Laying Down Arms to Heal the Creation-Evolution Divide

Laying Down Arms to Heal the Creation-Evolution Divide

Gary N. Fugle

Foreword by Darrel R. Falk

LAYING DOWN ARMS TO HEAL THE CREATION-EVOLUTION DIVIDE

Copyright ©

2015

Gary N. Fugle. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical publications or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions. Wipf and Stock Publishers,

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Wipf and Stock

An Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers

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Front cover photographs and design by Jacob Reid Design.

ISBN

13

:

978-1-62564-978-2

EISBN 13: 978-1-63087-804-7

Manufactured in the U.S.A.

Unless otherwise indicated, Bible quotations are from the HOLY BIBLE. NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION. Copyright ©

1973

,

1978

,

1984

by International Bible Society. Published by The Zondervan Corporation, Grand Rapids, MI.

Table of Contents

Title Page

Foreword

Acknowledgements

List of Figures

Part 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: The Journey

Chapter 2: Why Should You Care?

Chapter 3: What Are We Talking about?

Part 2: Real Issues for Christians

Chapter 4: What Can the Natural World Tell Us?

Chapter 5: God Wouldn’t Do It That Way

Chapter 6: Foundational Views in Christian Faith

Part 3: The Collision of Ideas

Chapter 7: The Face of Science

Chapter 8: It’s Only a Theory

Chapter 9: Design in Nature

Chapter 10: The Pursuit of God and Science

Part 4: The Value of Biological Evolution

Chapter 11: Living Architecture

Chapter 12: The Fossil Narrative, Gaps, and Hard Work

Chapter 13: Where on Earth?

Chapter 14: The New Frontier

Chapter 15: How Did That Happen?

Part 5: Reading The Bible With Evolution In Mind

Chapter 16: Reconciling Scripture and Evolutionary Theory

Chapter 17: Creation over Six Days

Chapter 18: Adam, Eve, and Original Sin

Chapter 19: The Biblical Flood

Part 6: Maintaining Perspective

Chapter 20: Christian Faith and Science

Bibliography

Foreword

That Gary Fugle would choose the title, Laying Down Arms for a book about biology and the Christian faith will, for some, cause a certain amount of unease right from the start. Fugle, after all, believes in evolution. In Ephesians 6 does not Paul call on Christians to take up the full armor of God in order to be protected from a world subject to the force of darkness? Belief in evolution is frequently considered to be the root of that darkness in today’s world. To many Christians, the concept of evolution seems to be among the most effective ideological tools that Satan has at his disposal. If we were to lay down our armor on this particular front, such people believe, we would be opening ourselves up to the demise of Christianity itself. The Bible, as the authoritative Word of God, would be the first to go, followed by human uniqueness, a meaningful basis for morality and ethics, belief in miracles, acceptance of the resurrection, and the concept of an eternal human soul. Laying Down Arms then, in many minds, would be tantamount to no longer protecting oneself against that which threatens to destroy the purpose and meaning of their lives and even more importantly, the lives of their children and grandchildren.

This book exists to show that this concern, although fully understandable, is unnecessary and likely even counter-productive. In a patient, respectful, and loving manner, Fugle shows why none of the precepts that lie at the heart of a Christ-centered life and the theology on which it is based are changed or challenged if God chose to create through the evolutionary mechanism. Building upon his career as an ecologist, evolutionary biologist, and an effective science communicator, as well as his life centered in Christian community, Fugle presents the case for laying down arms in the battle against evolution. He shows why it is not only safe, but right to do so. He presents his position with a unique knack for making biological concepts accessible to a general audience, and a profound understanding of the biblical and theological issues involved. His love for biology is contagious, his winsome affection for the Church, an inspiration.

His call for Christian commitment to truth is clear and persistent. He writes with an assurance that both the scientific method and the Bible point us to a deeper understanding of the Creator’s activity in this world. Each informs the other—science tells us how because it is a gift from God; it is a reliable tool for coming to understand God’s world. The Bible tells us who, also because it is a gift from God; it reveals the reality of the living Word through whom, in whom, and for whom all things were created. Just as Christians are called to study God’s Word to explore the wonder-filled ramifications of who God is, Fugle rightly implies that they are called to open their minds to what God says through the tools of science by which we are able to explore the wonder-filled ramifications of how God’s world has been and is being created.

Still, even after exploring the matter in the way described above, Christians will not all come to see things in the same way, nor as I see it, should they. This book is not a call to accept evolutionary creation as one’s own view; it is a call to lay down arms. It is important that we all come to understand that there is not as much at stake as many have thought. There need not be a battle that pits the theory of evolution against a biblically based understanding of the Christian faith. And there certainly ought not be any sort of war over the issue within the Christian community. So even though we discuss our differences as each of us seeks fuller understanding, the conversation must take place bathed in a spirit of oneness, immersed in sacred purpose. This book then, is a diligent attempt to help us all be truth-seekers, while never overlooking the call to be people who are known by our love. In my view, it accomplishes both purposes very well.

This book is not only for Christians. There are many individuals who, based on the biological evidence for evolution conclude that biblically-based Christianity is now obsolete. This view is philosophically, biblically, and theologically naïve and it behooves those who hold it to do some exploring of their own. The lines that too often have been drawn between biology and the biblically-grounded Christian faith do not exist. There is no battle to be waged between faith and science. They are friends not foes. Fugle clearly demonstrates that the two are compatible. Certain overzealous skeptics continually lob science-fueled grenades at Christians, but what Fugle does so well in contrast is to show that mainstream science enriches Christian worship and strengthens Christian belief. Swords are turned into plowshares and spears into pruning hooks.

When battles are over, typically one side is declared the victor and the other side is forced to disarm. Fugle shows that this battle is different. He shows that here there is a peace accord in which both sides win. Mainstream biology is provided with a purpose-filled basis for the amazing story that it is able to tell. Christian faith is provided with a deeper understanding of what it means to speak of God as Creator. With that the arms can be laid down and an era of Christ-centered, peace-filled co-existence can begin.

Darrel R. Falk

Former President of the BioLogos Foundation.

Professor Emeritus of Biology, Point Loma Nazarene University.

Acknowledgements

This book project began many years ago when I first sensed there might be a reason that God placed me in the worlds of both evolutionary biology and evangelical Christianity. A large number of individuals have positively influenced its development since that inception. There is really no way I could mention all who have cheered me on or offered something significant (even if I could remember everyone). So, I begin here with wide appreciation for all the family, friends, students and colleagues who have contributed to making this book what it is. I have been blessed and I know it!

Thanks to the scientists at Butte College who shared my passion for the natural world and embraced and valued my dual citizenship as a professional biology teacher and Christian, especially Paul Mason, Katherine Newman and Albin Bills. Katya Yarosevich has been a special help as a fellow traveler in science and Christian faith; I thank her for being with me through celebrations and struggles and always encouraging me. I thank David Danielson for how deeply he has understood my intent with the book and for his unbridled enthusiasm and support for it.

Many evenings of lively discussion were spent with my friends in the Chico Triad on Philosophy, Science and Theology. All the participants helped mature and refine my thinking and spurred me on with consistent acceptance and backing. Thanks especially to Greg Cootsona, Ric Machuga and Dan Barnett for being the solid core of the group, as well as reviewing earlier portions of my manuscript, providing concrete help when I needed it, and for fully embracing me. I benefited from the brilliant young mind of Michael Fitzpatrick, who read the entire book and gave many helpful suggestions. Michael also inspired me by always expressing confidence in my abilities and the worth of this project.

I would never have begun or completed this endeavor without the full life I’ve experienced with my extended church family, especially those at Ridge Presbyterian Church in Paradise, CA. Thank you to those who have walked with me for all these years, especially Chris and Teresa Reid, Craig and Toni Bolger, and Doug and Becky Wion. To Chris Reid, I still marvel at how God made us incredibly alike in many ways and yet different in others, so that we have powerfully commiserated and celebrated together. Of course Chris read a version of the manuscript and provided uplifting encouragement.

Darrel Falk has been a particular help in bringing this project to completion. His positive response to my work rallied me at a time when I was not sure about its future and I am so thankful for the time he has invested to support me and the book. Darrel’s gentle, patient and humble approach to all things, and his unwavering communication for love and unity within the church, have inspired me.

Thank you to Jacob Reid for the front cover design. The imagery is both stunning and calming, and provokes a wonderful sense of future resolution. Jake’s varied artwork displays a unique giftedness that continues to surprise me.

Finally, I thank my family. My son and daughters, Jedidiah, Hannah and Mary, have made sacrifices; I deeply know this and I am grateful. In the end, a book is a very small thing compared to the joy, fullness, and meaning that they are to me. My wife, Brenda, is the greatest blessing of my life. Certainly, whatever good there is in this book, it emanates from her as well as me. She has been vital as an editor and sounding board. Most important, she has always been my strongest supporter and steadfastly believed in the vision for this book.

List of Figures

7.1 – Different views of the relationship between science and religion

11.1 – A sample of vertebrate forelimbs

11.2 – Convergence in the forelimbs of sharks and dolphins

11.3 – An evolutionary tree for vertebrate animals

11.4 – The front feet of three hoofed animals

11.5 – Body torsion in snails and slugs

11.6 – Cell division and sperm cells in green algae and plants

12.1 – The Geological Time Scale

12.2 – Transitional fossils

12.3 – Important fossils in scientist’s early understanding of whale evolution

12.4 – The prevailing view of whale ancestry through most of the 1900s

12.5 – The hind limb of Basiolosaurus

12.6 – (a) Ambulocetus and (b) Rhodocetus

12.7 – The anklebones of Rodhocetus (left) and a pronghorn antelope, Antilocapra (right).

13.1 – The distinctive flower shared by all Ceanothus species

13.2 – The position of continents through time

14.1 – The number of amino acid differences in cytochrome-c molecules between humans and other species

14.2 – An evolutionary tree (cladogram) for whales, dolphins, and hoofed mammals based on the number of difference in DNA nucleotides in genes for fibrinogen and casein milk proteins

14.3 – A cladogram for the primary mammal groups and primate subgroups

14.4 – A pseudogene that arises from a duplicated gene

15.1 – Ensatina eschscholtzii salamanders in Oregon and California, a ring species

List of Tables

Table 3.1 – The main philosophical positions regarding the diversity of life on earth

Table 13.1 – Example songbird groups with species distributions limited to either the New World (North, Central, and/or South America) or the Old World (Europe, Africa, and/or Asia)

Table 15.1 – Selected species pairs with range overlap and the presence of hybrids in the central United States

Table 17.1 – Correspondence between days 1–3 and days 4–6 in Genesis 1

Part I

Introduction

The battles have gone on for as long as anyone can remember. Vocal leaders from both sides rally their troops with warnings about the critical concerns at stake and the injustices committed by the opposition. But a different voice is being heard of hope and peace and celebration. It reminds us that deep Christian faith and progressive science were long championed together as noble goals to be pursued with passion and excitement, that the current conflicts are not the way it has always been. It proclaims an uplifting and deeply relevant message that biblical Christianity and evolutionary biology may be brought together in a vibrant and meaningful way without compromising the core convictions of either endeavor. If given good reasons to do so, are we willing to lay down our arms to end the wars and affirm a positive future?

1

The Journey

A graduate student immersed in evolutionary biology at a major university was on the verge of completing his doctoral degree when Jesus captured his heart and he turned over his life to the sovereign God of the universe. Christians rejoice as they picture another person joining the family of God, while non-Christians wonder what might have led to such an unexpected conversion. But what did this person do with his mechanistic view of life and all those years investigating biological evolution? This is my story.

I grew up in southern California. I attended a Presbyterian church for several years during early elementary school until I persuaded my mother I’d rather stay home with my dad on Sunday mornings than go to church with her. I learned a few things about Christian faith, but never had much commitment to it. My preteen years are best characterized by my playing hard with my two brothers and our friends at whatever sport happened to be in season. I was also engaged in an especially active Boy Scout troop of over 50 kids and this gave me a vivid and enjoyable exposure to natural environments. In high school, I was a better-than-average student, but I cared more about my social life and my basketball and tennis teams than my education.

My horizons expanded when I attended college classes and became inspired by a variety of talented instructors. I developed a love of learning and a deep fascination for the natural world. Almost any biology subject intrigued me. I spent endless hours studying the colorful collage of animals and plants scattered across our planet to understand how they were put together and how they worked. At the top of my list were courses and research that provided insight into what I observed in the outdoors where there are wonderful intertwined relationships among living things. I found particular satisfaction in the evolutionary concepts that pervaded many of my classes as I saw they had the power to explain so much about the complexities of nature. My learning experiences were mixed with a lot of camping and backpacking, especially through the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

My enthusiasm in these years led to academic success, professional research publications, and a bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara. The latter was capped by the Biological Sciences Department’s Most Outstanding Graduating Senior award. As I entered graduate school, my highest ideal was the pursuit of knowledge through study and research (how exciting to push beyond the boundary of what we currently know and understand!), and my greatest love and inspiration were the beauty and grandeur in nature (my heart soared to see the brilliant colors of a Western Tanager in the morning sun or to take in the expansive view of a wooded valley that lay below a peak I had just climbed).

Then, as my graduate studies progressed at the University of California, Davis, and back at UC, Santa Barbara, my love and excitement for biology continued but my worldview started to change. My idealistic sense of our capacity to know and understand was slowly deflated by my observations of an all-too-frail and fallible (read human) nature found in even the greatest minds within my discipline. I became increasingly disenchanted with my mechanistic view of life and its inability to encompass all that I had experienced. My heart softened to a larger realm of possibilities. In my early years of college I was far from neutral toward Christians; I rejected them as weak, anti-intellectuals who stood in direct opposition to my way of thought. But when the timing was right, the message of Jesus and a God that is bigger than all I know and understand became oddly appealing.

True to my training, I dove into research about Jesus, the Bible, and the specific beliefs of Christian faith. I read through the Bible and all kinds of investigative books, had endless discussions with friends, attended Bible studies and seminars, and I watched and wondered. I found it easy and surprisingly comforting to acknowledge the reality of my own shortcomings¹ and I was drawn by the truth and promise in the message of new life and a new worldview offered through confession and faith in Jesus.² I recognized that to believe in Christ could not merely be an intellectual ascent while my life continued along pretty much as usual. Instead, to trust in Jesus would be to turn my world upside-down, where nothing else would matter by comparison (as one old hymn expresses it, Thou my best thought by day or by night . . . ) and my life’s calling would be to serve and depend upon the Lord of the universe.³ I took that step of faith in October 1980.

I went on to complete my Ph.D. and published additional professional articles. I discovered during graduate school that I experienced the greatest joy and fulfillment sharing my love for biology in teaching, rather than in the details of research. I have endeavored to impart my enthusiasm ever since as a professor in the California community college system, developing and teaching courses across a spectrum from human anatomy and physiology to detailed surveys in zoology and botany. I have been fortunate and honored to receive different educational awards, such as Faculty Member of the Year and Educator of the Year from Butte College in northern California. I have been especially grateful that my students have given me top ratings over these many semesters. I still have that passion for biology and the natural world.

I have also been an excited participant in conservative Christian churches for over 30 years.⁴ I have immersed myself in studying the Bible and I have developed a deep appreciation and understanding of a God-centered, biblical worldview. I have led home fellowships and Bible studies and taken major roles in various other ministries (men’s retreats, pastor searches, etc.). I regularly lead worship services at my church as a speaker and musician and consider it a particular joy to construct meaningful music experiences in these settings. Most important, I have lived and worshipped alongside fellow Christians for all these years.⁵

The Conflict

It would have been impossible at the time of my Christian conversion to be unaware of the ongoing conflict between proponents of creationism and advocates of evolutionary thought. The debate has raged for years and continues today. Although there are various approaches to the creation-evolution topic, including formulations of old-earth creationism and intelligent design, the most vocal and well-publicized positions have always been two extreme views: (1) Christians who hold to special creation events accomplished by God over six 24-hour days several thousands of years ago, and (2) scientists who view our existence and everything else in the universe, including biological evolution, as the product of exclusively mechanistic processes operating over billons of years. Given the state of my understanding in the early 1980s, I was faced with the question of how I or anyone else could possibly exist simultaneously in these two worlds.

I have considered what the Bible says about the origin of the universe and life itself. I am guided by the understanding that the words of this book are God-inspired⁶ and that one cannot pick and choose what to believe or the integrity of the whole document becomes suspect. The acts of creation described in Genesis 1 and 2 are well-known and are an entrenched part of Western cultural awareness. I will discuss the specifics of these accounts later but there is little debate they communicate that God is the sovereign, powerful Creator of all things. This message is not limited to the early chapters of Genesis; it penetrates both the Old and New Testaments. The Bible repeatedly identifies God as the Creator⁷ and specifically states that he made all aspects of this world and the heavens,⁸ including humans.⁹ It further indicates that God’s action was not only a past endeavor, but that his involvement continues and is essential today.¹⁰ In the book of Acts (17:24–25), the apostle Paul explains to the intellectuals of Athens:

The God who made the world and everything in it is the Lord of heaven and earth and does not live in temples built by hands. And he is not served by human hands, as if he needed anything, because he himself gives all men life and breath and everything else.

There can be no doubt that the Bible exclaims God as the creative and sustaining force behind our existence. But what exactly does Scripture say about how God created? Are evolutionary ideas excluded?

I have considered whether God would have me abandon my understanding of evolution and much of my biological background. I have evaluated the tenets of evolution and the evidence for it in the natural world. I’ve pondered evolution’s predictive power and the beauty with which it ties together biological knowledge. Is it all a misconstrued fabrication? Could such a major idea in science be false? I also considered all the professional biologists within my discipline at colleges and universities throughout our country (and the world). Could they be misled by an entrenched tradition or blinded by atheistic leanings? I conclude, with confidence, that there is enormous validity to evolutionary thought. It is an intellectually rigorous scientific construct and provides a meaningful avenue for making sense of the natural world. Evolutionary biologists are, for the most part, honest scientists without an inherent hidden agenda (although a large number of them overstep what can be extrapolated from what we know). I am convinced that God would not have me discard my understanding of evolution.

I have come to a very simple conclusion: both creation and evolution are true! I am guided by the premise that there will never be conflict between biblical accounts and scientific findings of biology. I believe the Bible and the natural world have the same divine author and both will reveal that author’s character.¹¹ This means that Christians are always invited to celebrate exciting new truths uncovered by ongoing biological research. It also means that scientists are free to marvel at and be inspired by the God of the Bible and his hand in nature. I obviously reject a mechanistic view of life devoid of God, as well as any religious position that denies the discoveries of modern scientific investigation.

Simply stated, my position is that God, as the sovereign Creator of all things, utilized evolutionary processes to develop the diversity of life on earth. I uphold a solid biblical doctrine of Creation and its significant implications regarding God’s control and relationship to his creation, including humans. I simultaneously understand that there have been complex evolutionary connections among organisms over very long periods of time. I perceive that God certainly created the physical parameters and processes of the natural world that have led to the evolution of various forms, but I also accept that his guiding hand has directed the course of these mechanisms. I will present further details of my reasoning in the chapters that follow.

This book is about evolutionary ideas and how they relate to Christian faith. My path has brought me to a relatively unusual position in which I simultaneously participate in the scientific community of evolutionary biology and the religious community of conservative evangelical Christians in America. It is from this vantage point that I hope to communicate to a spectrum of readers. My primary audience is Christians, most of whom are relatively uninformed about the specifics of evolution and have not heard good reasoning for how it can be accepted along with a Christian worldview. I write as a fellow believer and I aim to convey a scientific understanding of evolution that can be appreciated with excitement rather than apprehension.

At the same time, my desired audience also includes non-Christians who already accept evolutionary principles. For these individuals, my goals are to communicate a meaningful understanding of evangelical Christian thought, to explain what is at stake for believers in creation-evolution discussions, as well as to present how a personal Christian faith can be embraced along with evolutionary ideas. I acknowledge upfront that this book has a prominent Christian tone and focus with reference to common views within the evangelical church, the use of Bible quotations and specific appeals to Christian believers. But this is not meant to exclude non-Christians. Rather, I believe it is the most effective way to communicate key issues to both Christians and non-Christians. Ultimately, I offer encouragements and challenges to both audiences.

I address this book especially to anyone who senses that the real truth about creation and evolution lies in a balanced view that includes valuable aspects of both concepts. This includes the significant number of scientists and others who already hold various intellectual positions that allow Christianity and evolution to come together and who welcome additional food for thought. (The existence of this latter group is generally not well-publicized, but it is larger than most people imagine).

I do not intend this book for staunch proponents of six-day, young-earth creationism who hold unswervingly to their position that God created all things over six literal days several thousand years ago. In the same vein, I do not have committed atheists in mind. I am not interested in an adversarial debate as to who is right or wrong about creation and evolution among people who are convinced that these are two mutually exclusive positions. This kind of conflict has characterized public discussion for far too long. It has, in my opinion, produced little of value and has instead deepened the chasm that exists between two extremes.

In direct contrast, I am enthusiastically interested in a dialogue among individuals who are softened to the possibility of reconciliation in which the powerful message of Christian faith and the fascinating scientific understanding of evolution are integrated together. I have been greatly encouraged by frequent encounters with Christians who are eager for a more balanced perspective to become influential in the Church, as well as by regular interactions with non-believers who are excited to hear that evolution does not have to conflict with Christian beliefs. So, if you are interested and willing, I invite you on this journey to see how creation and evolution are in harmony.

1. Rom

7

:

15

–

25

, Luke

5

:

27

–

32

.

2. Rom

3

:

21

–

24

,

8

:

5

–

6

; John

15

:

5

–

8

.

3. Matt

4

:

10

,

11

:

28

–

30

; Col

3

:

23

–

25

.

4. I was baptized as a member of a Southern Baptist church, later participated in different non-denominational Bible churches (including a new church plant), and, most recently, I’ve spent many years in a congregation of the conservative Presbyterian Church in America (PCA).

5. Acts

2

:

42

, Col

3

:

12

–

16

, Heb

10

:

24

.

6. Matt

5

:

17

–

18

,

2

Tim

3

:

16

,

2

Pet

1

:

20

–

21

.

7. Gen

14

:

19

, Deut

32

:

16

, Isa

40

:

28

, Rom

1

:

25

,

1

Pet

4

:

19

.

8. Exod

20

:

11

; Ps

95

:

5

,

104

:

24

,

136

:

7

; Isa

45

:

12

,

18

; Jer

27

:

5

; John

1

:

2

; Col

1

:

16

; Rev

10

:

6

.

9. Gen

9

:

6

, Ps

100

:

3

;

139

:

13

.

10. Acts

17

:

28

, Col

1

:

17

, Heb

1

:

3

.

11. Ps

19

:

1

–

2

, Rom

1

:

20

and see chapter

4

.

2

Why Should You Care?

With such apparently disparate views between biblical creationism and evolutionary theory, it might seem easiest for people to simply choose one or the other. As straightforward as this may sound, it is an incomplete assessment of the debate where choices have greater repercussions than most people recognize. I’m sure that readers of this book start from a variety of places. Some are eager for the dialogue to begin. Others are not so sure and bring doubts, a sense of concern, or even very strong reservations. Ultimately, I believe there are important reasons for almost everyone to be drawn into the discussion.

The Range of Beliefs

In my many years with the creation-evolution issue, I have found that every adult I’ve ever asked has heard of the controversy and formulated at least some opinions about it. Why is that? It isn’t, of course, a common attraction to evolutionary biology. Instead, it’s because the topic touches on many of the deepest and most fundamental questions about our human existence. Why and how are we here? Do we have a purpose in life? What is our relationship to the natural world in which we live? Is there a God and, if so, what is this God like? If evolution implies that our human existence and the diversity of life on earth is the result of undirected mechanical processes, then the answers to these questions are strikingly different than explanations derived from spiritual or religious perspectives. Everyone seems to understand, either explicitly or subconsciously, that this is what is at in the heart of the creation-evolution debate. It is no surprise that people care deeply and have strong opinions about such things. But the real answers to these questions have never been based on making a God versus evolution decision.

The Gallup Organization has assessed the beliefs of Americans pertaining to creation and evolution on 11 different occasions between 1982 and 2012.¹² The polls have consistently shown that only up to 16% of Americans (varying from 9 to 16% over these years) accept a purely mechanistic view that humans and other living forms developed over millions of years with no involvement from God. Another contrasting group of up to 47% (ranging from 40 to 47%) believe that God created human beings pretty much in their present form within the last 10,000 years. Where is the representation of all the other Americans? Up to 40% (varying from 35 to 40%) responded to the third choice in the surveys: Human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process. A different 1997 Gallup poll showed that, even among practicing scientists, 40% claimed the position that God directed evolution.¹³

These results reveal that, despite what is commonly depicted, many individuals recognize that a spiritual reality of a sovereign God can be combined with scientific understandings of evolutionary change. This means the general view I am offering in this book is not entirely new, radical, or unique (although I certainly hope to add new and clarifying perspectives). There are a variety of reasons why the position is not more recognized. These include: (1) media that generally prefer to promote controversy between polar beliefs, (2) young-earth creationist organizations that have had enormous influence on Christians by pushing the message that evolution is