Intellectual Property: A Guide for Engineers
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Intellectual Property - American Bar Association
Statement from By-Laws: The Society shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers. . .or printed in its publications (7.1.3)
INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OJ* PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.
For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com.
Requests for special permission or bulk reproduction should be addressed to the ASME Technical Publishing Department.
Copyright © 2001 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
FOREWORD
Intellectual property, the product of creative and hard working people, needs to be protected in ways that allow creative people to benefit from their efforts. Engineers create and use intellectual property and manage knowledge to their own benefit, as well as to the benefit of their company and society at large. To help engineers understand intellectual property issues, the Committee on Issues Identification of the Council on Public Affairs of ASME International collaborated with the Committee on Public Information of the Section of Intellectual Property Law of the American Bar Association (ABA) to create an intellectual property guide for engineers.
The guide is designed to provide a basic understanding of intellectual property issues, specifically those related to patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. The guide is not meant to be a comprehensive statement of the law, and legal advice is always recommended when making a business decision.
As Chair of the Committee on Issues Identification, I would most like to thank the Honorable Gerald J. Mossinghoff, Senior Counsel, Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C., and Chair of the ABA Committee, for his outstanding contribution to this guide and for his interest, inspiration, generosity, and patience throughout the project. He is the primary author and an expert in intellectual property issues.
I would also like to thank fellow members of the Committee on Issues Identification for their thoughtful contributions, particularly in reviewing and commenting on the drafts of the guide: Guy Arlotto, retired; George Flowers, Auburn University; William Hutzel, Purdue University; Dena Sue Potestio, National Conference of State Legislatures; Arnold Rothstein, Facilities Services Company; William Weiblen, retired; and Dave Wieland, John Deere Waterloo Works.
The contributions of the following people are also greatly appreciated: Sonya Engle, ASME Public Affairs Program Manager, for her efforts in coordinating the overall project; John Paul, Chair, ASME Technology & Society Division; Gloria C. Phares, Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler; Phil Hamilton, Managing Director, Public Affairs; Chor Tan, Managing Director, Education; Harry Armen, immediate past Senior Vice President, Public Affairs; Yogi Goswami, Senior Vice President, Public Affairs; and Steven Lustig, past Leadership Development Initiative intern, Public Affairs.
Marc Goldsmith
Chair, Committee on Issues Identification
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTION
Part I PATENTS
History
What Is a Patent?
What Conditions Must Be Met?
Why Obtain a Patent
The Nature of Patent Rights
How to Obtain a Patent
The Employed Engineer as Inventor
Enforcement of a Patent
Trends in Patents
Patent Issues
PART II COPYRIGHTS
History
What Does a Copyright Protect?
How Is Copyright Acquired?
Who Owns the Copyright in a Work and How Is It Transferred?
How Long Does a Copyright Last?
What Copyright Can Do for You
Registration and Copyright Notice
PART III TRADEMARKS AND SERVICE MARKS
What Is a Trademark?
The Importance of Registering a Mark
Obtaining a Federal Registration
The Examination Process — Searching for Conflicts
Types of Registrable and Non-Registrable Marks
The Supplemental Register
Term of Federal Registrations
Protecting Trademarks
PART IV TRADE SECRETS
State Trade Secret Law
Economic Espionage Act
PART V INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE INTERNET
Patents
Copyrights
Trademarks and Internet Domain Names
Electronic Databases
PART VI INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Patents
Copyrights
Trademarks
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
MAJOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INTERNET SITES
INTRODUCTION
In 1776, the philosopher/economist Adam Smith taught us that the wealth of any nation rested on three pillars: Labor, Capital and Natural Resources.¹ Our generation has added a fourth pillar — Intellectual Property in all of its forms. Patents protect new technology. Copyrights protect literary and artistic works, as well as computer software. Trademarks assure orderly commercial development and consumer protection. Trade Secrets provide competitive advantage to creative companies. Intellectual property provides important incentives in the burgeoning use of the Internet for e-commerce.² It is also an indispensable part of effective knowledge management — so critical in today’s business and educational environment.
Because of their inherent role as creators and managers of new technology, engineers should have a basic understanding of the various forms of intellectual property and their underlying laws and governing principles. The purpose of this guide is to provide a summary of these forms of intellectual property and to