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    Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
    Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
    Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
    Ebook783 pages15 hours

    Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America

    By Chris Hedges, Mark Crispin Miller and Bertram Gross

    3.5/5

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    • Friendly Fascism

    • Democracy

    • Capitalism

    • Transnational Corporations

    • Communism

    • Dystopia

    • Power Struggle

    • Political Intrigue

    • Class Conflict

    • Dystopian Society

    • Political Corruption

    • Propaganda

    • Surveillance State

    • Totalitarianism

    • Corporate Control

    • Oligarchy

    • Globalization

    • Establishment

    • Big Business-Big Government Partnership

    • Military-Industrial Complex

    About this ebook

    A look at corporate authoritarianism that William Shirer called “the best thing I’ve ever seen on how America might go fascist democratically.”

    In 1980, US capitalist politics wore a “nice-guy mask,” a troubling disguise to cover up a creeping despotism in which the ultra-rich and corporate overseers were merging with a centralized state power in order to manage the populace. This immanent corporate authoritarianism threatened to subvert constitutional democracy. But unlike the violent and sudden usurpations that led to fascism in the days of Hitler, Mussolini, and the Japanese empire builders, this new “smiling” American breed of fascism was gaining ground through gradual and silent infringements on the freedoms of the American people.
     
    First published over three decades ago, Friendly Fascism is uncannily predictive of the threats and realities of current political and economic power trends. Author Bertram Gross, a presidential adviser during the New Deal era, traces the history and logic of declining democracy in First World countries and pinpoints capitalist transnational growth and inappropriate responses to global crises as the sources of late twentieth-century despotism in America. Gross issues ever-urgent warnings about what happens when big business and big government become bedfellows—chronic inflation, recurring recession, overt and hidden unemployment, the poisoning of the environment—and simultaneously proffers a practical shift of perspective that could help US citizens build a truer democracy. He imagines an America in which heroes are no longer needed and the leadership is a group of non-elitists who “recognize the ignorance of the wise as well as the wisdom of the ignorant.”
     
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherOpen Road Media
    Release dateMar 8, 2016
    ISBN9781497689404
    Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America
    Author

    Chris Hedges

    Chris Hedges is a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist who was a foreign correspondent and bureau chief in the Middle East and the Balkans for fifteen years for The New York Times. He previously worked overseas for The Dallas Morning News, The Christian Science Monitor, and NPR. He is host of the Emmy Award­–nominated RT America show On Contact. Hedges, who holds a Master of Divinity from Harvard University, is the author of numerous books, and was a National Book Critics Circle finalist for War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning. He has taught at Columbia University, New York University, Princeton University, and the University of Toronto. He has taught college credit courses through Rutgers University in the New Jersey prison system since 2013.

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    • 5/5
      Two of my favourite authors - Chris Hedges and Mark Crispin Miller - who can be counted on to tell the unvarnished, often ugly, truth with all the fierce righteousness of decent, compassionate men who would and have risked it all countless times to speak forcefully, articulately and wholeheartedly in defense of the vulnerable.

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    Book preview

    Friendly Fascism - Chris Hedges

    Introduction

    I

    We the people seem to have the freest book trade in the world. Certainly we have the biggest. Cruise the mighty Amazon, and you will see so many books for sale in the United States today as would require more than four hundred miles of shelving to display them—a bookshelf that would stretch from Boston’s Old North Church to Fort McHenry in South Baltimore.

    Surely that huge catalog is proof of our extraordinary freedom of expression: The US government does not ban books, because the First Amendment won’t allow it. While books are widely banned in states like China and Iran, no book may be forbidden by the US government at any level (although the CIA censors books by former officers). Where books are banned in the United States, the censors tend to be private organizations—church groups, school boards, and other local (busy)bodies roused to purify the public schools or libraries nearby.

    Despite such local prohibitions, we can surely find any book we want. After all, it’s easy to locate those hot works that once were banned by the government as too obscene to sell, or mail, until the courts ruled otherwise on First Amendment grounds—Fanny Hill, Howl, Naked Lunch. We also have no trouble finding books banned here and there as antifamily, Satanic, racist, and/or filthy, from Huckleberry Finn to Heather Has Two Mommies to the Harry Potter series, just to name a few.

    II

    And yet, the fact that those bold books are all in print, and widely read, does not mean that we have the freest book trade in the world. On the contrary: For over half a century, America’s vast literary culture has been disparately policed, and imperceptibly contained, by state and corporate entities well placed and perfectly equipped to wipe out wayward writings. Their ad hoc suppressions through the years have been far more effectual than those quixotic bans imposed on classics like The Catcher in the Rye and Fahrenheit 451. For every one of those bestsellers scandalously purged from some provincial school curriculum, there are many others (we can’t know how many) that have been so thoroughly erased that few of us, if any, can remember them, or have ever heard of them.

    How have all those books (to quote George Orwell) dropped into the memory hole in these United States? As America does not ban books, other means—less evident, and so less controversial—have been deployed to vaporize them. Some almost never made it into print, as publishers were privately warned off them from on high, either on the grounds of national security or with blunt threats of endless corporate litigation. Other books were signed enthusiastically—then dumped, as their own publishers mysteriously failed to market them, or even properly distribute them. But it has mainly been the press that stamps out inconvenient books, either by ignoring them, or—most often—laughing them off as conspiracy theory, despite their soundness (or because of it).

    Once out of print, those books are gone. Even if some few of us have not forgotten them, and one might find used copies here and there, these books have disappeared. Missing from the shelves and never mentioned in the press (and seldom mentioned even in our schools), each book thus neutralized might just as well have been destroyed en masse—or never written in the first place, for all their contribution to the public good.

    III

    The purpose of this series is to bring such vanished books to life—first life for those that never saw the light of day, or barely did, and second life for those that got some notice, or even made a splash, then slipped too quickly out of print, and out of mind.

    These books, by and large, were made to disappear, or were hastily forgotten, not because they were too lewd, heretical, or unpatriotic for some touchy group of citizens. These books sank without a trace, or faded fast, because they tell the sort of truths that Madison and Jefferson believed our Constitution should protect—truths that the people have the right to know, and needs to know, about our government and other powers that keep us in the dark.

    Thus the works on our Forbidden Bookshelf shed new light—for most of us, it’s still new light—on the most troubling trends and episodes in US history, especially since World War II: America’s broad use of former Nazis and ex-Fascists in the Cold War; the Kennedy assassinations, and the murders of Martin Luther King Jr., Orlando Letelier, George Polk, and Paul Wellstone; Ronald Reagan’s Mafia connections, Richard Nixon’s close relationship with Jimmy Hoffa, and the mob’s grip on the NFL; America’s terroristic Phoenix Program in Vietnam, US support for South America’s most brutal tyrannies, and CIA involvement in the Middle East; the secret histories of DuPont, ITT, and other giant US corporations; and the long war waged by Wall Street and its allies in real estate on New York City’s poor and middle class.

    The many vanished books on these forbidden subjects (among others) altogether constitute a shadow history of America—a history that We the People need to know at last, our country having now become a land with billionaires in charge, and millions not allowed to vote, and everybody under full surveillance. Through this series, we intend to pull that necessary history from the shadows at long last—to shed some light on how America got here, and how we might now take it somewhere else.

    Mark Crispin Miller

    Introduction

    Over three decades ago, Bertram Gross wrote Friendly Fascism: The New Face of American Power, a prescient prediction of the coming corporate dystopia. Gross warned us that fascism always has two faces. One is paternal, benevolent, entertaining, and kind. The other is embodied in the executioner’s sadistic grin. Janus-like, fascism seeks to present itself to a captive public as a force for good and promises protection against enemies real or imagined. But defy its ideology, challenge its power, demand freedom from fascism’s iron grip, and you are confronted by the death’s head. Gross knew that if fascism, expressed through corporate tyranny, was able to effectively mask its true intentions behind its friendly face we would be successfully stripped of power, shorn of our most cherished rights, and impoverished. His prediction, sadly, has been realized. This book is prophetic and important.

    Looking at the present, I see a more probable future: a new despotism creeping slowly across America, Gross wrote. Faceless oligarchs sit at command posts of a corporate-government complex that has been slowly evolving over many decades. In efforts to enlarge their own powers and privileges, they are willing to have others suffer the intended or unintended consequences of their institutional or personal greed. For Americans, these consequences include chronic inflation, recurring recession, open and hidden unemployment, the poisoning of air, water, soil and bodies, and more important, the subversion of our constitution. More broadly, consequences include widespread intervention in international politics through economic manipulation, covert action, or military invasion.

    We have undergone, as Gross foresaw, a corporate coup d’état in slow motion. Our democracy is a fiction. It is a useful fiction in the hands of the corporate state, which seeks to mask its absolute power, but it no longer exists. The consent of the governed is a cruel joke. Citizens have been demobilized as a political force. Our politics is a form of legalized bribery. Money has replaced the vote. The 35,000 lobbyists in Washington write our laws and legislation and hide their dirty work from public view. Trade agreements, which will have profound impacts on our lives, are kept secret until they become law. The fossil fuel industry has successfully thwarted the drive for sustainable energy despite the growing severity of the ecological crisis. We, like the natural world, have become mere commodities in the hands of corporations to exploit until exhaustion or collapse.

    Elected officials are manufactured personalities and celebrities. We vote based on how we are made to feel about corporate political puppets. The puppets, Democrat and Republican, engage in hollow acts of political theater keep the fiction of the democratic state alive. There is, however, no national institution left that can accurately be described as democratic. Citizens, rather than participate in power, are permitted virtual opinions to preordained questions, a kind of participatory fascism as meaningless as voting on American Idol. Mass emotions are directed exclusively toward the culture wars that include battles over abortion and gay rights. We are only permitted to take emotional stands on issues that do not affect corporate power. What we call politics is no longer political.

    Radicals, intellectuals, socialists, trade unionists, and independent journalists who seek to unmask corporate power are silenced or targeted for exclusion within corporate-controlled academia, the media, and government. We are indoctrinated by mass communication and mass entertainment to be patriotic. The patriotic citizen, plagued by fear of job loss and the specter of Islamic terrorism, does not protest the widespread surveillance and the militarized state. He or she is timid and afraid. He or she does not question the $1.6 trillion in defense-related spending for endless war and ubiquitous forms of mass surveillance. Military, law enforcement, and intelligence agencies are seen as above government, as if somehow they are not part of government. The most powerful instruments of state power and control are sanctified in the name of our state religion. They are effectively removed from public discussion. And this too is a characteristic of totalitarian systems.

    And yet, the civic, patriotic and political language we use to describe ourselves remains unchanged. We continue to hold up the Founding Fathers—although they supported slavery, the genocide of Native Americans, and the political disenfranchisement of the masses—and the sanctity of constitution. But the America we celebrate is an illusion. It does not exist. Our government and judiciary, wholly owned subsidiaries of the corporate state, have no real sovereignty. Capitalism, as Karl Marx understood, when it finally dominates government, is a revolutionary force. And this revolutionary force, described by Gross as friendly fascism, is plunging us into a state of neo-feudalism, perpetual war, ecological disaster, and a dystopian nightmare.

    No state has mastered propaganda better than the corporate state. Our press has replaced news with indoctrination, diversion, and entertainment. We are fed trivia, feel-good stories, patriotic jingoism, and celebrity gossip. The banal and the absurd saturate the airwaves. Corporations use public relations and the manipulation of images to make us confuse how we are made to feel with knowledge. We are offered elaborate diversionary spectacles from sporting events to reality television. Our emotional and intellectual energy is swallowed up by the modern equivalent of the Roman arena. It is all a vast show. Choreographed political vaudeville, which cost billions of dollars, is called free elections. Cliché-ridden slogans, which assure us that the freedoms we cherish remain sacrosanct, dominate our national discourse as these freedoms are taken from us by judicial and legislative fiat. It is a vast con game.

    You cannot use the word liberty when your government, as ours does, watches you twenty-four hours a day and stores all of your personal information in government computers in perpetuity. You cannot use the word liberty when you are the most photographed, monitored, and eavesdropped population in human history. You cannot use the word liberty when it is impossible to vote against the interests of Goldman Sachs or General Dynamics. You cannot use the word liberty when the state empowers militarized police to use indiscriminate lethal force against unarmed citizens in the streets of American cities and torture tens of thousands of citizens, most poor people of color, in the largest system of solitary confinement in the largest prison system on earth. This is the relationship between a master and a slave.

    Gross understood that unchecked corporate power would inevitably lead to corporate fascism. The political philosopher Sheldon Wolin, refining Gross’s thesis, would later characterize this corporate tyranny or friendly fascism as inverted totalitarianism. It was, as Gross and Wolin pointed out, characterized by anonymity. It purported to pay fealty to electoral politics, the constitution, and the iconography and symbols of American patriotism, but internally had seized all of the levers of power to render the citizen impotent. Gross warned that the process by which we have been chained and shackled would be incremental and often unnoticed until it was concluded. He wrote that a friendly fascist power structure in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, or today’s Japan would be far more sophisticated than the ‘caesarism’ of fascist Germany, Italy, and Japan. It would need no charismatic dictator nor even a titular head … it would require no one-party rule, no mass fascist party, no glorification of the State, no dissolution of legislatures, no denial of reason. Rather, it would come slowly as an outgrowth of present trends in the Establishment.

    Gross noted the danger of our corporate-induced electronic hallucinations. He foresaw that the technological advances in the hands of corporations would be used to trap the public in what he called cultural ghettoization so that almost every individual would get a personalized sequence of information injections at any time of the day-or night. This is what, of course, the Internet has done. He warned us that we would be mesmerized by the entertaining shadows on the wall of the Platonic cave as we were enslaved. It would be too late when we woke up.

    Gross wrote:

    TV fixes people in front of the tube in their own houses, without a marginal cent of additional social overhead to cover the cost of special buildings. The young people who walk the streets with transistor radios in their hands, or even with earphones on their heads, are imprisoned in their own bodies. During the 1967-74 period of the Greek junta, the number of TV receivers and viewers in Greece steadily rose-much more rapidly than the number of people released from jails in recurring amnesties. By the time the junta was replaced by a conservative civilian government and all the political prisoners were let free, TV sets were already being installed in the bars of Athens and the coffee houses of village Greece. In America meanwhile TV sets have been installed, as a reinforcement of the custodial functions, not only in jails and hospitals but also in nursing homes for the aged. One of the reasons why nursing homes are an important growth industry for the 1980s is the fact that TV, radio, and tapes provide the indispensable magic stroke needed to accustom older people to acceptance of life in a segregated warehouse.

    Fascism always distorts law and often science—as corporate funded climate deniers illustrate—to legitimate its usurpation of power. Facts and opinions become interchangeable. Reality is no longer based on verifiable fact or on evidence. It is based on ideology and emotion. This is the driving force behind FOX News and right-wing radio. Lies become true. Hannah Arendt called it nihilistic relativism, although a better phrase might be collective insanity. The world is turned upside down.

    Corporate fascism celebrates, likes all fascisms, the hyper-masculine culture of male violence and the military. And this allows the military-industrial-complex to cannibalize the state, to hollow it out from the inside, as it profits from futile and useless wars. Gross predicted the most destructive force to the body politic would be the war profiteers and the militarists. He saw how they would siphon off the resources of the state to wage endless war. And he grasped that warfare would become an extension of corporatism.

    He wrote:

    Under the militarism of German, Italian, and Japanese fascism violence was openly glorified. It was applied regionally—by the Germans in Europe and England, the Italians in the Mediterranean, the Japanese in Asia. In battle, it was administered by professional militarists who, despite many conflicts with politicians, were guided by old-fashioned standards of duty, honor, country, and willingness to risk their own lives.

    The emerging militarism of friendly fascism is somewhat different. lt is global in scope. It involves weapons of doomsday proportions, something that Hitler could dream of but never achieve. It is based on an integration between industry, science, and the military that the old-fashioned fascists could never even barely approximate. It points toward equally close integration among military, paramilitary, and civilian elements. Many of the civilian leaders—such as Zbigniew Brzezinski or Paul Nitze—tend to be much more bloodthirsty than any top brass. In turn, the new-style military professionals tend to become corporate-style entrepreneurs who tend to operate—as Major Richard A. Gabriel and Lieutenant Colonel Paul L. Savage have disclosed—in accordance with the ethics of the marketplace. The old buzzwords of duty, honor, and patriotism are mainly used to justify officer subservience to the interests of transnational corporations and the continuing presentation of threats to some corporate investments as threats to the interest of the American people as a whole. Above all, in sharp contrast with classic fascism’s glorification of violence, the friendly fascist orientation is to sanitize, even hide, the greater violence of modern warfare behind such value-free terms as nuclear exchange, counterforce and flexible response, behind the huge geographical distances between the senders and receivers of destruction through missiles or even on the automated battlefield, and the even greater psychological distances between the First World elites and the ordinary people who might be consigned to quick or slow death.

    We ignore our prophets at our peril. It has been over thirty-five years since this book was published. It was a warning that went unheeded. It remains vital, however, as an explanation of what happened, how we arrived at this point and how the dominant forces of corporatism function to enslave us all. It is impossible to fight structures of power until we examine and understand how those structures function. And for this, we owe Gross a great debt.

    Chris Hedges

    Princeton, New Jersey

    March 2016

    Preface, 1985

    THE NEW BILL OF FRIGHTS

    It is right it should be so

    Man was made for Joy and Woe

    And when this we rightly know

    Thro’ the World we safely go.

    Joy and Woe are woven fine

    A clothing for the Soul Divine;

    Under every grief and pine

    Runs a joy with silken twine

    WILLIAM BLAKE

    Auguries of Innocence

    Hope and fear are inseparable.

    LA ROCHEFOUCALD

    Maxims

    Friendly Fascism portrays two conflicting trends in the United States and other countries of the so-called free world.

    The first is a slow and powerful drift toward greater concentration of power and wealth in a repressive Big Business-Big Government partnership. This drift leads down the road toward a new and subtly manipulative form of corporatist serfdom. The phrase friendly fascism helps distinguish this possible future from the patently vicious corporatism of classic fascism in the past of Germany, Italy and Japan. It also contrasts with the unfriendly present of the dependent fascisms propped up by the U.S. government in El Salvador, Haiti, Argentina, Chile, South Korea, the Philippines and elsewhere.

    The other is a slower and less powerful tendency for individuals and groups to seek greater participation in decisions affecting themselves and others. This trend goes beyond mere reaction to authoritarianism. It transcends the activities of progressive groups or movements and their use of formal democratic machinery. It is nourished by establishment promises—too often rendered false—of more human rights, civil rights and civil liberties. It is embodied in larger values of community, sharing, cooperation, service to others and basic morality as contrasted with crass materialism and dog-eat-dog competition. It affects power relations in the household, workplace, community, school, church, synagogue, and even the labyrinths of private and public bureaucracies. It could lead toward a truer democracy—and for this reason is bitterly fought …

    These contradictory trends are woven fine into the fabric of highly industrialized capitalism. The unfolding logic of friendly fascist corporatism is rooted in capitalist society’s transnational growth and the groping responses to mounting crises in a dwindling capitalist world (p. 6). Mind management and sophisticated repression become more attractive to would-be oligarchs when too many people try to convert democratic promises into reality. On the other hand, the alternative logic of true democracy is rooted in humankind’s long history of resistance to unjustified privilege (p. 349) and in spontaneous or organized reaction (other than fright or apathy) to concentrated power … and inequality, injustice or coercion (p. 351).

    A few years ago too many people closed their eyes to the indicators of the first tendency.

    But events soon began to change perceptions.

    The Ku Klux Klan and American Nazis crept out of the woodwork. An immoral minority of demagogues took to the airwaves. Let me tell you something about the character of God, orated Jim Robison at a televised meeting personally endorsed by candidate Ronald Reagan. If necessary, God would raise up a tyrant, a man who may not have the best ethics, to protect the freedom interests of the ethical and the godly. To protect Western oil companies, candidate Jimmy Carter proclaimed presidential willingness to send American troops into the Persian Gulf. Rosalyn Carter went further by telling an Iowa campaign audience: Jimmy is not afraid to declare war. Carter then proved himself unafraid to expand unemployment, presumably as an inflation cure, thereby reneging on his party’s past full employment declarations.

    Reaching the White House with this assist from Carter (as well as from the Klan and the immoral minority of televangelicals), Reagan promptly served the immediate interests of the most powerful and the wealthiest. The Reaganites depressed real wages through the worst unemployment since the 1929–39 depression, promoted give backs by labor unions, cut social programs for lower and middle income people, expanded tax giveaways for the truly rich, boosted the military budget and warmed up the cold war. They launched savage assaults on organized labor, civil rights and civil liberties.

    Horrified by this new bill of frights, many people who had earlier thought Friendly Fascism exaggerated the danger of authoritarianism switched to the other extreme by the end of 1981. Some people donned sweatshirts depicting Reagan as the fascist gun in the West. Many attacked my use of the world friendly. Going further than I had ever done, the distinguished economist Robert Lekachman named a name:

    Ronald Reagan must be the nicest president who ever destroyed a union, tried to cut school lunch milk rations from six to four ounces, and compelled families in need of public help to first dispose of household goods in excess of $1,000 … If there is an authoritarian regime in the American future, Ronald Reagan is tailored to the image of a friendly fascist …¹

    Today, as the world moves toward 1984 and beyond, too many people fail to see the workings of the alternative logic. Their gloom seems unabated by awareness of the growing sources of hope and joy woven into the current scene of fear and grief. Others seem confused by either-or simplifications. Which are you? they ask me, a pessimist or an optimist? Both is the most sensible answer. To be only the former would be self-defeating—and to be only the latter would be self-deception.

    But the questioning continues. "Since Friendly Fascism was published, which of the two tendencies has become stronger?"

    Let me answer this one by first looking at the bad news, then at the good news—and then at the question of just who is looking how at what.

    EVILS AMONG US

    Evil is no faceless stranger

    living in a distant neighborhood.

    Evil has a wholesome, hometown face,

    with merry eyes and an open smile.

    Evil walks among us, wearing a mask

    which looks like all our faces.

    THE BOOK OF COUNTED SORROWS

    A naught, a liar, a devil or dunce—

    Could he be possibly all at once?

    B.G.

    The bad news is that evil now wears a friendlier face than ever before in American history.

    Like a good TV commercial, Reagan’s image goes down easy, Mark Crispin Miller has written, calming his audience with sweet inversions of the truth … He has learned to liven up his every televised appearance with frequent shifts in expression, constant movements of the head, lots of warm chuckles and ironic shrugs and sudden frowns of manly purpose. Reagan is unfailingly attractive—‘a nice guy,’ pure and simple. But what is really there, he asks, behind the mask?²

    The President’s critics have many answers. Some call him an amiable dunce. Some see him, reports Miller, as a devil who takes from the poor to give to the rich, has supported infanticide abroad, ravages his own countryside and props up brutal dictatorships. Others regard him as a congenital falsifier who surrounds any half-truth with a bodyguard of lies. Miller himself has still another answer: there is nothing behind the mask. The best way to keep his real self hidden he suggests, is not to have one … Reagan’s mask and face are as one. To this, one might add that the Reagan image is an artfully designed blend of charisma and machismo, a combination that Kusum Singh calls charismacho.³

    Princes, wrote Machiavelli many centuries ago, should delegate the ugly jobs to other people, and reserve the attractive functions for themselves. In keeping with this maxim, Reagan’s less visible entourage has surrounded the President with highly visible targets of disaffection: Volcker, Stockman, Haig, Weinberger, Kirkpatrick, and Watt. In comparison, Reagan looks truly wholesome. This makes it all the more difficult to focus attention on the currents and forces behind the people behind the President—or for that matter, other less visible leaders of the American Establishment.

    That focus, of course, is at the heart of this book. It is developed throughout the chapters on The Roots of Friendly Fascism (Part One) and The Specter of Friendly Fascism (Part Two). The more unpleasant of these currents are briefly listed in the right hand column of the table (pp. 344–345) comparing trends toward Friendly Fascism, U.S.A. (as set forth in Chapters 8–16) with U.S.A., Early 1980s.

    Lamentably, my observations in these nine chapters still hold. They provide a way of looking at Reagan and some Republicans without placing a retrospective halo on the head of Carter or any Democrats. They offer a perspective that places the new right and neo-conservatism—and also neo-liberalism—in the context of the U.S. social system in a period of global stress. Instead of conforming with the current liberal fashion of abstract moaning about threats to democracy, they pinpoint the many paths that tyranny walks as it comes slowly on little cat feet.

    But when I sent the book to the printer in January 1980, I underestimated two factors: the speed with which some of the evils might emerge and the power of the nice guy friendliness that would help disguise their emergence. These factors require an extension of my earlier warning.

    When I think of the new dangers from reactionary forces, I remember the famous words used toward the end of the Franco-led rebellion against the Spanish republic: I have four columns marching on Madrid and a fifth column inside the city itself. Today, I see five columns marching against the people of the United States and our democratic institutions.

    In the geography of politics, all five columns come from what is loosely known as the Right. None of them was first assembled after Reagan’s inauguration. All have a long history behind them. Each was helped—openly or secretly—by his campaign organizers. Each contributed to his election. None is separate from the others. Each column mingles with the others and squabbles with them over strategy, tactics and division of the spoils. While each operates both under cover of darkness and in open daylight, the first four can more readily be seen and combatted.

    The first is a motley array of fanatical freebooters. The so-called Moral Majority whips up militarism in an effort to stem anti-militarist tides among other evangelicals. The Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazis stir up racism and anti-semitism. Well-financed frenetics lead frenzied campaigns on the so-called social issues, stirring up both sexism and heterosexism. The so-called right to life opponents of abortion often condone the destruction of life through military adventurism and the restoration of the death penalty. Political hucksters capitalize on the fear of crime in the streets by promoting the quick fixes of more electrocution and imprisonment, despite clear evidence that these are no more capable of deterring crime than the phlebotomy—bloodletting—used in the Middle Ages was capable of curing disease.⁴ Together, these groups focus attention on the many scapegoats—Blacks, Hispanics, Jews, feminists, lesbians, gays, anti-war people and low-income criminals—needed by the larger forces leading what Piven and Cloward call a new class war against the unemployed, the unemployable, and the working poor.⁵ In addition to fostering a violence-vigilante culture, they distract attention from the many shared interests of the unrich majority and promote divisive tensions among the heterogeneous elements of the low- and middle-income population.

    The second is a far-flung suicide squadron. With passionate intensity and compulsive conviction, its leaders flash their instruments of suicidal destruction. Overstating the dangers of a Soviet attack on Western Europe or the Persian Gulf, they flaunt their machismo by reserving the right to make a first strike against the Soviets. Understating the destructive power of U.S. and NATO forces, they seek the charisma (and for the corporations involved, the cost-free capital) derived from resolute dedication to that power’s tumescence. For the men and women in military training camps, this glorification of violence is enshrined in the training song: Kill, Kill/ Hate, Hate/ Murder, Murder/ Mutilate.⁶ Behind this bravado is the tacit knowledge that the Reagan administrations’s enlargement of overkill capacity breeds insecurity in the first instance and, if ever used, would destroy its users. The unspoken theme song, even more ominous that the Kill, Kill chant, is Spread our missiles far and wide/ Defend ourselves by suicide.

    The third is a big money battalion. Under the cover of the maxim There is no free lunch, the Reagan administration has been giving the truly rich the largest corporate welfare program in U.S. history—through not only military contracts but also an immense variety of tax give-aways, loans, loan guarantees and regulatory or deregulatory favors. The huge handouts promote capital flight, robotization, commodity speculation, merger-mania, condo-mania, speculation in urban and rural real estate and the construction (triply subsidized by federal, state and local government) of luxury hotels and skyscraping office buildings. As a reward for initiative in extracting these benefits from the federal, state and local treasury, top executives get more than free lunch. They get free breakfasts, dinners, cocktail hours, theater tickets, country clubs, vacation resorts and executive planes, boats and limousines. They enjoy free, round-the-clock services by devoted retinues of in-house and out-house academics, lawyers, accountants, public relations people, call-girls, call-boys and other experts. The bill for all this corporate and sensory gratification is paid, of course—but not by them. The money comes, rather, from the pockets of the great majority of Americans. The so-called trickle down theory is merely a justification for the actual policy of moving money upward. This is done by cutting income maintenance programs for lower and middle income people, encouraging or tolerating higher unemployment and imposing higher taxes on payrolls and consumption. In Moving Money Upwards and the other parts of Friendly Fascist Economics (Chapter 10), I outlined the general strategy of doing these things. But in 1980 I didn’t anticipate how rapidly and ruthlessly the next administration would start to do them.

    The members of the fourth column are sappers of the Constitution. With the active help of the Reaganite White House, they are burrowing deeply under almost every provision of the Bill of Rights. The Department of Justice itself has become a staging ground for those undermining the civil rights of minorities and the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Amendment rights of all people. Sixth and Seventh Amendment rights to jury trials are being sidetracked by plea bargaining in criminal cases and rent-a-judge schemes in civil cases. Reaganite invasions into the area of personal sexual behavior—through regulations on birth control or abortion—threaten to undermine the Ninth and Tenth Amendments on rights retained by or reserved to the people.

    The fifth column is inside our minds. It is composed of the ruling myths that camouflage, encourage and legitimate the other four columns. As shown in The Friendly Fascist Establishment (Chapter 9) and Managing Information and Minds (Chapter 12), these myths go far beyond nice guy imagery. They establish America’s symbolic environment. The Reagan administration has triggered a great leap forward in the mobilization and deployment of corporatist myths. Many billions of tax-exempt funds from conservative foundations have gone into the funding of such think tanks as the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute. According to the Wall Street Journal, nearly three hundred economists on the staffs of conservative think tanks are part of an informal information network organized by the American Heritage Foundation alone.⁷ (This contrasts with only about two dozen economists working for trade unions, most of whom are pinned down in researching contract negotiations.) To transmit the myths concocted by the scores of such think tanks, new systems have been put in place. The fanciest television studio in Washington, D.C. does not belong to ABC, NBC or CBS but to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, writes Robert K. Massie, Jr. Through Biznet … the chamber’s president boasts, we are going to influence the affairs of Congress; we are going to impact on the White House itself for the good of the nation.⁸ In 1981, at the White House itself, presidential assistant Wayne Valis organized the Budget Control Working Group, a business coalition that backed up Reagan’s personal lobbying by sparking at least half a million telegrams and phone calls to members of Congress from local business executives, particularly campaign contributors. This business coalition, stated Valis, "is our most reliable, strongest, best organized, most sophisticated support … It’s resources are almost scary, they’re so big.⁹

    Distributing general propaganda, however, is perhaps the scariest operation of the fifth column. Expanded government intervention into the lives of ordinary people is glorified under the slogan getting the government off our backs. Decriminalization of corporate bribery, fraud and the dumping of health-killing wastes is justified under the banner of promoting free enterprise and countering environmental extremists. Private greed, gluttony and speculation are disguised in free market imagery. Business corruption is hidden behind smokescreens of exaggerated attacks on the public sector. Like Trojan horses, these ideas penetrate the defenses of those opposed to any new corporatism. They establish strongholds of false consciousness and treacherous terminology in the minds not only of old-fashioned conservatives but also of the most dedicated liberals and left-wingers.

    Hence on many issues the left seems bereft, the middle muddled and the right not always wrong. Other elements are thereby added to the new bill of frights.

    One is a frightening retreat by liberals and leftwingers on the key gut issues of domestic policy: full employment, inflation and crime. Deep cynicism has been engendered in progressive circles by past experiences with ‘full employment’ legislation (as) the tail on the kite of an ever-expanding military economy.¹⁰ A movement for full employment without militarism or inflation is seen as dangerous by old-time labor leaders, utopian by liberals and by some marxists as impossible under capitalism. Inflation is seen as a conservative issue—or else one that requires the kind of price controls that necessitate more far-reaching social controls over capital. Middle-of-the-roaders try to deal with crime by fussing too much with the details of the police-courthouse-jail-parole complex and too little with the sources of low-income crime, racketeering, political corruption and crime in the executive suites.¹¹ Thus the demagogues among the Reaganites and their frenetic fringes have been able to seize and keep initiatives on these issues. Those of us who have tried to formulate progressive alternatives too often find ourselves whistling in the dark …

    Still more frightening has been the even greater retreat on the subject of detente—best defined as the relaxation of tensions in place of confrontation between military powers. In The Democratic Logic in Action (Chapter 20), I opened by suggesting a Detente II to include all NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, and eventually Third World countries, to replace the shaky, bilateral, and now crumbling Detente I negotiated by Nixon and Brezhnev in 1972. In other First World Countries, action along these lines is taken for granted by anti-war movements and promoted by governments through expanded trade, cultural and scientific exchanges and improved communication at all levels. In the United States, on the contrary, most liberals and left-wingers have dropped the idea entirely. Some dodge the issue because they identify it with Nixon and Kissinger, now outspoken opponents of the detente into which the anti-war movement forced them years ago. Others oppose detente because of the ridiculous idea that U.S.-Soviet tension reduction, which is the precise meaning of the word in Spanish (distension), German (entspannung), and Russian (razrjadka), would result in some co-dominium, that is, rule of the world by the two superpowers. Others fail to see that relaxation of tensions is a necessary precondition of all anti-war demands: a nuclear freeze, reduction of nuclear and non-nuclear weaponry, cessation of testing and the renunciation by the U.S. of the first strike option. Indeed, members of both the suicide squadron and the big money battalion have exploited Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and influence on Poland in order to raise the high tension level on which increased military spending depends.

    Finally, many people allow such dirty words as fascism (or even capitalism and exploitation) to cloud their perception of the evils among us. Because fascism is often a violent epithet hurled at any user of brute force, they are taken in by the simplistic linkage (dissected on p. 30–31 and again on p. 294) of fascism with brutality alone. Because some think of fascism only in the classic forms they observed (or suffered from) between World Wars I and II, they reject the term’s use in referring to the significantly different corporatist tendencies in countries of highly industrialized (or post-industrial) capitalism. Other symbols may be O.K.—Nicos Poulantzas’ positive state, Morton Mintz’s America, Inc., Senator Sam J. Ervin’s post-constitutionalism, Kenneth Dolbeare’s repressive managerialism, the Wall Street Journal’s benign totalitarianism, or even the New York Times’ over-all corporate-government complex. But not the nasty seven-letter word—not Stephen Spender’s fascism without tears, nor R.E. Paul’s and J.T. Winkler’s fascism with a human face, and, of course, not friendly fascism. S.J. Woolf, a British analyst, is so upset by the different meanings given the word (a phenomenon characterizing every important word in the dictionary) that he adds to the confusion by suggesting that "perhaps the word fascism should be banned." This principle, of course, would also ban dictatorship, authoritarianism and totalitarianism, and such squeaky clean terms as democracy, freedom and equality. The tyranny of emotion-laden terms is to be fought not by avoidance but by clarifying the meanings one gives to them. The fault, dear reader, is not in the stars or the symbols, but in ourselves and how we fail to clarify our usage.

    To help clarify my meaning, I have tried to sweep away the myths surrounding classic fascism (p. 28–33) and sharply pinpoint both the similarities and the differences among the varieties of authoritarian capitalism (as briefly summarized on p. 168–172). For those who take friendly too seriously, I have focussed sharply in The Ladder of Terror (Chapter 14) and elsewhere on the many iron fists beneath the velvet gloves of mind management, manipulation, rationed payoffs and co-optation. Occasionally, in deference to some people’s overly tender sensibilities, I have identified the sharpening conflict between capitalism and democracy without once using the ugly word beginning with f.

    In a recent interview with Fortune I used the word syzygy to refer to the repressive conjunction of Big Business and Big Government without either losing tis identity. Attacking solemnly silly syzygy, the reporter saw "syzygy avoidance … being fiercely debated on Agronsky and Company, harmoniously elaborated by all those characters who keep nodding at each other on Washington Week in Review, joked about in a Johnny Carson monologue or lengthily testified on before Congress."¹² Despite this Fortune fantasy, unfortunately, no euphemistic word play by itself could possibly break through the media’s silken controls and focus national attention on the evils among us or the many kinds of action needed to avoid a new authoritarianism. Even a conservative like Kevin Phillips is ignored when in Post-Conservative America (New York: Random House, 1982) he warns against apple pie authoritarianism or an American Caesarism that could make a more triumphal entry through television than was ever possible by chariot.

    GOOD TIDINGS

    How beautiful upon the mountains are the footsteps of the herald who bringeth good tidings, who publisheth peace …

    ISAIAH, III, 7

    Helter skelter have I rode to thee

    And tidings do I bring and lucky joys

    And golden times.

    WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

    One cannot find these good ideas wrapped up someplace in a neat package. Helter skelter must one ride to find them, and even then many will not be seen. Moreover, some of the best of these ideas are usually wrecked—like many of the first airplanes—when first tried out.

    In explaining why a new corporatism has not yet emerged in a more repressive form, I point out that despite substantial erosion in constiutional democracy, there are still many people and groups who insist on using the freedoms and opportunities that are available. I also note that the dominant logic of friendly fascism tends to spark an alternative—but still subordinate—logic of true democracy. (It Hasn’t Happened Yet, Chapter 18, and The Long-Term Logic of Democracy, Chapter 19.) This logic is expressed in the many warm currents that swirl through the cold water and among the ice floes.

    Since completing my manuscript at the end of 1979, I have found that while more ice has congealed, more warm currents may also be found. In urban ghettoes and rural slums, unhonored heroes and heroines—poor white, Black, Hispanic and Native American—struggle daily against the fearful odds of desolation and hopelessness. Among workers and technicians, ceaseless creativity, like a wild flower, pushes up through the crevices of corporate and government hierarchies. One can hardly think of an innovative idea for human betterment—whether through group action, self-help, or both together—that is not being tried someplace in this country, perhaps just around your corner.

    The big cliche of this political season, writes Bob Kuttner, is that the Left has run out of ideas. He then brings good tidings by listing ten good ideas now in the percolation stage; capital allocation, adjustment policies, controlling corporate flight, democratizing pension fund capital, worker ownership, cooperatives, trickle-up savings and tax incentives, energy and jobs, public works and full employment.¹³ Martin Charnoy, Derek Shearer and Mark Green have developed a large array of similar themes in much greater detail.¹⁴ Robert Lekachman offers a few strategic themes: democratic planning for full employment with a balance between a few strategic themes: democratic planning for full employment with a central direction and local control, worker control in the workplace, a much narrower gap between the rich and the poor, and a tilt in the direction of a more human scale rather than giantism.¹⁵ In various parts of the country a loose network of community, labor, minority, academic and peace activists has responded (to recession and continuing unemployment) with an innovative economic proposal called ‘locally-based national planning’ (through) the novel combination of political mobilization and participatory legislation drafting.¹⁶ The ongoing work on this proposal is aimed at breaking the historic connection between full employment and cold war liberalism, healing the breach between national planning that hovers in the air without touching the ground and local planning parochially disconnected from national and global issues. Above all, it is aimed at helping build a locally based national movement with the power to make fundamental changes in the social structure, culture and economy of the United States.

    The hope for such a movement lies less in any immediate prospect of a broad-based people’s party and more in the growth of smaller movements that may later provide the sinews of majoritarian politics. I see at least ten of these sources of optimism:

    1. an anti-war movement which, with a much stronger religious component than during the Vietnam War, has thus far prevented direct U.S. military intervention in El Salvador and has pushed the Reagan administration into arms control negotiations. The huge anti-war demonstration in New York City on June 12, 1982, testifies to the potential power behind efforts to halt the arms race and divert part of the swollen military budget to meeting human needs.

    2. an anti-nuclear power and environmental movement that has already been a decisive factor in stopping the growth of the nuclear energy industry in the U.S.

    3. a neighborhood movement that has brought millions of ordinary people, conservatives included, into responsible activism against corporate and bureaucratic exploitation and, in the words of Harry Boyte, has provided a vast schooling in democracy.¹⁷

    4. labor unions, that, according to Francis Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, are likely to be radicalized by the pressure of a rank-and-file indignant over rising unemployment, provocative anti-union federal policies, and intense corporate efforts to roll back earlier wage and workplace victories.¹⁸

    5. government employees who collectively have been joining labor unions in larger numbers and who individually, as with the Justice Department lawyers in response to the Reaganite efforts to provide tax exemption for racist schools, are often willing to blow the whistle in public.

    6. civil liberties and civil rights organizations that have followed the lead of the National Emergency Committee on Civil Liberties and the American Civil Liberties Union in fighting back militantly against almost every one of the Reaganite assaults on the Bill of Rights.

    7. organizations of older people that have already proved their mettle by beating back one after another of the Reaganite attacks on social security entitlements, by making forward advances toward removing mandatory retirement from the statute books and, as in the case of the Gray Panthers, playing a key role in nursing the embryonic full employment movement.

    8. the small beginnings of a more serious socialist presence with the merger of the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee and the New American Movement into the new Democratic Socialists of America (D.S.A.).

    9. continuing progress, despite the regressive forces of sexism and homophobia, in extending the liberating values of the women’s movements and the civil and human rights of lesbians and gay men.

    10. in the words of Kusum Singh, a warm current of bottom-sideways communication among people who are fed up with the elitism, snobbery, and hierarchy of most private and public bureaucracies and are inventing democratic leadership styles that escape charismacho.

    The enlargement of this last current, already discernable in each of the movements referred to above, would be the best guarantee against their being diverted by establishment forces or perverted by the iron law of oligarchy in operation among progressives themselves. An important part of this current is the growing body of theory, grounded on the examination of practice, on community relations as an integral part of socialism,¹⁹ heterarchy (or polyarchy) instead of hierarchy,²⁰ and the empowerment of inferiors and non-significant people through alternatives to bureaucratic decision-making.²¹

    And far from scattered activism and anti-establishment theory, untold numbers of people develop new life-styles that challenge establishment hegemony more frontally than some of the external symbols of the old youth culture: e.g., sexual freedom, dress, hair style or drug use. These intimations of a new and non-exploitative culture may now be found at each stage of the life cycle. Many children now come into the world not only through natural child-birth but in a natural room where the father is a part of the child-birth process. Many are now growing up without having their minds stuffed into pre-ordained sex roles or twisted by racial bias. For some, education becomes and remains a joyous process of exploration as well as discipline. With maturity, some people attain a new openness, freeing themselves from the repressions and traumas of childhood and adolescence, working with others on behalf of small common interests or avoiding most of the pressures toward rat race competition. With old age, there are trends toward new self-assertion, a political and cultural activism that defies the old waiting-for-death outlook, and tendencies toward bringing grandparents back into the home and rejecting the warehousing of older people in golden age projects and nursing homes. At all ages of life, moreover, there are small experiments and initiatives in doing customary things much differently and more creatively than ever before. If one looks hard enough, these may be found in well-baby clinics, classrooms, factories, fields, mines, artists’ studios and innovative, experimental or non-commercial theaters near Main Street and off Broadway. Someplace in America—perhaps far away, but maybe around the corner from you—you may find real people really doing some of the things on a small scale that you might have thought could occur only in some never-never dream world. If these activities may be sometimes an alternative to open activism or a refuge for the frustrated, they nonetheless renew and deepen the counter-establishment currents in the heartland of First World capitalism. They are a way in which some people change the world a little as part of changing themselves much more.

    VIGILANCE

    Power is always gradually stealing away from the many to the few, because the few are more vigilant and consistent.

    SAMUEL JOHNSON

    Tell the truth and run.

    YUGOSLAV PROVERB

    Many years ago, as touched on in Economic and Social Vindicators (pp. 273–277), I helped develop a social indicator movement to help monitor the changing nature of U.S. society. Most of the people involved in this effort concentrated on seeking improved measures to supplement the increasingly one-sided supply of economic indicators. My own approach was more ambitious. In The State of the Nation: Social Systems Accounting, I constructed a model for continuous reporting on the changing structure and performance of the United States’ system in its physical and world environment.²² I called this framework social systems accounting to stress the value of an interrelated set of structured indicators (non-statistical as well as statistical) and the need for such information to hold individuals and institutions accountable for, rather than to vindicate, their behavior. But the maturation of social accounting concepts, I warned, will take many decades.

    The most constructive criticism of my proposed system came from Gerhard Colm of the National Planning Association, who objected to an abstract strategy of information collection rather than an effort to put it into practice. Why don’t you apply the model to the United States, he asked, and in the application improve it?

    In writing Friendly Fascism I tried to do exactly that. And in the final manuscript, I summed up my efforts in a preface that included the following comment:

    In this volume I have tried to produce my own report on the changing State of the Nation. In so doing, I have used qualitative information and subjective judgments as well as formal statistics (much of which I look upon with growing suspicion). Like other transdisciplinarians, I have used any kind of information—economic, social, cultural, political, ecological—that may illuminate the nature and future of the American system in the world environment …

    Since this is an anti-establishment report, I have often had to revise radically many established concepts, using new conceptual frameworks that challenge the fundamental values, if not the integrity, of official data and data-dispensers. This approach has required somewhat less attention to the details of system performance as usually measured, much more attention to the power, values and thought structures of high technology capitalism. It has demanded frank recognition of capitalism’s substantial achievements without translating these into proof of unmodified benevolence or promise of inevitable progress … I see the indicators in this report on the changing state of the nation both as indictors of the system’s shortcomings and as vindicators of the struggles and dreams of all those who have envisioned, and fought for, a more human and egalitarian social order in the United States. It is also my hope that the information in this volume may incite people to organized action against the maturation of modern capitalism’s most dangerous potentials.²³

    But these words never appeared in the hard-cover edition of Friendly Fascism. Nor does that (or this) volume contain the theoretical and historical materials that pulled together in a more integrated fashion the many threads of my analysis.²⁴

    These portions of my manuscript were not excluded by my

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