Sun Tzu for Execution: How to Use the Art of War to Get Results

About Sun Tzu and His Book

SUN TZU LIVED in about 500 b.c. He is said to have written The Art of War on bamboo strips.

Sun Tzu is generally believed to have been a general in his day, though some believe that he was a civilian strategist. Still others deny his existence, claiming The Art of War was written by someone else.

Sun Tzu's writings have been highly influential, and over the years have developed into the foundation of Eastern military thought, in the same way Carl Von Clausewitz's writings are the foundation of much Western military thought. The Los Angeles Herald Examiner says, Some of Mao Tse Tung's most eloquent thoughts are merely rehashes of Sun Tzu and his interpreters. Japan's Admiral Yamamoto, who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor, is said to have studied Sun Tzu.

In the business world, The Art of War has been called the modern manager's bible in an article in Inc. magazine. It has also figured prominently in the movie Wall Street and in one of the more recent James Bond 007 movies.

This translation of The Art of War is divided into thirteen chapters like the original work. The original thirteen chapters are divided into five sections here, to add a business relevance and context to Sun Tzu's writings.

BOOK ONE

Complete Translation of The Art of War

1

illustration Laying Plans

Thoroughly Assess Conditions

WAR IS A MATTER of vital importance to the state; a matter of life and death, the road either to survival or to ruin. Hence, it is imperative that it be thoroughly studied.

Therefore, to make assessment of the outcome of a war, one must compare the various conditions of the antagonistic sides in terms of the five constant factors:

Moral influence

Weather

Terrain

Commander

Doctrine

These five constant factors should be familiar to every general. He who masters them wins; he who does not is defeated.

Compare the Seven Attributes

Therefore, to forecast the outcome of a war, the attributes of the antagonistic sides should be analyzed by making the following seven comparisons:

Which sovereign possesses greater moral influence?

Which commander is more capable?

Which side holds more favorable conditions in weather and terrain?

On which side are decrees better implemented?

Which side is superior in arms?

On which side are officers and men better trained?

Which side is stricter and more impartial in meting out rewards and punishments?

By means of these seven elements, I can forecast victory or defeat.

If the sovereign heeds these stratagems of mine and acts upon them, he will surely win the war, and I shall, therefore, stay with him. If the sovereign neither heeds nor acts upon them, he will certainly suffer defeat, and I shall leave.

Look for Strategic Turns

Having paid attention to the advantages of my stratagems, the commander must create a helpful situation over and beyond the ordinary rules. By situation, I mean he should act expediently in accordance with what is advantageous in the field and so meet any exigency.

All warfare is based on deception. Therefore, when able to attack, we must pretend to be unable; when employing our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.

Offer a bait to allure the enemy when he covets small advantages. Strike the enemy when he is in disorder. If he is well prepared with substantial strength, take double precautions against him. If he is powerful in action, evade him. If he is angry, seek to discourage him. If he appears humble, make him arrogant. If his forces have taken a good rest, wear them down. If his forces are united, divide them.

Launch the attack where he is unprepared; take action when it is unexpected.

These are the keys to victory for a strategist. However, it is impossible to formulate them in detail beforehand.

Now, the commander who gets many scores during the calculations in the temple before the war will have more likelihood of winning. The commander who gets few scores during the calculations in the temple before the war will have less chance of success. With many scores, one can win; with few scores, one cannot. How much less chance of victory has one who gets no scores at all! By examining the situation through these aspects, I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.

2

illustration Waging War

Marshal Adequate Resources

GENERALLY, OPERATIONS OF WAR involve 1,000 swift chariots, 1,000 heavy chariots, and 100,000 mailed troops, with the transportation of provisions for them over a thousand li. Thus, the expenditure at home and in the field, the stipends for the entertainment of state guests and diplomatic envoys, the cost of materials such as glue and lacquer, and the expense for care and maintenance of chariots and armor will amount to 1,000 pieces of gold a day. An army of 100,000 men can be raised only when this money is in hand.

Make Time Your Ally

In directing such an enormous army, a speedy victory is the main object.

If the war is long delayed, the men's weapons will be blunted and their ardor will be dampened. If the army attacks cities, their strength will be exhausted. Again, if the army engages in protracted campaigns, the resources of the state will not suffice. Now, when your weapons are blunted, your ardor dampened, your strength exhausted, and your treasure spent, neighboring rulers will take advantage of your distress to act. In this case, no man, however wise, is able to avert the disastrous consequences that ensue.

Thus, while we have heard of stupid haste in war, we have not yet seen a clever operation that was prolonged. There has never been a case in which a prolonged war has benefited a country. Therefore, only those who understand the dangers inherent in employing troops know how to conduct war in the most profitable way.

Everyone Must Profit from Victories

Those adept in employing troops do not require a second levy of conscripts or more than two provisionings. They carry military supplies from the homeland and make up for their provisions, relying on the enemy. Thus, the army will be always plentifully provided.

When a country is impoverished by military operations, it is because an army far from its homeland needs a distant transportation. Being forced to carry supplies for great distances renders the people destitute. On the other hand, the local price of commodities normally rises high in the area near the military camps. The rising prices cause financial resources to be drained away. When the resources are exhausted, the peasantry will be afflicted with urgent exactions. With this depletion of strength and exhaustion of wealth, every household in the homeland is left empty. Seven-tenths of the people's income is dissipated, and six-tenths of the government's revenue is paid for broken-down chariots, worn-out horses, armor and helmets, arrows and crossbows, halberds and bucklers, spears and body shields, draught oxen and heavy wagons.

Hence, a wise general is sure of getting provisions from the enemy countries. One zhong of grains obtained from the local area is equal to twenty zhong shipped from the home country; one dan of fodder in the conquered area is equal to twenty dan from the domestic store.

Now, in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; to gain the enemy's property, our men must be rewarded with war trophies. Accordingly, in chariot battle, when more than ten chariots have been captured, those who took the enemy chariot first should be rewarded. Then, the enemy's flags and banners should be replaced with ours; the captured chariots mixed with ours and mounted by our men. The prisoners of war should be kindly treated and kept. This is called becoming stronger in the course of defeating the enemy.

Know Your Craft

Hence, what is valued in war is a quick victory, not prolonged operations. And, therefore, the general who understands war is the controller of his people's fate and the guarantor of the security of the nation.

3

illustration Attack by Stratagem

Win Without Fighting

GENERALLY, IN WAR the best thing of all is to take the enemy's state whole and intact; to ruin it is inferior to this. To capture the enemy's entire army is better than to destroy it; to take intact a battalion, a company, or a five-man squad is better than to destroy them. Hence, to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence.

Thus, the best policy in war is to attack the enemy's strategy. The second best way is to disrupt his alliances through diplomatic means. The next best method is to attack his army in the field. The worst policy is to attack walled cities. Attacking cities is the last resort when there is no alternative.

It takes at least three months to make mantlets and shielded vehicles ready and prepare necessary arms and equipments. It takes at least another three months to pile up earthen mounds against the walls. The general unable to control his impatience will order his troops to swarm up the wall like ants, with the result that one-third of them are slain, while the city remains untaken. Such is the calamity of attacking walled cities.

Therefore, those skilled in war subdue the enemy's army without fighting. They capture the enemy's cities without assaulting them and overthrow his state without protracted operations. Their aim must be to take all under heaven intact through strategic superiority. Thus, their troops are not worn out and their triumph will be complete. This is the art of attacking by stratagem.

Attain Strategic Superiority

Consequently, the art of using troops is this:

When ten to the enemy's one, surround him.

When five times his strength, attack him.

If double his strength, engage him.

If equally matched, be capable of dividing him.

If less in number, be capable of defending yourself.

And, if in all respects unfavorable, be capable of eluding him.

Hence, a weak force will eventually fall captive to a strong one if it simply holds ground and conducts a desperate defense.

Beware of High-Level Dumb

Now, the general is the bulwark of the state:

If the bulwark is complete at all points, the state will surely be strong. If the bulwark is defective, the state will certainly be weak.

Now, there are three ways in which a sovereign can bring misfortune upon his army:

By ordering an advance while ignorant of the fact that the army cannot go forward, or by ordering a retreat while ignorant of the fact that the army cannot fall back. This is described as hobbling the army.

By interfering with the army's administration without knowledge of the internal affairs of the army. This causes officers and soldiers to be perplexed.

By interfering with the direction of fighting while ignorant of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This sows doubts and misgivings in the minds of his officers and soldiers.

If the army is confused and suspicious, neighboring rulers will take advantage of this and cause trouble. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army and flinging away victory.

Seek Circumstances That Assure Victory

Thus, there are five points in which victory may be predicted:

He who knows when to fight and when not to fight will win.

He who understands how to handle both superior and inferior forces will win.

He whose ranks are united in purpose will win.

He who is well prepared and lies in wait for an enemy who is not well prepared will win.

He whose generals are able and not interfered with by the sovereign will win.

It is in these five points that the way to victory is known. Therefore, I say:

Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.

When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning and losing are equal.

If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are sure to be defeated in every battle.

4

illustration Disposition of Military Strength

Be Invincible

THE SKILL FUL WARRIORS in ancient times first made themselves invincible and then awaited the enemy's moment of vulnerability. Invincibility depends on oneself, but the enemy's vulnerability on himself. It follows that those skilled in war can make themselves invincible but cannot cause an enemy to be certainly vulnerable. Therefore, it can be said that one may know how to achieve victory but cannot necessarily do so.

Invincibility lies in the defense, the possibility of victory in the attack. Defend yourself when the enemy's strength is abundant, and attack the enemy when it is inadequate. Those who are skilled in defense hide themselves as under the most secret recesses of earth. Those skilled in attack flash forth as from above the topmost heights of heaven. Thus, they are capable both of protecting themselves and of gaining a complete victory.

Win Without Fighting

To foresee a victory no better than ordinary people's foresight is not the acme of excellence. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you win a victory through fierce fighting and the whole empire says, Well done! Hence, by analogy, to lift an autumn hare does not signify great strength; to see the sun and moon does not signify good sight; to hear the thunderclap does not signify acute hearing.

In ancient times, those called skilled in war conquered an enemy easily conquered. Consequently, a master of war wins victories without showing his brilliant military success, and without gaining the reputation for wisdom or the merit for valor. He wins his