Theory Can Be More than It Used to Be: Learning Anthropology's Method in a Time of Transition

THEORY CAN BE MORE THAN IT USED TO BE

Learning Anthropology’s Method in a Time of Transition

EDITED BY DOMINIC BOYER, JAMES D. FAUBION, AND GEORGE E. MARCUS

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS

ITHACA AND LONDON

CONTENTS

Introduction

DOMINIC BOYER AND GEORGE E. MARCUS

Part I. Ethnography, Fieldwork, Theorization

1. Portable Analytics and Lateral Theory

DOMINIC BOYER AND CYMENE HOWE

2. On Programmatics

JAMES D. FAUBION

3. The Ambitions of Theory Work in the Production of Contemporary Anthropological Research

GEORGE E. MARCUS

4. Theorizing the Present Ethnographically

ANDREAS GLAESER

5. Trans-formations of Biology and of Theory

KAUSHIK SUNDER RAJAN

6. Figuring Out Theory

KIM FORTUN

Part II. Pedagogy, Training, Analytical Method

7. Responses

Theory as Parallax and Provocation

ANDREA BALLESTERO

Undisciplined Engagements: Anthropology, Ethnography, Theory

LISA BREGLIA

Theory Making: From the Raw to the Cooked

JESSICA MARIE FALCONE

People in Glass Cages (Shouldn’t Throw Theoretical Stones)

JAMER HUNT

Ethnography and Social Theory: A Dialectic to Hang Our Hats On

TOWNSEND MIDDLETON

Theory as Method

DEEPA S. REDDY

8. Dialogue

Encountering and Engaging Theory (or Not)

Theory in the Positive Sense of the Term

Teaching Theory and Analytical Method

Afterword

DOMINIC BOYER

Notes

Bibliography

Contributors

Index

INTRODUCTION

New Methodologies for a Transformed Discipline

Dominic Boyer and George E. Marcus

We aim here to offer a different kind of book about theory in anthropology. Generally speaking, one would expect from such a project a gathering of theoretical narratives more and less recent, a discussion of major arguments and paradigms, the kind of retrospective or futurological canon-making of which Sherry Ortner’s well-known article (1984) remains an exemplary case. Another variation, although perhaps less common in our relatively ecumenical era, is the programmatic manifesto arguing more or less explicitly that this is what theory should look like in anthropology. But our objective here is not to promote theory or any theoretical approach as such. Nor do we offer an analysis of the latest trends—this book does not explain why, for example, new materialisms, vitalisms, and ecological phenomenologies are roaming anthropological ethnography so boldly of late. Rather, this book tries to take a step back from the assumption that we know what theory is to investigate how theory—a phenomenon we regard equally as a matter of concepts, of analytic practice, of medium of value, of professional ideology—operates in anthropology and its kindred human sciences today. We are specifically interested in what kind of object theory becomes within the anthropological research process and standard protocols of training anthropologists-in-the-making, where norms, for better or worse, remain focused on individual scholars producing works of ethnography from fieldwork.

This work is a companion to Fieldwork Is Not What It Used to Be (Faubion and Marcus 2009), and much like its predecessor, it explores the changing conditions of knowledge-making in anthropology today. Above all, both works are methodological reflections, soundings of how the classic norms and objects of anthropological research and training have become unraveled and reordered in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The pivotal transformational period began a bit earlier than is often recognized, between 1950 and 1975 when the postwar expansion of higher education and Cold War geopolitical concerns spurred strong growth in, and thematic refocusing of, anthropological research. Although sociocultural anthropology began the middle of the twentieth century as a field science still strongly anchored by community-level and holistic culture studies, less than a generation later the number of practicing anthropologists, the variety of their research engagements, and the scales and processes to which they paid analytical attention had all expanded exponentially. Anthropology, like other human sciences of the era, was enriched through this abundance but also suffered the sense that its disciplinary core was receding or disappearing. Tensions between what the anthropological research community had been and what it was becoming were inevitable. New institutions came to replace the professional conditions that had given us signature ancestors such as Franz Boas, Bronislaw Malinowski, and Margaret Mead. For example, as late as the 1960s advisors could place their advisees in jobs through a phone call and tenure could be earned without a single publication; forty years later, hundreds of applicants compete in a job market for every advertised position, and the expectations for scholarly research productivity seem only to grow and grow.

The 1980s offered the first concerted stock-taking of the new conditions of anthropology and anthropologists-in-the-making. The results (e.g., Clifford and Marcus 1986; Marcus and Fischer 1986) were highly important and, at least in retrospect, predictably controversial, although perhaps less for the new anthropological norms to which they were helping to give shape and substance than for a perceived criticism of norms of anthropological writing and thinking past. Interventions such as Fieldwork, and now Theory, would have been impossible without these opening controversies that legitimated new frameworks of reflexive inquiry. But the present volumes also move toward a fuller reassessment of the methodological implications of the transformation of anthropology. Taken together, Fieldwork and Theory address how the sacred trinity of anthropological practice—fieldwork, ethnography, and theory—have all changed from the ground up, not least in their relations with each other.

Fieldwork, for example, surfaced and analyzed traditional conceptions of geographically remote and temporally bounded field research in the search for a new ethics of connectivity (Faubion 2009). In a parallel way, this volume seeks to trouble a certain expected division of labor between theory and ethnography in anthropological knowledge (and, by extension, in other disciplines that also make similar distinctions). In this relationship, analytical and representational practices are treated as somehow incommensurable with, and frequently unequal to, each other, creating a robust but often misleading polarization of conceptual and empirical poles of knowing. The consequences of this polarization are unfortunate. By framing discourse on anthropological knowledge, they tend to credit either (1) the prioritization of ethnographic narrative over analytical practice or (2) the functional absorption of ethnographic data into some pregiven theoretical paradigm. Both consequences, we think, underuse the epistemic possibilities of this crucial juncture in anthropological knowledge, the rich terrain in the interstices among conceptual/analytical schemata, representations/narratives, and the experiential continuum of fieldwork. Beyond diagnosing a certain impasse in the theory-ethnography relation today, the contributions in this volume begin to experiment with what we might term alternative analytical ethics and to consider what norms might prosper were we to leave a polarized theory-ethnography relation behind in our training practices and in the normal course of professional performance. Our argument is, therefore, that theory can be more than it used to be.

The issue of training is critical because it is the space in which present ethical selves encounter future ethical selves. It is thus a key space of investment for rethinking and remaking our profession’s ethical futures. Fieldwork focused on the pedagogical context of first research projects and their outcomes in early professional development. This period is also a focus of the present volume, particularly its second half. But we seek, as well, to illuminate the theory-ethnography relation in other contexts of knowledge-making, for example in processes of research design and in the composition of anthropological writing. And, although we most often refer to the professional culture of anthropology in what follows, we believe that this relation resonates widely in other contexts and disciplines. Consequently, we have recruited fellow travelers from disciplines such as science and technology studies and sociology to join us in the first half of the volume.

Theory Matters

Theory is obviously a gloss. What counts as theory and theoretical practice is no less obvious and incontestable than what counts as the field and fieldwork. But such glosses make for reasonable points of departure in a process of methodological reassessment in that they are already organically interwoven into the contexts into which we seek to intervene. That is to say, for all its limitations, theory has the advantage of constituting a well-known coordinate in anthropological practice and pedagogy and a term that a great many anthropologists (as well as other humanists and social scientists) deploy frequently in the routine practices (e.g., researching, writing, reviewing, and mentoring) of professional life. Theory belongs to a cluster of key evaluative categories in trade-talk that pervade the corridors of departments and professional meetings, and that carry even greater weight in the intimate pedagogy of the seminar room and meetings with mentors. Does the job candidate have theoretical agility? Is the journal article theoretically original? Does the grant application position itself well in terms of relevant theory? In other words, like it or not, theory matters—not only does it signal the conceptual frames and contexts for the reception of every research project, not only does it index the analytical process that accompanies the often anarchic and kaleidoscopic character of fieldwork activities, but theory and theoretical also serve as reservoirs of semiotic value and political power in their own right.

So, to reiterate, this volume should not be read as a call for, to, from, or against theory in anthropology. It is, further, not a review of theoretical influences and orientations past or present. Our point of departure is, rather, that theory is a social fact of contemporary anthropological practice, a fact with wide and multiple anchorage in anthropological institutions, routines, discourse, and self-understandings, a fact that we are all, to varying extents, invested in and that we should therefore be interested in as an anthropological problem in its own right, not least because theory plays a vital role in the production and reproduction of anthropological disciplinarity. We note, for example, that every PhD program and a great many undergraduate majors in the United States involve some kind of designated, self-identifying theory course, in which students are exposed to both a canonical set of texts and to certain modes of conceptual and analytical engagement that are deemed an essential part of an anthropological education. Some of these courses, like the famous Systems sequence at the University of Chicago, are treated as the foundational pedagogical experience of an entire training program.

The importance of theory as social fact in discourse and knowledge demands questions such as: What passes for theory in anthropology and the human sciences today, and why? What is the relation of theory to ethnography? How are students trained to identify and respect anthropological theorization, and how do they practice theoretical work in their later career stages? What is the range of theoretical experiments, languages, and institutions available to us in the human sciences? All these questions point toward how we might consider theory as part of a practical schematics of analytical engagement rather than as a set of ideas, an esoteric discourse of power, a norm of intellectual life, or an infinitely contestable canon of texts.

This seems to us an optimal time to reflect on the status of theory in relation to ethnographic research in anthropology and related disciplines. Reflections, critical and otherwise, on ethnographic and field methods have multiplied over the past twenty-five years, but theory and its entitlements have been less self-consciously probed (see, however, the fascinating and revealing Cerwonka and Malkki 2007). This relative silence is somewhat surprising given the aforementioned importance of theory in disciplinary practices and self-imaginations and given the contemporary expansion of research on professions and other cultures of expertise, which has provided encouragement for reflexive work on our own modes and methods of knowledge. But the silence is also understandable given the aforenoted polarizing and alienated position of theory in the human sciences. Theory is very often treated as something external to the main enterprise of human scientific research; where it is not indulged outright as a kind of floating world of more fundamental insights and purer concepts, it often appears on the back-end of research projects in the form of citational afterthoughts.

Yet, especially after the inflationary period of interest in reading theory (meaning most often certain strands of continental philosophy) from the late 1970s through the mid-1990s, there has been considerable subsequent talk of theoretical impasses and exhaustion of late in our disciplines, talk that has highlighted a certain restlessness with the status quo of our theoretical practices and commitments. This volume takes the latter restlessness seriously (see Boyer and Howe, this volume) but interprets it to some extent as a symptom of the previous absence of metamethodological awareness of theory as a social fact, how it operates in the constitution of research projects and the production of knowledge. At least since the 1980s, it is very clear that theory does not simply inform research but that it is deeply interwoven within all phases of its practice. Paying greater attention to the practice and pedagogy of theory is a crucial completion of the process of methodological reassessment that began in the 1980s, following reflections on ethnography and fieldwork, of anthropology’s coming to terms with professional conditions (and an external world!) strikingly different than those in which it developed its classical ambit and method within the human sciences.

As a final (introductory) framing for the work of the volume, we offer a matrix of six categorical distinctions about the uses of theory in contemporary research in anthropology as rough and ready coordinates with which to triangulate the reflections that follow. These categories cross-cut more familiar categorizations in use today: feminist theory, identity theory, globalization theory, postcolonial theory, political economy, and so on. The first three categories concern the positioning of theory within the anthropological research process; the second three emphasize how theory becomes objectified as a thing unto itself.

First the processual positions:

1. Theory as fully inside the research process and not distinguishable from it as a separate function or activity. This is theory merged into method—doing, asking, conversing, reading, amid other research tasks, such as observing and recording. This is theory in lowercase letters, diagnostic and analytic practices that resist bundling into a singular process.

2. Theory as a separate and superordinate informing discourse and space of epistemic production held in oppositional relation to the granular data collection of fieldwork and to the storytelling of ethnographic case studies. Although theory may be identified as having a presence in fieldwork and ethnography, it has its own separate authority, discipline, and scholarship. The theorist is ultimately someone performing a different kind of productive labor from the fieldworker and ethnographer. The theorist thinks across case studies, finding the transparticular linkages and resonances that lend broader importance to particularities of individual research projects. In contrast, the ethnographer who theorizes is to some extent classified an amateur or at least recognizes theory as its own authoritative sphere.

3. Theory as particular lines of inquiry that make anthropological research distinct. Anthropology has traditionally offered certain sorts of ‘big questions—for example, What is the nature of race? or How do gifts and exchange create social bonds?—that have helped to define it as a discipline that puts ethnography to use to solve important problems. These big questions, although multiple, subject to many projects of investigation, and changing over time, together offer a distinctive theoretical enterprise that makes ethnography anthropological.

Next, the overlapping categories concerning the objective status of theory:

4. Theory as a body of topical theories specific to anthropology, which has emerged in the long-term reception of specialized ethnographic bodies of work with their distinctive objects and subjects: culture, kinship, ritual, myth, exchange. Figures such as Clifford Geertz or Claude Lévi-Strauss can be viewed as exemplars of anthropological theory, perhaps even as culminations, although the ethnographic archive defines these topics as always renewable and potentially lively frames for renewing the mission of anthropological theory.

5. Theory as the exegetical work of anthropologists within social thought and philosophy on their own voyages of discovery in relation to their ethnographic projects. Here anthropologists are informed, amateur, and perhaps idiosyncratic interlopers into theory traditions that are the products of other specialized scholarship, especially in philosophy and literary theory. This is called high theory, connected to the research questions of anthropology but remaining a distinctive separate activity (doing theory) and claim to knowledge within the discipline.

6. Theory as specifically connected to the hyperactive period of theory interest across the human sciences from the 1970s through the mid-1990s, a definable cross-disciplinary theory project or two that came to define deeply at a particular juncture what served as theory in anthropology—for example, poststructuralism and its derivations. This period defined a theory-driven academic movement with which anthropology became deeply affiliated (before more recently experiencing its post-theoretical backlash).

With these coordinates, we offer a compass for exploring the diversity of ways in which theory is engaged, voiced, and objectified in anthropological research practice today. As we all know, research practice is highly heterogeneous, composed of diverse thematic interests and queries, and a real kaleidoscope of different durations and intensities of effort. Theory can be a central concern in research practice, but more often than not, it remains latent, introduced in the form of cited problems and concepts to help strengthen the authoritative discourse of the ethnographic narrative. Despite this latency, there is more or less continuous informal reflection about this or that theorist being fashionable in the discipline at any given moment. There is also, as we hear clearly in the second half of this volume, a strong intuitive sense that, even though theory is important to anthropological and ethnographic knowledge, it exists in an abstract relation to it, a plane of concept and arguments that may be sewn together with ethnography but that do not enjoy an obvious organic relationship to it.

Such ad hoc assessments are important because they constitute the everyday understandings in professional life that orient and legitimate practices. Their rough and ready judgments, however, rarely do factual justice to the diversity of concept work and analytic practice that exists within the discipline (itself not a unitary phenomenon but, rather, a matter of multiple intersecting centers and peripheries). Because we continue to lack serious mappings of current dynamics of anthropological disciplinarity, a major benefit of this volume’s attention to how theory operates in anthropological research is to highlight the heterogeneity of anthropological knowing and to reflect on whether anthropology still has order, or points of order, in its proliferation of interests. Invocations of theory, or theory talk as we prefer to say, posit a certain ordering influence in their promise of the existence of higher levels of truth claims beyond the particularities of fieldwork experiences and ethnographic narratives. But when looked at as a matter of analytical practice or method, do these claims hold up? Are there really distinctively anthropological modes of theorization any longer? Or is the more relevant scale of order larger (e.g., the human sciences) or smaller (e.g., the subdiscipline)? We leave these questions unanswered here because they are ruminated upon at greater length and with greater care in the contributions that follow. We simply suggest here that the collaboration of Fieldwork and Theory on reevaluating fieldworkethnography-theory relations provides provocative insights into the complex intellectual history-of-the-present of anthropology.

Organization of the Volume

The organization of the volume is an experiment in its own right. This project began in a symposium held at Rice University in 2009 and simmered for many years through conversations among the contributors before reaching its final form. We strive to capture some of that conversational spirit here on the printed page. The first part of this volume consists of five position papers authored by participants in the original symposium. Each paper offers its own unique point of departure for exploring what to make of theory given contemporary conditions of anthropological and ethnographic research. All consider the possibility of a theory of theory-in-use with regard to ethnography and/or fieldwork, but all also strive to perform new analytical ethics.

The specific stakes and arguments of the contributions, as one might expect, vary but overlap in many places. Andreas Glaeser views the theory-ethnography relation as potentially crucial and transformational of human scientific research and public knowledge; thus he calls symmetrically for ethnography to take a central role in theory development and for theory to push ethnography beyond narration. Dominic Boyer and Cymene Howe discuss the mobilization of theory-forms and attempt to rethink theoretical practice for the digital era, sounding new patterns of conceptual mobility and connectivity as anthropological knowledge-making is drawn ever more deeply into a new ecology of information and a new ethics of connectivity. Kim Fortun beautifully narrates how theory can be made to emerge collaboratively within the iterative learning process of ethnographic research design. Likewise, Kaushik Sunder Rajan explores what theorization means in the context of conversation and collaboration, using ethnographic encounters and para-ethnographic entanglements with the biomedical paradigm of translational research as his muse. James Faubion offers a provocative, trenchant typology of the elementary forms of theoretical life. George Marcus, in turn, engages Faubion’s model of pro-grammatic theory as a disciplined technology of question formation, launching his own reflections on new electronic and nonelectronic research experiments that can be used to stimulate theoretical imagination and innovation in anthropological knowledge.

All the contributions are further joined by a common spirit of inquiry. Sunder Rajan articulates this well: "I am less interested in what theorists say than in what they do. I am not concerned with canonization, and even less with the generation of branded concepts that can be packaged into citable modules and circulated as academic currency. Rather, I am interested in processes of elucidation—in theorization." A desire to explore theory-in-process and theory-in-practice as modes of knowing that can be unmade and remade, rather than as epic and imposing Knowledge, is the red thread running throughout the first half of the volume.

The second part of this volume circles back to the work of Fieldwork in examining the role theory plays in professional training and pedagogy. It consists of three sections. First, we offer six response papers by relatively recent PhDs in anthropology reacting to a set of questions, posed by the editors, prompting our respondents to look back and reflect on the role that theory—substantively, ideologically, and affectively—has played in shaping them as scholars from their initial phases of professional formation to their present situations and interests. The opening prompts solicit narratives of first encounters with theory in graduate school and how it was made to relate to the research process in the training context of first fieldwork. Further, we ask how, in our colleagues’ various experiences, their ideas about and relations to theory may have changed in the postdoctoral period, however it is spent, and especially what roles and significance theory takes as their careers begin to take shape. We editors are curious about how our interlocutors view the status and privilege of theory talk in contemporary anthropology and whether it seems to them more epistemically significant than tales of the field or the critical reception of new ethnographies. Finally, we invite them to explain to us what, in their views, could and should be changed about the relation of anthropology to theory.

Second, we provide three excerpts from a teleconference between the editors and the six authors, in which we collectively work through the issues raised by the papers. What comes across very strongly in the conversations are deep-rooted senses of alienation, ambivalence and anxiety regarding theory as an object of professional entitlement and a goal of professional discipline. The ethics of the turn away from anthropological culture theory and toward resources, such as German critical theory or French poststructuralism in the 1970s and 1980s, no longer seem to be the ethics of contemporary anthropology. Theory no longer seems redemptive of the anthropological project in the way it once might have. In response, the third and final section of part II is a short editorial afterword that explores alternative ethics and institutions of pedagogy and training in theory, especially how we might displace the traditional graduate theory course from professional training and replace it with greater attention to analytical method, including both a reflexive-historical approach to engaging works identified as theory and an iterative and reflexive design process of analytical experimentation that encourages a more organic interrelationship among field knowledge, ethnographic writing, and concept work.

Part I

ETHNOGRAPHY, FIELDWORK, THEORIZATION

1

PORTABLE ANALYTICS AND LATERAL THEORY

Dominic Boyer and Cymene Howe

Anthropological knowledge sprawls, incorporating a dazzling variety of thematics, theoretics, and arguments. What varies less is that this knowledge is always in transit. Anthropologists compose documentations and analyses based on their field travels and then set them into communicative motion, hoping that their work will be engaged, absorbed, cited, and rerouted along invisible trajectories. Epistemic transit itself is not distinctive to anthropology. Citationality and circulation are practices of any number of intellectual professions. What differentiates anthropological knowledge is the crucial expectation that it moves along a continuum where one pole is the elite publicity of northern and western social science and the other is the intimate understanding of some other bundle of life experiences. Anthropology transacts in mobile revelation. Its epistemic movements are designed to surprise, confound, and occasionally even delight the paradigms of northern-western social science by leveraging what Lévi-Strauss once aptly termed the other message, the knowledge of the not-here that still, fortunately enough, speaks a northern-western language.

Two institutions have helped to cement mobile revelation as a key institution of anthropological knowledge. The first was the general acceptance of Malinowskian field research and field reporting as standards of professional legitimacy in the course of the twentieth century. This standard has proved remarkably durable into the twenty-first century despite the fact that what is understood to be fieldwork has changed significantly (Faubion and Marcus 2009). The field can now exist down the block; it can be accessed by a computer interface; it can unfold in surreal montage rather than in neatly bounded realist narrative. In some respects, the epistemic horizons of anthropology have never been wider. Yet what remains crucial is that one reports from an environment that is not entirely one’s own, that one mediates or translates between X and Y. Anthropologists individually and anthropology as a disciplinary field consistently delegitimate research that refuses to position itself at an analytical distance from the norms of northern-western social science. For, without distance, however slight and however precarious, there is nowhere to go, no capacity for surprise. Thus, even following the pluralization of anthropological research sites, methods, and objects since the 1970s, we continue to pride ourselves on a capacity for other-messaging, even when the field is the office next door and the research subject an intellectual professional very much like oneself.

The second institution is, in a way, the extroversion of the first. When one observes closely what counts as legitimate anthropological knowledge—that is, when one reads between the lines of peer reviews and grant-proposal feedback or listens in on departmental meetings, evaluations of job applicants, and the corridor talk of one’s colleagues—one realizes quickly that the Malinowskian field report is necessary but never in itself sufficient to guarantee anthropological legitimacy. The field report in its singularity is a case study. It can move, to be sure, but its revelatory power is inactive until it sheds the particularity of the field conditions that gave it form and becomes instead transparticular, a study that speaks with other studies, a study that operates as a cryptological key to a larger information set or that repatterns the light and shadow around some broader problem. There are various ways of describing this process of achieving transparticular import, but in the spirit and letter of this volume, we refer to it here as theory. Anthropological theorization, in our view, is not so much the management of a certain body of concepts as the process of wresting away from an ethnographic case study the cluster of insights that are worth mobilizing. Anthropologists have long recognized a comparative method as an essential and distinctive feature of their knowledge. Even if that method operates now in a more ad hoc fashion, the movement of insights between ethnographic cases still helps to cohere anthropology as a distinctive field of discourse. Anthropological theory thus thrives on the mobilization of transparticular ethnographic insight. When an article or grant proposal is judged to be theoretically inadequate, what is usually being said is that this case study is either unwilling or unable to give and receive insights of transparticular import. The offending text is not deemed to be just naïve but also, at some level, a sociopath, refusing to recognize that anthropological knowledge demands not only integrity in its case studies but also a restless desire to bridge heres and elsewheres.

Recognizing (1) that anthropological knowledge is designed to travel and (2) that a process of transparticular theorization is a crucial part of its epistemic mobilization raises the question, both analytical and ethical, as to how theory does and should travel in anthropology. In this chapter, we diagnose and discuss some common tendencies of theoretical travel in anthropology today. We take seriously the models of theoretical motion already available to us in the human sciences (especially Edward Said’s traveling theory and Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff’s theory from the south) and reflect on growing criticism of how theory (particularly grand theory of the philosophical variety and culture theory of the 1970s and 1980s anthropological variety) operates in contemporary anthropological knowledge. In our own performance of mobile revelation, we argue that the current impatience with theory is closely related to new ecologies of digital information. That is, we show how criticism of theory in anthropology today mirrors a wider contemporary disavowal of the radial (e.g., hub-spokes) model of epistemic organization typical of the mid-twentieth century and its reliance on centralized communication infrastructure. We identify in calls for more theory from below or even for the dissolution of theory the rise of a new lateral sensibility signaling the desirability of peer-to-peer meshes and mashes of communication that are better adapted to the epistemic potentialities of emergent digital infrastructures such as the Internet and social/mobile media (see, e.g., Golub 2011; Jackson 2012; Kelty 2012). Along the way, we develop our own model of experimental conceptual practice, portable analytics, in which analytic concepts that emerge from within specific ethnographic contexts are mobilized to help provoke new insights into the forms and forces at work in other ethnographic contexts. The stakes, we believe, are how to allow anthropological fieldsites and fieldknowledges to interilluminate each other more effectively, generating new revelatory sparks and trajectories in a thickening mesh of digital-lateral connectivity.

We begin with an example of how anthropological research on epistemic mobility can both confirm the Saidian model of traveling theory and also open the door to portable analysis.

Traveling Theories and Para-theoretical Mobilities

We know through ordinary experience and intuitively that ideas are modular and concepts have a transmissional life. Acts of transposition across space and time often yield new insights about the analytic process itself and, perhaps more important, provide a novel view on something that seems abundantly familiar. The Greeks used the term theMros to designate the man sent by the polis to witness ritual events in other cities. His travels always began and always ended in the same place, his home. For the Greeks, theory was "a product of displacement, comparison