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2014, BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
Alison Carter and Nancy Beavan. A variety of glass beads were encountered in jar burials dating to the 15th-17th centuries found on rock ledges in remote portions of the Cardamom Mountains in southern Cambodia. These burials represent a mortuary ritual in which defieshed bones, often from multiple individuals, were deposited in large ceramic jars predominantly from Thai kilns. Despite the isolated location, the jars and glass beads suggest that the people buried in the jars were active participants in exchange networks. The identification of different compositional types of glass beads can be related to possible trade networks with the lowlands and maritime Southeast Asia. Using ethnographic analogies with other upland communities in Southeast Asia, the authors also propose that the placement of beads in the jar burials may have been an important part of the mortuary ritual of the Cardamom Mountain people.
By Alison Carter, Laure Dussubieux, Nancy Beavan. Abstract: A total of 74 glass beads, included as grave goods in 15th–17th century ce jar burials from Cambodia's Cardamom Mountains, were analysed using laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS). Several glass types were identified, including two subtypes of high-alumina mineral soda glass, and lead–potash glass. The final glass type represents a newly discovered and previously unidentified type of high-alumina soda glass, with high magnesia (m-Na–Al Mg>). This study represents the first glass data from the mid-second millennium ce from Cambodia and sheds light on the multiple long-distance maritime exchange networks in which the upland people buried in the jars were participating.
BEADS: Journal of the Society of Bead Researchers
Northwest Cambodia and the Mekong Interaction Sphere: Glass and Stone Beads from Lovea, Prei Khmeng, and Sophy2022 •
This paper reviews stone (agate and carnelian) and glass bead assemblages from three sites in northwest Cambodia: Lovea, Prei Khmeng, and Sophy. Beads from all three sites were largely found in burial contexts dating to the Iron Age or protohistoric period (500 BCE-500 CE). While stone and glass beads are frequently markers of contact with South Asia, they are also informative for understanding intra-regional exchange networks within Southeast Asia. An analysis of the glass beads identifies that most beads were made from a high-alumina mineral-soda glass. Compositional and morphological analysis of the stone beads suggests that they were likely produced from an Indian raw material source and using South Asian production techniques. Overall, the bead assemblages from all three sites show connections to other sites in Cambodia and Thailand and especially seem to be part of the broader Mekong Interaction Sphere exchange network.
The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads: Technology, Chronology, and Exchange
The exchange of beads in Central Thailand in the protohistoric period: Glass objects from Phromthin TaiABSTRACT.We present the first radiocarbon dates from previously unrecorded, secondary burials in the Cardamom Mountains,Cambodia. The mortuary ritual incorporates nautical tradeware ceramic jars and log coffins fashioned from locally harvested trees as burial containers, which were set out on exposed rock ledges at 10 sites in the eastern Cardamom Massif. The suite of 28 14C ages from 4 of these sites (Khnorng Sroal, Phnom Pel, Damnak Samdech, and Khnang Tathan) provides the first estimation of the overall time depth of the practice. The most reliable calendar date ranges from the 4 sites reveals a highland burial ritual unrelated to lowland Khmer culture that was practiced from cal AD 1395 to 1650. The time period is concurrent with the 15th century decline of Angkor as the capital of the Khmer kingdom and its demise about AD 1432, and the subsequent shift of power to new Mekong trade ports such as Phnom Penh, Udong, and Lovek. We discuss the Cardamom ritual relative to known funerary rituals of the pre- to post-Angkorian periods, and to similar exposed jar and coffin burial rituals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia
The Elemental Analysis of Glass Beads
The exchange of beads in Central Thailand in the protohistoric period"We present the first radiocarbon dates from previously unrecorded, secondary burials in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia. The mortuary ritual incorporates nautical tradeware ceramic jars and log coffins fashioned from locally harvested trees as burial containers, which were set out on exposed rock ledges at 10 sites in the eastern Cardamom Massif. The suite of 28 14C ages from 4 of these sites (Khnorng Sroal, Phnom Pel, Damnak Samdech, and Khnang Tathan) provides the first estimation of the overall time depth of the practice. The most reliable calendar date ranges from the 4 sites reveals a highland burial ritual unrelated to lowland Khmer culture that was practiced from cal AD 1395 to 1650. The time period is concurrent with the 15th century decline of Angkor as the capital of the Khmer kingdom and its demise about AD 1432, and the subsequent shift of power to new Mekong trade ports such as Phnom Penh, Udong, and Lovek. We discuss the Cardamom ritual relative to known funerary rituals of the pre- to post-Angkorian periods, and to similar exposed jar and coffin burial rituals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. "
Beads made of glass and stone found at Iron Age period sites (500 BC – AD 500) in Southeast Asia are amongst the first signs for sustained trade and sociopolitical contact with South Asia. Because of this, they have become important artifacts for scholars wishing to better understand trade networks and sociopolitical development during this period. Using compositional analysis scholars can identify the recipes used to make these glass beads and in some cases this can be tied back to specific places or time periods. Current research indicates there were multiple glass bead production centers across South and Southeast Asia during this period. However there has not yet been a comprehensive examination of glass beads from Iron Age sites in Cambodia. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting the results from a compositional analysis of glass beads from six Iron Age sites in Cambodia. Using a virtually non-destructive compositional technique (LA-ICP-MS), I was able to determine the presence of at least two glass bead-trading networks in Cambodia during the Iron Age.
BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review
T. Nieuwenhuis, Keeshonden en Prinsmannen. Durgerdam, Ransdorp en Holisloot: drie Waterlandse dorpen in de patriottentijd en de Bataafs-Franse tijd (1780-1813)1988 •
We find there exists a solution to the wave equation for the Solar System, the wave equation that solves the atom, that centers around the Earth, the third planet, where life is abundant. It exists in terms of the Moon and a base unit of 1 second. The Moon seems to be some kind of a Natural yardstick and the old mystery of the Moon perfectly eclipsing the Sun as seen from the Earth because of its size and distance from the Earth, plays a key part in the solution. Though one second developed historically from ancient times from the Babylonians who got it from the Sumerian base 60 sexagesimal counting, it turns out to be a base unit that solves the planets and atoms (the proton) in terms of one another. This has archaeological implications, because it might take us to the realm of theories of Ancient Aliens. In this study we see the Earth/Moon/Sun system is an elegant, dynamic structure, that is complexly functional, which leaves us wondering what kind of forces could be behind its origins in that random chance seems improbable. The Moon, of the Earth, has long been thought of as not making sense, it is large and massive for a moon of a terrestrial planet while it has a very low density, low mass for its size, when it should be comparable to that of the Earth. When we dropped the launch pods from lunar craft for the Apollo mission on the Moon and measured the seismic activity, it seemed to ring like a bell for an hour, something characteristic of something hollow. Further studies were done by NASA after that in a classified study called Chapel Bell, which remains classified 50 years after we went to the Moon. It has been suggested by some scientists that the Moon would make more sense if it was hollow, and even that it was a hollow spacecraft put there for the purpose of making life more successful on Earth. If it was a craft, and we could enter it and move it to adjust our climate when it is going awry not only from global warming but due to periodic ice ages caused by small cyclical changes in the Earth orbit, that would solve a lot. Included in this study is modeling not just the Earth/Moon/Sun system but habitable star systems in general in terms of them having an enigmatic moon like we have. While it may not be mainstream science to suggest the Moon of the the Earth is hollow, it is a part of it to suggest that very successful habitable planets would need to have an enigmatic moon like we do. I even find that our description of the atom’s proton in terms of a base unit of one second from which we derive the Earth’s moon, that the equation is based around hydrocarbons, the skeletons of life chemistry.
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