potential uses of algae-bacteria biomass have been well observed, which can be used for a human
food source (Wells et al. 2017), animal feed (Madeira et al. 2017), organic fertilizer for sustainable agriculture (Baweja et al. 2019). However, it may
contain a recalcitrant compound that could be found in treated wastewater e uent (Leloup et al. 2013). Also, algae-bacteria biomass could be used for
energy production, such as biogas production (Montingelli et al. 2015) and biofuel (Benemann 2013). Instead of its advantages, algae can cause
undesirable odor and taste, release toxins and organics in the water bodies (Caruana and Amzil 2018; Leloup et al. 2013). Many studies have observed
that microorganisms released extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMPs), while microalgae released extracellular
organic matter (EOM) (Qu et al. 2012). Also, organic matter produced by algal or algal organic matter (AOM) has been well identi ed recently, including its
production, evolution, and characteristics, which depended on the species and growth phases (Rehman et al. 2017). Those microbial products are
essential because the constituents are found in wastewater lead to membrane fouling, sludge bulking in activated sludge (biological treatment),
disinfection by-products upon chemical disinfection, and oating matter and lms in waterways (Shon et al. 2006).
Some characterization of e uent organic matters and AOM have been developed to identify organics properties quantitatively and qualitatively.
Regarding the e uent organic matter, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP) are generated from biological
wastewater treatment. EPS, a complex high molecular weight compound, is produced by microorganisms in bioreactors when organic materials exist in
wastewater (Ni et al. 2009). SMP is composed of molecular weight < 1 kDa, and it is released during biomass metabolism and decay in biological
processes (Liu et al. 2014). According to molecular weight organic fractions, the e uent from the biological process consists mainly of biopolymers and
humics, in addition to building blocks, low molecular weight neutral, and low molecular weight acid as characterized using liquid chromatography-organic
carbon detector (LC-OCD) (Gonzales et al. 2013). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (FEEM) spectrometry has identi ed three main components
of intracellular and extracellular substances of activated sludge, namely: proteins, humic and fulvic-like substances at excitation (Ex)/emission (Em) at
280/350, 340/400, and 390/450 nm, respectively (Li et al. 2008; Ni et al. 2009). Regarding the characteristic of AOM, previous studies observed that both
EOM and IOM of Chlorella sp. presented about less than 0.05 a.u. of UV254 and UV280, which indicated a low absorbance (Hua et al. 2019a).
Characteristic of AOM was mainly hydrophilic as detected by resin fractionation, EOM is mainly composed of fulvic acid-like, soluble microbial products
(SMP)-like, and humic acid-like substances, and IOM is dominantly comprised of aromatic protein substances and SMP-like as identi ed using FEEM
spectroscopy (Hua et al. 2017; Zhu et al.2015; Dong et al. 2019). EOM and IOM were mainly distributed in low- molecular-weight (MW) (< 1 kDa) and high
MW (> 100 kDa) fractions as characterized by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with an ultraviolet detector (UVD) and organic
carbon detector (OCD) (Zhou et al. 2015). According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), algae and AOM shows many absorption peaks at 3400 − 3200
cm− 1 (hydrogen bonds O-H), at 2950 − 2850 cm− 1 (CH2), 1650 − 1580 cm− 1 (amide group C-N/carboxylate group COOH) (Her 2003).
Oxidation ditches are widely used in wastewater treatment for removing organic pollutants in industrial waste all over the world (Zhang et al. 2016).
Oxidation ditches are a modi ed activated sludge process, which has advantages in long hydraulic retention time, produces less sludge high capability of
nitri cation and denitri cation. Diffused air is provided through horizontally or vertically mounted aerators to increase oxygen transfer, create enough
mixing, alternate aerobic and anoxic zones within a channel, and achieve simultaneous nitri cation-denitri cation (Jin et al. 2015; Zhou et al. 2015). The
bacteria community's potential key role in removing nutrients and organics under various operational in the oxidation ditches has been well implemented
(Terashima et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2017; Luo et al. 2020). Recently, oxidation ditches combined with lled-algae have been referred to as promising
processes in removing wastewater nutrients. This process is analogous to the activated sludge that utilizes a symbiotic relationship between algae and
bacteria in a controlled system (Maiti et al. 1988; Noue et al. 1992). The capability of biological algae reactor has shown a signi cant development, which
removal nutrient (Maiti et al. 1988; Farahdiba et al. 2020), organic (Munoz et al. 2004; Hidayah et al. 2020), and even heavy metals (Munoz and Guieysse
2006) in high percentage under the different operating system.
According to the identi cation of algae properties, it conjectures that algae-derived organic matter might be contributed the characteristic of organic
matter in water quantitatively and qualitatively. As mentioned previously, microbial in wastewater treatment might release organic in terms of soluble
microbial products. Therefore, the symbiosis of algae-bacterial into the wastewater treatment process is inferred to contribute organic matter's
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concentration and characteristic in e uent water. Symbiotic between algae and microorganisms will release algae-derived organic matter and
microorganism-derived organic, comprised of different organic properties. Wastewater reclamation has been developed as an alternative method for
producing water resources; therefore, the existence of derived organic matter in treated wastewater e uents should be minimized because organic
matters can cause membrane fouling, clogged pore activated carbon (Tran et al. 2015). Another issue is that wastewater e uents have been discharged
into water bodies, contributing to the organic matter properties in water bodies. Organic matters may contribute as precursors of the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formation, generally took an essential part in forming C-DBPs and N-DBPs, either in chlorination or in chloramination (Zhou et al. 2015).
To the best of our knowledge, characterization and compositional differences of dissolved e uent organic matter (dEfOM) in oxidation ditches lled with
algae and without algae have not been fully explored, especially for absence of studies regarding to dEfOM from Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella
vulgaris. In this study, the oxidation ditches process were conducted under three different combination, that is lled by Spirulina platensis, Chlorella
vulgaris, and without microalgae. During the processes, the characteristic of dEFOM was monitored by uorescent spectrometry and using the molecular
weight-based uorescent detector. Finally, the composition of derived organic released by different species in the oxidation ditches could be clearly
elucidated.
Material And Methods
The raw sample was collected from tofu wastewater, and three sets of oxidation ditches were prepared. The oxidation ditches system consists of a singlechannel within a ring, oval and horizontally mounted airbrushes have been installed at the edge of the reactor for aeration and oxygen transfer. The
airbrushes rate of 60 rpm was set up during operation. The reactor has a capacity of 300 L in a batch system with a size of 208 cm long, 25 cm inside
wide, and
30 cm deep. The algal acclimation in tofu wastewater concentration 30% has shown a decreasing number of algal cells, which was measured by
haemocytometer, after the seventh day. Therefore the experiment applied 30% tofu wastewater as a raw sample. The ratio 1:1 of wastewater to algal
volume in oxidation ditches was lled with Spirulina platensis, with Chlorella vulgaris, and without algae for controlling experiment. Samples were
collected before treatment (RW) and after treatment, which is e uent from oxidation ditch (OD), from oxidation ditch with Spirulina platensis (ODS), and
from oxidation ditch with Chlorella vulgaris (ODC) once per day for a month of observation. Operation conditions was maintained under DO value of 5–6
mg/L, pH value of 7–8, temperature value of 27-30oC, and got the same natural light intensity from morning to afternoon. Samples were ltered through a
0.45 um lter paper (cellulose acetate, Toyo Roshi, Japan) to make it particle-free. Filtered samples were analyzed for dissolved organic matter
parameters, including non-purgeable dissolved organic carbon (NPDOC), using TOC Analyzer 5000A Shimadzu; ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254),
using Carry 100 Bio UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (APHA AWWA, and WEF 2012), and speci c ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) through dividing UV254 value
to NPDOC concentration (Edzwald and Tobiason 2011). Besides, dEfOM characterization was quali ed by using uorescence spectroscopy (Perkin Elmer
LS-55) and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with uorescence spectroscopy as a detector (HPLC-FLD, type LC-20 ATV Shimadzu,
Japan). First, uorescence spectroscopy was set up at excitation wavelengths (Ex) between 230 and 400 nm at interval 10 nm and emission wavelengths
(Em) between 300 and 550 nm at an interval of 0.5 nm (Chen et al. 2003). This method is applied for selecting wavelengths to set up a uorescence
detector by determining the average of chosen peak maxima location of excitation-emission wavelength. Second, chromatography was used to
fractionate dEfOM based on its apparent molecular weight (AMW) through uorescence detection, according to the chosen peak of excitation-emission
wavelength previously (Hidayah et al. 2020). The peak- tting technique, PeakFit Version 4.12, Systat Software Inc., USA, CA, was applied to resolve
chromatograph as describes in the previous study (Lai et al. 2015).
Results And Discussion
Characteristic of dEfOM in raw tofu wastewater and during oxidation ditch processes
The concentration of dEfOM in term of natural organic matter surrogates parameters, including NPDOC, UV254, SUVA, is presented in Fig. 1a, 1b, 1c,
respectively. The average concentrations of NPDOC at OD, ODS, and ODC system are 18.77 ± 2.33 mg/L, 17.29 ± 1.36 mg/L, 16.61 ± 0.88 mg/L,
respectively. First, the results of NPDOC concentration indicated an increasing of NPDOC concentration after treatment processes, even e uent organic
matter from ODS exhibited the highest NPDOC concentration. Increasing NPDOC during the biological process may be due to microorganisms and
released algal by-product during growth activities and decay (Ni et al.2010; Qu et al. 2012; Hua et al., 2017). Second, NPDOC concentrations in OD are
higher than those in ODS and ODC. It seems that algal-bacteria symbiotic transforms the quality and diminishes of dEfOM in wastewater, which depends
on the characteristic of algae, bacteria, and their interaction. According to the report of Ji et al. (2017), the symbiosis of algae and bacteria had the ability
to eliminate dissolved nutrients and organic in wastewater because of the chlorophyll metabolism-related genes to bacterial rRNA genes, which might
support to remove of nutrients in wastewater.
Third, average UV 254 values, representing aromatic compound of organic in water, at OD, ODS, and ODC system, are 0.251 ± 0.12 cm− 1, 0.227 ± 0.11 cm−
1
, 0.197 ± 0.08 cm− 1, respectively. The highest UV254 in OD had been con rmed, and the increasing value may be attributed to biological processes.
Previous studies proved that dEfOM from the biological process could be produced from substrate utilization, microbial growth, and endogenous phase,
and several molecular derived from bacteria detectable in recalcitrant dissolved organic matter with an aromatic structure, such as lipopolysaccharide, an
amino acid (Jiao et al. 2010). Fourth, the symbiotic Chlorella vulgaris-bacteria in the ODC system resulted in lower aromatic concentration detected by
UV254. This symbiotic system's interaction could achieve lower aromatic properties than those of symbiotic Spirulina platensis-bacteria in ODS and
bacteria only in the OD system. Fifth, tofu raw wastewater has a lowest SUVA value, and the data shows insigni cant divergence SUVA value distribution.
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The average SUVA values at OD, ODS, and ODC system are 1.28 ± 0.49 L/mg-m, 1.27 ± 0.52 L/mg-m, 1.16 ± 0.44 L/mg-m, respectively. In other words, the
SUVA values in OD with or without algae were close, probably UV254 was affected by the variations of ion concentrations, especially for the utilization of
nitrogen or phosphorus by algae grown in OD system. Edwards et al. (2001) had proved that UV at 205 nm and 300 nm is suitable to detect nitrate with
dissolved organic carbon concentration up to 20 mg/L. SUVA value slightly increased during treatment; it could describe variation of organic
hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of organic properties. SUVA value could indicate the composition of organic, whether humic, hydrophobic matter or nonhumic, hydrophilic matter (Edzwald and Tobiason, 2011). Overall, NOM surrogates parameters reveals that the organic concentration of raw tofu
wastewater has lower NPDOC, lower aromatic compounds, and more hydrophilic than those tofu raw wastewater treated. These organic or dEfOM
concentrations increased after the biological oxidation ditch process, indicating that the properties of organic matter may be attributed by organic-derived
bacteria or organic-derived from algal-bacteria symbiotic (Bhatia et al. 2013; Hua et al. 2019a; Hidayah et al. 2020).
(c)
AOM is mainly composed of polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, and other organic acids, and its proportions of those
components may vary depending on species, age of culture, and environmental conditions. High proportions of polysaccharides and protein in AOM
cause hydrophilic organic matter properties in water (Rehman et al. 2017). It has been mentioned that AOM is more hydrophilic than natural organic
matter during the growth phases; even the decline phase resulted in more hydrophilic than previous phases. The decline phase indicates a decrease in the
cell number of algae and then the release of intracellular compounds from cell autolysis, mainly composed of amino acids, peptides, and other organic
acids like fatty acid (Leloup et al. 2013).
Figure 2 Fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of (a) raw wastewater (RW) and after treatment with (b) oxidation ditch only (OD), (c) oxidation ditch
Chlorella vulgaris (ODC), and (d) oxidation ditch Spirulina platensis (ODS).
wastewater and 15th days treatment samples. After treatment, the treated sample from the oxidation ditch without algae, the oxidation ditch Chlorella
vulgaris and Spirulina platensis. Spectra was divided into four regions, Region I is aromatic protein-like (AP-like) at Ex/Em < 250/<380 nm, Region II is
fulvic acid-like (FA-like) at 200–250/>380 nm, Region III is soluble microbial products like (SMPs-like) at 250–280/<380 nm, and Region IV is humic acidlike (HA-like) at > 280/>380 nm, as described by Chen et al. (2003). The spectra of raw tofu wastewater indicated two main components of organic
uorescence: fulvic acid-like (FA-like) with the peak at Ex/Em 230/420 nm and humic acid-like (HA-like) with the peak at Ex/Em 320/420 nm. After
oxidation ditch without algae and oxidation ditch with algae treatment, uorescence organic fractions of samples indicated two additional components
that are aromatic protein-like (AP-like) with the peak at Ex/Em 230/345 nm and soluble microbial products like (SMPs-like) with the peak at Ex/Em
320/345 nm. A similar result under different biological processes was reported by previous studies (Moradi et al. 2018; Hidayah et al. 2020). E uent from
biological processes has identi ed an aromatic double bond, which was performed as HA-like and FA-like compounds, from microbial activities during
their metabolism and decay (Ni et al. 2010). Protein components were generated from the metabolic products of algae and bacteria activities, as well.
Proteins-like exhibited materials containing tryptophan-like, such as alpha-amino acid, are used in protein biosynthesis, and tyrosine-like 4hydroxyphenylalanine, and further synthesize protein by cells (Rehman et al. 2017; Bhatia et al. 2013). According to the results, it can be conjectured that
bacteria and microalgae had contributed to the quality and quantity of organic fractions in water during the biological process in the oxidation ditch.
Comparing raw tofu wastewater and treated ones showed an increasing uorescence intensity in each region. Further, each peak's Ex/Em peak was
applied as a wavelength on the uorescence detector to reveal uorescence organic properties based on its molecular weight organic (Hidayah et al.
2020). The error in the shifted uorescence peak should be examined before setup a uorescence peak as a uorescence wavelength if the error reached
up to 5% (Baghoth et al. 2011).
The spectral characteristic of excitation-emission and its molecular weight distribution uorescence of dEfOM
Figure 3 shows molecular weight distribution of dissolved e uent organic uorescence during
oxidation ditch without algae, oxidation ditch lled with Spirulina platensis, oxidation ditch with Chlorella vulgaris. The dEfOM was fractioned by HPLCFLD and expressed in the molecular weight cut-offs (MWCOs). Observed from Fig. 3, three signi cant dissolved organic fractions in tofu wastewater are
included, including high molecular weight (HMW), medium molecular weight (MMW), and low molecular weight (LMW) with AMW of about 50,000 Da,
1650 Da, less than 1650 Da, respectively (Huber et al. 2011; Lai et al. 2015; Hidayah et al. 2017). The typical compound of HMW is biopolymers, while
MMW is presented as humic substance-like and building blocks, and LMW is indicated as low molecular weight acid and neutral. The uorescence
chromatograms show that the chromatograph shape of all samples is similar, and the height of peaks is different. It means that all samples produce
similar organic fractions in different organic concentration quantities and quality of organic properties. The higher height of the peak indicates the higher
concentration of organic compounds.
First, AP-like uorescence chromatograms identi ed a distribution HMW of organic fractions mainly. The heights of all the peaks increased during the
oxidation ditch process with and without algae. It has been found in the previous studies that aromatic protein is mainly composed of high molecular
weight of natural organic matter with AMW around 50,000 Da (Chow et al. 2008). During the lag phase and death phase, algae species may produce
mainly biopolymers in polysaccharides and proteins containing fucose and sulfated functional groups (Villacorte et al. 2015). Second, FA-like
uorescence chromatograms fractionated organic matter in raw wastewater into three fractions: HMW, MMW, and LMW. For HMW, it shows that the peak
increased dramatically; even ODS exhibited a higher height of peak than that one of ODC. For MMW, the chromatograph presented the height of all peaks
increased signi cantly in the OD system, except in ODS and ODC. The height of peak LMW in ODS and ODC showed a lower height than the RW and OD. It
seems that microorganisms solely in the oxidation ditch reactor released more FA-like components, mainly non-growth associated, which were generated
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in the endogenous phase. The FA-like component in the polymer matrix could be assigned to either NADH and pyridoxine or directly fulvic acids (Ni et al.
2010).
Third, SMPs-like uorescence chromatograms of RW exhibited MMW and LMW organic fractions. The peak of MMW appeared at a lower height of the
uorescence chromatogram of OD than that of ODS and ODC. On the other hand, the LMW peak height is comparable among organic matter released
from OD, ODS, and ODC systems. It has been found that SMP has been classi ed into two groups based on the bacteria phase from which they are
derived. endogenous phase generates group of biomass-associated products (BAP), while the original substrate in microbial growth is categorized as
utilization associated products (UAP) (Ni et al. 2010). The utilization-associated products (UAP) in SMP, produced in the substrate-utilization process, were
carbonaceous compounds. The BAP was mainly cellular macromolecules classi ed into the growth-associated BAP (GBAP), which were produced in the
microbial growth phase, and the endogeny-associated BAP (EBAP) were generated in the endogenous phase. It has been well assigned that SMP was a
component of e uent organic matter associated with biomass decay during the biological process.
Fourth, HA-like uorescence chromatograms of all samples fractionated organic matter into MMW and LMW. The height of all peaks increased
signi cantly; even the fractionated organic in OD exhibited the highest peaks. The e uent organic matter was mainly composed of humic-like materials
associated with existing organic matter in water bodies, and SMP biomass-associated products (BAP) released during the endogenous phase. This study
is in accordance with previous studies, which found signi cant peaks from e uent organic matter, include polysaccharide, protein-like, humic-like
substances, and low molecular weight organic acids (Shon et al. 2006; Ni et al. 2010; Xiao et al. 2018; Hidayah et al. 2020). Nevertheless, this method has
a main limitation to detect non- uorescing component by uorescence spectroscopy. Organic matter has different molecular weight, however only organic
matter with molecules containing uorophores, could emit uorescence at speci c wavelengths, and then detected by uorescence spectroscopy
(Hidayah et al., 2017).
,
Figure 4 The peak area of uorescence organic fractions based on its molecular weight in (a) raw wastewater and during biological processes with (b) OD,
(c) ODS, and (d) ODC
Fractions of both FA-like and SMPS-like have a similar pattern on the peak area of uorescence organic in OD system with algae. The peak area HMW of
FA-like and SMPs-like increased signi cantly during oxidation ditch processes, although increasing HMW of FA-like is higher than SMPs-like. The highest
peak area HMW of FA-like and SMPs-like was detected in the ODC system, while the OD system released the highest peak area of MMW and LMW.
Interestingly, peak area MMW of FA-like and SMPs-like was undetected in the ODS and ODC, and peak area LMW of FA- like decreased in oxidation ditch
with algal. The interpretation for these results is that increasing HMW signi cantly indicates the growth phases of algal organic matter. Biopolymers
production, mainly composed of polysaccharides and has a much higher weight, increased throughout growth phases (Qu et al. 2012). In the biological
process with OD, polysaccharides with some contribution from nitrogen-containing material such as proteins or amino sugars are considered to mainly
material of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which means that EPS is a generic term of biopolymers (Huber et al. 2011). In biological process
with ODC and ODS, algal organic matter can be classi ed based on their origin and organic properties, that is extracellular organic matter (EOM),
intracellular organic matter (IOM), and cellular-bound organic matter (COM) (Hua et al. 2019). EOM mainly comprises polysaccharides, proteins, and
humic-like substances, mainly distributed in the HMW and hydrophobic fractions during lag and exponential phases and high polysaccharide content
during the stationary and declining phases (Qu et al. 2012). The limitation of nutrients for cells to support their growth led to cell mortality, and the death
phase occurs and causes releasing of cellular organic matter, such as IOM and COM (Hua et al. 2019). Characterization of EOM and IOM by using
uorescence spectroscopy has shown that EOM contents of HA-like, FA-like, and SMPs-like compounds, while IOM is dominantly composed of SMPs-like
and AP-like substances. Quantitative measurement of uorescence using an average uorescent intensity of each component indicated that FA-like has a
higher average uorescence intensity than SMPs-like (Li et al. 2012; Hua et al. 2019a). FA-like in biological processes is mostly composed of higher level
of total and aromatic carbon than SMPs-like. SMPs-like containing carbon of amino acids or refers to tryptophan and carbohydrate with lower molecular
weight (Chen et al. 2002; Ni et al. 2009). In addition, it seems that the contribution of symbiosis bacteria-algal in the oxidation ditch could manage in
lowering the quantity of MMW and LMW of FA-like and SMPs-like. The results suggested that different molecular weight distribution of FA-like and SMPslike have been released during the biological process growth phase.
Fraction HA-like comprised of MMW and LMW as well as SMPs-like, and the peak area of HA-like in OD system increased signi cantly. It seems that
bacteria released more HA- like than microalgal, decreasing MMW and LMW in the ODS and ODC system. The HA-like area was rapidly increased during
oxidation ditch processes; it seems that both bacteria and algal released protein during biomass growth and that are released from cell lysis during
biomass decay. A higher increasing of HA-like at oxidation ditch process is in accordance with a higher NPDOC concentration at OD system than those of
OD systems with algae. HA-like was mainly composed of apparent MWCOs of 3–10 kDa and LMW with apparent MWCOs of 1–3 kDa and less than 1
kDa (Hua et al. 2019). This study reveals that biological processes, whether involved bacteria or symbiosis algal-bacteria, will release four organic
components, namely AP-like, FA-like, SMPs-like with mostly composed of HMW, and HA-like, which is composed of MMW and LMW. A biological process
under symbiosis algal-bacteria generated a lower quantity of MMW and LMW than without algal. Nevertheless, the type of algal will affect the quantity
and characteristic of generated organic matter in the biological process under symbiosis algal- bacteria, as respectively presented in the symbiosis
Chlorella vulgaris-bacteria and Spirulina platensis-bacteria in oxidation ditch process.
Conclusion
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Several important nding are summarized in the following statements. The organic concentration of original tofu wastewater has lower NPDOC and lower
aromatic more hydrophilic than those treated. The concentration of dEfOM reveals increasing trend during the biological oxidation ditch process. The
original tofu raw wastewater shows two main components of organic uorescence, namely, fulvic acid-like (FA-like) at Ex/Em 230/420 nm and humic
acid-like (HA-like) at Ex/Em 320/420 nm, which produced extra uorescent positions located at Ex/Em 230/345 nm (aromatic protein-like or AP-like) and
at Ex/Em 320/345 nm (soluble microbial products like or SMPs-like). Three signi cant dissolved organic fractions of the tofu wastewater and treated
wastewater are appeared, including HMW, MMW, LMW with average MWCOs close 50,000 Da, 1650 Da, less than 1650 Da, respectively. The peak area of
uorescence organic fractions based on its molecular weight indicated that AP-like, FA-like, SMPs-like was mostly composed of HMW, while HA-like was
composed of MMW and LMW. This study recommends that a molecular weight-based uorescent detector could be applied to characterize and track the
changing of dEfOM in term of algal-derived organic and bacteria-derived organic during the oxidation ditch process.
Declarations
Availability of data and materials
The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional les
Author contribution
ENH: arranged experiment; analyzed data; write the manuscript; review manuscript; OHC: conducted experiment; arranged data; analyzed data; write
the manuscript; ENF: conducted experiment; visualized data; editing manuscript; NK: review the manuscript.
Funding
This research was nancially supported Kurita Water and Environment Foundation (KWEF) Japan through Kurita Overseas Research Grant 2021 with
Reference Number: 20Pid012-T11.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Figures
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Figure 1
The concentration of dEfOM during oxidation ditch processes in term of (a) NPDOC, (b)UV254, and (c) SUVA value
Figure 2
Fluorescence excitation-emission spectra of (a) raw wastewater (RW) and after treatment with (b) oxidation ditch only (OD), (c) oxidation ditch Chlorella
vulgaris (ODC), and (d) oxidation ditch Spirulina platensis (ODS).
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Figure 3
Fractionation of dissolved e uent organic uorescence as (a) AP-like, (b) FA-like, (c) SMPs-like, (d) HA-like, based on average molecular weight as
obtained by HPLC-FLD
Figure 4
The peak area of uorescence organic fractions based on its molecular weight in (a) raw wastewater and during biological processes with (b) OD, (c)
ODS, and (d) ODC
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