Women of the Frontier

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Admiration for Women of True Grit

Foreword From America

Foreword from Northern Ireland

1: Role of Women in a Men's World

2: Mary Polly (Finlay) Crockett - Tennessee Frontiersman's Wife

3: Selecting a Frontier Bride

4: Eleanor Wilson - Patriot Woman Loyal to Her Family

5: Mary Johnson - Community Leader in a War Zone

6: Sarah Robinson Erwin - Facing Down Invaders

7: Rachel (Donelson) Jackson - Frontier Woman and President's Wife

8: Sterling Valour of the Women of Tennessee

9: Nancy (Anderson) Green - Steely Widow of the Frontier

10: Margaret Peggy Brown - An Evergreen Frontier Matriarch

11: Sacagawea - Trusted Guide to a Great Exploration

12: Mary Neely - Extraordinary Woman Who Defied Her Indian Captives

13: Katharine (Fisher) Steel - Katy of the Fort on the Catawba River

14: Elizabeth (Hutchinson) Jackson - Doughty Mother of a President

15: Hardiness of the Ulster Women

16: Catherine Montgomery Calhoun, Rebecca Calhoun Pickens and Cateechee

17: Only Women at a Funeral

18: Eliza (McCardle) Johnson - Devoted Wife Who Taught Her President Husband

19: Deborah Sampson - Woman in the Front Line of Battle

20: Mary Ludwig Hays (McCauley) - Patrio Heroine Molly Pitcher

21: Curing Illness on the Frontier

22: Margaret (Cochran) Corbin - Patriot Heroine Captain Molly

23: Jane McCrea - Tragic Victim of the Revolutionary War

24: Cherokee Women Who Tended the Farmlands

25: Nancy Ward - Beloved Woman of the Cherokees

26: Rebeckah (Meek) Kennedy - Patriot Woman Who Took Real Risks

27: Upholding Women's Rights in a Western State

28: Nancy (Morgan) Hart - Formidable Woman with Real Courage

29: Betty Zane - Celebrated Heroine of West Virginia

30: Ann (Hennis) Bailey - Fearsome Frontier Scout and Soldier

31: Lydia Barrington Darragh - Aide to George Washington's Army

32: Betsy Ross - Designer of the Stars and Stripes

33: Mary Patton - Gunpowder Maker for the Frontier Patriot Militias

34: Margaret Catherine (Kate) Barry - Carolina Heroine of the War

35: Women Sign up for the Confederacy

36: Elizabeth Paxton Houston - Mother of a Great American Luminary

37: Sarah (Ridley) Buchanan - Frontier Woman of Intuition and Initiative

38: Mary Draper Ingles - Pioneering Woman of Kentucky

39: Hardy Women on the Front Line of American Society

Index

Bibliography

Author's Acknowledgements

Pictures and Illustrations

About the Author

The Scots-Irish Chronicles

Scots-Irish Lectures

Women of the Frontier

© 2004 Billy Kennedy

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without prior permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

British spellings used throughout book

Cover design & page layout by A & E Media — Paula Shepherd

ISBN: 1 932307 02 8

EISBN: 978-1-62020-328-6

Published by the Ambassador Group

Ambassador Emerald International

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Greenville, SC 29609

USA

www. emeraldhouse.com

and

Ambassador Publications Ltd.

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Belfast BT6 8QJ

Northern Ireland

www. ambassador-productions.com

The colophon is a trademark of Ambassador

This book is dedicated to my loving wife Sally,

my daughter Julie and my parents

The Lord is my Shepherd, I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; He leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul; He leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for His name‘s sake.

Psalms 23, verses 1-3

HUMAN ENDURANCE ON THE AMERICAN frontier in the 18th and early 19th centuries is perhaps beyond the comprehension and the imagination of those of us living in the comfortable modern society of the early 21st century.

The settlement of a vast wilderness and the creation of a civilisation in what today has become the most powerful, most democratic and free nation in the world is undoubtedly one of the epic stories in global history and, at every opportunity, there should be fulsome recognition of a courageous people who were not deterred by the personal hardships and tragedies that they faced.

Settling the American frontier may have a romantic ring to it, perpetuated by the images created in the Hollywood western movies, but there was a starkness about life in the vast territories which the European immigrant settlers encountered in their long overland treks that were far from cosy and glamorous.

Indeed, at a time when travel and accessibility was very difficult, and at times hazardous and extremely dangerous, it is incredible just how much territory was settled, and in such a short span of years. Many trekked long journeys on foot, while the others managed to move on horseback, either alone or as part of a train of Conestoga wagons.

Researching in the United States and at home in Northern Ireland for my books in the Scots-Irish Chronicles, I have come across some incredible stories of men and women who lived through wars, famine, disease and drought and survived to secure a firm foothold on land that was to be theirs and their families for generations and centuries to come.

The men were in the vanguard of the great march West over a century and a half, from the eastern seaboard states of New England through the Appalachian territories, and beyond the Mississippi River over the Rockies to the Pacific Ocean in the West and to Texas in the South.

Women, too, were an integral part of the onward journey by the hardy settlers through dense forests and over mountains in the Appalachians to the great plains of the south and west and their contribution to the frontier settlements as the backbone of the home, the community and the church was far-reaching.

I never cease to marvel at the extraordinary tenacity and the true grit of the wonderful womenfolk of the American frontier, in facing the awesome and grinding challenges of largely hitherto uninhabited lands, variable climates and a dangerously hostile environment that resulted in many lost lives.

They encountered a life of constant toil, home-making, child-minding and subservience that could not have been easy or even tolerable by the standards that we all come to expect today in our modern society.

But with love and care they ensured that family life became paramount, and the values that uphold society prospered.

The gallant women of the American frontier deserve our total admiration and plaudits, and in this book it has been my privilege to recount for posterity the deeds and the actions of a number of these heroines.

—Billy Kennedy

THIS IS THE EIGHTH VOLUME written by Billy Kennedy, on the subject of the contributions and influence of the Scotch-Irish (Scots-Irish) in the development of the United States of America. Interesting, titillating and people-orientated, these books have awakened a latent interest on both sides of the Atlantic in the colorful, admirable and legendary Scots-Irish people who wielded an incredible influence over our culture, our history and our heritage.

It is not unexpected that almost all of the folks mentioned in Billy’s previous volumes were men. This is not to suggest that he was favoring the male sex; rather, it is because our culture, for various and complex reasons, was generally not such as to allow women to assume roles of leadership, power or prominence.

So, Billy, in his previous books, has focused mostly on the histories and accomplishments of the Scots-Irish men folk: among them Sam Houston, Davy Crockett and Presidents Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson and James Knox Polk.

Nevertheless, there were women, both notable and unknown, who contributed incalculably to the development of our culture, heritage, and the course of our nation. Now, with this latest book, Women of the Frontier, Billy Kennedy rescues these women from historical obscurity and shows the vital roles that they played in the conquering of the American frontier.

There is 15-year-old Rebecca Calhoun, found hiding in the woods after the bloody Long Cane massacre of February 1, 1760; later becoming the wife of Revolutionary War general Andrew Pickens, she was forced to take her children and abandon her home to avoid hostile Indians and British Tory forces. Rebecca‘s sister Anne, captured by Cherokee Indians during the 1760 attack, was later reunited with her family and reared six children.

Billy tells us the story of Rebecca Meek Kennedy, widowed but stalwart, who migrated from Londonderry to North Carolina with seven of her children, eventually settling at White’s Fort (present-day Knoxville!).

He tells us about Ann Hennis Bailey, who also found herself widowed when her militiaman husband was killed in a Revolutionary War battle. In order to survive in the hostile frontier of the late 1700s, Ann adopted men’s clothing and became a locally-renowned frontier scout, messenger, spy and Indian fighter.

These stories that Billy shares richly convey the tenacity, the pragmatism and the fortitude of our maternal forebears.

The question may be argued as to whether our friend Billy Kennedy should be praised and congratulated for devoting this eighth Scots-Irish book to women, or whether we should mildly chastise him, for waiting so long to do so. But we’ll go with the congratulatory version and thank Billy for recognizing our womenfolk who worked so tirelessly, lovingly and relentlessly for their families and their country.

It would be good if this book creates as much reverberating interest on the subject as Billy’s other books have done. It inspires only a few to take up the subject of the heretofore unrecognized influence of our maternal kin and if these few pursue the subject in a substantive and passionate way, then this book will have served its purpose.

It goes without saying that the women’s contribution in moulding and shaping the character of their sons and daughters in America cannot be overstated. President Abraham Lincoln, for example, is quoted as saying: All I have and all I hope to be, I owe it my mother.

Thanks, Billy, for rousing such a keen interest in those to whom we owe so much.

—John Rice Irwin

Founder, Director and Trustee of Museum of Appalachia (Norris, Tennessee)

* Dr. John Rice Irwin is Founder, Director and trustee of the Museum of Appalachia at Norris, Tennessee, 15 miles from the city of Knoxville. The extensive East Tennessee farm village has gained national and international recognition for its concentration on the rich culture and folklore in the Appalachian mountain region. Dr. Irwin has been a teacher, farmer, businessman, historian, and author. His wide range of interests also extends to the music of his south eastern home region. His family roots extend to Scots-Irish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the Appalachian region in the 18th century.

IN HIS PREVIOUS BOOKS OF the Scots-Irish Chronicles series, Billy Kennedy has outlined the important part played by the Scotch-Irish in the American Revolution, in the shaping of the old frontier and in the political leadership of the United States of America.

In this new book he outlines the lasting contribution of women to the American scene and their broad imprint on the American landscape and way of life.

It