Leavers Lace - A Hand Book of the American Leaver Lace Industry
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Leavers Lace - A Hand Book of the American Leaver Lace Industry - Vittoria Rosatto
LEAVERS LACE
A Hand Book of the American Leavers
Lace Industry
Prepared under the Direction of
PROFESSOR VITTORIA ROSATTO
Head of the Department of Design and Weaving
Lowell Textile Institute, Lowell, Massachusetts
from a study made by
PROFESSOR EDWARD L. GOLEC
and
GEORGE G. ARMSTRONG, JR.
Foreword
IN THE SPRING OF 1948, Professor Vittoria Rosatto, Head of the Department of Design and Weaving of the Lowell Textile Institute in Lowell, Massachusetts, received copies of a little promotional booklet on Leavers Lace published by the American Lace Manufacturers Association, Incorporated, and based on a study made by Mrs. Breene L. Wright of the United States Testing Company.
Professor Rosatto, always on the lookout for something new in the field of textiles, wrote the Association commenting that, from an educational standpoint, the booklet should go much further in developing the interest in lace which it aroused. She wanted to know all there was to know about this Aristocrat of Textile Fabrics.
Conversations between the officers of the Association, Professor Rosatto and the faculty of the Institute resulted in a plan under which the Institute would furnish the skilled research men and the Association would pay for the research so that a booklet might be forthcoming which would tell the whole Leavers Lace story and which might also be used as a text book for actual teaching.
In July, 1948, Professor Edward L. Golee of the Department of Design and Weaving and George G. Armstrong, Jr., an Instructor in the same department, at Lowell, came to Providence and, with the cost of the project defrayed by the Association, went into the lace mills to make their study, Professor Golee armed with a note book and Mr. Armstrong equipped with his camera, and both filled with insatiable curiosity.
The result of their weeks of labor lies before you As practical lace manufacturers the officers of the Association believe the work is competent and enlightening. The history of the industry, in England, on the Continent and in the United States is the joint work of Professor Golee and the Executive Director of the Association. The technical portion of the book is the work of Professor Golee and Mr. Armstrong, carefully checked for accuracy by Mr. Harold G. Truman, Manager of the New England Lace Mills, a Lace Draftsman in his own right, and by Mr. Bert Edson, Designer and Mr. Leonard Truman, Superintendent of the New England Lace Mills.
The illustrations in the book are almost entirely the work of Mr. Armstrong supplemented here and there, when necessary, by reproductions where the original subject could not be photographed.
The Leavers Lace Trade in the United States owes a debt of gratitude to President Kenneth Russell Fox of the Lowell Textile Institute and to Dean Simon Williams, also of the Institute but most particularly to Professor Rosatto who worked unceasingly in the supervision, correction and amplification of this book.
LEAVERS LACE
is submitted to the industry, the Textile schools of the United States and to the general public with the hope that it may fill a gap in the history of the Textile Industry too long neglected.
AMERICAN LACE MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
EDWARD F. WALKER, Executive Director
Contents
History of Lace
Hand-Made Lace
Pillow or Bobbin Lace
European Centers of Pillow Lace Manufacture
Hand-Made Lace in The U. S.
The Origin and Chronological Development of Lace Machines
The Origin of Lace Machines
Warp Lace Frames
Leavers Lace Industry in the United States
Yarns Used in Making Leavers Laces
Cotton Lace Yarns
Preparation of Yarns
Brass Bobbin Yarns
Warp Yarns
Gimp Yarns
Outline Threads
Cotton Yarns Used in Making Specific Styles
Silk
Rayon
Worsted
Rubber
Metal Threads
Yards Per Pound of Metal Threads
The Manufacture of Leavers Lace
Preparatory Work on The Yarns
1. Slip Winding
2. Warping and Beaming
3. Brass Bobbin Winding
4. Bobbin Pressing
5. Steaming and Cooling
6. Bobbin Inspecting
Carriage
7. Threading
8. Bobbin Stripping
9. Entering in Machine (Warps and Beams)
Theory of Lace Making By Machine
Principles of the Leavers Lace Machine
10. The Leavers Lace Machine and Its Operation
Principle of the Jacquard Mechanism on the Leavers Lace Machine
11. Brown Inspection and Mending
12. Washing and Scouring
13. Silk Degumming
14. Bleaching
15. Extracting
16. Dyeing
17. Extracting
18. Starching
19. Tentering or Dressing
20. White Inspection and Mending
21. Hand Drawing
22. Acetone Separating
23. Clipping
24. Jennying
25. Packaging and Ticketing
26. Designing
27. Drafting
28. Reading
29. Punching
30. Lacing
31. Correcting
Lace Styles
Glossary of Leavers Machine-Made Lace
HISTORY
OF LACE
Lace, The Aristocrat of Textile Fabrics
,
is truly the fabric of romance.
No textile fabric,
says the historian, has contributed more largely to the elegance and luxuries of life than lace, the most delicate of them all.
Lace is a decorative, open-work fabric formed by looping, interlacing, braiding or twisting threads of various fibers. It is not usually purchased for its wearing qualities nor for the purpose of preserving bodily warmth, but is used almost exclusively for glamour. It is purely a luxury fabric and is one of the highest forms of textile artistry and skill.
Although lace as a textile fabric is known to all, comparatively few know the story of its origin, development, and present day manufacture. It is the purpose of this book to present the story of lace so that everyone may better understand and appreciate this marvelous fabric.
Possibly the earliest use of the word lace
as the designation of a textile fabric, is to be found in an ancient rule for English Nuns, which dates from 1210. It developed its meaning as applied to decorative open-work in the 16th century, before which period the word was used in conjunction with another word of a qualifying nature, shoe-lace, corset-lace, sleeve-lace, etc., and it was also applied to the fancy braids or ties used in