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    Leaves of Grass
    Leaves of Grass
    Leaves of Grass
    Ebook891 pages10 hours

    Leaves of Grass

    By Walt Whitman

    4/5

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    About this ebook

    Leaves of Grass' is the well-known poetry collection by the American poet Walt Whitmanm, and is highly recommended for inclusion on the bookshelf of anyone with a passion for poetry.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherRead Books Ltd.
    Release dateMay 8, 2015
    ISBN9781473374331
    Author

    Walt Whitman

    Walt Whitman (1819-1892), arguably one of America's most influential and innovative poets, was born into a working-class family in West Hills, New York, and grew up in Brooklyn. His Leaves of Grass, from which "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" comes, is considered one of the central volumes in the history of world poetry. While most other major writers of his time enjoyed a highly structured, classical education at private institutions, Whitman forged his own rough and informal curriculum, and his brief stint at teaching suggests that Whitman employed what were then progressive techniques -- encouraging students to think aloud rather than simply recite, and involving his students in educational games.

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    Reviews for Leaves of Grass

    4/5

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    • 3/5
      yes, its beautiful and inspiring and whatnot

      i suppose i dont feel like walt's radical equanimity and universal love have much to offer the present moment in the US. like, ya i get that it must have been super subversive for the time, thats rad and all, but walt only gets as far as "mb... criminals and poor ppl r not bad," never quite reaching "mb... police and rich ppl r bad"

      yes im being reductive but frankly idgaf. like, this sort of even-handedness can only do so much, can only go so far. at least nietzsche transforms his ultra-individualism into a clarion call for action and vibrant life. i certainly like walt's sort of existentialism better than nietzsche's, but damn walt just makes it so fucking BORING, so content w the world as it is! nietzsche, in his refutation of schopenhauer and the dharmic traditions, attempted to find a role for striving, for desire, for ego within the physical world of direct unmediated sensation. when this centered direction is taken out of existentialism, we're left w a bland acceptance of the world of illusions, a sad refusal to acknowledge to reality of suffering that suffuses all, in its horrifying depth

      several passages reminded me of this famous dril tweet:

      the wise man bowed his head solemnly and spoke: "theres actually zero difference between good and bad things. you imbecile. you fucking moron." (June 1, 2014)
    • 5/5
      Walt Whitman was a visionary, a tolerant and kind man, who spoke out about injustices and did not allow himself to conform. Looking into the soul of human motivation and reaction, he purposefully chose everyday people to demonstrate his loftiest ideas. He had deep feelings about humanity's return to the earth, completing the cycle of life. The war greatly influenced his ideals, and probably was a trigger for him to create updated editions of this poem, and with each he honed the lines and the placement. In many ways, this self educated and self published author was also a book maker - taking into account everything about the physical book as well as the content. He rejected censorship and joined in with other bohemian writers of the day. I read this poem slowly with a class over a period of weeks, and we discussed a lot of the background, and how his words were influenced by the events of the day. Walt Whitman's vision and words are relevant still today.
      Excerpt from section Full Of Life Now
      "When you read these I that was visible am become invisible,
      Now it is you, compact, visible, realizing my poems, seeking me,
      Fancying how happy you were if I could be with you and become your comrade;
      Be it as if I were with you. (Be not too certain but I am now with you.)"
    • 4/5
      Hier vertaling van de oorspronkelijke editie van 1855, 12 gedichten, eerste beslaat de helft. Klaroenstoot, vitalisme puur sang, sterk lichamelijk ingekleurd. Diep geloof in het leven, de dood, het zijn.Gevoel van verbondenheid met alles: transcendentalisme. Tegelijk onbelemmerde vrijheid centraal. Gras als symbool van het leven: hardnekkig, wild meebuigend met de wind, overal aanwezig. Vormelijk: taalorgie
    • 5/5
      2011 will go down, for me, as The Year Ben Caught Up On His Classics. Partly due to shame at continually seeing "Top 100" lists (B&N, Modern Library, etc.) of which I had invariably only read about 10, partly due to increased reading time thanks to becoming a train commuter, but mostly due to buying an e-reader and suddenly having easy, free access to public domain material, I've spent a good chunk of this year reading famous old books. Some of them were great; others, mediocre. Some of them have aged beautifully; others now seem quaint, silly, or merely boring.

      In any event, whether I've enjoyed the books or not, when I sit down to review them, I do so knowing that my better-read friends have probably already read them, often decades ago. And thus it is with Leaves of Grass. There's nothing I'm going to be able to say to shed any new light on a work that's been loved, hated, studied and scrutinized for over a century, and has had numerous critical works written about it. So I won't even try. But here are a few personal observations, in lazy man's bullet points, because I write paragraphs for a living and I'm on vacation right now:

      - This is a warm, beautiful collection of writings. Whitman makes constant references to throwing his arm around you, the reader, and the tone of the writing bears that out. Walt is the drunk guy at the party who really loves you, maaaaaannnnn, and keeps giving you hugs.
      - I love how he manages to give structure to his poems. "Free verse" is really a misnomer, I think, because the verse is musical and wonderfully well-crafted. Shorn of the restrictions of meter or rhyme, Whitman makes amazing use of alliteration and psalm-like repetition to impart rhythm. These are lovely poems to read out loud.
      - This stuff must have been scandalously graphic for the time period. There's a lot of throbbing and sliding going on. I can see why Emily Dickinson hated it.
      - It's interesting how Whitman's persona and point of view subtly shift: from omnipotent and omniscient, to solipsistic; from being above all, to being one with everything. One moment he's a silent, ghostly observer, separate from the observed, and the next moment he's just one more microscopic cell in the sweaty body of humanity.

      Leaves of Grass is so intense that it actually started to burn a bit by the end, an overstimulated, almost snowblind feeling. I suppose that's to be expected when you read in a few dozen hours what took a lifetime to write. I feel as though this is a book I will come back to for small doses, re-savoring favorite passages when the occasion and mood call for it. Wise, kind, funny, sexy, generous, and passionate. I'm sorry I waited 38 years to let Walt sound his barbarian yawp across the screen of my Kindle.
    • 5/5
      This delightful Illustrated Leaves of Grass, with introduction by William Carlos Williams (also a poet) and edited by Howard Chapnick, provides clarity and adds dimension to 14 complete poems and 6 excerpts of his longer works. The photos, lay side-by-side with the text, made Whitman’s words pop and dance. His message is so clear, strong, and timeless when presented in this format. Considering Leaves of Grass was written between 1855 to 1892 and these photos are from 1960 to 1970, it certainly has withstood the test of time. I can even visualize what a version with current events may look.In the introduction by Williams, he wrote, “Whitman came from a rhetorical and long-winded age.” I laughed and didn’t feel so bad that I had said Whitman word-puked in my recent Leaves of Grass review. He also wrote, “Never to my knowledge had the subjects of Whitman’s Leaves of Grass been so presented! The poem came alive for me as if for the first time.” Well said. I uploaded a few pictures in my gallery to share.More Quotes:On Equality from “Song of Myself”:“I am the poet of the womanthe same as the man;And I say it is as great to be a woman as to be a man;And I say there is nothinggreater than the motherof men.”On Celebration of the Body and the Relationship between Men and Women, from “I Sing the Body Electric”:“I sing the Body electric;The armies of those I love engirth me,and I engirth them;They will not let me off till I go with them,respond to them,And discorrupt them, and charge them fullwith the charge of the Soul.Was it doubted that those who corrupt their own bodies conceal themselves?And if those who defile the livingare as bad as they who defile the dead?And if the body does not do as muchas the Soul?And if the body were not the Soul,what is the Soul?The love of the Body of man or womanbalks account – the body itself balks account;That of the male is perfect, and thatof the female is perfect.”On Aging, from “To Old Age”:“I see in you the estuary thatenlarges and spreads itself grandlyas it pours in the great Sea.” ----- I love this lineOn Adventure and the Journey of Life, from “Song of the Open Road”: “Afoot and light-hearted, I take to the open road,Healthy, free, the world before me,The long brown path before me, leading wherever I choose.Henceforth I whimper no more, postpone no more, need nothingHenceforth I ask not good-fortune – I myself am good-fortune;Strong and content, I travel the open road.”And“Now I re-examine philosophies and religions,They may prove well in lecture-rooms, yet not prove at all under the spaciousclouds, and along the landscape and flowing currents.”And“Mon enfant! I give you my hand!I give you my love, more precious than money,I give you myself, before preaching or law;Will you give me yourself? will you come travel with me?Shall we stick by each other as long as we live?”On President Lincoln’s Assassination – one of his most moving pieces:"O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done;The ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won;The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring:But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;Rise up--for you the flag is flung--for you the bugle trills; 10For you bouquets and ribbon'd wreaths--for you the shores a-crowding;For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck, You've fallen cold and dead.My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still;My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;The ship is anchor'd safe and sound, its voyage closed and done;From fearful trip, the victor ship, comes in with object won; 20Exult, O shores, and ring, O bells! But I, with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead."On Whitman’s Acceptance of Death:“I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love,If you want me again look for me under your boot soles.You will hardly know who I am or what I am,But I shall be good health to you nevertheless,And filter and fibre your blood.Failing to fetch me at first keep encouraged,Missing me one place search another,I stop somewhere waiting for you.”
    • 5/5
      a literary find. read with different understanding each decade of my life so far. still have my original copy - a gift at age 16 of a 1921 edition... can't even see the title on the cover anymore. all my reading has been measured against this volume. everyone should read it - at least once.
    • 4/5
      Song of Myself

      1
      I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
      And what I assume you shall assume,
      For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
      I loafe and invite my soul,
      I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
      My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air,
      Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,
      I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin,
      Hoping to cease not till death.
      Creeds and schools in abeyance,
      Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten,
      I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard,
      Nature without check with original energy.

    • 4/5
      Read this book as a requirement for an Major American Writers class and found it to incredible. I rarely like the books that are assigned in class, but this one is one of the few exceptions.
    • 3/5
      A lot of the poems didn't speak to me. Particularly the war and patriotism ones. But in amongst those are some absolute gems on the topic of love and looks, work and life. And compost! How can I not approve of a man who writes a poem about compost?
    • 5/5
      Probably my favorite poet of all time or at least right up there. This collection was basically the one work Whitman did throughout his life and with each edition new poems or changes to previous poems would happen. I cannot say that I am much of an authority on poetry but I thoroughly enjoy Whitman's works and believe they should be read by all!
    • 4/5
      My favorite Whitman piece is "To You, Whoever You Are". This poem is not included in the 1855 edition of Leaves Of Grass. This is the only reason I am not giving it 5 stars. And it's no fault of Walt's. Not even my own, I just felt I needed to own this edition. Surely I will procure the deathbed edition in due time and while some more hours away in the sunshine reading his genius.I love Walt Whitman, period.
    • 4/5
      For some reason, Walt Whitman and Brahms are tied up in my mind as the same person...kinda like God and Santa Claus were when I was a kid. Regardless, Whitman (like Brahms) is obviously a genius!
    • 2/5
      While I appreciate the beautiful language used by Walt Whitman and free verse poetry in general, I am not really a fan. I much prefer the rhyming verse of Tennyson, Longfellow, Browning, etc. In fact, the one poem by Whitman that I really enjoy is O Captain! My Captain!, with conventional meter and rhyme. I am glad that I read this book and familiarized myself with Whitman's style, but it's not really for me.
    • 5/5
      Honestly my favorite collection of poems. The open road is my favorite. Walt Whitman discusses the connectedness of nature, democracy, and subtler, prettier things.
    • 4/5
      Walt Whitman is a genius of a poet. He takes what seems like existential ramblings, and turns them into beautiful and self-reflective pieces of art. This is not just poetry, it’s literally a thesis on life, a philosophical treasure, a song that celebrates being alive, a picture depicting the cycles of life, an ode to the SOUL – simple thoughts, taken to extraordinary levels by an extraordinary man.Although to some, the poems may be too open-ended, long, tedious or verbose to appear enjoyable - but, when you lay bare the meaning behind Whitman's words, you cannot help but feel empowered, aware, introspective, a believer in life, the lover of a human body, and a worshiper of the human soul. What more can you ask from a poet, and his poetry? Read it, live it, and love it!
    • 5/5
      The book that started it all. I would never have gone back to college if I hadn't read this--carried it with me everywhere for months! Walt Whitman is my "great uncle."
    • 3/5
      I'm not a huge fan of poetry normally but I do like history, so thought I'd give Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman a try. I downloaded my copy from Project Gutenberg after doing a bit of research. I decided to read the "Deathbed Version" of the original 12 poems, which were untitled when originally published in 1855. Whitman continuously revised his work for the remainder of his life with nearly 400 poems making up the 1892 Deathbed version. I found it difficult to sit and read more than a couple of poems in one sitting. Whitman's stunning volume of words wore me down. I would say I somewhat enjoyed the poems I read and that my 3 star rating reflects this. I acknowledge Whitman's innovation, creativity and place in history. I'd like to think I'd come back to read other selected poems in Leaves of Grass, such as the ones dealing with Lincoln and the patriotic ones pre-Civil War. What I really need is a proper guide and analysis plus a comparison of the poems during their evolution over the years. But that all begins to sound like a lot of study and effort that I'm not keen to undertake. The poems I read were:Song of MyselfA Song for OccupationsTo Think of TimeThe Sleepers I Sing the Body ElectricFacesSong of the AnswererEurope: The 72d and 73d Years of These StatesA Boston BalladThere Was a Child Went ForthWho Learns My Lesson Complete?Great Are the Myths
    • 5/5
      a Classic The greatness of the USA and those She welcomes from other countries
    • 2/5
      I actually did have to read this entire collection of poems. I actually did hate that fact. I happened to enjoy some of it, and much of it made me what to stab my eyes out with knitting needles. Professors, please do not make your students read this entire collection in 1 week in a mandatory survey course for English majors--you are killing Whitman again, and again, and again. Perhaps, if this were an elective course and I had been given the time to enjoy it, I wouldn't shudder when my eyes pass over the spine of this book on my shelf.

      My memory of this experience boils down to this: "The red marauder." Wouldn't Whitman want to be remembered for more?
    • 5/5
      I love Walt Whitman! He is my favorite poet. He saw things in a simplicity that had to divine in nature. He looked at the world through a childlike love. He wrote with his heart wide open.
    • 4/5
      My favorite Whitman piece is "To You, Whoever You Are". This poem is not included in the 1855 edition of Leaves Of Grass. This is the only reason I am not giving it 5 stars. And it's no fault of Walt's. Not even my own, I just felt I needed to own this edition. Surely I will procure the deathbed edition in due time and while some more hours away in the sunshine reading his genius.I love Walt Whitman, period.

    Book preview

    Leaves of Grass - Walt Whitman

    Walt Whitman

    Walt Whitman was born on 31st May 1819 in the Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York, USA. He was the second of nine children of Walter Whitman and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman. In part due to a series of bad investments, the family lived in various homes in the Brooklyn area, and Whitman recalled his childhood as generally restless and unhappy, given his family’s difficult economic status. Whitman finished his formal schooling at age eleven, and immediately sought employment to aid his family. He worked in an office of a legal firm and later as an apprentice and printer’s devil for the weekly Long Island newspaper, the Patriot. The following summer, Whitman took a job with the leading Whig newspaper the Long-Island Star, and it was here that he developed a strong interest in reading, writing and theatre. He also anonymously published some of his earliest poetry in the New York Mirror.

    After a brief sojourn as a teacher, living back with his family in Long Island, Whitman returned to New York to establish his own newspaper; the Long Islander. He embarked on this project in the spring of 1838, but sold the paper to E.O. Crowell after only ten months. From 1840-41 Whitman attempted to further his career in teaching, but with little success, he returned to writing. During this time, Whitman published a series of ten editorials, called Sun-Down Papers—From the Desk of a Schoolmaster, in three newspapers between the winter of 1840 and July 1841. In these essays, he adopted a constructed persona, a technique he would employ throughout his career. It was not until 1850 that Whitman began writing what would later become Leaves of Grass; a collection of poetry which he continued editing and revising until his death. The first edition was a success, and stirred up significant interest, partly due to the praise it received by Ralph Waldo Emerson. However the volume, which Whitman intended as ‘a distinctly American epic’, attracted substantial criticism for its ‘offensive’ and ‘crude’ sexual themes. It deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common person; part of the transition in American literature, moving away from transcendentalism towards realism. In light of the contemporary criticism, Whitman's sexuality is often discussed alongside his poetry. Though biographers continue to debate his sexuality, he is usually described as either homosexual or bisexual - yet this remains speculation.

    Whitman lived through the American Civil war, and volunteered as a nurse in army hospital, later serving as a clerk in the Bureau of Indian Affairs in the Department of the Interior. In June of 1865, Whitman was fired from his job – most likely on moral grounds, by the former Iowa Senator James Harlan, after he found an 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass. Whitman’s friend William Douglas O’Connor, a well-connected poet and newspaper editor was incensed by this iniquitousness, and wrote a pamphlet defending Whitman as a wholesome patriot, greatly increasing his popularity. Further adding to Whitman’s fame during this period was the publication of O Captain! My Captain!; a relatively conventional poem chronicling the death of Abraham Lincoln. It was the only poem to appear in anthologies during Whitman’s lifetime. The author then moved onto work at the Attorney General’s office, interviewing former Confederate soldiers for Presidential Pardons - an occupation which was more to Whitman’s taste. He later wrote to a friend; ‘there are real characters among them… and you know I have a fancy for anything out of the ordinary.’ During this time, Whitman succeeded in finding a publisher for Leaves of Grass (eventually issued in 1871), the same year it was mistakenly reported that its author died in a railroad accident. Only two years after this great personal success, Whitman suffered a paralytic stroke (early in 1873) and was induced to move to the home of his brother in New Jersey. Whilst there, he was very productive, publishing three versions of Leaves of Grass, as well as other works. This was also the last point at which Whitman was fully mobile, and he received many famous authors, including Oscar Wilde and Thomas Eakins. In 1884, he bought his own house, remaining in New Jersey, but became completely bedridden soon after. In the last week of his life, Whitman was too weak even to lift a knife or fork, and wrote; ‘I suffer all the time: I have no relief, no escape: it is monotony—monotony—monotony—in pain.’ He died from diminished lung capacity, the result of bronchial pneumonia and an abscess on the chest, on 26 March 1892.

    By the time of his death, Whitman had become a veritable national celebrity, and a public viewing of his body was held at his home; an event which attracted over one thousand people in three hours. His coffin was barely visible because of all the flowers and wreaths. Whitman was buried four days later at Harleigh Cemetery in Camden, New Jersey. He has since been eulogised as America’s first ‘poet of democracy’, due to his uncanny ability to write in the American character, and remains an enduring and much loved literary figure to this day.

    Come, said my soul,

    Such verses for my Body let us write, (for we are one,)

    That should I after return,

    Or, long, long hence, in other spheres,

    There to some group of mates the chants resuming,

    (Tallying Earth’s soil, trees, winds, tumultuous waves,)

    Ever with pleas’d smile I may keep on,

    Ever and ever yet the verses owning—as, first,

    I here and now

    Signing for Soul and Body, set to them my name,

    Walt Whitman

    BOOK I

    Inscriptions

    One’s-Self I Sing

    One’s-self I sing, a simple separate person,

    Yet utter the word Democratic, the word En-Masse.

    Of physiology from top to toe I sing,

    Not physiognomy alone nor brain alone is worthy for the Muse, I say the Form complete is worthier far,

    The Female equally with the Male I sing.

    Of Life immense in passion, pulse, and power,

    Cheerful, for freest action form’d under the laws divine,

    The Modern Man I sing.

    As I Ponder’d in Silence

    As I ponder’d in silence,

    Returning upon my poems, considering, lingering long,

    A Phantom arose before me with distrustful aspect,

    Terrible in beauty, age, and power,

    The genius of poets of old lands,

    As to me directing like flame its eyes,

    With finger pointing to many immortal songs,

    And menacing voice, What singest thou? it said,

    Know’st thou not there is but one theme for ever-enduring bards?

    And that is the theme of War, the fortune of battles,

    The making of perfect soldiers.

    Be it so, then I answer’d,

    I too haughty Shade also sing war, and a longer and greater one than any,

    Waged in my book with varying fortune, with flight, advance and retreat, victory deferr’d and wavering,

    (Yet methinks certain, or as good as certain, at the last,) the field the world,

    For life and death, for the Body and for the eternal Soul,

    Lo, I too am come, chanting the chant of battles,

    I above all promote brave soldiers.

    In Cabin’d Ships at Sea

    In cabin’d ships at sea,

    The boundless blue on every side expanding,

    With whistling winds and music of the waves, the large imperious waves,

    Or some lone bark buoy’d on the dense marine,

    Where joyous full of faith, spreading white sails,

    She cleaves the ether mid the sparkle and the foam of day, or under many a star at night,

    By sailors young and old haply will I, a reminiscence of the land, be read,

    In full rapport at last.

    Here are our thoughts, voyagers’ thoughts,

    Here not the land, firm land, alone appears, may then by them be said,

    The sky o’erarches here, we feel the undulating deck beneath our feet,

    We feel the long pulsation, ebb and flow of endless motion,

    The tones of unseen mystery, the vague and vast suggestions of the briny world, the liquid-flowing syllables,

    The perfume, the faint creaking of the cordage, the melancholy rhythm,

    The boundless vista and the horizon far and dim are all here,

    And this is ocean’s poem.

    Then falter not O book, fulfil your destiny,

    You not a reminiscence of the land alone,

    You too as a lone bark cleaving the ether, purpos’d I know not whither, yet ever full of faith,

    Consort to every ship that sails, sail you!

    Bear forth to them folded my love,

    (dear mariners, for you I fold it here in every leaf;)

    Speed on my book! spread your white sails my little bark athwart the imperious waves,

    Chant on, sail on, bear o’er the boundless blue from me to every sea,

    This song for mariners and all their ships.

    To Foreign Lands

    I heard that you ask’d for something to prove this puzzle the New World,

    And to define America, her athletic Democracy,

    Therefore I send you my poems that you behold in them what you wanted.

    To a Historian

    You who celebrate bygones,

    Who have explored the outward, the surfaces of the races, the life that has exhibited itself,

    Who have treated of man as the creature of politics, aggregates, rulers and priests,

    I, habitan of the Alleghanies, treating of him as he is in himself in his own rights,

    Pressing the pulse of the life that has seldom exhibited itself, (the great pride of man in himself,)

    Chanter of Personality, outlining what is yet to be,

    I project the history of the future.

    To Thee Old Cause

    To thee old cause!

    Thou peerless, passionate, good cause,

    Thou stern, remorseless, sweet idea,

    Deathless throughout the ages, races, lands,

    After a strange sad war, great war for thee,

    (I think all war through time was really fought, and ever will be really fought, for thee,)

    These chants for thee, the eternal march of thee.

    (A war O soldiers not for itself alone,

    Far, far more stood silently waiting behind, now to advance in this book.)

    Thou orb of many orbs!

    Thou seething principle! thou well-kept, latent germ! thou centre!

    Around the idea of thee the war revolving,

    With all its angry and vehement play of causes,

    (With vast results to come for thrice a thousand years,)

    These recitatives for thee,—my book and the war are one,

    Merged in its spirit I and mine, as the contest hinged on thee,

    As a wheel on its axis turns, this book unwitting to itself,

    Around the idea of thee.

    Eidolons

    I met a seer,

    Passing the hues and objects of the world,

    The fields of art and learning, pleasure, sense,

    To glean eidolons.

    Put in thy chants said he,

    No more the puzzling hour nor day, nor segments,

    parts, put in,

    Put first before the rest as light for all and entrance

    song of all,

    That of eidolons.

    Ever the dim beginning,

    Ever the growth, the rounding of the circle,

    Ever the summit and the merge at last,

    (to surely start again,)

    Eidolons! eidolons!

    Ever the mutable,

    Ever materials, changing, crumbling, re-cohering,

    Ever the ateliers, the factories divine,

    Issuing eidolons.

    Lo, I or you,

    Or woman, man, or state, known or unknown,

    We seeming solid wealth, strength, beauty build,

    But really build eidolons.

    The ostent evanescent,

    The substance of an artist’s mood or savan’s studies long,

    Or warrior’s, martyr’s, hero’s toils,

    To fashion his eidolon.

    Of every human life,

    (The units gather’d, posted, not a thought, emotion, deed, left out,)

    The whole or large or small summ’d, added up,

    In its eidolon.

    The old, old urge,

    Based on the ancient pinnacles, lo, newer, higher pinnacles,

    From science and the modern still impell’d,

    The old, old urge, eidolons.

    The present now and here,

    America’s busy, teeming, intricate whirl,

    Of aggregate and segregate for only thence releasing,

    To-day’s eidolons.

    These with the past,

    Of vanish’d lands, of all the reigns of kings across the sea,

    Old conquerors, old campaigns, old sailors’ voyages,

    Joining eidolons.

    Densities, growth, facades,

    Strata of mountains, soils, rocks, giant trees,

    Far-born, far-dying, living long, to leave,

    Eidolons everlasting.

    Exalte, rapt, ecstatic,

    The visible but their womb of birth,

    Of orbic tendencies to shape and shape and shape,

    The mighty earth-eidolon.

    All space, all time,

    (The stars, the terrible perturbations of the suns,

    Swelling, collapsing, ending, serving their longer, shorter use,)

    Fill’d with eidolons only.

    The noiseless myriads,

    The infinite oceans where the rivers empty,

    The separate countless free identities, like eyesight,

    The true realities, eidolons.

    Not this the world,

    Nor these the universes, they the universes,

    Purport and end, ever the permanent life of life,

    Eidolons, eidolons.

    Beyond thy lectures learn’d professor,

    Beyond thy telescope or spectroscope observer keen, beyond all mathematics,

    Beyond the doctor’s surgery, anatomy, beyond the chemist with his chemistry,

    The entities of entities, eidolons.

    Unfix’d yet fix’d,

    Ever shall be, ever have been and are,

    Sweeping the present to the infinite future,

    Eidolons, eidolons, eidolons.

    The prophet and the bard,

    Shall yet maintain themselves, in higher stages yet,

    Shall mediate to the Modern, to Democracy, interpret yet to them,

    God and eidolons.

    And thee my soul,

    Joys, ceaseless exercises, exaltations,

    Thy yearning amply fed at last, prepared to meet,

    Thy mates, eidolons.

    Thy body permanent,

    The body lurking there within thy body,

    The only purport of the form thou art, the real I myself,

    An image, an eidolon.

    Thy very songs not in thy songs,

    No special strains to sing, none for itself,

    But from the whole resulting, rising at last and floating,

    A round full-orb’d eidolon.

    For Him I Sing

    For him I sing,

    I raise the present on the past,

    (As some perennial tree out of its roots, the present on the past,)

    With time and space I him dilate and fuse the immortal laws,

    To make himself by them the law unto himself.

    When I Read the Book

    When I read the book, the biography famous,

    And is this then (said I) what the author calls a man’s life?

    And so will some one when I am dead and gone write my life?

    (As if any man really knew aught of my life,

    Why even I myself I often think know little or nothing of my real life,

    Only a few hints, a few diffused faint clews and indirections

    I seek for my own use to trace out here.)

    Beginning My Studies

    Beginning my studies the first step pleas’d me so much,

    The mere fact consciousness, these forms, the power of motion,

    The least insect or animal, the senses, eyesight, love,

    The first step I say awed me and pleas’d me so much,

    I have hardly gone and hardly wish’d to go any farther,

    But stop and loiter all the time to sing it in ecstatic songs.

    Beginners

    How they are provided for upon the earth, (appearing at intervals,)

    How dear and dreadful they are to the earth,

    How they inure to themselves as much as to any—what a paradox appears their age,

    How people respond to them, yet know them not,

    How there is something relentless in their fate all times,

    How all times mischoose the objects of their adulation and reward,

    And how the same inexorable price must still be paid for the same great purchase.

    To the States

    To the States or any one of them, or any city of the States, Resist much, obey little,

    Once unquestioning obedience, once fully enslaved,

    Once fully enslaved, no nation, state, city of this earth, ever afterward resumes its liberty.

    On Journeys Through the States

    On journeys through the States we start,

    (Ay through the world, urged by these songs,

    Sailing henceforth to every land, to every sea,)

    We willing learners of all, teachers of all, and lovers of all.

    We have watch’d the seasons dispensing themselves and passing on,

    And have said, Why should not a man or woman do as much as the seasons, and effuse as much?

    We dwell a while in every city and town,

    We pass through Kanada, the North-east, the vast valley of the

    Mississippi, and the Southern States,

    We confer on equal terms with each of the States,

    We make trial of ourselves and invite men and women to hear,

    We say to ourselves, Remember, fear not, be candid, promulge the body and the soul,

    Dwell a while and pass on, be copious, temperate, chaste, magnetic,

    And what you effuse may then return as the seasons return,

    And may be just as much as the seasons.

    To a Certain Cantatrice

    Here, take this gift,

    I was reserving it for some hero, speaker, or general,

    One who should serve the good old cause, the great idea, the progress and freedom of the race,

    Some brave confronter of despots, some daring rebel;

    But I see that what I was reserving belongs to you just as much as to any.

    Me Imperturbe

    Me imperturbe, standing at ease in Nature,

    Master of all or mistress of all, aplomb in the midst of irrational things,

    Imbued as they, passive, receptive, silent as they,

    Finding my occupation, poverty, notoriety, foibles, crimes, less important than I thought,

    Me toward the Mexican sea, or in the Mannahatta or the Tennessee, or far north or inland,

    A river man, or a man of the woods or of any farm-life of these

    States or of the coast, or the lakes or Kanada,

    Me wherever my life is lived, O to be self-balanced for contingencies,

    To confront night, storms, hunger, ridicule, accidents, rebuffs, as the trees and animals do.

    Savantism

    Thither as I look I see each result and glory retracing itself and nestling close, always obligated,

    Thither hours, months, years—thither trades, compacts, establishments, even the most minute,

    Thither every-day life, speech, utensils, politics, persons, estates;

    Thither we also, I with my leaves and songs, trustful, admirant,

    As a father to his father going takes his children along with him.

    The Ship Starting

    Lo, the unbounded sea,

    On its breast a ship starting, spreading all sails, carrying even her moonsails.

    The pennant is flying aloft as she speeds she speeds so stately— below emulous waves press forward,

    They surround the ship with shining curving motions and foam.

    I Hear America Singing

    I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,

    Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong,

    The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,

    The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,

    The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck,

    The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands,

    The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy’s on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,

    The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,

    Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,

    The day what belongs to the day—at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,

    Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.

    What Place Is Besieged?

    What place is besieged, and vainly tries to raise the siege?

    Lo, I send to that place a commander, swift, brave, immortal,

    And with him horse and foot, and parks of artillery,

    And artillery-men, the deadliest that ever fired gun.

    Still Though the One I Sing

    Still though the one I sing,

    (One, yet of contradictions made,) I dedicate to Nationality,

    I leave in him revolt, (O latent right of insurrection! O quenchless, indispensable fire!)

    Shut Not Your Doors

    Shut not your doors to me proud libraries,

    For that which was lacking on all your well-fill’d shelves, yet needed most, I bring,

    Forth from the war emerging, a book I have made,

    The words of my book nothing, the drift of it every thing,

    A book separate, not link’d with the rest nor felt by the intellect,

    But you ye untold latencies will thrill to every page.

    Poets to Come

    Poets to come! orators, singers, musicians to come!

    Not to-day is to justify me and answer what I am for,

    But you, a new brood, native, athletic, continental, greater than before known,

    Arouse! for you must justify me.

    I myself but write one or two indicative words for the future,

    I but advance a moment only to wheel and hurry back in the darkness.

    I am a man who, sauntering along without fully stopping, turns a casual look upon you and then averts his face,

    Leaving it to you to prove and define it,

    Expecting the main things from you.

    To You

    Stranger, if you passing meet me and desire to speak to me, why should you not speak to me?

    And why should I not speak to you?

    Thou Reader

    Thou reader throbbest life and pride and love the same

    as I,

    Therefore for thee the following chants.

    BOOK II

    Starting from Paumanok

    1

    Starting from fish-shape Paumanok where I was born,

    Well-begotten, and rais’d by a perfect mother,

    After roaming many lands, lover of populous pavements,

    Dweller in Mannahatta my city, or on southern savannas,

    Or a soldier camp’d or carrying my knapsack and gun, or a miner in California,

    Or rude in my home in Dakota’s woods, my diet meat, my drink from the spring,

    Or withdrawn to muse and meditate in some deep recess,

    Far from the clank of crowds intervals passing rapt and happy,

    Aware of the fresh free giver the flowing Missouri, aware of mighty Niagara,

    Aware of the buffalo herds grazing the plains, the hirsute and strong-breasted bull,

    Of earth, rocks, Fifth-month flowers experienced, stars, rain, snow, my amaze,

    Having studied the mocking-bird’s tones and the flight of the mountain-hawk,

    And heard at dawn the unrivall’d one, the hermit thrush from the swamp-cedars,

    Solitary, singing in the West, I strike up for a New World.

    2

    Victory, union, faith, identity, time,

    The indissoluble compacts, riches, mystery,

    Eternal progress, the kosmos, and the modern reports.

    This then is life,

    Here is what has come to the surface after so many throes and convulsions.

    How curious! how real!

    Underfoot the divine soil, overhead the sun.

    See revolving the globe,

    The ancestor-continents away group’d together,

    The present and future continents north and south, with the isthmus between.

    See, vast trackless spaces,

    As in a dream they change, they swiftly fill,

    Countless masses debouch upon them,

    They are now cover’d with the foremost people, arts, institutions, known.

    See, projected through time,

    For me an audience interminable.

    With firm and regular step they wend, they never stop,

    Successions of men, Americanos, a hundred millions,

    One generation playing its part and passing on,

    Another generation playing its part and passing on in its turn,

    With faces turn’d sideways or backward towards me to listen,

    With eyes retrospective towards me.

    3

    Americanos! conquerors! marches humanitarian!

    Foremost! century marches! Libertad! masses!

    For you a programme of chants.

    Chants of the prairies,

    Chants of the long-running Mississippi, and down to the Mexican sea,

    Chants of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota,

    Chants going forth from the centre from Kansas, and thence equidistant,

    Shooting in pulses of fire ceaseless to vivify all.

    4

    Take my leaves America, take them South and take them North,

    Make welcome for them everywhere, for they are your own off-spring,

    Surround them East and West, for they would surround you,

    And you precedents, connect lovingly with them, for they connect lovingly with you.

    I conn’d old times,

    I sat studying at the feet of the great masters,

    Now if eligible O that the great masters might return and study me.

    In the name of these States shall I scorn the antique?

    Why these are the children of the antique to justify it.

    5

    Dead poets, philosophs, priests,

    Martyrs, artists, inventors, governments long since,

    Language-shapers on other shores,

    Nations once powerful, now reduced, withdrawn, or desolate,

    I dare not proceed till I respectfully credit what you have left wafted hither,

    I have perused it, own it is admirable, (moving awhile among it,)

    Think nothing can ever be greater, nothing can ever deserve more than it deserves,

    Regarding it all intently a long while, then dismissing it,

    I stand in my place with my own day here.

    Here lands female and male,

    Here the heir-ship and heiress-ship of the world, here the flame of materials,

    Here spirituality the translatress, the openly-avow’d,

    The ever-tending, the finale of visible forms,

    The satisfier, after due long-waiting now advancing,

    Yes here comes my mistress the soul.

    6

    The soul,

    Forever and forever—longer than soil is brown and solid—longer than water ebbs and flows.

    I will make the poems of materials, for I think they are to be the most spiritual poems,

    And I will make the poems of my body and of mortality,

    For I think I shall then supply myself with the poems of my soul and of immortality.

    I will make a song for these States that no one State may under any circumstances be subjected to another State,

    And I will make a song that there shall be comity by day and by night between all the States, and between any two of them,

    And I will make a song for the ears of the President, full of weapons with menacing points,

    And behind the weapons countless dissatisfied faces;

    And a song make I of the One form’d out of all,

    The fang’d and glittering One whose head is over all,

    Resolute warlike One including and over all,

    (However high the head of any else that head is over all.)

    I will acknowledge contemporary lands,

    I will trail the whole geography of the globe and salute courteously every city large and small,

    And employments! I will put in my poems that with you is heroism upon land and sea,

    And I will report all heroism from an American point of view.

    I will sing the song of companionship,

    I will show what alone must finally compact these,

    I believe these are to found their own ideal of manly love, indicating it in me,

    I will therefore let flame from me the burning fires that were threatening to consume me,

    I will lift what has too long kept down those smouldering fires,

    I will give them complete abandonment,

    I will write the evangel-poem of comrades and of love,

    For who but I should understand love with all its sorrow and joy?

    And who but I should be the poet of comrades?

    7

    I am the credulous man of qualities, ages, races,

    I advance from the people in their own spirit,

    Here is what sings unrestricted faith.

    Omnes! omnes! let others ignore what they may,

    I make the poem of evil also, I commemorate that part also,

    I am myself just as much evil as good, and my nation is—and I say there is in fact no evil,

    (Or if there is I say it is just as important to you, to the land or to me, as any thing else.)

    I too, following many and follow’d by many, inaugurate a religion, I descend into the arena,

    (It may be I am destin’d to utter the loudest cries there, the winner’s pealing shouts,

    Who knows? they may rise from me yet, and soar above every thing.)

    Each is not for its own sake,

    I say the whole earth and all the stars in the sky are for religion’s sake.

    I say no man has ever yet been half devout enough,

    None has ever yet adored or worship’d half enough,

    None has begun to think how divine he himself is, and how certain the future is.

    I say that the real and permanent grandeur of these States must be their religion,

    Otherwise there is just no real and permanent grandeur;

    (Nor character nor life worthy the name without religion,

    Nor land nor man or woman without religion.)

    8

    What are you doing young man?

    Are you so earnest, so given up to literature, science, art, amours?

    These ostensible realities, politics, points?

    Your ambition or business whatever it may be?

    It is well—against such I say not a word, I am their poet also,

    But behold! such swiftly subside, burnt up for religion’s sake,

    For not all matter is fuel to heat, impalpable flame, the essential life of the earth,

    Any more than such are to religion.

    9

    What do you seek so pensive and silent?

    What do you need camerado?

    Dear son do you think it is love?

    Listen dear son—listen America, daughter or son,

    It is a painful thing to love a man or woman to excess, and yet it satisfies, it is great,

    But there is something else very great, it makes the whole coincide,

    It, magnificent, beyond materials, with continuous hands sweeps and provides for all.

    10

    Know you, solely to drop in the earth the germs of a greater religion,

    The following chants each for its kind I sing.

    My comrade!

    For you to share with me two greatnesses, and a third one rising inclusive and more resplendent,

    The greatness of Love and Democracy, and the greatness of Religion.

    Melange mine own, the unseen and the seen,

    Mysterious ocean where the streams empty,

    Prophetic spirit of materials shifting and flickering around me,

    Living beings, identities now doubtless near us in the air that we know not of,

    Contact daily and hourly that will not release me,

    These selecting, these in hints demanded of me.

    Not he with a daily kiss onward from childhood kissing me,

    Has winded and twisted around me that which holds me to him,

    Any more than I am held to the heavens and all the spiritual world,

    After what they have done to me, suggesting themes.

    O such themes—equalities! O divine average!

    Warblings under the sun, usher’d as now, or at noon, or setting,

    Strains musical flowing through ages, now reaching hither,

    I take to your reckless and composite chords, add to them, and cheerfully pass them forward.

    11

    As I have walk’d in Alabama my morning walk,

    I have seen where the she-bird the mocking-bird sat on her nest in the briers hatching her brood.

    I have seen the he-bird also,

    I have paus’d to hear him near at hand inflating his throat and joyfully singing.

    And while I paus’d it came to me that what he really sang for was not there only,

    Nor for his mate nor himself only, nor all sent back by the echoes,

    But subtle, clandestine, away beyond,

    A charge transmitted and gift occult for those being born.

    12

    Democracy! near at hand to you a throat is now inflating itself and joyfully singing.

    Ma femme! for the brood beyond us and of us,

    For those who belong here and those to come,

    I exultant to be ready for them will now shake out carols stronger and haughtier than have ever yet been heard upon earth.

    I will make the songs of passion to give them their way,

    And your songs outlaw’d offenders, for I scan you with kindred eyes, and carry you with me the same as any.

    I will make the true poem of riches,

    To earn for the body and the mind whatever adheres and goes forward and is not dropt by death;

    I will effuse egotism and show it underlying all, and I will be the bard of personality,

    And I will show of male and female that either is but the equal of the other,

    And sexual organs and acts! do you concentrate in me, for I am determin’d to tell you with courageous clear voice to prove you illustrious,

    And I will show that there is no imperfection in the present, and can be none in the future,

    And I will show that whatever happens to anybody it may be turn’d to beautiful results,

    And I will show that nothing can happen more beautiful than death,

    And I will thread a thread through my poems that time and events are compact,

    And that all the things of the universe are perfect miracles, each as profound as any.

    I will not make poems with reference to parts,

    But I will make poems, songs, thoughts, with reference to ensemble,

    And I will not sing with reference to a day, but with reference to all days,

    And I will not make a poem nor the least part of a poem but has reference to the soul,

    Because having look’d at the objects of the universe, I find there is no one nor any particle of one but has reference to the soul.

    13

    Was somebody asking to see the soul?

    See, your own shape and countenance, persons, substances, beasts, the trees, the running rivers, the rocks and sands.

    All hold spiritual joys and afterwards loosen them;

    How can the real body ever die and be buried?

    Of your real body and any man’s or woman’s real body,

    Item for item it will elude the hands of the corpse-cleaners and pass to fitting spheres,

    Carrying what has accrued to it from the moment of birth to the moment of death.

    Not the types set up by the printer return their impression, the meaning, the main concern,

    Any more than a man’s substance and life or a woman’s substance and life return in the body and the soul,

    Indifferently before death and after death.

    Behold, the body includes and is the meaning, the main concern and includes and is the soul;

    Whoever you are, how superb and how divine is your body, or any part of it!

    14

    Whoever you are, to you endless announcements!

    Daughter of the lands did you wait for your poet?

    Did you wait for one with a flowing mouth and indicative hand?

    Toward the male of the States, and toward the female of the States,

    Exulting words, words to Democracy’s lands.

    Interlink’d, food-yielding lands!

    Land of coal and iron! land of gold! land of cotton, sugar, rice!

    Land of wheat, beef, pork! land of wool and hemp! land of the apple and the grape!

    Land of the pastoral plains, the grass-fields of the world! land of those sweet-air’d interminable plateaus!

    Land of the herd, the garden, the healthy house of adobie!

    Lands where the north-west Columbia winds, and where the south-west Colorado winds!

    Land of the eastern Chesapeake! land of the Delaware!

    Land of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan!

    Land of the Old Thirteen! Massachusetts land! land of Vermont and Connecticut!

    Land of the ocean shores! land of sierras and peaks!

    Land of boatmen and sailors! fishermen’s land!

    Inextricable lands! the clutch’d together! the passionate ones!

    The side by side! the elder and younger brothers! the bony-limb’d!

    The great women’s land! the feminine! the experienced sisters and the inexperienced sisters!

    Far breath’d land! Arctic braced! Mexican breez’d! the diverse! the compact!

    The Pennsylvanian! the Virginian! the double Carolinian!

    O all and each well-loved by me! my intrepid nations! O I at any rate include you all with perfect love!

    I cannot be discharged from you! not from one any sooner than another!

    O death! O for all that, I am yet of you unseen this hour with irrepressible love,

    Walking New England, a friend, a traveler,

    Splashing my bare feet in the edge of the summer ripples on Paumanok’s sands,

    Crossing the prairies, dwelling again in Chicago, dwelling in every town,

    Observing shows, births, improvements, structures, arts,

    Listening to orators and oratresses in public halls,

    Of and through the States as during life, each man and woman my neighbor,

    The Louisianian, the Georgian, as near to me, and I as near to him and her,

    The Mississippian and Arkansian yet with me, and I yet with any of them,

    Yet upon the plains west of the spinal river, yet in my house of adobie,

    Yet returning eastward, yet in the Seaside State or in Maryland,

    Yet Kanadian cheerily braving the winter, the snow and ice welcome to me,

    Yet a true son either of Maine or of the Granite State, or the Narragansett Bay State, or the Empire State,

    Yet sailing to other shores to annex the same, yet welcoming every new brother,

    Hereby applying these leaves to the new ones from the hour they unite with the old ones,

    Coming among the new ones myself to be their companion and equal, coming personally to you now,

    Enjoining you to acts, characters, spectacles, with me.

    15

    With me with firm holding, yet haste, haste on.

    For your life adhere to me,

    (I may have to be persuaded many times before I consent to give myself really to you, but what of that?

    Must not Nature be persuaded many times?)

    No dainty dolce affettuoso I,

    Bearded, sun-burnt, gray-neck’d, forbidding, I have arrived,

    To be wrestled with as I pass for the solid prizes of the universe,

    For such I afford whoever can persevere to win them.

    16

    On my way a moment I pause,

    Here for you! and here for America!

    Still the present I raise aloft, still the future of the States I harbinge glad and sublime,

    And for the past I pronounce what the air holds of the red aborigines.

    The red aborigines,

    Leaving natural breaths, sounds of rain and winds, calls as of birds and animals in the woods, syllabled to us for names,

    Okonee, Koosa, Ottawa,

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